Abstract In a globalized world, Legislative control over matters related to Mercosur and the European Union (EU) is important. However, its importance varies according to Regional Foreign Policy (RFP) decisions. This article investigates whether there are configurations, considering institutional design, political conditions, and economic factors, which explain the intensity of legislative participation in determining such matters. Specialists were consulted to select five decisions that represented significant changes for the regional dynamics of Mercosur and EU member countries. After defining the intentional sample of cases, necessary and sufficient conditions for the participation of the Legislature in RFP were identified through a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The results indicate that institutional design and economic factors matter, but prior debates in Parliaments on the subject are also relevant to explaining legislative action. This was corroborated by a Coincidence Analysis (CNA) that demonstrated that this variable makes up the causal chain of participation. world (EU important However (RFP configurations countries cases QCA. QCA . (QCA) matter action CNA (CNA (QCA

Résumé Dans un monde globalisé, le contrôle du législatif sur les questions liées au Mercosur et à l’Union Européenne est important, mais il varie en fonction des décisions de Politique Étrangère Régionale (PER). Cet article examine s’il existe des configurations, en tenant compte de la conception institutionnelle, des conditions politiques et des facteurs économiques, qui expliquent l’intensité de la participation législative dans la détermination de telles questions. Une consultation d’experts a été réalisée pour sélectionner 5 décisions représentant des changements significatifs pour la dynamique régionale des pays du Mercosur et de l’Union européenne. Après avoir défini l’échantillon intentionnel de cas, grâce à une Analyse Qualitative Comparative (QCA), des conditions causales, nécessaires et suffisantes, ont été identifiées pour la participation du législatif à la PER. Les résultats indiquent que la conception institutionnelle et les facteurs économiques importent, mais les débats préalables dans les Parlements sur le sujet sont également pertinents pour expliquer l’action législative. Cela a été corroboré par une Analyse de Coïncidence qui a démontré que cette variable fait partie de la chaîne causale de la participation. globalisé lUnion l Union important PER . (PER) sil s configurations lintensité intensité dexperts d experts européenne léchantillon échantillon cas QCA, QCA , (QCA) causales suffisantes importent laction action (PER (QCA

Resumo Em um mundo globalizado, o controle do Legislativo sobre matérias ligadas ao Mercosul e à União Europeia importa, mas varia em relação às decisões de Política Externa Regional (PER). Este artigo investiga se existem configurações, considerando o desenho institucional, as condições políticas e os fatores econômicos, que expliquem a intensidade da participação legislativa na determinação de tais matérias. Foi realizada uma consulta com especialistas para selecionar 5 decisões que representaram mudanças significativas para a dinâmica regional dos países mercosulinos e europeus. Após definida a amostra intencional de casos, através de uma Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (QCA), foram identificadas condições causais, necessárias e suficientes, para a participação do Legislativo em PER. Os resultados indicam que desenho institucional e fatores econômicos importam, mas debates prévios nos Parlamentos sobre o tema também são relevantes para explicar a atuação legislativa. Isso foi corroborado por uma Análise de Coincidência que demonstrou que essa variável compõe a cadeia causal da participação. globalizado importa PER . (PER) configurações europeus casos QCA, QCA , (QCA) causais suficientes importam (PER (QCA

Resumen En un mundo globalizado, el control legislativo sobre los asuntos relacionados con el Mercosur y la Unión Europea es importante, pero varía en relación con las decisiones de Política Exterior Regional (PER). Este artículo investiga si existen configuraciones, teniendo en cuenta el diseño institucional, las condiciones políticas y los factores económicos, que expliquen la intensidad de la participación legislativa en la determinación de tales asuntos. Se consultó a expertos para seleccionar cinco decisiones que representaban cambios significativos en la dinámica regional del Mercosur y de los países europeos. Una vez definida la muestra intencional de casos, se utilizó un Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (ACC) para identificar las condiciones causales necesarias y suficientes para la participación de la legislatura en PER. Los resultados indican que el diseño institucional y los factores económicos importan, pero los debates previos en los parlamentos sobre el tema también son relevantes para explicar la acción legislativa. Esto fue corroborado por un Análisis de Coincidencias que demostró que esta variable conforma la cadena causal de la participación. globalizado importante PER . (PER) configuraciones europeos casos ACC (ACC importan (PER

ABSTRACT This article addresses the study of economic abuse in the context of intimate heterosexual partnerships as a form of violence against women. In particular, it analyzes how the simulated contract has been used as a tool for this purpose. Thus, this research contributes to the determination of the interface between contract law and gender violence. Its methodology is based on the analysis of relevant jurisprudence of the Colombian Supreme Court of Justice. This examination allows the conclusion that the simulated contract could be one of many strategies to abuse women's property rights. In this sense, the simulation scheme has been an instrument to keep in force de facto the property-related dimensions of the marital power institution that was abolished almost a century ago in the country.

RESUMEN Este artículo aborda el estudio del abuso económico en el contexto de las parejas heterosexuales como una forma de violencia en contra de las mujeres. En particular, analiza la manera en que el contrato simulado ha sido utilizado como una herramienta para este fin. Así, esta investigación contribuye a la determinación de la intersección entre derecho privado de contratos y violencia de género. Su metodología se basa en el análisis de jurisprudencia pertinente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia colombiana. Este examen permite concluir que el negocio simulado puede ser una de tantas estrategias para abusar de los derechos patrimoniales de las mujeres. En este sentido, la maniobra simulatoria ha sido un expediente para mantener vigente de facto la dimensión patrimonial de la potestad marital que fuera derogada hace casi un siglo en el país.

Abstract In the 19th century, to protect private property, the legislator sometimes had to be wary of dishonest owners. Faced with the resurgence of certain financial crimes, swindles and other frauds, legislative policy oscillated between rigorous repression, intended as a deterrent but deemed excessive, and more flexible sentencing, to make criminal law more effective. The legislator’s main concern was to define the contours of the criminal figures that were developing as a result of the century’s economic and social changes. Among these, two stand out: the insurance swindler, an owner who sets fire to his own property in order to defraud his insurer, and the fraudulent banker, who makes undue profit from mismanagement. In trying to catch them, French law tries, with varying degrees of success, to meet society’s need to identify and punish criminal scams fairly.

Resumo No século XIX, para proteger a propriedade privada, o legislador teve por vezes de se precaver contra os proprietários desonestos. Perante o recrudescimento de certos crimes financeiros, burlas e outras fraudes, a política legislativa oscilou entre uma repressão rigorosa, destinada a dissuadir, mas considerada excessiva, e uma flexibilização das penas, para tornar o direito penal mais eficaz. Acima de tudo, o legislador procurou definir os contornos das figuras criminosas que se desenvolviam com as mudanças económicas e sociais do século. Entre elas, duas chamaram a sua atenção: o estelionatário de seguros, um proprietário que incen-deia a sua propriedade para roubar a sua seguradora, e o banqueiro fraudulento, que obtém um lucro indevido através de uma má gestão. Ao tentar combatê-los, o legislador tentou, com diferentes graus de sucesso, responder à necessidade da sociedade em identificar e punir de forma justa as fraudes criminosas.

Résumé Au xixe siècle, pour protéger la propriété privée, le législateur doit parfois se méfier du propriétaire, lorsqu’il est malhonnête. Face à la recrudescence de certains crimes financiers, escroqueries et autres fraudes, la politique législative oscille entre une répression rigoureuse, se voulant dissuasive mais jugée excessive, et une détermination des peines plus souples, afin de faire en sorte que le droit pénal soit plus efficace. Le législateur s’emploie surtout à cerner les contours des figures criminelles qui se développent à la faveur des mutations économiques et sociales du siècle. Parmi elles, deux attirent son attention : l’escroc à l’assurance, propriétaire qui incendie son propre bien pour arnaquer son assureur, et le banqueroutier frauduleux, qui fait un profit indu d’une mauvaise gestion. En s’efforçant de les saisir, il essaie, avec plus ou moins de succès, de répondre au besoin de la société d’identifier et de punir avec justesse les arnaques criminelles.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cuban crude oil has a high content of ash, sulfur, asphaltenes and a high viscosity, among others, which, when subjected to the combustion process, results in corrosive effects in the heat transfer zones, reducing the useful life of the equipment. Objective: To design a procedure for the introduction of additives, which will increase the useful life of the equipment by improving the energy efficiency of the combustion process. Materials and Methods: It starts from the analysis of the composition and physical-chemical properties of Cuban crude oil and the characterization of the additive. The effectiveness of the additive is evaluated on a laboratory, pilot and industrial scale. The combustion parameters are adjusted and the efficiency of the steam generator is analyzed, with the aim of establishing the required dosage. The corresponding profit/economic cost analysis is carried out. Finally, the procedure is designed to compare with another additive if it exists. Results and Discussion: The procedure includes the determination of the chemical composition and physical-chemical properties of the crude oil used, the effect of the additive and the combustion efficiency. It contemplates not only the analysis of the use of an additive in use, but also the introduction of a new one and the comparison with it. It can be implemented in any industry that uses crude oil as fuel in the combustion process. Conclusions: The procedure provides the methodological indications for the introduction of additives that allow the improvement of the steam generator combustion process.

RESUMEN Introducción: El petróleo crudo cubano tiene un alto contenido de cenizas, azufre, asfaltenos y una alta viscosidad, entre otros, que, al someterse al proceso de combustión, trae como consecuencia efectos corrosivos en las zonas de transferencia de calor, disminuyendo la vida útil de los equipos. Objetivo: Diseñar un procedimiento para la introducción de aditivos, que permitan aumentar la vida útil de los equipos a partir de la mejora de la eficiencia energética del proceso de combustión. Materiales y Métodos: Se parte del análisis de la composición y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo cubano y la caracterización del aditivo. Se evalúa la efectividad del aditivo a escala de laboratorio, piloto e industrial. Se ajustan los parámetros de la combustión y se analiza la eficiencia del generador de vapor, con el objetivo de establecer la dosificación requerida. Se realiza el análisis beneficio/costo correspondiente. Por último, el procedimiento tiene concebido la comparación con otro aditivo en caso de que exista. Resultados y Discusión: El procedimiento incluye la determinación de la composición química y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo utilizado, el efecto del aditivo y la eficiencia de la combustión. Contempla, no solo el análisis de la utilización de un aditivo en uso, si no también, la introducción de uno nuevo y la comparación con éste. Puede ser implementado en cualquier industria que emplee el petróleo crudo como combustible en el proceso de combustión. Conclusiones: El procedimiento brinda las indicaciones metodológicas para la introducción de aditivos que permitan la mejora del proceso de combustión del generador de vapor.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to enhance the productivity, profitability, and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer okra through the optimization of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application. The study involved 3 irrigation levels -0.75 Epan (pan evaporation) as I1, 1.00 Epan as I2, and 1.25 Epan as I3- as the main plot factors, and 4 nitrogen concentrations - 75% recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) as N1, 100% RDN as N2, 125% RDN as N3, and 150% RDN as N4- as the subplot variables. The results of the study revealed a significant influence of irrigation and nitrogen levels on various key parameters. Above-ground dry matter, yield, plant height, WUE, net returns, and benefit-to-cost ratio (B:C) exhibited an incremental trend with increasing irrigation and nitrogen levels, up to a certain threshold. Beyond this threshold, further increments in irrigation and nitrogen led to diminishing returns. The models developed for estimating crop yield, above-ground drv matter, plant height, WUE, net returns, and B:C demonstrated impressive accuracy, with high coefficients of determination (R²) and satisfactory precision. The optimized irrigation level (crop evapotranspiration, ET C) ranged from 418.39-441.23 mm. At the same time, the ideal nitrogen application rate was found to be in the range of 167.04-176.13 kg N/ha. These optimal conditions resulted in peak crop yield of 28 295 kg/ha, above-ground dry matter of 6 709.1 kg/ha, plant height of 66.3 cm, WUE of 5.26 kg/m³, B:C of 4.54, and net returns amounting to 441 133 INR/ha. In conclusion, the application of response surface methodology facilitated the identification of the impact of each factor on individual responses, as well as the determination of optimal conditions that simultaneously maximize multiple desirable outcomes. These findings hold significant promise for improving the cultivation of summer okra while optimizing resource use and economic returns.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

Abstract Creatinine standardisation programmes remain valid. The objective of this work is to describe the experience acquired during the development of a creatinine standardisation programme in a low-resource province and show the aspects that should be considered for its scalability in a similar context. The programme was developed in stages. The first one was carried out in 2010. It consists of a structured survey completed by 49 clinical laboratories (CL) distributed throughout the province. In the second stage (2012) the random error (RE) was adjusted by applying international protocols (CLSI EP-5A). In the third stage (2014-2015), panels of sera were processed with concentrations assigned by a method traceable to the reference and the international standard (CG-IDMS). International protocols were applied to evaluate the total error (TE) of the determination in each laboratory (CLSI EP-10A). In 2016, applying quality tools, the barriers in the process were evaluated. In the RE, it was observed: for a level of 1.00 mg/dL, no CL reached the desirable levels; for a level of 2.5 mg/dL only 9 (23%) CL achieved them. Once the second and third stages were completed, only 18 laboratories (48.7%) managed to adjust the RE and/or TE, but it was difficult to sustain it over time. With respect to materials, reagents, calibrators, and controls, they are produced by the industry depending on the state of their control. The homogeneity of the equipment depends on economic accessibility and volume of work. The environment, temperature, and water quality are a barrier to scalability.

Resumen Los programas de estandarización de creatinina mantienen su vigencia. El objetivo es describir la experiencia adquirida durante el desarrollo de un programa de estandarización de creatinina en una provincia de bajos recursos y mostrar los aspectos que se deben considerar para su escalabilidad en un contexto semejante. El programa se desarrolló en etapas: en la primera (2010) se realizó el relevamiento de 49 laboratorios clínicos (LC) distribuidos en toda la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. En la segunda (2012) se ajustó el error aleatorio (EA) aplicando protocolos internacionales (CLSI EP-5A). En la tercera etapa (2014-2015) se procesaron paneles de sueros con concentraciones asignadas por un método trazable al de referencia y al estándar internacional (CG-IDMS). Se aplicaron protocolos internacionales para evaluar el error total (ET) de la determinación en cada laboratorio (CLSI EP-10A). En 2016, aplicando herramientas de calidad, se evaluaron las barreras en el proceso. Se observó en el EA: para un nivel de 1,00 mg/dL, ningún LC alcanzó los niveles deseables; para un nivel de 2,5 mg/dL solo 9 (23%) los alcanzaron. Concluida la segunda y tercera etapa, solo 18 laboratorios (48,7%) lograron ajustar el EA y/o ET, pero resultó dificultoso sostenerlo en el tiempo. Los reactivos, calibradores y controles son producidos por la industria y depende del estado el control de los mismos. La homogeneidad del equipamiento depende de la accesibilidad económica y del volumen de trabajo. El medio ambiente, la temperatura y la calidad del agua siguen siendo una dificultad para la escalabilidad.

Resumo Os programas de padronização da creatinina permanecem válidos. O objetivo é descrever a experiência adquirida durante o desenvolvimento de um programa de padronização de creatinina em uma província com poucos recursos e mostrar os aspectos que devem ser levados em consideração para sua escalabilidade em um contexto semelhante. O programa foi desenvolvido em etapas: Na primeira (2010), foi realizado um levantamento de 49 laboratórios clínicos (LC) distribuídos em toda a provincia do Chaco, na Argentina. Na segunda etapa (2012) o erro aleatório (EA) foi ajustado através da aplicação de protocolos internacionais (CLSI EP-5A). Na terceira etapa (2014-2015), foram processados paineis de soros com concentrações atribuídas por método rastreável à referência e ao padrão internacional (CG-IDMS). Protocolos internacionais foram aplicados para avaliar o erro total (ET) da determinação em cada laboratório (CLSI EP-10A). Em 2016, aplicando ferramentas de qualidade, foram avaliadas as barreiras no processo. Observou-se na EA: para o nível de 1,00 mg/dL nenhuma LC atingiu os níveis desejáveis; para um nível de 2,5 mg/dL, apenas 9 (23%) os atingiram. Concluídas a segunda e terceira etapas, apenas 18 laboratórios (48,7%) conseguiram ajustar o EA e/ou o ET, mas foi difícil sustentá-lo ao longo do tempo. No que diz respeito aos reagentes, calibradores e controles, eles são produzidos pela indústria. dependendo do estado o seu controle. A homogeneidade do equipamento depende da acessibilidade econômica e do volume de trabalho. O meio ambiente, a temperatura e a qualidade da água continuam sendo uma dificuldade para a escalabilidade.

Abstract A new methodology is presented for calculating the economic diameter of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline in a pumped source system for water supply with direct injection into the network. It is based on the concept of the Range of Optimal Efficiency of the Pumping System (REOS), together with new concepts, criteria and technical approaches that complement each other to obtain the optimal diameter of the pipeline. The determination of the nominal pressure (PN) according to the characteristics of each section of the pipe profile and their respective internal diameters are incorporated in the analyses. The proposed procedure takes into account other variables that depend on the type of installation, design scheme and variation in hourly demand. The procedure is illustrated with the solution of a practical problem.

Resumen Se presenta una nueva metodología para calcular el diámetro económico de una conductora de polietileno de alta densidad (PEAD) de un sistema fuente por bombeo para suministro de agua con inyección directa a la red. La misma se basa en el concepto de Rango de Eficiencia Óptimo del Sistema de bombeo (REOS), de conjunto con nuevos conceptos, criterios y enfoques técnicos que se complementan para la obtención del diámetro óptimo de la conductora. Se incorporan en los análisis, la determinación de la presión nominal (PN) según las características de cada tramo del perfil de la tubería y sus respectivos diámetros interiores. El procedimiento propuesto tiene en cuenta otras variables que dependen del tipo de instalación, esquema de diseño y variación de la demanda horaria. El procedimiento se ilustra con la solución de un problema práctico.

Resumo Objetivou-se refletir sobre o impacto do racismo estrutural na saúde dos adolescentes afrodescendentes brasileiros, considerando o contexto político e social do período pós-abolição, quando foi iniciada uma nova configuração de exploração e manutenção das desigualdades sociais relacionadas aos escravizados libertos e seus descendentes. É na adolescência, fase da vida ligada ao contexto social e cultural, e não apenas determinada pelo período cronológico da vida, quando geralmente o indivíduo negro começa a vivenciar de modo mais consciente o estigma da raça. Este ensaio, inicialmente, apresenta o percurso histórico da construção social da raça nos padrões de dominação e o racismo. Em seguida, reflete, balizado no racismo estrutural, sobre o papel do capitalismo monopolista no desenvolvimento e crescimento econômico do Brasil pós-abolicionista, como um dos principais mecanismos de recrutamento e manutenção da população negra nas classes sociais inferiores e marginalizadas. Por fim, discute como o racismo impacta a saúde dos adolescentes afrodescendentes brasileiros a partir da teoria ecossocial, proposta por Nancy Krieger, e de bibliografia representativa. O racismo estrutural em nossa sociedade impacta na saúde dos adolescentes negros, com forte determinação no processo de saúde-doença. Por isso, é preciso combater as disparidades históricas, no sentido de se construir uma sociedade mais democrática e igualitária. Objetivouse Objetivou pósabolição, pósabolição pós abolição, abolição pós-abolição descendentes adolescência cultural ensaio inicialmente seguida reflete pósabolicionista, pósabolicionista abolicionista, abolicionista pós-abolicionista marginalizadas fim ecossocial Krieger representativa negros saúdedoença. saúdedoença doença. doença saúde-doença isso históricas igualitária

Abstract The objective was to reflect on the impact of structural racism on the health of Brazilian Afro-descendant adolescents, considering the political and social context of the post-abolition period, when a new configuration of exploitation and maintenance of social inequalities related to freed slaves and their descendants began. It is during adolescence, a phase of life linked to the social and cultural context, and not just determined by the chronological period of life, when black individuals generally begin to experience the stigma of race more consciously. This essay initially presents the historical path of the social construction of race in patterns of domination and racism. It then reflects, based on structural racism, on the role of monopoly capitalism in the development and economic growth of post-abolitionist Brazil, as one of the main mechanisms for recruiting and maintaining the black population in lower and marginalized social classes. Finally, it discusses how racism impacts the health of Brazilian Afro-descendant adolescents based on the ecosocial theory, proposed by Nancy Krieger, and representative bibliography. Structural racism in our society impacts the health of black adolescents, with a strong determination in the health-disease process; Therefore, it is necessary to combat historical disparities, to build a more democratic and egalitarian society. Afrodescendant Afro descendant postabolition post abolition began adolescence consciously reflects postabolitionist abolitionist Brazil classes Finally theory Krieger bibliography healthdisease disease process Therefore disparities

Abstract The increasing global importance of pink peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) as a high-value commercial crop and its potential for expansion in production demand appropriate management due to uncertainties regarding its sexual system. This study focused on evaluating the morphology of sterile and fertile floral whorls, as well as analyzing the sexual system of pink pepper in two populations in northeastern Brazil. The results revealed no significant differences in the morphological characteristics of the flowers between the studied areas, suggesting that the species possesses notable adaptability to environmental conditions. However, a significant difference in the proportion of staminate individuals was observed in both areas, representing over 88% and 72%, respectively. A correlation was observed between the size of the stamens and the presence of apparently atrophied pistils (r=0.275; df=178; p<0.001), along with the occurrence of fruits in these hermaphroditic plants. In this context, the species should be considered gynodioecious due to the presence of plants with hermaphroditic flowers and plants with pistillate flowers. However, further research is essential to elucidate the role of pollinators, especially bees and wasps, and to better understand the fruiting process in hermaphroditic flowers. These insights have the potential to significantly enhance management aiming for efficient fruit production, promoting its economic and ecological relevance. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae highvalue high value whorls Brazil areas conditions However 88 72 72% respectively r=0.275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0.275 df=178 df178 df 178 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 , 001 p<0.001) context pollinators wasps relevance 8 7 r=0.27 r027 27 (r=0.27 df=17 df17 17 p000 p<0.00 00 r=0.2 r02 2 (r=0.2 df=1 df1 1 p00 p<0.0 r=0. r0 (r=0. df= p0 p<0. r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

Resumo A crescente importância global da Pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) como uma cultura de alto valor comercial e seu potencial de expansão na produção demandam um manejo apropriado devido às incertezas quanto ao seu sistema sexual. Este estudo se concentrou na avaliação da morfologia dos verticilos florais estéreis e férteis, bem como no análise do sistema sexual da Pimenta rosa em duas populações no nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados revelaram que não houve diferenças significativas nas características morfológicas das flores entre as áreas estudadas, sugerindo que a espécie possui uma notável adaptabilidade às condições ambientais. No entanto, observou-se uma marcante diferença na proporção de indivíduos estaminados em ambas as áreas, representando mais de 88% e 72%, respectivamente. Observou-se correlação entre o tamanho dos estames e a presença de pistilos aparentemente atrofiados (r=0,275; gl=178; p<0,001), juntamente com a ocorrência de frutos nessas plantas hermafroditas. Neste contexto, deve-se considerar a espécie como ginodióica devido à presença de plantas com flores hermafroditas e plantas com flores pistiladas. No entanto, é fundamental conduzir pesquisas adicionais para elucidar o papel dos polinizadores, especialmente abelhas e vespas, e entender melhor o processo de frutificação em flores hermafroditas. Esses insights têm o potencial de aprimorar significativamente o manejo visando a uma produção eficiente de frutos, promovendo sua relevância econômica e ecológica. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae férteis Brasil estudadas ambientais entanto observouse observou 88 72 72% respectivamente Observouse Observou r=0,275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0,275 gl=178 gl178 gl 178 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 , 001 p<0,001) contexto devese deve pistiladas polinizadores vespas ecológica 8 7 r=0,27 r027 27 (r=0,27 gl=17 gl17 17 p000 p<0,00 00 r=0,2 r02 2 (r=0,2 gl=1 gl1 1 p00 p<0,0 r=0, r0 (r=0, gl= p0 p<0, r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

ABSTRACT: Agriculture plays a leading role in the economic growth and development process. Ensuring the continuity of production depends on the purchasing power of the producers. The sustainability of production and the development of the rural welfare index in favor of the producers will increase the driving role of the agricultural sector, which is also a resource for other sectors. This study determined the variables affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade of the greenhouse tomato producers in Antalya, Türkiye. The product price has been determined as the major factor affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade. In addition, it was concluded that a one-unit increase in the product price increases the Domestic Terms of Trade by 34.99 units. Interviews revealed that the continuity of consumption needs is more important than the continuity of production. It has been determined that the high and variable input costs cause erosion in the incomes of the producers. Agricultural policies will be more effective both in the short and long term when the aim is to improve the welfare and purchasing power of producers, rather than intervening in agricultural prices or reducing prices. ABSTRACT process sector sectors Antalya Türkiye addition oneunit one unit 3499 34 99 34.9 units 349 3 9 34.

RESUMO: A agricultura tem um papel preponderante no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Garantir a continuidade da produção depende do poder de compra dos produtores. A sustentabilidade da produção e o desenvolvimento do índice de bem-estar rural em favor dos produtores aumentarão o protagonismo do setor agropecuário, que também é um recurso para outros setores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é determinar as variáveis que afetam os Termos de Comércio Domésticos dos produtores de tomate de estufa em Antalya, Turquia. O preço do produto foi determinado como o principal fator que afeta os Termos de Comércio Domésticos. Além disso, concluiu-se que um aumento de uma unidade no preço do produto aumenta os Termos de Troca Domésticos em 34,99 unidades. As entrevistas revelaram que a continuidade das necessidades de consumo é mais importante do que a continuidade da produção. Constatou-se que os altos e variáveis custos dos insumos causam erosão na renda dos produtores. As políticas agrícolas serão mais eficazes, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, quando o objetivo for melhorar o bem-estar e o poder de compra dos produtores, em vez de intervir nos preços agrícolas ou reduzir os preços. RESUMO econômico bemestar bem estar agropecuário setores Antalya Turquia disso concluiuse concluiu se 3499 34 99 34,9 unidades Constatouse Constatou eficazes prazo 349 3 9 34,

Abstract This article aimed to map therapeutic itineraries in health care within rural Quilombola communities in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a section of a qualitative research conducted in six visited communities. The data was collected through 18 individual interviews, analyzed using the theoretical-methodological framework of Therapeutic Itineraries, and organized into three empirical themes. The narratives allowed for understanding the paths taken in health care by the Quilombola population, identifying the components of the popular subsystem (natural resources, the use of teas and home remedies), the family subsystem (transmission of knowledge and cultural heritage of care), and the professional subsystem (hospital level, medical care, primary and specialized attention). The difficulties of access are not only due to geographical distances, but also broader aspects of social determination, such as institutional racism, low availability of services, the need for payment for transportation and medical procedures. In this sense, it is necessary to have an approach and interventions from public policies to address ethnic-racial, economic, and access inequalities in health care services. Gerais Brazil 1 interviews theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological Itineraries themes population natural resources remedies, remedies , remedies) transmission care) hospital level attention. attention . attention) distances determination racism services procedures sense ethnicracial, ethnicracial ethnic racial, racial ethnic-racial economic

Resumo Este artigo teve como objetivo mapear os itinerários terapêuticos no cuidado em saúde em comunidades quilombolas rurais no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de um recorte de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada em seis comunidades visitadas. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de 18 entrevistas individuais, analisados pelo referencial teórico-metodológico dos itinerários terapêuticos e organizados em três temas empíricos. As narrativas permitiram a compreensão dos percursos trilhados no cuidado em saúde pela população quilombola, a identificação dos componentes do subsistema popular (recursos naturais, o uso de chás e remédios caseiros), do subsistema familiar (transmissão de conhecimentos e herança cultural de cuidados), e do subsistema profissional (nível hospitalar, cuidados médicos, atenção primária e especializada). As dificuldades de acesso não decorrem apenas das distâncias geográficas, envolvem aspectos mais amplos da determinação social, como o racismo institucional, a baixa oferta de serviços, a necessidade de pagamento para deslocamentos e procedimentos médicos. Nesse sentido, fazem-se necessárias uma abordagem e intervenções das políticas públicas frente às desigualdades étnico-raciais, econômicas e de acesso aos serviços de cuidado em saúde. Gerais Brasil Tratase Trata se visitadas 1 individuais teóricometodológico teórico metodológico empíricos quilombola recursos naturais caseiros, caseiros , caseiros) transmissão cuidados, cuidados) nível hospitalar médicos especializada. especializada . especializada) geográficas social institucional sentido fazemse fazem étnicoraciais, étnicoraciais étnico raciais, raciais étnico-raciais

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar si la Constitución de 1988 garantiza a las comunidades indígenas la prerrogativa de autogobierno, según los cánones del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano presentes en la Constitución de Bolivia. La investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando un método deductivo y comparativo, análisis documental y bibliográfico, estadística descriptiva para los análisis comparativos. Los resultados muestran que, al comparar los modelos constitucionales de Brasil y Bolivia, es posible observar que, en el primero, el paradigma occidental eurocentrista afirma la soberanía constitucional y un sistema de derecho mono-jurídico (hegemónico). Por su parte, el arquetipo boliviano se ha propuesto hacer realidad el autogobierno y la autodeterminación de los pueblos originarios campesinos. El paradigma brasileño promueve una política anti-indígena, en favor de un modelo económico capitalista, que exige formas alternativas de interpretar la Constitución y de identificar instrumentos que garanticen la autodeterminación y la autonomía de los pueblos originarios de Brasil. 198 Bolivia comparativo bibliográfico comparativos primero monojurídico mono jurídico hegemónico. hegemónico . (hegemónico) parte campesinos antiindígena, antiindígena anti indígena, indígena anti-indígena capitalista 19 (hegemónico 1

Abstract This article aims to investigate if the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 guarantees the prerogative of self-government to Indigenous communities, according to the canons of the new Latin American constitutionalism present in the Constitution of Bolivia. A deductive and comparative study is carried out with documental and bibliographical analysis, using descriptive statistics to perform comparative analyses. The results show that, when comparing the constitutional models of Brazil and Bolivia, it is possible to notice that in the Brazilian Constitution, the Western Eurocentric paradigm affirms constitutional sovereignty and a monistic (hegemonic) system of Law. By contrast, the Bolivian archetype proposes to implement the self-government and self-determination of the Indigenous communities. The Brazilian paradigm promotes an anti-Indigenous policy, in favor of a capitalist economic model, demanding alternative ways of interpreting the Constitution to identify instruments that ensure the self-determination and autonomy of the native peoples in Brazil. 198 selfgovernment self government communities Bolivia analysis analyses hegemonic (hegemonic Law contrast selfdetermination determination antiIndigenous anti policy model 19 1

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se a Constituição de 1988 garante a prerrogativa do autogoverno às comunidades indígenas, segundo os cânones do novo constitucionalismo latino-americano presentes na Constituição da Bolívia. A investigação foi conduzida por método dedutivo e comparativo, análise documental e bibliográfica, estatística descritiva para análises comparativas. Os resultados mostram que, na comparação entre os modelos constitucionais do Brasil e da Bolívia, é possível notar que, naquele, o paradigma ocidental eurocentrista afirma a soberania constitucional e um sistema mono jurídico (hegemônico) do Direito. Já o arquétipo boliviano se propõe a efetivar o autogoverno e a autodeterminação dos povos originários campesinos. O paradigma brasileiro promove uma política anti-indígena, em prol de um modelo econômico capitalista, a exigir formas alternativas de interpretar a Constituição e identificar instrumentos que garantam a autodeterminação e autonomia dos povos originários no Brasil. 198 indígenas latinoamericano latino americano Bolívia comparativo bibliográfica comparativas naquele hegemônico (hegemônico Direito campesinos antiindígena, antiindígena anti indígena, indígena anti-indígena capitalista 19 1

Abstract Objective: to understand the processes of vulnerability faced by sugarcane migrant workers in the face of advancing mechanization. Methods: this study adopts a qualitative approach based on the biocommunity, techno-economic and political dimensions of the social reproduction of health proposed by Juan Samaja. In total, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sugarcane migrant workers in the period from April 2020 to December 2021. Results: in the techno-economic dimension, it was found that in Mill A workers have become polyvalent, with the presence of teamwork and the introduction of technologies to increase work control. In Mill B, the workers identified worse working conditions due to irrigation, irregular terrain, rocky geography, and exposure to burnings. In the biocommunity dimension, the greater chance of accidents, the use of pesticides, hydroelectrolytic disorders and cardiovascular problems were identified. In the political dimension the precariousness of health care for sugarcane workers was identified. Conclusion: the intensification of mechanization in sugarcane harvesting has not improved the life of sugarcane workers, on the contrary, it has caused the perpetuation of old vulnerabilities and the insertion of new ones. Objective Methods technoeconomic techno economic Samaja total 1 semistructured semi structured 202 2021 Results polyvalent control B irrigation terrain geography burnings accidents pesticides Conclusion contrary ones 20 2

Resumo Objetivo: compreender os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros diante do avanço da mecanização. Métodos: abordagem qualitativa pautada na abordagem metodológica da Reprodução Social da Saúde proposta por Juan Samaja, nas dimensões biocumunal, tecnoeconômica e política. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros no período de abril de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: na dimensão tecnoeconômica verificou-se que na usina A o trabalhador se tornou polivalente, com a presença do trabalho em equipe e a introdução de tecnologias para aumentar o controle do trabalho. Na usina B, os trabalhadores encontram piores condições de trabalho devido à irrigação, à irregularidade dos terrenos, à presença de pedras e à exposição às queimadas. Na dimensão biocomunal, foram identificados potencialização dos acidentes, uso de agrotóxicos, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e problemas cardiovasculares. Na dimensão política, foi observada a precariedade da assistência à saúde do trabalhador canavieiro. Conclusão: a intensificação da mecanização na colheita de cana-de-açúcar não melhorou as condições de trabalho dos cortadores, ao contrário, provocou a perpetuação de velhos e a inserção de novos processos de vulnerabilização. Objetivo trabalhadoresmigrantes migrantes Métodos Samaja biocumunal política 1 202 2021 Resultados verificouse verificou polivalente B irrigação terrenos queimadas biocomunal acidentes agrotóxicos cardiovasculares canavieiro Conclusão canadeaçúcar cana açúcar cortadores contrário 20 2