ABSTRACT The Resource Dependence Theory seeks to understand how external factors influence an organization's behavior, dependency, and diversification of resources. This study analyzes the influence of economic-financial and sports performance on the revenue diversification of 24 Brazilian football clubs. The composition of the revenues was analyzed through the APFUT classification, with the addition of the "Financial Revenues" category, while the adapted Hirschman-Herfindahl Index was used to measure the level of diversification. The results indicate that the clubs' main revenues are Broadcasting Rights, Transfer of Federative Rights, and Sponsorship. The models pointed to the positive effects of profitability and Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) Ranking and the negative effect of promotion to the first division on the diversification level, indicating the relevance of economic and sports elements. This study contributes to the analysis of sports and economic-financial performance, which affect revenue management, and endorses the discussion on the need for revenue diversification as one of the measures to avoid financial difficulties. organizations organization s behavior dependency resources economicfinancial 2 clubs classification Financial Revenues category HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Rights Sponsorship CBF (CBF elements management difficulties

RESUMO A Teoria da Dependência dos Recursos procura entender como fatores externos influenciam o comportamento da organização, sua dependência e diversificação de recursos. Este estudo analisa a influência dos desempenhos econômico-financeiro e esportivo na diversificação das receitas de 24 clubes de futebol brasileiros. A composição das receitas foi analisada por meio da classificação da APFUT, adicionada da categoria “Receitas Financeiras”, enquanto o indicador Hirschman-Herfindahl adaptado foi utilizado para medir o nível de diversificação. Os resultados indicam que as principais receitas dos clubes são Direitos de Transmissão, Repasse de Direitos Federativos e Patrocínio. Os modelos apontaram efeitos positivos da rentabilidade e Ranking da CBF, e negativo do acesso à primeira divisão no nível de diversificação, indicando a relevância de elementos econômicos e esportivos. Este estudo contribui para a análise dos desempenhos esportivo e econômico-financeiro, os quais afetam a gestão de receitas, bem como endossa a discussão sobre a necessidade de diversificação das receitas como uma das medidas para evitar dificuldades financeiras. organização recursos econômicofinanceiro econômico financeiro 2 brasileiros APFUT Receitas Financeiras, Financeiras , Financeiras” HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Transmissão Patrocínio CBF esportivos econômicofinanceiro, financeiro, financeiras

Resumen Objetivo: este artículo estudia la relación entre la demanda turística y el crecimiento económico, el tipo de cambio real y la incertidumbre de política económica (EPU, por sus siglas en inglés) en Australia, China, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, España, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de dependencia transversal, de raíz unitaria y de cointegración. El modelo de largo plazo se estimó con los siguientes métodos: PCSE, FGLS y FMOLS. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el crecimiento económico y el tipo de cambio real respecto a la demanda turística. En el largo plazo, la relación de causalidad es de la incertidumbre, el tipo de cambio y el PIB al turismo. Se valida la hipótesis de retroalimentación. Limitaciones: la disponibilidad de datos. Originalidad: estudia la influencia conjunta del crecimiento económico y la EPU sobre la demanda de turismo en los países de los principales destinos mundiales de turismo internacional según los ingresos turísticos internacionales. Conclusiones: se sugiere que el turismo impulsará el crecimiento económico general, y de manera correspondiente la inversión en otros sectores de la economía también influirá en un aumento del turismo.

Abstract Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data. Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.

Abstract This research manages as a central axis the Territorial Development in the northern zone of the State of Baja California Sur, specifically in the Vizcaíno Valley, located in the municipality of Mulegé. In the study area, a situation of economic and territorial backwardness has been generated as a result of dependence on a priority economic sector that is not articulated with the rest of the sectors. In this sense, the potential for integration between sectors is identified, thus presenting a proposal for a structure for the integration of local productive sectors, being these the most relevant, such as the primary one (livestock, fishing, and mining), and the tertiary sector, which is complementary. The economic sectors are described independently, later, through an analysis of three pillars of integration: planned, intersectoral and territorial, a crossover strategy is proposed where, through said relationship, complementary intersectoral activities are generated, with a view to a territorial productive chain.

Resumen La presente investigación maneja como eje central el Desarrollo Territorial en la zona norte del Estado de Baja California Sur, específicamente en el Valle de Vizcaíno, situado en el municipio de Mulegé. En el área de estudio, se ha generado una situación de rezago económico y territorial como efecto de la dependencia a un prioritario sector económico que no se encuentra articulado con el resto de los sectores. En este sentido, se identifica el potencial de integración entre sectores, presentando así una propuesta de estructura para integración de sectores productivos locales, siendo estos el de mayor relevancia como es el primario (ganadería, pesca y minería), y el que figura de manera complementaria, el terciario. Se describen de manera independiente los sectores económicos, posterior, mediante un análisis de tres pilares de integración: planificada, intersectorial y territorial, se propone una estrategia cruzada donde, mediante dicha relación, se generen actividades intersectoriales complementarias, con miras un encadenamiento productivo territorial.

Abstract The payment of child support is one of the main challenges regarding gender equity and economic justice. Recent figures show that 84% of child support payments decreed by the family courts are not paid, and in nine out of ten cases the plaintiffs are women. This article explores the experiences of nonpayment of child support from a gender perspective. For this purpose, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women in the cities of Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile, and Temuco, as part of a study on women’s economic autonomy in Chile. The findings show that non-payment of child support is closely linked to the persistence of the feminization of reproduction and the absence of co-responsibility in child-rearing and childcare. It is also related to a reluctance to request the payment of child support as a strategy to avoid economic dependence, vulnerability to violence, and institutional revictimization. This evidence suggests that nonpayment of child support constitutes a form of economic violence and that cultural norms and social dynamics with respect to gender are at the root of tensions over co-responsibility in the reproductive sphere.

Resumen El pago de las pensiones alimenticias es uno de los principales desafíos en torno a la equidad de género y a la justicia económica. Cifras recientes demuestran que el 84 % de las pensiones alimenticias decretadas por los tribunales de familia son incumplidas y en nueve de cada 10 casos las demandantes son mujeres. En el presente artículo se exploran las experiencias sobre el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones alimenticias desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello, se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres de las ciudades Antofagasta, Santiago de Chile y Temuco en el marco de una investigación sobre autonomía económica de mujeres en Chile. Los hallazgos muestran que el incumplimiento del pago de las pensiones de alimentos está estrechamente vinculado a la persistencia de la feminización de la reproducción y a la ausencia de corresponsabilidad en la crianza y el cuidado de hijos e hijas. También se relaciona con la resistencia a solicitar el pago de pensiones de alimentos como estrategia para evitar la dependencia económica, la vulnerabilidad a la violencia y la revictimización institucional. Estas evidencias sugieren que el impago de las pensiones constituye una forma de violencia económica y que las normas culturales y dinámicas sociales con respecto al género están en la base de las tensiones sobre la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito reproductivo.

Abstract Catch and fishing effort data are generally available, hence surplus production models are commonly used to conduct assessments. However, hyperstability resulting from spawning aggregations (SA) pose challenges to determine status and inform management of many fisheries resources. Using data from 1991 to 2019, we develop a method to study hyperstable fished stocks relaxing the assumption of constant catchability, hence direct dependence of catch-per-unit-effort and biomass. Information criterion was used to choose the best model including a Cobb-Douglas function for gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus), a sciaenid fish endemic to the gulf of California, managed through annual quotas. Bionomic stock-reduction models were fit using catch, effort, published natural mortality, virgin biomass, and economic structure. Models were solved using maximum likelihood and the best model chosen with Akaike information criterion. Current fishing effort is beyond bionomic optimum. This deserves a precautionary approach to protect this endemic species and sustain the fishery.

Resumen Generalmente se disponen de datos de captura y esfuerzo para evaluar stocks usando modelos de producción excedente. Sin embargo, la hiperestabilidad resultante de agregaciones de desove (AD) genera retos en muchos recursos pesqueros; entonces se recomienda usar funciones de producción no lineal. Utilizando datos de 1991 a 2019, desarrollamos un método para evaluar pesquerías de recursos hiperestables, relajando el supuesto de capturabilidad constante y dependencia directa de captura-por-unidad-de-esfuerzo y biomasa. Usamos criterios de información para determinar el mejor modelo usando una función Cobb-Douglas. Ejemplificamos con la pesquería de corvina "golfina" (Cynoscion othonopterus), un pez endémico al golfo de California con un sistema de cuotas anuales. Los modelos bionómicos se ajustaron utilizando captura y esfuerzo anuales, tasas de mortalidad natural, biomasa virgen y estructura económica. Ajustando por máxima verosimilitud, el mejor modelo se eligió con el criterio de Akaike. El esfuerzo de pesca actual sobrepasa el óptimo bionómico. Esto implica adoptar enfoques precautorios para proteger esta especie endémica y sostener la pesquería.

Abstract Objective Child sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. Results Between 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. Conclusion The results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses. societies sexes groups serious caregivers detail SINAN (SINAN 1 years characteristics model 201 2021 13403 13 403 13,40 State 82.8% 828 82 8 (82.8% 67.8% 678 67 (67.8% environment regions variations offenses 20 202 1340 40 13,4 82.8 (82.8 67.8 6 (67.8 2 134 4 13, 82. (82. 67. (67. (82 (67 (8 (6 (

ABSTRACT Agricultural cooperatives in Chile have not consolidated at the level of other OECD countries, developing in a spatially heterogeneous way in the country. To understand the territorial consolidation of agricultural cooperatives, this paper aims to analyze the patterns of spatial location of agricultural cooperatives in Chile and to identify whether there are clusters of agricultural cooperatives over Economic Importance (EI) organizations. To achieve this, non-spatial (cluster analysis and location analysis) and spatial (Moran index and spatial correlation analysis) clustering tools were used to determine the spatial dependence of the concentration of agricultural cooperatives in Chile. The results indicate the existence of productive cooperative clusters in the regions of Los Ríos and Coquimbo centered on EI cooperatives. Additionally, they also suggest a positive correlation between EI cooperatives and cooperative nuclei at the regional level.

RESUMEN El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en otros países de la OCDE, habiéndose desarrollado de forma espacialmente heterogénea en el país. Para conocer la consolidación territorial del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile, este trabajo se propone analizar los patrones de localización espacial de las cooperativas agrícolas en el país e identificar si sobre las cooperativas de Importancia Económica (IE) existen clústeres cooperativos agrícolas que las engloben. En este marco se han utilizado herramientas de agrupamiento no espacial –análisis de conglomerado y análisis de localización) y espacial (índice de Moran y análisis de correlación espacial–, para determinar la dependencia espacial en la concentración del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile. Los resultados indican la existencia de clústeres productivos cooperativos en las regiones de Los Ríos y Coquimbo, centrados en cooperativas de IE. Adicionalmente, sugieren una correlación positiva entre cooperativas de IE y los núcleos cooperativos a nivel regional.

Abstract The present paper empirically assesses the role of capital flows in the output dynamics of the Mexican economy over the period 1994-2023. We hypothesize that capital flows have helped sustain a long-term economic growth rate that exceeds what is warranted by Mexico’s current account equilibrium. Our main contribution is to furnish empirical evidence supporting the Thirlwall-Hussain (1982) hypothesis. That is, capital flows are needed to finance the current account gap of economies growing beyond their means. Our analysis represents the first empirical test ever of such a model for the case of Mexico. Furthermore, our estimates from a vector error-correction model show that capital flows (FDI), imports and exports are intimately linked. Moreover, exports and FDI together provide the foreign exchange used to cope with technological and capital goods dependence. We conclude that finance is the most salient variable of overall economic dependence along the global supply chains. The main limitation of our study is that further empirical comparative analysis is required before generalizations can be reasonably made, a task for future endeavors.

Resumen Este trabajo evalúa empíricamente el papel de los flujos de capital en el crecimiento económico de México durante el período 1994-2023. La hipótesis central es que los flujos de capital contribuyen a mantener un crecimiento de largo plazo mayor al que se justificaría con equilibrio en la cuenta corriente. La principal contribución es proveer evidencia consistente con la hipótesis Thirlwall-Hussain (1982). Es decir, se requieren entradas de capital para financiar los déficits en la cuenta corriente de las economías que crecen más allá de sus medios. Este estudio es pionero en contrastar este modelo para el caso de México. Nuestras estimaciones, con base en un modelo de corrección de errores, muestran que los flujos de capital, las exportaciones y las importaciones están estrechamente ligadas. Las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa proveen las divisas necesarias para enfrentar la dependencia de tecnología y bienes de capital. La conclusión es que el financiamiento es una variable clave de la dependencia a lo largo de las cadenas globales de valor. La principal limitación es que se requiere investigación adicional para generalizar nuestros resultados.

ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, focusing on the perceptions and experiences of young students at the Agrarian University of Ecuador (UAE) Using focus groups, we explore how students learned about AI, how they used it in their studies and daily lives, and their views on its usefulness and challenges. The results show that while AI offers personalized learning and assessment, it also raises concerns about technology dependence, data privacy, and potential biases. In addition, ethical and economic issues related to its implementation in educational institutions are discussed. The study highlights the need for a balanced approach that maximizes the benefits of artificial intelligence while minimizing its risks, and recommends the ethical use of these technologies with virtue and conscience in the future of education. This study provides a framework for strategic thinking and action for educators and policy makers in the integration of artificial intelligence in education.

RESUMEN El presente articulo examino el impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la educación, centrándose en las percepciones y experiencias de los jóvenes estudiantes de la Universidad Agraria del Ecuador (UAE) Utilizando grupos focales, se exploró cómo los estudiantes aprendieron sobre la IA, cómo la usaron en sus estudios y en su vida diaria, y sus puntos de vista sobre su utilidad y sus desafíos. Los resultados muestran que, si bien la IA ofrece aprendizaje y evaluación personalizados, también genera preocupaciones sobre la dependencia de la tecnología, la privacidad de los datos y posibles sesgos. Además, se discuten cuestiones éticas y económicas relacionadas con su implementación en las instituciones educativas. El estudio destaca la necesidad de un enfoque equilibrado que maximice los beneficios de la inteligencia artificial minimizando sus riesgos, y recomienda el uso ético de estas tecnologías con virtud y conciencia en el futuro de la educación. Este estudio proporciona un marco para el pensamiento y la acción estratégicos para educadores y formuladores de políticas en la integración de la inteligencia artificial en la educación.

Resumo O presente artigo busca resumir o estado da arte em matéria de conceitos e modelos de histerese, conforme desenvolvidos a partir dos argumentos de endogeneidade e descontinuidades heterogêneas. Se buscará aclarar a definição e o uso do termo, bem como demonstrar como se construir o modelo canônico de dinâmica histerética, fundamentado em retransmissões não ideais. Os atributos particulares que distinguem histerese de outros conceitos relacionados a path dependence serão também delineados, e sua mecânica básica, baseada em não-linearidades, seletividade e remanência, será geometricamente ilustrada. O objetivo final do artigo é se valer do ferramental histerético para propor uma rota de interpretação nova, sensível às causas estruturais, acerca da estagnação brasileira. heterogêneas termo histerética ideais delineados básica nãolinearidades, nãolinearidades linearidades, linearidades não-linearidades remanência ilustrada nova estruturais brasileira

Abstract This article seeks to summarize the state of the art in terms of hysteresis concepts and models, as developed from the arguments of endogeneity and heterogeneous discontinuities. It will seek to clarify the definition and the use of the term, as well as to demonstrate how to build the canonical model of hysteretic dynamics, based on non-ideal relays. The particular attributes that distinguish hysteresis from other concepts related to path dependence will also be outlined, and their basic mechanics, based on nonlinearities, selectivity and remanence, will be geometrically illustrated. The article’s final aim is to use the framework built from hysteresis to propose a new, structure-aware, interpretation regarding Brazil’s economic stagnation. models discontinuities term dynamics nonideal non ideal relays outlined mechanics nonlinearities remanence illustrated articles s new structureaware, structureaware structure aware, aware structure-aware Brazils Brazil stagnation

Abstract Traditionally, scholars have pointed out the harmful effects of indigenous mercantile participation: acculturation, economic dependence and social polarization. In this article, we offer evidence that gives a more nuanced image in the case of the indigenous communities of the southeastern Pampas between the 18th and 19th centuries, where indigenous mercantile participation was neither forced, nor even induced, but enthusiastically spontaneous. Taking the evidence of a century of inter-ethnic trade, we observe that the indigenous peoples became avid consumers, skilled traders and industrious producers of goods. They zealously defended their freedom to trade, set up commercial ports in their territory and became part of local, regional and overseas trade networks. In short, the indigenous peoples of the southeastern Pampas created their own forms of mercantile participation that earned them the label of “trading peoples” in the transition between the Ancien Régime and economic liberalism.

Resumen Tradicionalmente, se han señalado los efectos desestructurantes de la participación mercantil indígena: aculturación, dependencia económica y polarización social. En este artículo brindamos indicios que permiten matizar esta imagen para el caso del mundo indígena del sudeste pampeano entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, donde la participación mercantil indígena no fue forzada, ni siquiera inducida, sino entusiastamente espontánea. Con la evidencia de un siglo de comercio interétnico, observamos que los indígenas se convirtieron en ávidos consumidores, hábiles traficantes e industriosos productores de mercancías; defendieron celosamente su libertad de comercio, habilitaron puertos de intercambio en su territorio y se insertaron en redes mercantiles locales, regionales y ultramarinas. En suma, los pueblos indígenas del sudeste pampeano gestaron sus propias modalidades de participación mercantil que les valieron el apelativo de “naciones comerciantes” en la transición entre el Antiguo Régimen y el liberalismo económico.

Abstract: Further to reading The Mexican economy, this paper presents a review of the author’s explanation of how the dependence of institutions on the public sphere influences the economy. First, in order to understand the current state of the Mexican economy, and its connections to political regimes, the article provides a historical background. Subsequently, the proposal made in the book that there is a need to build “trust” between state institutions and the people of Mexico, and what the consequences of its absence are, is analyzed. Finally, in agreement with the author of the book, it is concluded that, to achieve economic success, it is necessary to guarantee the quality of institutions and the solidity of the rule of law.

Resumen: En este escrito, que es producto de la lectura de The Mexican economy, se revisa la propuesta del autor sobre la influencia de la dependencia entre las instituciones y la esfera pública sobre la economía. Se indagan primero los antecedentes históricos para entender la evolución actual de la economía mexicana y su conexión con sus regímenes políticos. Posteriormente, se analiza la propuesta del libro sobre construir confianza entre las instituciones del estado con el pueblo mexicano y las consecuencias de su ausencia. Finalmente, se concluye coincidiendo con el autor del libro, en que para llegar a un éxito económico se necesita garantizar la calidad de las instituciones y la solidez de su Estado de derecho.

Resumo O objectivo do trabalho é analisar as relações políticas entre Moçambique e África do Sul no período 1975 e 1992 para perceber os seus reflexos na interacção económico-comercial bilateral. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho norteia-se pelas questões seguintes: Como é que as relações políticas entre Moçambique e África do Sul evoluíram durante o período 1975-1992? De que forma a evolução de tais relações se reflectiu na interacção económica e comercial entre os dois países? Do ponto de vista dos procedimentos técnicos, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida utilizando a documentação indireta com recurso do método histórico, o qual permitiu conhecer o dinamismo da interacção entre Moçambique e África do Sul em vários domínios, com destaque para as esferas económica e política. Conclui-se que África do Sul, no seu relacionamento com Moçambique entre 1975 e 1992 procurou sempre defender o seu interesse nacional (sobrevivência do regime do Apartheid), recorrendo a agressões militares directas e indirectas para a desestabilização política e económica, com intuito de manter Moçambique na posição de dependência e como fonte de mão-de-obra barata para as empresas mineiras. Em contraposição, Moçambique enveredou por uma via pacifista negocial, ciente da sua incapacidade militar e económica de enfrentar o poder hegemónico da África do Sul, mas com vontade de reduzir a sua dependência em relação a esse país.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las relaciones políticas entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica entre 1975 y 1992, con el fin de comprender sus efectos en la interacción económico-comercial bilateral. Su desarrollo está guiado por las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo evolucionaron las relaciones políticas entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica durante el período 1975-1992? ¿Cómo se ha reflejado la evolución de tales relaciones en la interacción económica y comercial entre los dos países? Desde el punto de vista de los procedimientos técnicos, la investigación se desarrolló utilizando documentación indirecta y exploración histórica, lo que permitió descubrir el dinamismo de la interacción entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica en varios aspectos, con énfasis en las esferas económica y política. Se concluye que Sudáfrica, en su relación con Mozambique, entre 1975 y 1992, siempre buscó defender su interés nacional (en la persistencia del apartheid), recurriendo a la agresión militar directa e indirecta para la desestabilización política y económica, con el objetivo de mantener a Mozambique en una posición dependiente y como fuente de mano de obra barata para las empresas mineras. Al contrario, Mozambique emprendió un camino de negociación pacifista, consciente de su incapacidad militar y económica para hacer frente a la potencia hegemónica de Sudáfrica, pero dispuesto a reducir su dependencia de ese país.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the political relations between Mozambique and South Africa between 1975 and 1992, in order to understand their effects on bilateral economic-commercial interaction. The development of this work was guided by the following questions: How did political relations between Mozambique and South Africa evolve during the period 1975-1992? How has the evolution of such relations affect the economic and commercial interaction between the two countries? From the point of view of technical procedures, the investigation was developed using indirect documentation and historical exploration, which made it possible to discover the dynamism of the interaction between Mozambique and South Africa in various domains, with emphasis on the economic and political spheres. The findings of this study reveal that South Africa's primary motive was to safeguard its national interests, the main of which was to preserve the Apartheid regime. As a result, South Africa resorted to direct and indirect military aggressions, leading to political and economic instability, in order to keep Mozambique in a dependent position, as a source of low-cost labour for mining companies. Conversely, Mozambique maintained a pacifist approach, recognizing its military and economic limitations, and opted for negotiations to reduce its dependence on South Africa.

Abstract The new post-pandemic challenges that the State in general and educational institutions in particular have had to face in order to mitigate the enormous educational and digital gap are clear, as this has been the natural consequence of social inequality in economic matters. It will not be possible to advance in the implementation of a hybrid educational model if basic problems and needs are not solved first, as is the case in Mexico, where 32.6% of basic schools are located in rural communities, in the state of Guerrero only 47.1% of households have internet service. Several researches have highlighted the importance of the hybrid modality to improve the quality of learning and enhance student autonomy, but they have also recognized that digital illiteracy and the passive role of the student have led to discourage the use of technology. Considering that the hybrid modality for schools is a very near future, the question for this paper arises: what are the conditions in which students in two public schools are able to adapt to this new modality? The new post-pandemic challenges that the State in general and educational institutions in particular have had to face in order to mitigate the enormous educational and digital gap are clear, as this has been the natural consequence of social inequality in economic matters. It will not be possible to advance in the implementation of a hybrid educational model if basic problems and needs are not solved first, as is the case in Mexico, where 32.6% of basic schools are located in rural communities, in the state of Guerrero only 47.1% of households have internet service. Several researches have highlighted the importance of the hybrid modality to improve the quality of learning and enhance student autonomy, but they have also recognized that digital illiteracy and the passive role of the student have led to discourage the use of technology. Considering that the hybrid modality for schools is a very near future, the question for this paper arises: what are the conditions in which students in two public schools are able to adapt to this new modality? The research was qualitative-phenomenological, interviews were conducted with fifteen students based on a generative question. The data were analyzed with the support of grounded theory, creating code groups in ATLAS.ti v23. It was found that the digital divide is not only the result of economic problems and digital literacy, it is also of utmost importance to take into account that both teachers and students continue with traditional practices, the latter of dependence and passivity.

Resumen Son claros los nuevos retos pospandemia que ha tenido el Estado en general y las instituciones educativas en particular para mitigar la enorme brecha educativa y digital, la cual ha sido consecuencia natural de una desigualdad social en materia económica. No será posible avanzar en la implementación de un modelo educativo híbrido si primero no se solucionan problemas y necesidades básicas, como es el caso de México, donde 32.6 % de las escuelas básicas se encuentran en comunidades rurales. De hecho, en el caso concreto del estado de Guerrero, solo 47.1 % de los hogares cuenta con servicio de internet. Varias investigaciones han resaltado la importancia de la modalidad híbrida para mejorar la calidad en el aprendizaje y potenciar la autonomía del estudiante, pero también han reconocido que el analfabetismo digital y el rol pasivo del estudiante han llevado a desalentar el aprovechamiento que la tecnología ofrece. Por tanto, y considerando que la modalidad híbrida para las escuelas se generalizará en un futuro muy cercano, surge la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles son las condiciones en las que se encuentran los estudiantes de dos escuelas públicas para adaptarse a esta nueva modalidad? En concreto, la investigación fue cualitativa-fenomenológica, y se realizaron entrevistas a quince estudiantes a partir de una pregunta generadora. Los datos se analizaron apoyados de la teoría fundamentada, para lo cual se crearon grupos de códigos en el Atlas.ti v23. Se encontró que la brecha digital es el resultado de los problemas económicos y del alfabetismo digital. Además, es de suma importancia tomar en cuenta que tanto docentes como estudiantes continúan con prácticas tradicionales, lo que lleva a estos últimos, principalmente, a adoptar un rol de dependencia y pasividad.

Resumo São claros os novos desafios pós-pandemia que o Estado em geral e as instituições educativas em particular têm tido para mitigar o enorme fosso educativo e digital, que tem sido uma consequência natural da desigualdade social em matéria económica. Não será possível avançar na implementação de um modelo educacional híbrido se os problemas e necessidades básicas não forem resolvidos primeiro, como é o caso do México, onde 32,6% das escolas básicas estão localizadas em comunidades rurais. Na verdade, no caso específico do estado de Guerrero, apenas 47,1% dos domicílios possuem serviço de internet. Diversas investigações destacaram a importância da modalidade híbrida para melhorar a qualidade da aprendizagem e aumentar a autonomia dos alunos, mas também reconheceram que o analfabetismo digital e o papel passivo do aluno levaram a desencorajar o uso que a tecnologia oferece. Assim, e considerando que a modalidade híbrida para escolas se difundirá num futuro muito próximo, surge a seguinte questão de investigação: quais as condições em que se encontram os alunos de duas escolas públicas para se adaptarem a esta nova modalidade? Especificamente, a pesquisa foi qualitativa-fenomenológica e foram realizadas entrevistas com quinze estudantes a partir de uma questão geradora. Os dados foram analisados apoiados na teoria fundamentada, para a qual foram criados grupos de códigos no Atlas.ti v23. Verificou-se que a exclusão digital é o resultado de problemas económicos e de literacia digital. Além disso, é extremamente importante levar em conta que tanto professores como alunos continuam com práticas tradicionais, o que leva estes últimos, principalmente, a adotarem um papel de dependência e passividade.

ABSTRACT Cuba has worked on the development of photovoltaic energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The residential sector has embraced the modality of installing solar panels on the roofs of their homes in order to reduce their rates. Unconsumed energy can be sold to the national electrical grid. In the study, through scenario analysis, with the Homer Pro, the approximate time to recover the initial investment and obtain profits was determined by evaluating its technical-economic viability with the objective of recovering the investment in 7 to 8 years. At provide a clear vision of how the study, when considering local conditions and needs, offers specific recommendations on adjusting tariffs to encourage investment in solar energy and highlights its relevance within the Havana context, so that prosumers can recover their investment in solar energy less time.

RESUMEN Cuba ha trabajado en el desarrollo de la energía fotovoltaica para disminuir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles. El sector residencial ha acogido la modalidad de instalar paneles solares en los techos de sus hogares con el fin de reducir sus tarifas. La energía no consumida puede ser vendida a la red eléctrica nacional. En el estudio, a través del análisis de escenarios, con el Homer Pro, se determinó el tiempo aproximado para recuperar la inversión inicial y obtener ganancias al evaluar su viabilidad técnico-económica con el objetivo de recuperar la inversión en 7 a 8 años. Al brindarse una visión clara de cómo el estudio, al considerar las condiciones y necesidades locales, ofrece recomendaciones específicas sobre el ajuste de tarifas para incentivar la inversión en energía solar y resalta su relevancia dentro del contexto habanero, de modo que los prosumidores puedan recuperar su inversión en menor tiempo.