The presence of immigrants in South Africa has led citizens to believe that migrants are responsible for increased crime rates in the country. This belief is a harmful stereotype that has no basis in reality, as most of the crimes are not committed by the migrants. This study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on crime rates by international migrants in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Specifically, it focuses on examining the likelihood and association between two key variables: migrants with no formal education and crime, and unemployed migrants and crime. Through chi-square tests and multinomial regression, the study investigated whether these socioeconomic factors drove criminal behavior among the international migrant population. This study obtained data from secondary sources. The study's findings revealed that unemployment has an impact on migrants and crime rates in South Africa. The relationship showed a weak association, attributed to insufficient supporting evidence due to the low statistical power of educational status. The relationship proved to not have a strong association, lacking supporting evidence due to low statistical power on educational status. The level of education among migrants did not play a substantial role in influencing criminal behavior within the South African context. Other factors, such as social networks, cultural integration, and individual characteristics, might have a more prominent influence on criminal activities among migrants. However, addressing unemployment issues among international migrants in South Africa to mitigate the risk of criminal involvement is crucial. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on developing effective strategies to promote employment opportunities, skills development, and social integration among migrant communities. By addressing these socio-economic factors, it may be possible to reduce crime rates and create a more inclusive society for both migrants and the host population in South Africa.

ABSTRACT Confronting economic crime takes on special importance in the Cuban context, because it damages the Cuban economy and puts the national social project at risk, by defrauding the trust of citizens in the institutions and in the personnel who work in them, which is why Preventive work is vital. The objective of the article was aimed at socializing the results of the initial diagnosis of the training on economic crime content for the staff of the Pinar del Río Provincial Passenger Transport and Cargo Company. The use of theoretical level methods, such as: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, and empirical level methods such as: observation, interview, survey and document review allowed us to verify that the diagnosis of needs training of the contents of economic crime and its planning are insufficient. There are few spaces for scientific exchange, limited use of Information and Communications Technologies in training, imbalance between theoretical and practical content in training activities and low motivation of staff and specialists.

RESUMEN El enfrentamiento a la delincuencia económica toma especial importancia en el contexto cubano, porque daña la economía cubana y pone en riesgo el proyecto social nacional, al defraudar la confianza de la ciudadanía en las instituciones y en el personal que labora en ellas, por lo que la labor preventiva es vital. El objetivo del artículo se dirigió a socializar los resultados del diagnóstico inicial de la capacitación sobre contenidos de delincuencia económica de los cuadros de la Empresa Provincial de Transporte y Carga de Pasajeros de Pinar del Río. El empleo de métodos de nivel teórico, tales como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, y de nivel empírico como: la observación, la entrevista, la encuesta y la revisión de documentos permitieron constatar que el diagnóstico de las necesidades de capacitación de los contenidos de la delincuencia económica y su planificación son insuficientes. Existen pocos espacios de intercambio científico, limitada utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en la capacitación, desbalance entre los contenidos teóricos y prácticos en las actividades de capacitación y escasa motivación de los cuadros y especialistas.

RESUMO O enfrentamento do crime económico assume especial importância no contexto cubano, porque prejudica a economia cubana e põe em risco o projecto social nacional, ao defraudar a confiança dos cidadãos nas instituições e no pessoal que nelas trabalha, razão pela qual o trabalho preventivo é vital. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar os resultados do diagnóstico inicial da formação sobre conteúdos de criminalidade econômica para o pessoal da Empresa Provincial de Transporte de Passageiros e Cargas de Pinar del Río. A utilização de métodos de nível teórico, tais como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, e métodos de nível empírico, tais como: observação, entrevista, levantamento e revisão documental permitiram-nos verificar que o diagnóstico das necessidades de formação dos conteúdos da criminalidade económica e o seu planeamento são insuficientes. Existem poucos espaços para intercâmbio científico, uso limitado de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na formação, desequilíbrio entre conteúdos teóricos e práticos nas atividades de formação e baixa motivação de funcionários e especialistas.

Delação and colaboração premiada are terms used to describe legal practices which, although they are understood to be identical, have significant differences. The aim of the research on which this paper is based was to understand the genesis of these practices and the logic of the distinction between them, considering them as the result of social disputes mediated by professionals with unequal technical and social skills. It also sought to understand the objective meaning of the transformations of Brazilian criminal justice in neoliberal contemporaneity. The research originates in the characterization of the practices through the documentary examination of the criminal cases in which they were employed between 1990 and 2021, then analyzed from the point of view of the strategies of professional mobility and social legitimation of their practitioners in the face of the contemporary challenges of criminal justice. It was identified that the practices are part of efforts to modernize criminal justice based on internationally recognized best practice systems. It was found that the practice of colaboração premiada is structured as a private contract between equal parties and regulated by the principle of legal certainty. The practice of delação premiada, on the other hand, is structured by the asymmetry of power between the parties in the criminal process and regulated by the principle of uncertainty. It was concluded that the logic of differentiation between the practices corresponds to the logic of social distinction between their respective objects: economic elites and small-time drug dealers, as well as to the logic of professional distinction between their respective subjects: the groups of agents specialized in economic crimes and the vast contingent of agents who routinely carry out most of the work of criminal repression.

A delação e a colaboração premiada são termos utilizados para descrever práticas jurídicas que, embora sejam entendidas como idênticas, apresentam diferenças significativas. O objetivo da pesquisa em que esta comunicação é baseada foi compreender a gênese dessas práticas e a lógica da distinção entre elas, considerando-as como resultado de disputas sociais mediadas por profissionais com competências técnicas e sociais desiguais. Procurou-se também compreender o sentido objetivo das transformações da justiça penal brasileira na contemporaneidade neoliberal. A investigação origina-se na caracterização das práticas por meio do exame documental dos processos penais em que foram empregadas entre 1990 e 2021, então analisada a partir das estratégias de mobilidade profissional e legitimação social de seus praticantes diante dos desafios contemporâneos da justiça penal. Identificou-se que as práticas integram esforços de modernização da justiça penal com base em sistemas de best practices internacionalmente consagrados. Constatou-se que a prática da colaboração premiada é estruturada como um contrato privado entre partes iguais e regulada pelo princípio da segurança jurídica. Já a prática da delação premiada é estruturada pela assimetria de poder entre as partes do processo penal e regulada pelo princípio da incerteza. Concluiu-se que a lógica de diferenciação entre as práticas é correspondente à lógica da distinção social entre os seus respectivos objetos: elites econômicas e pequenos traficantes, bem como à lógica da distinção profissional entre os seus respectivos sujeitos: os grupos de agentes especializados em crimes econômicos e o vasto contingente de agentes que executam rotineiramente a maior parte do trabalho de repressão penal.

In this contribution, I attempt to show that Pat Carlen S (2013) argument, that the rehabilitation paradigm in the United Kingdom (UK) is redundant, is similarly applicable to the situation in postapartheid South Africa. My point of departure is therefore a shift of emphasis in attempting to apply theory from the developed world to the Third World. Since local conditions obviously differ from those in the UK, I focus my method, in particular, on a critical criminological evaluation of five aspects unique to the South African experience. This is within the context of Piketty's (2014) thesis that deepening inequality will continue exponentially, unless there is effective intervention (which seems unlikely). I consider this idea of possible paradigm redundancy along five axes which appear to be pertinent in criminal justice in the third decade of the 21st century. These referents are fairness, the presence of the prison-industrial complex, Pat Carlen's notion of the obsolescence of the rehabilitation paradigm, Reiman's Pyrrhic Defeat Theory and, finally, Steven Box's valuable concept of crime mystification. Firstly, I attempt to show by way of three well-known cases in local criminal proceedings (namely that of Zuma, Omotoso and Van der Vyver) that fairness does not necessarily benefit all accused in the same manner, as one would expect. In fact, the evidence seems to suggest the contrary, namely, that it is the rich and powerful who are able to draw most advantageously on this resource. Secondly, I argue that the repurposing of the prison from its historical justification as a centre of prevention and rehabilitation to a business model, is nowhere more visible than in the phenomenon which came to be known as the prison-industrial complex. Thirdly, I suggest, by way of application of Reiman's Pyrrhic defeat theory and Box's notion of the mystification of crime, that the marginalisation of floating populations as criminogenic within this context, serves the useful purpose of diverting the popular attention away from the far more monstrous crimes of the state and their corporate partners. I also aim to explore the impact which the "war on crime" is having on our understanding of the public/ private divide as the 21st century progresses. In order to gauge the existing rehabilitative potential of the Department of Correctional Services'sprograms and policy directives, I provide a critical overview of these, even though this consideration could amount to nothing but forced coercion. Said in another way, irrespective of the efficacy or otherwise of DCS's rehabilitation and resettlement mandate, the question is and remains how sustainable and realistic such efforts at rehabilitation are, if the social and economic conditions on the ground are criminogenic. Before heading into a discussion, I reflect on the probable theoretical perspectives which these five trends in criminal justice might give rise to. After a prolonged discussion, in which I weigh the evidence of a blurred private/public demarcation, as the 21st century wears on, I conclude that this dichotomy is likely to become more complex, as it not only deepens, but also becomes more blurred. The emergence of a third space (exile) is also possible in neoliberal government's punitive management of urban marginality. In conclusion, I suggest that the crime rehabilitiation paradigm in South Africa has, to an extent, become redundant, but, considering the partial success which DCS has achieved with its numerous ongoing rehabilitation programs and the repurposing of the Department's mandate from purely punitive to that of a rehabilitation-driven institution, the implications for possible policy reformulation are multi-factoral. The complete rejection of the rehabilitation paradigm in South Africa, even though certainly comprehensible, is not recommended. The question that remains, however, is to what extent rehabilitation and resettlement programs can be defended in view of the wider social and economic conditions which militate against sustainable rehabilitation in principle, and are in fact, criminogenic.

In hierdie bydrae word gepoog om aan te toon dat Carlen (2013) se standpunt dat die rehabilitasieparadigma in Brittanje uitgediend is, eweneens op postapartheid Suid-Afrika van toepassing is. Aangesien omstandighede hier ter plaatse egter uiteraard verskil van dié in die Verenigde Koninkryk, spits ek my metodiek in besonder toe op 'n krities-kriminologiese oorweging van vyf unieke aspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse ervaring. My vertrekpunt is dus 'n klemverskuiwing. Eerstens poog ek om aan die hand van drie welbekende gevalle in plaaslike strafregverrigtinge (naamlik Zuma, Omotoso en Van der Vyver) aan te toon dat billikheid nie noodwendig alle beskuldigdes tot dieselfde mate begunstig nie, maar hoofsaaklik tot wesenlike voordeel van welgesteldes en gesaghebbendes dien. Tweedens wys ek daarop dat die gebruiksverandering van die gevangenis na 'n besigheidsmodel, nêrens in groter mate sigbaar is as by die verskynsel wat bekend staan as die gevangenis-industriële kompleks nie. Derdens betoog ek, aan die hand van Reiman se pyrrhusnederlaagteorie en Box se gedagte van die versluiering van misdaad, dat die verguising van die uitgeslotenes ("urban marginality") as kriminogenies binne hierdie konteks die nuttige doel dien om aandag van staatsmisdade of dié van die staat se korporatiewe bondgenote af te lei. Teen hierdie agtergrond oorweeg ek die gedeeltelike sukses wat met rehabilitasiebeleid en -praktyke ter plaatse behaal is. Laastens kom ek tot die gevolgtrekking dat die rehabilitasieparadigma wel tot 'n mate in Suid-Afrika uitgediend is, die implikasies vir nuwe beleidsformulering veelvlakkig is en word die algehele verwerping van hierdie paradigma in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks nie aanbeveel nie.

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study on Chilean insolvency offenses in light of criminal insolvency legislation in the US, Germany, and Spain. The objective of this article is to determine the Chilean criminal policy behind the reform of the crimes defined between articles 463 and 466 of the Chilean penal code and to analyze some of the main changes in the matter and the repercussions that they will have in terms of criminal prosecution. For this, a qualitative and quantitative analysis is used using a dogmatic methodology together with a set of graphic background in order to have a vision of the numerical reality of bankruptcies of individuals and companies in the indicated countries. This information will allow us to have elements to assess in order to analyze the regulation and the criminal response of the legislator with special emphasis on the new Chilean legal-criminal regulation regarding the 2014 reforms and regarding the 2023 economic crime bill.

Resumen El presente trabajo presenta un estudio comparado en materia de delitos de insolvencia punible chileno a la luz de la legislación penal de la insolvencia en los EE. UU., Alemania y España. El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar la política criminal chilena detrás de la reforma de los delitos tipificados entre los artículos 463 y 466 del código penal chileno y analizar algunos de los principales cambios en la materia y las repercusiones que tendrá en materia de persecución penal. Para ello, se recurre a un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo utilizando una metodología dogmática junto con un conjunto de antecedentes gráficos a fin de tener una visión de la realidad numérica de los concursos de personas y de empresas en los países señalados. Esta información permitirá tener elementos a valorar para analizar la regulación y la respuesta penal del legislador con especial énfasis de la nueva regulación jurídico-penal chilena respecto a las reformas de 2014 y respecto al proyecto de delitos económicos de 2023.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird eine vergleichende Studie zu chilenischen Insolvenzdelikten innerhalb der Insolvenzstrafgesetzgebung in den USA, Deutschland und Spanien vorgestellt. Das Ziel dieses Artikels besteht darin, die chilenische Kriminalpolitik hinter der Reform der in den Artikeln 463 und 466 des chilenischen Strafgesetzbuchs definierten Straftaten zu bestimmen und einige der wichtigsten Änderungen in dieser Angelegenheit und die Auswirkungen, die sie in Bezug auf diese haben, zu analysieren Strafverfolgung. Hierzu wird eine qualitative und quantitative Analyse unter Verwendung einer dogmatischen Methodik zusammen mit einer Reihe grafischer Hintergründe verwendet, um eine Vorstellung von der zahlenmäßigen Realität der Insolvenzen von Einteilungen und Unternehmen in den angegebenen zu Ländern zu erhalten. Diese Informationen werden es uns ermöglichen, Elemente zu bewerten, um die Regulierung und die strafrechtliche Reaktion des Gesetzgebers zu analysieren, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf der neuen chilenischen Rechts- und Strafgesetzgebung im Hinblick auf die Reformen von 2014 und im Hinblick auf das Wirtschaftskriminalitätsgesetz von 2023.

Resumen: El objetivo es determinar si existe una correlación entre variables manifiestas como Producto Interno Bruto, Tipo de cambio, crecimiento económico, delitos cometidos, Precio de mezcla del petróleo, confianza del consumidor y desocupación laboral y su agrupación en factores económicos externos e internos, para determinar la bancarrota. Usando Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), como herramienta de validación. El método consiste en, definir las variables y relacionarlas con los índices publicados por organizaciones como INEGI, BANXICO o Banco Mundial; Para posteriormente realizar el AFC. Del AFC se obtiene como resultado la correlación de variables manifiestas en dos factores, el económico externo e interno. El hallazgo fue que se logró la correlación entre las variables manifiestas y los factores económicos internos y externos. La originalidad es el uso de índices externos, sin necesidad de recurrir a métodos tradicionales de encuestas o cuestionarios. La limitante radica en que no todos los índices aportan datos suficientes.

Abstract: The objective is to determine if there is a correlation between manifest variables such as Gross Domestic Product, Exchange rate, economic growth, crimes committed, Oil mix price, consumer confidence and job unemployment and their grouping into external and internal economic factors, to determine bankruptcy. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), as a validation tool. The method consists of defining the variables and relating them to the indices published by organizations such as INEGI, BANXICO or the World Bank; To later perform the AFC. From the AFC, the correlation of manifest variables in two factors, the external and internal economic one, is obtained as a result. The finding was that the correlation between the manifest variables and the internal and external economic factors was achieved. Originality is the use of external indices, without the need to resort to traditional methods of surveys or questionnaires. The limitation is that not all indices provide sufficient data.

This article aims to discuss the actions leading up to the trial, and the 1874 Langalibalele trial itself, by including both the perspectives of Langalibalele and the colonial government. It sets out how the acquisition of guns from the diamond fields by the flourishing and largely independent Hlubi, their Chief Langalibalele's failure to adhere to a meeting request with colonial government officials, and the killing of three British soldiers outside the colony by fleeing Hlubi created the opportunity for nervous colonists and punitive leaders in a struggling colony to escalate the unfortunate events into the slaughter of hundreds of Africans and the destruction of their property without any negative personal consequences. The results for the colonists were overwhelmingly positive: access to more land, the availability of cheap labour and improved security. Although the colonial government had the support of the colonists, questions were raised in England about the excessive bloodshed of the Hlubi and Putini tribes. After the capture of Langalibalele, his trial was an opportunity for the justification of the colonists' actions. The authorities resorted to deceitful methods and a sham and unlawful trial to ensure the intended outcome, that Langalibalele was found guilty. The article highlights the problems with the trial itself. These include that the Lieutenant-Governor had no power to establish an African court and that the choice of law was inappropriate and contrary to applicable legislation. The law and procedure applied during the trial did not adhere to any specific legal system but was a convenient amalgamation of African and Natal law. Most of the members of the bench were not independent, were clearly prejudiced and were hostile towards the accused. The charges were not in accordance with the chosen law, they were unclear, and the accused's plea explanation was erroneously interpreted as a plea of guilty. He was found guilty before any evidence was led. He had no legal representation, no right to cross-examine witnesses and no right to call his own witnesses. The evidence did not support the crimes he was accused of committing and the punishment imposed was unlawful and exceeded the powers of the court. The appeal process was fraught with intimidation and those hearing the appeal were involved in the original trial. Even after this travesty of justice had been exposed in England and discussed in Parliament, justice was not done for those who suffered the most (Langalibalele, the Hlubi and the Putini). Although Langalibalele was allowed to leave Robben Island, he was not restored as chief, the Hlubi's land and property were not restored, and the Putini did not receive their full compensation. There were some negative personal and career consequences for the unfortunate scapegoat (Pine), but also for the whistle-blower (Colenso) and the individual who unsuccessfully fought for reparations for the Putini reparations (Dunsford). The main conspirators, however, were rewarded with career advances and imperial awards (the Shepstone brothers). This saga emphasises how "gun control formed a large part of an emerging struggle over land and citizenship" and the underhand methods and exceptional power the British used to cement imperial rule. The discovery of diamonds inland increased the economic potential and political importance of the colony, resulting in better security and a more structured, but less autonomous regulatory system for Africans, their chiefs, customs and laws.

The early period of the time of the Reformation was full of social, economic, and political problems reaching the circumstances ofstatus confessionis. It is beyond dispute that the two high esteemed reformers, Luther and Calvin paid strong theological and ethical attention to the evaluation of the several topics of sexuality. Pursuing this "holy project" they were struggling for a more sacred marital and family life. However, as the reformers were trying to commit everything to prevent sexual sins/crimes, there still were so many cases when they were called to discuss in detail what the adequate punishments of adultery would be.

Abstract Brazil has a high rate of homicide, whose increase in recent years seems to be closely related to the expansion of the illegal drug market. This study aims to analyze the role that socioeconomic factors (family instability, ethnic heterogeneity, unemployment rate, and average income) play in this escalation. The study uses pooled regression models and fixed and random effects, with panel data from 27 Brazilian states for the period 2006–2015. The results indicate that the illegal drug trade is positively correlated with the mortality rates in Brazil during 2006-2015. Furthermore, the results show family instability, ethnic heterogeneity, unemployment rate, and average income as crime enhancers. This research brings insights that help develop a better interpretation of Brazilian lethal violence: in the 1980s and 1990s, violence was mainly explained by economic factors. This study points to the fact that phenomena linked to social disorder are also correlated with the level of homicides in Brazilian states. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by incorporating other elements that suggest alternatives to mitigate violent crime in Brazil.

Resumo O Brasil apresenta um alto índice de homicídios, cujo aumento nos últimos anos parece estar intimamente relacionado à expansão do mercado ilegal de drogas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel que fatores socioeconômicos (instabilidade familiar, heterogeneidade étnica, taxa de desemprego e renda média) desempenham nessa escalada. O trabalho utiliza modelos de regressão pooled, efeitos fixos e aleatórios, com dados em painel de 27 estados brasileiros para o período 2006–2015. Os resultados indicam que o comércio ilegal de drogas está positivamente correlacionado com as taxas de mortalidade para o Brasil no período 2006-2015. Além disso, os resultados mostram os papéis da instabilidade familiar, heterogeneidade étnica, taxa de desemprego e renda média como potencializadores do crime. Esta pesquisa traz insights que ajudam a desenvolver uma melhor interpretação da violência letal brasileira: nos anos 80 e 90, a violência era explicada principalmente por fatores econômicos, este estudo aponta para o fato de fenômenos ligados à desordem social também estarem correlacionados com o nível de homicídios nos estados brasileiros. Portanto, este trabalho contribui com a literatura ao incorporar outros elementos que sugerem alternativas para mitigar a criminalidade violenta no Brasil.

Resumen Este documento está centrado en determinar qué variables afectan los incentivos que tienen los delincuentes al cometer sus ciberdelitos, e identificar si la legislación actual está diseñada teniendo en cuenta la tipificación de las conductas y las herramientas de los entes encargados de capturar los criminales. Se busca entender los principales factores que incentivan la ciberdelincuencia en el país, teniendo en cuenta el contexto de la ciberdelincuencia para el 2019 en Colombia, y con ello, el comportamiento de los delincuentes informáticos en la prepandemia. Con la Ley 1273 de 2019, encargada de tipificar los delitos informáticos en Colombia, se revisarán los datos reportados de delitos informáticos y se compararán con los casos e indicadores de delitos de hurto calificado, con el fin de determinar la relación de estos dos delitos, que son relevantes para las entidades y han sido interiorizados por las entidades policivas en su estudio y lucha anticriminal desde hace mucho tiempo. Una vez definida teóricamente la eficiencia de las entidades apoderadas en la lucha contra los delitos informáticos, se propone una función de beneficios económicos de la ciberdelincuencia adaptada para el caso colombiano, determinando las variables que mejor explican esta función. Al final de este ejercicio académico, mediante un análisis de sensibilidad, se señala qué aspectos de política pública se deben considerar como prioritarios, teniendo en cuenta los incentivos económicos para los ciberdelincuentes y la efectividad de la Ley 1273 de 2009.

Abstract This paper is focused on determining which variables affect the incentives that criminals have when committing cybercrime, and identify whether the current legislation is designed taking into account the criminalization of behaviors and the tools of the entities in charge of catching criminals. It seeks to understand the main factors that encourage cybercrime in the country, taking into account the context of cybercrime for 2019 in Colombia, and with it, the behavior of cybercriminals in the pre-pandemic. With Law 1273 of 2019, in charge of criminalizing computer crimes in Colombia, the reported data of computer crimes will be reviewed and compared with the cases and indicators of qualified theft crimes, in order to determine the relationship of these two crimes, which are relevant for the entities and have been internalized by the police entities in their study and anti-crime fight for a long time. Once the efficiency of the entities empowered in the fight against cybercrime has been theoretically defined, a function of economic benefits of cybercrime adapted to the Colombian case is proposed, determining the variables that best explain this function. At the end of this academic exercise, through a sensitivity analysis, it is pointed out which aspects of public policy should be considered as a priority, taking into account the economic incentives for cybercriminals and the effectiveness of Law 1273 of 2009.

Resumo Este documento está focado em determinar quais variáveis afetam os incentivos que os criminosos têm quando cometem crimes cibernéticos, e identificar se a legislação atual é elaborada levando em conta a classificação dos comportamentos e as ferramentas das entidades encarregadas de capturar os criminosos. Ela procura compreender os principais fatores que incentivam o cibercrime no país, levando em conta o contexto do cibercrime para 2019 na Colômbia, e com ele, o comportamento dos cibercriminosos na pré-pandemia. Com a Lei 1273 de 2019, encarregada de criminalizar os crimes cibernéticos na Colômbia, os dados comunicados de crimes cibernéticos serão revistos e comparados com os casos e indicadores de crimes de roubo, a fim de determinar a relação entre esses dois crimes, que são relevantes para as entidades e foram internalizados por entidades policiais em seu estudo e combate aos crimes por um longo tempo. Uma vez definida teoricamente a eficiência das entidades habilitadas na luta contra o crime cibernético, propõe-se uma função dos benefícios econômicos do crime cibernético adaptada ao caso colombiano, determinando as variáveis que melhor explicam esta função. Ao final deste exercício acadêmico, por meio de uma análise de sensibilidade, indica-se quais aspectos das políticas públicas devem ser considerados prioritários, levando em conta os incentivos econômicos para os cibercriminosos e a eficácia da Lei 1273 de 2009

Resumen El presente artículo aborda la cuestión ética del nazismo desde el punto de vista de las relaciones sociales de producción. Esto supone vincular la puesta en marcha de la ideología fascista con sus condiciones económicas. En este sentido, la principal propuesta del trabajo consiste en resaltar el hecho de que crímenes como los cometidos por el régimen nazi no solo son posibles con base en una monstruosa formación burocrática, sino también a partir de una dinámica de producción e intercambio sumamente permisiva. No obstante, la autonomía que sobre el factor ideológico del fenómeno se pueda reclamar enfrenta límites muy estrictos. En el caso del “nacionalsocialismo”, tales límites quedaron de manifiesto en el abatimiento de la demanda, el incremento de la deuda y la inhibición del uso productivo del capital. Es como si el Mal se hubiera encarnado a costa de mermar sus condiciones de posibilidad.

Abstract This paper tries to address the ethical question of Nazism from the point of view of social relations. That implies linking the fulfilment of the fascist ideology with its economic conditions. In this sense, the main proposal is to highlight that, crimes such as those committed by the Nazi regime, are not only possible based on a monstrous bureaucratic formation but also from a permissive dynamic of production and exchange. However, the relative autonomy that we can claim over the ideological factor of the phenomenon faces severe limits. In the "National-socialist" case, those limits are the declining demand, the increase in government debt and the inhibition of the productive investment of capital. It is as if Evil incarnated only at the cost of eroding its conditions of possibility.

Abstract This article addresses a topic of singular importance, both for society and for the entities in charge of security and the administration of justice; in general, crime is understood as an illicit act, contrary to the law and causing harm to the person who suffers it; Specifically, the so-called crimes of greater psychosocial connotation, among which are robbery of persons, theft of vehicle accessories and auto parts, motorcycle theft, car theft, home robbery, robbery of economic units and rape; criminal actions in constant increase in the different territorial circumscriptions of the country, causing a feeling of insecurity, and, in turn, the taking of measures by society in order to achieve citizen security. The proposed objective of the research was to analyze crime, among them, those of greater psychosocial connotation in Ecuador. The research methods used in its relevant part refer to the qualitative, quantitative, descriptive and bibliographic, which allowed a review of documentary and statistical data related to the object of study and its corresponding interpretation through statistical figures. The study period focused on the years 2019 - 2021 in the province of Tungurahua.

Resumen En el presente artículo se aborda un tema de singular importancia, tanto para la sociedad, como para los entes encargados de la seguridad y la administración de justicia; de forma general, el delito es entendido como un acto ilícito, contrario a le ley y que causa perjuicio a quien lo sufre; en específico los llamados delitos de mayor connotación psicosocial, entre los que se encuentran el robo de personas, robo de bienes accesorios y autopartes de vehículos, robo de motos, robo de carros, robo a domicilios, robo a unidades económicas y violaciones; acciones delictivas en constante incremento en las distintas circunscripciones territoriales del país, ocasionado un sentir de inseguridad, y, a su vez, la toma de medidas por parte de la sociedad en post de alcanzar seguridad ciudadana. El objetivo propuesto en la investigación constituyó analizar el delito, entre ellos, los de mayor connotación psicosocial en el Ecuador. Los métodos de investigación que se emplearon en su parte pertinente refieren al cualitativo, cuantitativo, descriptivo y bibliográfico, mismos que permitieron efectuar una revisión de carácter documental y de datos estadísticos relacionados con el objeto de estudio y su correspondiente interpretación a través de figuras estadísticas. El periodo de estudió se centró en los años 2019 - 2021 en la provincia de Tungurahua.

RESUMEN Teniendo en cuenta las teorías sobre las tensiones, el cambio social y el enfoque económico el objetivo de esta investigación plantea una explicación comprehensiva de las tendencias criminales. Por ello, sustentado en un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, se proporciona evidencia de los determinantes socioeconómicos e institucionales del crimen en México (2015). De esta manera, se proponen tres hipótesis de investigación: a más pobreza más delitos (rechazada), a más desempleo más delitos (confirmada) y a más personal de seguridad menos delitos (rechazada). Los hallazgos indican que el nivel total de delitos encuentra en la pobreza, la desocupación y la ausencia institucional sus principales predictores.

RESUMO A tomar emprestado algumas ideias da teoria das tensões, mudança social e da abordagem econômica, o objetivo da pesquisa e propor uma explicação compreensiva das tendências do crime. Portanto, com base em uma análise de regressão múltipla, são fornecidas evidências dos determinantes socioeconómicos e institucionais do crime no México (2015). Três hipóteses são propostas: quanto mais pobreza, mais crimes (rejeitada); quanto mais desemprego mais crimes (confirmada); e mais segurança pública menos crimes (rejeitada). Os resultados indicam que o nível total de crimes encontra na pobreza, desemprego e ausência institucional seus principais preditores.

ABSTRACT Borrowing some ideas from stress theory, social change theory, and economic approach, the objective of this research proposes a comprehensive explanation of criminal trends. Based on a multiple lineal regression analysis, it presents evidence of both the socioeconomic and institutional determinants of crime in Mexico (2015). Three research hypotheses are proposed: the more poverty, the more crimes (rejected); the more unemployment, the more crimes (confirmed); and more security force less crimes (rejected). Findings indicate that total level of crime, recognizes three main predictors: poverty, unemployment, and institutional absence.

Resumen: El presente artículo se propone analizar el trasfondo económico y sociocultural del comportamiento de los delitos contra la propiedad, el orden público y las personas, así como de su represión judicial y policíaca en la provincia cubana de Pinar del Río entre 1944-1951. Las fuentes principales fueron los expedientes judiciales, la prensa escrita y las hojas histórico-penales de las cárceles, con las que reconstruyeron las estadísticas delictivas del período. Entre las causas de la ocurrencia de estos delitos y su persecución se encuentran los procesos de reajuste social ocurridos tras la Revolución del 30, la situación económica generada tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las consecuencias de la ejecutoria de los gobiernos del Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Auténtico) y los seculares procesos de discriminación racial que marcaron la actuación de la policía y las instituciones de justicia.

Abstract: The present article aims to analyze the economic and sociocultural background of the behavior of crimes against property, public order and people, as well as their judicial and police repression in the Cuban province of Pinar del Río between 1944-1951. The main sources were the judicial files, the written press, and the historicalcriminal records of the prisons, with which they reconstructed the criminal statistics of the period. Among the causes of the occurrence of these crimes and their persecution are the processes of social readjustment that occurred after the Revolution of the 1930s, the economic situation generated after the Second World War, the consequences of the performance of the governments of the Cuban Revolutionary Party (Auténtico), and the centuries-old processes of racial discrimination that marked the actions of the police and justice institutions.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las relaciones entre las cifras de incumplimiento de siete restricciones impuestas por el aislamiento social establecido por la Covid-19 (Comportamientos Contrarios a la Convivencia, CCC) entre el 16 de marzo y el 1 de mayo de 2020, con indicadores económicos de criminalidad, de tejido social entre 2015 y 2018, y con el número de contagios del 2020 a nivel nacional y en Bogotá (n = 33). Entre los resultados se encontró a) correlación directa entre las tasas totales de CCC y tasas regionales de delitos contra la propiedad; b) relaciones directas entre infracciones por aglomeraciones y tasa de contagios por Covid-19; c) el clima emocional negativo y la insatisfacción con la policía se asociaron con infracciones por aglomeraciones y por falta de uso del tapabocas; d) más eficacia colectiva y afrontamiento comunal se asociaron con menos infracciones por consumo no autorizado de alcohol Aunque el tamaño de las correlaciones fue moderado, la evidencia apoya las teorías de la “ventana rota” y de la desorganización social.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to know the relationships between the non-compliance figures of seven restrictions imposed by social isolation due to Covid-19 (Behaviours Contrary to Coexistence, BCC) between March 16 and May 1, 2020, with the economic indicators of criminality, social network between 2015 and 2018, and contagions in 2020 in all 32 departments of Colombia and Bogota (n = 33). The outcome was: a) a direct correlation between total rates of BCC and regional rates of crime against property, b) direct relations between more infringements by agglomerations and higher rate of accumulated infections by Covid-19, c) a greater negative emotional climate and a lo-wer satisfaction with the police was associated with more infringements by agglomerations and the non-use of masks, d) a lower collective efficacy was associated with more violations due to unauthorized alcohol consumption, e) a greater communal coping was associated with fewer offenses due to alcohol consumption. Although the size of the correlations was moderate, the evidence supports the “broken window” and social disorganization theories.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer as relações entre os números de não conformidades de sete restrições impostas pelo isolamento social pelo Covid-19 (Comportamentos Contrarios à Convivência, CCC) entre 16 de março e 1 de maio de 2020, com indicadores económicos de criminalidade, de tecido social entre 2015 e 2018, e 2020 e contágios ao nível dos 32 departamentos da Colômbia e Bogotá (n = 33). Como resultados verificou-se a) correlação direta entre as taxas totais de CCC e as taxas regionais de crimes contra a propriedade, b) relações directas entre mais infrações por aglomerações e taxas cumulativos de contágio mais elevadas por Covid-19, c) maior clima emocional negativo e menor satisfação com a polícia foram associados a mais delitos por multidãoes e por não utilização de máscaras, d) menor eficácia coletiva foi associada a mais delitos de consumo não autorizado de álcool, e) uma maior capacidade comunitária foi associada com menos delitos por consumo de álcool. Embora a dimensão das correlações foi moderada, as provas apoiam as teorias da “janela partida” e da desorganização social.