Abstract In this paper, I present the results of ethnographic research that analyzes the social effects on peasant communities (dedicated to working the land and fishing in the river) due to the delivery of compensation and the carrying out of works for the installation of the hydroelectric dam “El Quimbo”, located in the inter-Andean valleys of the Upper Magdalena River basin, in Huila, Colombia. Those lands were flooded in 2015, and affected people received different treatments that changed their relationships with the land, the river and their communities. Thus, the theoretical contribution of the article lies in the dialogue between ecological economics and economic anthropology, hence I describe the effects of restricting to a value paid in cash or measured in productivity regarding the social value of the elements present in the territory (land, river, forest) and community relations. Methodologically, six standard-situations were constructed inductively based on interviews and conversations collected in fieldwork that covered various moments between 2010 and 2021. The six standard-situations evince the effects on the social positions of affected groups: some partially reproduced their relations with the land; some began a situation of new subordination; and others were expropriated from the reproduction of their previous social relations. I complemented the article with secondary sources based on a review of archives, newspapers, and public documents of the company and the social movement.

Resumo No artigo, apresento os resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica que analisa os efeitos sociais sobre as comunidades camponesas (dedicadas ao trabalho da terra e a pescaria no rio) pela entrega das compensações e a realização das obras na instalação do projeto hidrelétrico “El Quimbo”, localizado nos vales interandinos do Alto Magdalena, em Huila, Colômbia. Aquelas terras foram inundadas em 2015, e os atingidos receberam diferentes tratamentos que modificaram suas relações com a terra, o rio e suas comunidades. Assim, a contribuição teórica do artigo está no diálogo entre a economia ecológica e a antropologia econômica a partir da qual descrevo os efeitos de restringir o valor social dos elementos presentes no território (terra, rio, floresta) e das relações comunitárias por um valor a ser pago em dinheiro ou medido em produtividade. Metodologicamente, foram construídas de forma indutiva seis “situações-tipo” baseadas em entrevistas e conversas coletadas durante trabalho de campo, que abarcou vários momentos entre 2010 e 2021 e permitiu demonstrar os efeitos nas posições sociais ocupadas pelos atingidos: camponeses que puderam reproduzir parcialmente suas relações com a terra, aqueles que ficaram em uma situação de nova subordinação, e os que foram expropriados da reprodução de suas relações sociais anteriores. As informações foram complementadas com fontes secundárias baseadas em revisão de arquivos, jornais e documentos públicos da empresa e do movimento social.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

Abstract To connect the protection of natural resources to economic development, environmental rehabilitation is a promising way to repair and compensate for impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, we aimed to compare and select potential indicators for the success of different rehabilitating ecosystems to quantify gains in biodiversity and ecosystem services within the Impact Mitigation Hierarchy. We sampled nine environmental variables along rehabilitation chronosequences from rehabilitating (i) iron mining waste piles, (ii) sand quarries, and (iii) compensation areas in the Carajás National Forest. From that, we computed the rehabilitation status, i.e., the proportion of environmental enhancements compared to the overall rehabilitation trajectory, and statistically validated the indicators that best described the status. With a mean rehabilitation status for the oldest rehabilitation stages from waste piles, sand quarries, and compensation areas of 52, 71, and 74%, respectively, we confirmed that rehabilitation activities were able to generate considerable gains in biodiversity. In all the cases, the Shannon diversity, phylogenetic diversity and Leaf Area Index performed better than did the other indices, encouraging the increased use of these indices for upscale monitoring activities. Consistent indicators across distinct projects highlight the importance of maximizing tree diversity and canopy closure in rehabilitation projects to increase biodiversity gains within Impact Mitigation Hierarchy. development Here Hierarchy i (i piles ii (ii quarries iii (iii Forest ie e i.e. trajectory 52 71 74 74% respectively cases i.e 5 7

Resumo O crescimento da população humana é um risco solene para a biodiversidade em nível global. A pressão antrópica maciça e a invasão nos habitats naturais iniciaram o conflito homem-vida selvagem nas áreas rurais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conflito entre humanos e animais selvagens no Parque Nacional Musk Deer (MDNP) de 2013 a 2018. Os resultados revelaram uma estimativa de 241.784 cabeças de gado nômades e 5.589 residenciais pastando em diferentes áreas do MDNP durante a temporada de verão. Um total de 126 cabeças foi depredado por carnívoros durante o período de estudo. A maioria (n = 39) das cabeças de gado foi morta em maio (n = 29). A depredação do gado resultou em perdas econômicas no valor de 3,115 milhões de PKRs (US$ 25.744) para a comunidade de pastores, enquanto os agricultores receberam 1,629 milhões de PKRs (US$ 13.466) perdas devido à invasão de plantações. A maioria (64%) dos entrevistados acredita que o conflito entre humanos e animais selvagens aumentou devido à escassez de alimentos ou presas nos habitats naturais dos carnívoros. A maioria (92%) dos entrevistados não gostou da presença de predadores no MDNP. Esquemas de compensação de perdas podem transformar essa atitude negativa em positiva e aumentar a tolerância com a presença de carnívoros em suas proximidades. Este estudo fornece uma visão sobre o conflito homem-vida selvagem no MDNP e abre caminho para a compreensão do conflito e conservação de espécies carnívoras na área de estudo.

Abstract Growing human population is a solemn risk to biodiversity at a global level. Massive anthropogenic pressure and invasion in the natural habitats initiated the human-wildlife conflict in rural areas. Present study aimed to assess human-wildlife conflict in Musk Deer National Park (MDNP) from 2013 to 2018. Results revealed an estimated 241784 nomadic and 5589 residential livestock heads grazed in different areas of MDNP during the summer season. A total of 126 heads were depredated by carnivores during the study period. Majority (n=39) of livestock heads were killed in May (n=29). Livestock depredation resulted in economic losses worth 3.115 million PKRs (25744 US$) to the herder community while farmers received 1.629 million PKRs (13466 US$) losses due to crop raiding. Most (64%) of the respondents believed human-wildlife conflict heightened due to scarcity of food or prey in the natural habitats of carnivores. Majority (92%) of the respondents did not like the presence of predators in MDNP. Loss compensation schemes could turn this negative attitude into the positive one and increase tolerance about the presence of carnivores in their vicinity. This study provides an insight into the human-wildlife conflict in MDNP and paves a way for understanding the conflict and conservation of carnivore species in the study area.

ABSTRACT If the world is to overcome the threat of climate change, a price must be set on carbon. A carbon tax is a means of creating a carbon price, and it is an ideal tax in that, unlike most taxes, it promotes economic efficiency. Yet many countries have no carbon tax. The reason is that there are strong political interests opposed to taxing carbon. I shall argue that these interests need to be appeased by fully compensating anyone who would otherwise be harmed by a carbon tax. This includes the owners and workers in the fossil fuel industries. If a carbon tax is to be successful, it needs to be introduced alongside an appropriate system of compensation. Some of the compensation will need to be paid out of public debt, and this will be feasible for many countries only if they are supported by a new financial institution: a World Climate Bank.

RESUMEN Si el mundo quiere superar la amenaza del cambio climático, se debe fijar un precio al carbono. Un impuesto al carbono es un medio para crear un precio al carbono y es un impuesto ideal, ya que, a diferencia de la mayoría de los impuestos, promueve la eficiencia económica. Sin embargo, muchos países no tienen un impuesto al carbono. La razón es que existen fuertes intereses políticos opuestos a la imposición del carbono. Argumentaré que estos intereses deben ser apaciguados compensando completamente a cualquier persona que de otro modo se vería perjudicada por un impuesto al carbono. Esto incluye a los propietarios y trabajadores de las industrias de combustibles fósiles. Para que un impuesto al carbono sea exitoso, debe introducirse junto con un sistema adecuado de compensación. Parte de la compensación deberá pagarse con deuda pública, y esto será factible para muchos países solo si son apoyados por una nueva institución financiera: un Banco Mundial del Clima.

Since 2000, elections in Zimbabwe have been hotly disputed and marred by violence. Victims of politically orchestrated violence have received neither apology nor compensation from the government. Whilst transitional justice mechanisms such as the due processes of law, closure for victims, indemnification, and the restructuring of state institutions are essential to ensure justice, there is a need to go beyond the legal system and focus on socio-economic issues. Transitional justice's emphasis on the state and institutions is not enough, margins, places greater emphasis on transformative justice, which it sees as a step towards grassroots reconciliation and the prevention of further rights violations. Transformative justice emphasises peacebuilding initiatives, as well as conflict transformation and development, in the interests of securing sustainability in the future. The study does not dismiss or reject transitional justice as a field of practice and scholarship, but argues rather that transformative justice can complement it. While transitional justice should be applauded for identifying the core themes that characterise and establish a terminus a quo for ensuring justice, the dilemmas raised in allied disciplines and contemporary scholarship and practice call for a broader framework informed by an intersectional analysis of the complexities and contradictions of state -society relations.

ORIENTATION: This research focusses on the dynamics of job insecurity, job satisfaction and employee turnover intentions in the Indonesian mining industry facing significant global and local economic challenges. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This research aims to investigate the influence of job insecurity and rewards on the turnover intentions of employees with job satisfaction as a mediating variable in the mining industry of Indonesia. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: This research is based on the observation that the mining industry faces high turnover rates, which can be detrimental to company operations and sustainability. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This research uses a quantitative approach by collecting data through surveys distributed to employees in various mining industries. The population in this study were employees of the mining industry in PT Vale Indonesia, totalling 3044 employees, and a sample of 230 respondents was taken at random. MAIN FINDINGS: The main findings show that job insecurity negatively influences job satisfaction, increasing employee turnover intentions. However, when companies implement a fair and adequate reward system, the negative impact of job insecurity on job satisfaction and turnover intentions can be minimised. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The practical implication of this research is the importance of the mining industry developing human resource management strategies that not only focus on competitive compensation but also create a stable and satisfying work environment. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This research provides an important contribution to the development of human resource management by highlighting the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job insecurity and turnover intentions. These findings provide new insights for companies in overcoming employee retention challenges with a holistic approach and good reward system.

Resumo A mobilidade de professores tem sido uma preocupação por parte de gestores educacionais devido aos prejuízos causados no ensino e aprendizagem, além dos custos sociais e econômicos. A qualidade de vida no trabalho pode causar impacto para a redução deste fenômeno psicossocial. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou identificar o poder preditivo das variáveis sociodemográficas, laborais e dimensões da Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho na Intenção de Abandono Institucional e Profissional. Foi utilizado um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e laborais, Escala de Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho e Escala de Intenção de Abandono no Trabalho. Participaram 189 professores da Educação Básica. Realizou-se análise de Regressão Linear Múltipla (método Stepwise). Os resultados indicaram três variáveis preditoras da Intenção de Abandono Institucional e cinco variáveis preditoras do Intenção de Abandono Profissional, que são discutidas no artigo. Sugere-se melhoria nas condições de trabalho e remuneração, programas de acompanhamento de carreira e de monitoramento da intenção de abandono.

Abstract Teacher mobility has been a concern on the part of educational managers due to the losses caused to teaching and learning in addition to the social and economic costs. The quality of life at work can have an impact on reducing this psychosocial phenomenon. Thus, this study aimed to identify the predictive power of the sociodemographic, labor and quality of life at work variables in the intention of institutional abandonment and intention of professional abandonment. The instruments used were a socio-demographic and labor data questionnaire, a Quality of Work Life Assessment Scale and a Work Abandon Intention Scale The sample consisted of 189 basic education teachers. Multiple linear regression analysis (Stepwise method) was performed for each intention of dropout. The results indicated three predictor variables of Intention to Leave Institutional and five predictor variables of Intention to Leave Professional, which are discussed in the article. We suggest actions to improve working conditions, compensation, career counseling programs, and monitoring the intention to abandon.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different feeding regimens on productive and economic performance, and on the proximal-chemical composition of Nile tilapia. Four feeding regimens were designed considering the number of days fed per week, 7×0 (fed seven days a week), 6×1 (fed six days a week), 5×2 (fed five days a week) and 1×1 (alternating feeding, fed one day and not the next one). The period of dietary restriction lasted 36 days and subsequently fish were re-feeding for 24 days seven days a week. Growth was recorded every 12 days, estimating different productive parameters. An economic analysis taking into account the production costs was performed. Finally, the moisture, ash, lipid, protein and carbohydrate content of the Nile tilapia muscle was analyzed. At the end of the re-feeding period, a total wet weight compensation was observed for groups 6×1 and 5×2, and total length for groups 6×1, 5×2 and 1×1. The economic análisis recorded the highest increasing yields in group 5×2; while the group minimizing total variable costs was 1×1. The reduction in costs per unit of production between groups 7×0 and 1×1 was 15%. Chemical-proximal analysis revealed statistical differences for moisture content (7×0) and carbohydrate content (1×1). The groups 6×1 and 5×2 showed a total growth compensation, without negatively affecting muscle quality and/or final economic performance. The compensatory growth observed in the Nile tilapia allows to design feeding strategies to make its culture more efficient.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes regímenes alimenticios en el desempeño productivo, económico y la composición química de la tilapia del Nilo. Se evaluaron cuatro regímenes alimenticios diseñados considerando el número de días alimentados por semana, 7×0 (alimentados los siete días), 6×1 (alimentados solo seis días), 5×2 (alimentados solo cinco días) y 1×1 (alimentación alternada, un día sí y un día no). El periodo de restricción alimenticia duró 36 días y posteriormente se realimentó siete días a la semana durante 24 días. Se registró el crecimiento cada 12 días, estimando diferentes parámetros productivos. Se realizó un análisis económico en función de los costos de producción. Por último, se analizó el contenido de humedad, cenizas, lípidos, proteínas y carbohidratos del músculo. Se observó una compensación total del peso húmedo para los grupos 6×1 y 5×2, y de longitud total para los grupos 6×1, 5×2 y 1×1. El análisis económico registró los mayores rendimientos crecientes en el grupo 5×2; mientras que el grupo 1×1 minimiza los costos variables totales. La reducción en costos por unidad de producción entre los grupos 7×0 y 1×1 fue de 15%. En el análisis químico se observaron diferencias significativas para el contenido de humedad (7×0) y de carbohidratos (1×1). Los tratamientos 6×1 y 5×2 permiten una compensación total del crecimiento, sin afectar negativamente la calidad del músculo y/o el rendimiento económico final. El crecimiento compensatorio observado en la tilapia del Nilo permite diseñar estrategias alimenticias para hacer más eficiente su cultivo.

Abstract. With the objective of evaluating the supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rations of fattening guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) on the productive parameters, the experimental assay was proposed under a complete random statistical design with factorial arrangement (3T x 3D): treatments: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) and T3 (mixture of L. casei and L. acidophilus) and three doses: 0, 50 and 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) was offered mixing to the food. In all cases with 3 repetitions and 3 guinea pigs as experimental unit. A total of, 108 male guinea pigs 15 days old were used. The evaluation period lasted 54 days. The results for feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not significant (p<0,05). However, live weight, weight gain and carcass percentage were statistically significant and with Tukey’s test for the 50 ml dose. For economic compensation, the cost of food was similar for all treatments and doses. However, numerically, the use of microorganisms favors obtaining guinea pigs with better commercial weights for sale.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la suplementación con bacterias ácido-lácticas en las raciones de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) de engorde sobre los parámetros productivos, se planteó la experiencia bajo el diseño estadístico completo al azar con arreglo factorial (3T x 3D): tratamientos: T1 (Lactobacillus casei), T2 (L. acidophilus) y T3 (mezcla de L. casei y L. acidophilus) y, tres dosis: 0, 50 y 100 ml (107 UFC ml-1) que se ofreció mezclando al alimento. En todos los casos con tres repeticiones y 3 cuyes como unidad experimental, para la comparación de medias se utilizó la prueba de contraste de Tukey, se experimentó con 108 cuyes machos con dos semanas de nacidos. El tiempo de evaluación fue 54 días. Los resultados para consumo de alimento e índice de conversión alimenticia fueron no significativos (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para el peso vivo y ganancia de peso estadísticamente fueron significativos y con la prueba de Tukey la mejor dosis fue de 50 ml, así como para el porcentaje de carcasa. Para la retribución económica el costo de alimento fue similar para todos los tratamientos y dosis. No obstante, numéricamente el uso de los microorganismos favorece para la obtención de cuyes con mejores pesos comerciales para la venta.

Abstract Background: Cacao is a neotropical crop of global economic importance, renowned for its ancestral use by pre-columbian cultures. Native to the Amazonian tropical rainforest, it is considered as a shady tree, although some hybrid genotypes can grow under full sun exposure. This ability to support different light levels vary from one clone to another and may be exploited to optimize crop yield. Questions: Are there differences in photosynthetic capacity under different levels of photon flux density (PFD) between ICS60, TSH565, FEAR5, CCN51 and EET8 cacao clones? Studied species: Theobroma cacao L. Study site and dates: Estación Bambusa. Pacho, Cundinamarca, Colombia. October 2021. Methods: Physiological parameters were measured and analyzed under full light condition in two years-old cacao plants, to obtain photosynthetic response light curves. Functioning of the photosystem II (PSII) was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Results: Significant differences were found in photosynthetic capacity at full sunlight exposition amongst clones, CCN51 showing the highest capacity for using high light, whereas TSH565 showed high photosynthetic capacity at lower PFD. On the other hand, the photochemistry activity was similar between clones, without evidence of PSII impairment, suggesting absence of photoinhibition under the conditions evaluated here. Conclusion: The responses found could guide and recommend the use and exploitation of these clones under specific in-field light conditions. The generated knowledge contributes to the implementation of adequate management practices that are aimed at optimizing the efficiency in the use of available PFD for enhancing photosynthetic rate, and, jointly, impact higher yields.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cacao es un cultivo del neotrópico de importancia económica mundial, de uso ancestral en las culturas precolombinas. Se considera una especie de sombra, aunque algunos genotipos híbridos pueden crecer a plena exposición solar. Esta capacidad de tolerar diferentes niveles de luz varía, pudiendo aprovecharse para optimizar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Preguntas: ¿Existen diferencias en la capacidad fotosintética de los clones de cacao ICS60, TSH565, FEAR5, CCN51 y EET8 frente a diferentes niveles de densidad de flujo fotónico (DFF)? Especie de estudio: Theobroma cacao L. Sitio y años de estudio: Estación Bambusa. Pacho, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Octubre 2021. Métodos: Se hicieron curvas de respuesta fotosintética a la DFF en plantas de dos años de edad que crecieron expuestas a la luz solar. Se evaluó el funcionamiento del fotosistema II (PSII) a partir de las variables de la fluorescencia de la clorofila. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad fotosintética de los clones, siendo CCN51 el que presentó la mayor capacidad fotosintética a mayor cantidad de DFF, mientras que el clon TSH565 mostró mejor capacidad fotosintética a baja DFF. La actividad fotoquímica fue similar entre clones, sin evidencia de afectación al PSII, sugiriendo ausencia de fotoinhibición bajo las condiciones evaluadas. Conclusión: Estos resultados podrían guiar y recomendar el uso y aprovechamiento de estos clones bajo condiciones específicas de luz. El conocimiento generado contribuye a la implementación de prácticas de manejo que optimicen el uso de la DFF disponible para aumentar las tasas fotosintéticas, y conjuntamente, impactar en mayores rendimientos.

Abstract The study promotes an analysis of the federative principle and the Union's competence to issue Complementary Laws containing general rules on tax matters for taxes under the competence of subnational entities. The deductive method will be used. The impacts of Complementary Law 194/2022 on the finances of subnational governments and its consequences for the federative pact will be evaluated based on the limits of the Union's action and the observance of constitutional rules and principles. We start from the hypothesis that the changes introduced by this law, which is immediately effective, will adversely affect the collection of ICMS tax revenues and compliance with the planning contained in the Budget Laws currently being executed, worsening the financial situation of subnational governments and contributing to the deconstruction of the federal pact. The Complementary Law defined as essential some goods taxed by the states (revenues shared with municipalities) and demanded from these spheres of government indirectly, automatic reduction of the rates practiced, without time for the due adjustments and without due compensation for the loss of revenues. By means of bibliographic and jurisprudential research, juridical and economic research, it was possible to analyze the legality, the competencies, the observance or violation of constitutional principles, and the financial consequences for the subnational entities. The Union, with the edition of Complementary Law 194/2022, without the participation of the Brazilian States, violated the federative principles and the autonomy of subnational entities, legal certainty, legality and federative competence. The discussion about the Federative Pact gains relevance, as well as the need for the Union to compensate federated entities for losses.

Resumo O estudo promove análise do princípio federativo e da competência da União para editar Leis Complementares contendo normas gerais em matéria tributária para tributos de competência dos entes subnacionais. Será utilizado o método dedutivo. A partir dos limites da atuação da União e da observância dos princípios e normas constitucionais, serão avaliados os impactos da Lei Complementar 194/2022 nas finanças dos governos subnacionais e suas consequências para o pacto federativo. Parte-se da hipótese de que as alterações promovidas por essa Lei, com vigência imediata, prejudicam a arrecadação das receitas tributárias de ICMS e o cumprimento do planejamento contido nas Leis Orçamentárias em execução, agravando a situação financeira dos governos subnacionais, contribuindo para a desconstrução do pacto federativo. A Lei Complementar definiu como essenciais algumas mercadorias tributadas pelos Estados (receitas partilhadas com Municípios) e exigiu dessa esfera de governo, indiretamente, automática redução das alíquotas praticadas, sem tempo para as devidas adequações e sem a devida compensação pelas perdas de receitas. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, jurídica e econômica foi possível analisar a legalidade, as competências, a observância ou violação dos princípios constitucionais e as consequências financeiras para os entes subnacionais. A União, com a edição da LC n.194/2022, sem participação dos Estados brasileiros, violou os princípios federativo e da autonomia dos entes subnacionais, da segurança jurídica, da legalidade e da competência federativa. A discussão sobre o Pacto Federativo ganha relevância, assim como a necessidade de a União compensar os entes federados pelas perdas.

Abstract Applied to the theme of repetitive demands, when dealing with efficiency and maximization of wealth, the Economic Analysis of Law indicates the probable existence of an imbalance, which always occurs in a relationship when the benefits obtained at the end of the process are greater than the marginal costs of opting for non-judicialization. Using the Economic Analysis of Law, as theory and method, this article asks: Do facilitated access to justice, low litigation costs and the amount of compensation arbitrated in lawsuits influence consumer behavior in the context of repetitive litigation under the approach of the Economic Analysis of Law? The hypothesis is that facilitated access to justice, low costs of litigation and arbitrated damages in lawsuits influence consumer behavior in the context of repetitive litigation in the airline industry. The study analyzed the conceptual and methodological aspects of the theory of Economic Analysis of Law in the context of the increasing judicialization of the air sector from the air blackout occurred in October 2006. The research was bibliographic, based on secondary data, obtained in books, scientific articles, theses and dissertations, electronic networks, through which were explored the possible correlation between norms and judicial decisions and the phenomenon of increasing litigation in the Brazilian air sector under the theoretical approach of the Economic Analysis of Law. The result of the survey indicates the need to change the existing incentives that contribute to the increasing volume of repetitive demands in the air sector.

Resumo Aplicada ao tema das demandas repetitivas, ao tratar da eficiência e maximização da riqueza, a Análise Econômica do Direito indica a provável existência de um desequilíbrio, que sempre ocorre em uma relação quando os benefícios obtidos ao final do processo são maiores do que os custos marginais de se optar pela não-judicialização. Utilizando a Análise Econômica do Direito, como teoria e método, este artigo questiona: O acesso facilitado à justiça, os baixos custos processuais e o valor da indenização arbitrada nas ações judiciais influenciam o comportamento do consumidor no contexto de litígios repetitivos sob o enfoque da Análise Econômica do Direito Lei? A hipótese é que o acesso facilitado à justiça, baixos custos de litígio e danos arbitrados em ações judiciais influenciam o comportamento do consumidor no contexto de litígios repetitivos no setor aéreo. O estudo analisou os aspectos conceituais e metodológicos da teoria da Análise Econômica do Direito no contexto da crescente judicialização do setor aéreo a partir do apagão aéreo ocorrido em outubro de 2006. A pesquisa foi bibliográfica, pautada em dados secundários, obtidos em livros, artigos científicos, teses e dissertações, redes eletrônicas, por meio das quais foram exploradas as possíveis correlação entre as normas e as decisões judiciais e o fenômeno da crescente litigiosidade no setor aéreo brasileiro sob a abordagem teórica da Análise Econômica do Direito. O resultado da pesquisa indica a necessidade de alteração dos incentivos existentes que contribuem para o volume crescente de demandas repetitivas no setor aéreo.

RESUMEN El artículo realiza un análisis del contexto laboral en Ecuador durante la década 1930s con el propósito de contribuir con nueva información cuantitativa, legal y contextual. Esta información es importante en tanto añade tres elementos esenciales para entender el contexto laboral: población económicamente activa y poder adquisitivo; contexto legal sobre las condiciones laborales; y, una breve revisión sobre la implementación del salario mínimo. Este análisis se realizó a partir del método histórico-comparativo y analítico, tomando en cuenta tres grupos de trabajadores, a saber: trabajadores en el sector público e industrial; trabajadores en el interior y pequeña industria; y, trabajadores en sectores rurales. Se ha encontrado múltiples beneficios legales para el primer grupo como compensaciones por desalojo, por separación prematura, por maternidad, por discapacidad, por horas extras laboradas, además de un salario mínimo diferenciado por zonas y tipo de trabajo. Para el segundo grupo, los beneficios legales son aleatorios, y los salarios mínimos pagados se los asume como salarios diarios y pagos en especies. Para el tercer grupo, los beneficios legales son inexistentes en tanto viven dentro de condiciones culturales propias, lo que les excluye de la legalización de sistemas laborales, sus compensaciones salariales son en especie o en intercambio de alimentos.

ABSTRACT The article carries out an analysis of the labor context in Ecuador during the 1930s with the aim of contributing with new quantitative, legal and contextual information. This information is important as they add three essential elements to understand the work context: economically active population and purchasing power; legal context on labor conditions; and, a brief review on the implementation of the minimum wage. This analysis was carried out based on a historical-comparative and analytical method, taking into account three groups of workers, namely: workers in the public and industrial sector; workers in the interior and small industry; and, workers in rural sectors. Multiple legal benefits have been found for the first group, such as compensation for eviction, premature separation, maternity, disability, overtime worked, in addition to a minimum wage differentiated by zone and type of work. For the second group, the legal benefits are random, and the minimum wages paid are assumed to be daily wages and paid in kind. For the third group, the legal benefits are non-existent, as they live within their own cultural conditions, which excludes them from the legalization of labor systems, their salary compensations are in kind or in food exchange.

Resumen El artículo se propone estudiar la evolución del mercado laboral argentino durante las últimas tres décadas a la luz de un abordaje que toma en consideración la vigencia en cada momento del tiempo, con los distintos modelos de acumulación, del determinante estructural del ciclo económico nacional: la relación entre el rezago de productividad internacional y su disponibilidad de fuentes de compensación. Para ello, se analiza la dinámica de diferentes variables laborales relevantes (empleo, salario, evolución del sector informal urbano y calidad del vínculo laboral) en etapas identificadas según la dinámica económica general: 1991-2002, 2003-2011 y 2012-2021. La principal conclusión es que sólo en instancias de un flujo particularmente elevado de renta de la tierra (2008-2011) se logró una mejora genuina en las condiciones de empleo y de vida de la población argentina, la cual no logró revertir su pronunciado deterioro ocurrido desde mediados de la década de los setenta. Dicho deterioro se realizó a partir de una creciente diferenciación en las condiciones de reproducción de la fuerza de trabajo, lo cual tiene su correlato en la marcada fragmentación que caracteriza a la sociedad argentina actual vis-à-vis aquella de comienzos de la década de los setenta, que se destacaba en el panorama regional.

Abstract This article aims to study the evolution of the Argentinean labor market over the last three decades in the light of an approach that takes into account the structural determinant of the national economic cycle: the relationship between the lag in international productivity and the availability of sources of compensation for it, at each moment in time, under the different models of accumulation. To this end, the dynamics of different re levant labor variables (employment, wages, the evolution of the urban informal sector, and the quality of employment) are analyzed in stages identified according to the general economic dynamics: 1991-2002, 2003-2011, and 2012-2021. The main conclusion is that only in instances of a particularly high flow of ground rent (2008-2011) a genuine improvement in the employment and living conditions of the Argentinean population was achieved, which failed to reverse the pronounced deterioration that had occurred since the mid-1970s. This deterioration was the result of a growing differentiation in the conditions of reproduction of the labor force, which has its correlation in the marked fragmentation that characterizes current Argentinean society vis-à-vis that of the early 1970s, which stood out in the regional panorama.