ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Informal work has become more prevalent, simultaneously in more and less developed countries, although with very different characteristics, but with particularities capable of modulating in a concrete and relevant way some aspects of Occupational Health and Safety. The aim of this review was to provide professionals working in this area with some knowledge that would allow them to boost their performance and to be able to further expand the range of workers covered. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in May 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content The term was created between the 1960s and 1970s, by the International Labor Organization, when preparing a report on Kenya and Ghana, when describing poor individuals, with unregistered, recognized, protected or regulated work. In other words, it is the set of activities that generate some income, but are not official; therefore, these are not regulated, nor do individuals have social security protection. Thus, it is associated with companies/family ownership, own resources, small-scale production, unofficial training and non-state regulation. Discussion and Conclusions It both includes extremely well-paid jobs with a lot of autonomy, health and safety in terms of occupational risks; as situations that fall into exactly the opposite, increasing medical problems and accidents at work, in addition to influencing the state economy and other conditions of formal workers. If professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety teams are more aware of these data, they will be better able to cover more workers in their networks, as well as globally improve Health and Safety, working conditions and the standard of living of population.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos O trabalho informal tem vindo a ser mais prevalente, simultaneamente em países mais e menos desenvolvidos, ainda que com caraterísticas muito diversas entre si, mas com particularidades que têm capacidade para modular de forma concreta e relevante alguns aspetos da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão dotar os profissionais a exercer nesta área de alguns conhecimentos que lhe permitam potenciar o seu desempenho e a conseguir alargar mais o leque de trabalhadores abrangidos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em maio de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo O termo foi criado entre as décadas de sessenta e setenta, pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, ao elaborar um relatório relativo ao Quénia e Gana, ao descrever indivíduos pobres, com trabalho não registado, reconhecido, protegido ou regulamentado. Ou seja, é o conjunto de atividades que criam algum rendimento, mas não são oficiais; logo, não são regulamentadas, nem os indivíduos têm proteção da segurança social. Alguns consideram que o Trabalho Informal é uma consequência da globalização e a maior liberdade dos mercados; salientando que estes rendimentos não geravam impostos. Assim, ele está associado a empresas/propriedade familiar, recursos próprios, produção em pequena escala, formação não oficial e não regulamentação do estado. Discussão e Conclusões Tanto incluiu postos de trabalho extremamente bem remunerados e com muita autonomia, salubridade e segurança a nível de riscos laborais; como situações que caiem exatamente no inverso, potenciando os problemas médicos e sinistralidade laboral, para além de influenciarem negativamente a economia do estado e restantes condições dos trabalhadores formais. Se os profissionais a exercer nas equipas de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais estiverem mais conscientes destes dados, terão mais capacidade para abranger mais trabalhadores nas suas redes de atuação, bem como, globalmente, melhorar a Saúde e Segurança, condições de trabalho e nível de vida de população.

Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

Abstract: This study analyzes the evolution of Paraguay’s gender earnings gap from 2002 to 2019. It uses data from household surveys harmonized by the IDB. We estimate the gap using Blinder-Oaxaca and Ñopo decompositions and find that much of the gap cannot be explained by factors like experience, personal and family characteristics, industry, occupation, region, or setting and is likely tied to regulatory factors, biases, or discrimination. The gap is widest in the informal sector, especially among less educated and rural people. Regarding a nationwide widening or narrowing of the gap we find no clear trend during the period analyzed.

Resumen: Se analiza la evolución de la brecha de género en ingresos laborales de Paraguay entre 2002 a 2019. Se realizan las descomposiciones de Blinder-Oaxaca y Ñopo con datos de encuestas de hogares armonizadas por el BID, encontrando que la brecha no está explicada por variables como experiencia, características personales y familiares, actividad, ocupación, región o zona, y está relacionada a factores regulatorios, sesgos o discriminación. La brecha es más amplia en el sector informal, especialmente entre la población rural y con menor educación. No se percibe un patrón claro de reducción o aumento de la brecha en el periodo analizado.

ABSTRACT The study aims to analyze the limitations faced by Venezuelan immigrants residing in the municipality of Garzón in integrating into economic and productive activities. The methodological design included constructing a survey to gather sociodemographic information, reasons for migration, and current occupational status. One of the key findings is that these immigrants, aged between 21 and 40 years, are mostly single or in informal unions. The majority of them have only completed high school education, possess legal status in Colombia, and are primarily engaged in informal activities in commercial and service sectors. Most of them earn an income below the minimum wage and lack social security coverage. The primary reason for their migration from Venezuela is the country's instability and economic situation. Furthermore, the majority expressed a desire to stay in Colombia or relocate to a country other than their home nation.

RESUMEN El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las limitaciones que presentan los inmigrantes venezolanos residentes en el municipio de Garzón para insertarse en actividades económicas y productivas. El diseño metodológico incluyó la construcción de una encuesta para obtener la caracterización sociodemográfica, causales de migración y la actual situación ocupacional. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se destaca que entre sus edades oscilan entre 21 y 40 años, son solteros o en unión libre, en su gran mayoría solo alcanzan un nivel educativo de bachillerato, poseen formalidad en la estancia en Colombia, su ocupación se concentra principalmente en actividades informales en sectores comerciales y de servicios, la gran mayoría recibe un ingreso inferior a un salario mínimo y no cuentan con seguridad social; la causal más relevante de su salida de Venezuela es la inestabilidad del país y la situación económica, y mayoritariamente quieren quedarse en Colombia o radicarse en otro país diferente a su nación.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación entre la fragilidad financiera de los mexicanos y las siguientes variables: alfabetización financiera, ahorro, tenencia de activos, shocks financieros, educación financiera e inclusión financiera. También se identifican las características socioeconómicas y demográficas asociadas a la fragilidad financiera. Se utiliza un modelo Probit dicotómico estimado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inclusión Financiera, 2021. Los resultados muestran que la alfabetización financiera, el ahorro (formal e informal), la educación financiera y la tenencia de activos se relacionan negativamente con la probabilidad de ser financieramente frágil. Los altos ingresos y la tenencia de ahorros formales e informales son los predictores más robustos de fragilidad financiera, con un efecto marginal de -9.40%, -5.34% y -5.27%, respectivamente. La probabilidad de ser financieramente frágil está relacionada con bajos ingresos y bajo nivel educativo, así como haber experimentado sobreendeudamiento en el último año. Los hallazgos pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de estrategias de educación financiera que brinden a la población capacitación y de esta forma protección contra la disminución de ingresos.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between Mexicans’ financial fragility and the following variables: financial literacy, savings, assets owning, financial shocks, financial education, and financial inclusion. Likewise, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with financial fragility are identified. The dichotomous Probit model is used for the analysis, estimated with data from the 2021 National Survey of Financial Inclusion. The results show that financial literacy, savings (formal and informal), financial education and possession of assets are negatively related to the probability of being financially fragile. High income and holding formal and informal savings are the most robust predictors of financial fragility, with a marginal effect of -9.40%, -5.34% and -5.27%, respectively. The probability of being considered financially fragile is related to low income and a low educational level, plus having overspent in the last year. The findings can be useful for financial education strategies design, to provide the population financial training in resources administration and protection against income decrease.

RESUMEN La educación tributaria es abordada por actividades programáticas gubernamentales y privadas, que buscan fomentar la gestión financiera responsable. Este estudio se centra en las causas de la economía informal en América Latina y examina cómo la educación tributaria puede mitigar este fenómeno. El objetivo es analizar su contribución a la reducción de la economía informal y la evasión fiscal en la región. Para ello se empleó una metodología de investigación basada en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura especializada. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de incluir contenidos tributarios, desde lo básico hasta aspectos culturales y responsabilidad ciudadana en programas educativos para lograr una formación integral. La comprensión completa de estos conceptos se revela como crucial para su aplicación efectiva tanto en la vida diaria como en el ámbito empresarial. En síntesis, la educación tributaria se posiciona como una herramienta fundamental para promover prácticas financieras responsables y combatir la economía informal en América Latina.

ABSTRACT Tax education addressed through government and private programmatic activities, seeks to promote responsible financial management. This study focuses on the causes of the informal economy in Latin America and examines how tax education can mitigate this phenomenon. The objective is to analyze its contribution to the reduction of the informal economy and tax evasion in the region. For this, a research methodology was used based on the bibliographic review of specialized literature. The results highlight the need to include tax content from the basics to cultural aspects and citizen responsibility in educational programs to achieve comprehensive training. The complete understanding of these concepts is revealed to be crucial for their effective application both in daily life and in the business environment. In summary, tax education is positioned as a fundamental tool to promote responsible financial practices and combat the informal economy in Latin America.

Abstract: This article is an ethnography of the peasant ranch (sítio) as classified by Capuxu children, inhabitants of the hinterlands of the Brazilian state of Paraíba. Through participant observation, informal conversations, and the drawings produced by children, they revealed classifications of the ranch that blur the classic house/garden dichotomy established by rural studies (Woortman, 1983; Heredia, 1988; Santos, 1984; Garcia Junior, 1983; Godoi, 1999), revealing the triptych of houses, roads (and their shortcuts), and enclosures. In this sense, this article contributes to childhood studies and the anthropology of children, as well as to peasant studies in Brazil. It starts from the hypothesis that rural studies have elected the house/garden dichotomy as representative of the spaces of the ranch because they have generally heard men and women. Following Schildkrout (1978), it arghues that children should always be heard lest we end up with an incomplete view of the subject under study. Abstract sítio (sítio Paraíba observation conversations housegarden house garden Woortman, Woortman (Woortman 1983 Heredia 1988 Santos 1984 Junior Godoi 1999, 1999 , 1999) houses shortcuts, shortcuts shortcuts) enclosures sense Brazil women 1978, 1978 (1978) study 198 199 197 (1978 19 (197 1 (19 (1 (

Resumo: Este artigo é uma etnografia do Sítio camponês a partir das classificações das crianças Capuxu, do sertão da Paraíba. Por meio da observação participante, das conversas informais e dos desenhos por elas produzidos, as crianças revelaram classificações do Sítio que diluem a clássica dicotomia casa/roçado formatada pelos estudos do rural (Woortman, 1983; Heredia, 1988; Garcia Junior, 1983, Godoi, 1999) apresentando a trilogia: casas, estradas (e seus atalhos) e cercados. Neste sentido, este artigo deseja ser uma contribuição aos estudos da infância e a antropologia da criança, bem como aos estudos de campesinato do Brasil. Ele parte da hipótese de que os estudos do rural elegeram a dicotomia casa/roçado como representativa dos espaços do sítio por terem ouvido em geral, homens e mulheres, e argumenta, conforme Schildkrout (1978), que as crianças deveriam ser sempre ouvidas sob pena de não se ter uma visão completa do tema em estudo. Resumo Capuxu Paraíba participante produzidos casaroçado casa roçado Woortman, Woortman (Woortman 1983 Heredia 1988 Junior Godoi 1999 trilogia casas atalhos cercados sentido criança Brasil geral mulheres argumenta 1978, 1978 , (1978) estudo 198 199 197 (1978 19 (197 1 (19 (1 (

Abstract: This article aimed to understand how governance structures and the search for value protection influence transaction costs in the relationship between dairy producers and processors in Paraná, Brazil. These aspects are treated by Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and by Measurement Cost Economics (MCE). For data collection, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted and Content Analysis was used for data treatment and results analysis. For the theory, the study contributed demonstrating that although the alignment between transaction attributes and governance structures contribute for value protection as proposed by TCE, in the absence of complete information, this alignment is still not enough to guarantee economic rights, as predicted by MCE. Empirically, it contributed suggesting the use of formal contracts and the importance of formal information available to milk producers and processors to improve their results in the activity. Thus, considering the governance structures in Paraná’s dairy AGS, it is predicted that even if the hybrid structure is adequate, under TCE view, due to its alignment with transaction attributes, MCE concepts help to explain why agents still need guarantee mechanisms. Those mechanisms, such as long-term relationships, normative instructions and informal agreements, attempt to protect value, given informational problems. Abstract Paraná Brazil (TCE . (MCE) collection 3 semistructured semi structured analysis theory rights Empirically activity Thus Paranás s AGS adequate view mechanisms longterm long term relationships agreements problems (MCE

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo foi compreender como as estruturas de governança e a busca pela proteção do valor influenciam nos custos de transação na relação entre produtores e processadores de leite no Paraná. Esses aspectos são tratados pela Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e pela Economia dos Custos de Mensuração (ECM). Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas 30 entrevistas semiestruturadas e os mesmos foram tratados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Para a teoria, o estudo contribuiu demonstrando que, embora o alinhamento entre atributos da transação e estruturas de governança contribuam para a proteção de valor, conforme se espera pela ECT, na ausência de informações completas, esse alinhamento não é suficiente para garantir direitos econômicos, como previsto pela ECM. Empiricamente, o estudo contribuiu sugerindo o uso de contratos formais e a importância da distribuição de informações formalizadas aos produtores e processadores de leite, a fim de que melhorem seus resultados na atividade. Assim, conclui-se que mesmo que a estrutura de governança híbrida seja adequada, devido ao alinhamento com os atributos da transação, os conceitos da ECM explicam porque ainda são necessários mecanismos de garantia (relações de longo prazo, instruções normativas e acordos informais) dados os problemas de informação. Resumo Paraná ECT (ECT . (ECM) 3 Conteúdo teoria completas econômicos Empiricamente atividade Assim concluise conclui adequada relações prazo informais informação (ECM

ABSTRACT Worsening joblessness in India is put forward here from the multiple and inter-connected argumentative lens of formal-informal dichotomy by labour productivity differential, market size constraint, labour market flexibility, capital inflows, political constraint, corporate industrialization and welfare economic implications. In the process, the limitations of the classic developmental ideas of Kuznets, Lewis and Schumpeter are critiqued. Thereafter, an alternative policy framework is proposed to achieve economic development focused on employment, equity and environmental uplift. The paper shows how the massive unemployment problem can be managed in India’s democratic set up by departing from conventional wisdom about industrialization. interconnected inter connected formalinformal formal informal differential constraint flexibility inflows implications process Kuznets critiqued Thereafter employment uplift Indias s

RESUMO O agravamento do desemprego na Índia é aqui apresentado a partir da lente argumentativa múltipla e interligada da dicotomia formal-informal através do diferencial de produtividade do trabalho, das restrições de dimensão do mercado, da flexibilidade do mercado de trabalho, dos fluxos de capital, das restrições políticas, da industrialização empresarial e das implicações econômicas do bem-estar. No processo, são criticadas as limitações das ideias clássicas de desenvolvimento de Kuznets, Lewis e Schumpeter. Posteriormente, é proposto um quadro político alternativo para alcançar o desenvolvimento econômico centrado no emprego, na equidade e na melhoria ambiental. formalinformal formal informal trabalho capital políticas bemestar. bemestar bem estar. estar bem-estar processo Kuznets Schumpeter Posteriormente emprego ambiental

Abstract Knowing the size, dynamics and main causes of informality is essential for the adoption of feasible public policies. Thus, in order to contribute to the literature, this article intends to analyze the behavior of informality in a sample of Latin American countries between 2002 and 2015. The empirical strategy will use the Panel Vector Autoregression (VAR) method to circumvent endogeneity problems between level of informality and its main determinants. The results of the estimation of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the analyses of Impulse Response Functions (IRF) highlight the negative effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita on informality and the positive effects of unemployment rate and taxes on the size of informal economy in relation to the official GDP. policies Thus literature 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinants GMM (GMM IRF (IRF GDP (GDP 20 201 2

Resumo É fundamental conhecer o tamanho, a dinâmica e as principais causas da informalidade para adoção de políticas públicas factíveis. Assim, a fim de contribuir com a literatura, este artigo pretende analisar o comportamento da informalidade em uma amostra de países da América Latina entre 2002 e 2015. A estratégia empírica usará o método de Vetores Autorregressivos (VAR) em Painel para contornar problemas de endogeneidade entre o nível de informalidade e seus principais determinantes. Os resultados da estimação do Generalized method of moments (GMM) e as análises das Funções de Resposta ao Impulso (FRIs) ressaltam o efeito negativo do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita sobre a informalidade e os efeitos positivos da taxa de desemprego e dos impostos sobre o tamanho da economia informal em relação ao PIB oficial. factíveis Assim literatura 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinantes GMM (GMM FRIs (FRIs (PIB oficial 20 201 2

Resumen Este artículo constituye un aporte empírico sobre la correlación entre la informalidad económica y la pandemia de la covid-19 en Perú. Con base en entrevistas a comerciantes del sector informal de la ciudad de Huancayo, se analizan los impactos pandémicos en relación con sus ingresos y medios de vida y se sostiene que el empleo informal tuvo una gran repercusión en los trágicos indicadores de salud pública en el país. La flexibilidad intrínseca de este tipo de actividades, puntualmente para el comercio ambulatorio, y la falta de acceso a sistemas y esquemas de protección social fueron las principales razones por las que las personas emprendían en este sector para reemplazar los ingresos que perdieron debido al confinamiento. Así, se introduce la noción “recambio de ingresos” en la economía durante la pandemia. La heterogeneidad entre quienes realizan labores informales, específicamente en el acceso a diferentes tipos de recursos, permitió tales emprendimientos y facilitó que algunas personas controlen su posible exposición al virus. Se concluye que en el enfoque de la formalización económica de las últimas décadas de liberalización financiera no se consideran las ventajas que las actividades informales ofrecen frente a la formalización. De hecho, la informalidad sigue brindando la mejor oportunidad de ingresos inmediatos y opciones altamente flexibles, en particular para adaptarse a situaciones de crisis como la pandemia.

Abstract This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic.

Abstract Contract farming constitutes a long-term productive and commercial modality in time and space; for this reason, it is essential to approach the different interpretations of its determinants. In this sense, this article analyzes the theoretical and interpretative contributions that the main currents and schools of economic thought have raised about the factors that have decisively contributed to the development of the productive and commercial modality of the contract in agriculture, especially from the perspective of the large agro-industrial corporations. The methodology applied in this research is the literature review. The investigated currents are the French, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Latin American. In the end, it is concluded that there is a re-functionalization of the agrarian economy through contract farming; contracts are yet another business strategy for sourcing agricultural supplies; and the sources that large agro-industrial corporations must promote this productive and commercial modality are market, contractual-informal and technological. longterm long term space reason determinants sense agriculture agroindustrial agro industrial review French AngloSaxon, AngloSaxon Anglo Saxon, Saxon Anglo-Saxon American end refunctionalization re functionalization supplies market contractualinformal contractual informal technological

Resumen La agricultura contractual constituye una modalidad productiva y comercial de largo recorrido en el tiempo y el espacio; por esta razón, se considera esencial aproximarse a las distintas interpretaciones de sus determinantes. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza las aportaciones teóricas e interpretativas que desde las principales corrientes y escuelas de pensamiento económico se han planteado en torno a los factores que han contribuido decisivamente en el desarrollo de la modalidad productiva y comercial del contrato en la agricultura, especialmente desde la perspectiva de las grandes corporaciones agroindustriales. La metodología aplicada en esta investigación es la revisión de literatura. Las corrientes investigadas son la francesa, la anglosajona y la latinoamericana. Al final, se concluye que a través de la agricultura contractual se produce una refuncionalización de la economía agraria; los contratos constituyen una estrategia empresarial para abastecerse de suministros agrícolas; y los resortes con los que cuentan las grandes corporaciones agroindustriales para fomentar esta modalidad productiva y comercial son de mercado, contractual-informales y tecnológicos. espacio razón determinantes sentido literatura francesa latinoamericana final agraria agrícolas mercado contractualinformales informales tecnológicos

Resumen Este artículo expone una comparación entre seis países; por un lado, Australia, Canadá, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Reino Unido y Suecia y, por el otro, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú; seleccionados a partir de las diferencias que presentan en cuanto al nivel de progreso social, emprendimiento y cultura. Como objetivo, se plantea encontrar relaciones entre determinadas instituciones informales, el nivel de emprendimiento y el progreso social. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo y exploratorio, con alcances correlacionales; donde se utiliza información de las dimensiones culturales de Hofstede Insights (2018), el Índice Global de Emprendimiento de 2018 y el Índice de Progreso Social de 2018. Los resultados muestran correlaciones que, a nivel general, revelan la tendencia de los países más desarrollados a registrar una menor distancia de poder, menor aversión a la incertidumbre y una preferencia hacia el individualismo, además de mayores niveles de emprendimiento, mayor progreso social y una mejor calidad ambiental.

Abstract This article carries out a comparative analysis between a group of six countries made up of Australia, Canada, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, on the one hand and Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, on the other hand. These countries were selected from the differences that they present in terms of social progress, entrepreneurship, and culture. The objective is to find relationships among certain informal institutions, the level of entrepreneurship and social progress. The type of study is descriptive and exploratory, with correlational scopes, where information from the cultural dimensions of Hofstede Insights (2018), the Global Entrepreneurship Index of 2018 and the Social Progress Index of 2018 is used. On a general level, results show correlations that reveal a tendency of the more developed countries to register a lower power distance, less aversion to uncertainty and a preference towards individualism, besides greater social progress and better environmental quality.

Abstract The research analyzes qualitative data related to integrated solid waste management, inclusive recycling and COVID-19. In addition, the results of the survey "Waste Management and Circular Economy" on the perception of citizens regarding recycling and recyclers during the first confinement (March-September 2020 Canton Cuenca) are studied. Among the main findings, it was identified that the restrictions implemented had a high impact on the work of recyclers and citizen behavior. In relation to recyclers, only a protocol for a progressive return to their activities was established; there was no targeted support, which indicates that this sector is excluded from public policies. The survey also shows that although the work of waste pickers as actors in the informal economy contributes to the care of the environment, their situation is precarious, risky and little recognized by the community.

Resumen En la investigación se analizan datos cualitativos relacionados con la gestión integral de residuos sólidos, reciclaje inclusivo y COVID-19. Además, se estudia los resultados de la encuesta “Gestión de Residuos y Economía Circular” sobre la percepción de los ciudadanos frente al reciclaje y recicladores durante el primer confinamiento (marzo-septiembre 2020 Cantón Cuenca). Entre los principales hallazgos se identificó que las restricciones implementadas tuvieron un alto impacto en la labor de los recicladores y en el comportamiento ciudadano. Con relación a los recicladores únicamente se estableció un protocolo de retorno progresivo a sus actividades, no hubo apoyos focalizados, de lo que se desprende que se trata de un sector excluido de las políticas públicas. La encuesta a su vez evidencia que si bien la labor de los recicladores como actores de la economía informal contribuye al cuidado del medio ambiente su situación es precaria, riesgosa y poco reconocida por la colectividad.

Abstract This article focuses on the structuring of the end-of-life vehicle processing and recycling (ELV processing) sector in France. First, it traces the emergence and the structuring of scrapyards. It then analyses the gradual introduction of regulations aimed at curbing informality in the sector, and at promoting the development of a circular economy. Scrapyards, which have now become “ELV recycling centers”, are gradually absorbed into a capitalist and highly technical apparatus, in the name of a “green economy”. The article proposes to discuss the value of end-of-life vehicles, which are often considered as a source of pollution and waste, but can also be a source of parts and materials, at the intersection of national and transnational formal and informal circulations. endoflife end life ELV France First scrapyards economy Scrapyards centers, centers , centers” apparatus green . economy” vehicles waste materials circulations

Resumo Este artigo enfoca a estruturação do setor de processamento e reciclagem de veículos em fim de vida (processamento VFV) na França. Primeiramente, traça o surgimento e a estruturação dos ferros-velhos. Em seguida, analisa a introdução gradual de regulamentações destinadas a coibir a informalidade no setor e a promover o desenvolvimento de uma economia circular. Os ferros-velhos, que agora se tornaram “centros de reciclagem de VFV”, são gradualmente absorvidos por um aparato capitalista e altamente técnico, em nome de uma “economia verde”. O artigo se propõe a discutir o valor dos veículos em fim de vida, que muitas vezes são considerados como fonte de poluição e resíduos, mas também podem ser fonte de peças e materiais, na intersecção das circulações formais e informais, nacionais e transnacionais. VFV França Primeiramente ferrosvelhos. ferrosvelhos ferros velhos. velhos ferros-velhos seguida circular ferrosvelhos, velhos, centros VFV, , VFV” técnico verde. verde . verde” resíduos materiais informais transnacionais