Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Summary Background and aims: In the Atacama Desert certain plant species can be found in small and isolated areas, limited to regions with water availability. The degree of connectivity within and between these natural populations depends on their pollen and seed dispersal abilities, as well as on the barriers imposed by the landscape. Prosopis flexuosa is a species of high economic and ecological importance included in the algarrobo Conservation and Management program. The main objective of this work is to analyze the genetic variability and mating system of P. flexuosa in the Atacama Desert. M&M: Genetic diversity parameters as well as the mating system were evaluated in a natural population (Quillagua) based on microsatellite molecular markers. The hierarchical distribution of genetic variance and kinship coefficients were analyzed. Results: The results indicate high levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.67-0.65; Ar = 3.83.7), high outcrossing rates (tm = 0.97, ts = 0.85), low biparental inbreeding (11.6%) and multiple paternity. The proportion of full sibs decreases when considering seeds from the same or different pods (89[PRESERVECIRC]16%). Only the variance between families is significant (p < 0.001) and mean kinships estimated show that progenies within families are not only constituted by half sibs. Conclusions: The results are discussed and related to the limited pollen and seed dispersal and their implication for the management of this resource. The study of the mating system parameters of this Chilean desert population suggests that the low population density and the environment fragmentation would not be influencing their mating capacity.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivos: En el desierto de Atacama ciertas plantas viven aisladas y acotadas a regiones con disponibilidad de agua. La conectividad dentro y entre poblaciones depende de las barreras impuestas por el paisaje y de su capacidad de dispersión. Prosopis flexuosa es una especie con alta importancia económica y ecológica incluida en el Programa de Conservación y Manejo del algarrobo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la variabilidad genética y sistema de fecundación de P. flexuosa en el Desierto de Atacama. M&M: Se evaluó la diversidad genética y el sistema de fecundación sobre la base de marcadores moleculares microsatélites en una población natural (Quillagua). Se analizó la distribución jerárquica de la varianza genética y los niveles de las coancestrías. Resultados: Los resultados indican altos niveles de diversidad genética (HE = 0,67-0,65; Ar = 3,8-3,7), fecundación principalmente cruzada (tm = 0,97, ts = 0,85), baja endogamia biparental (11,6%) y paternidad múltiple. La proporción de hermanos completos disminuye cuando se consideran semillas del mismo o diferente fruto (89[PRESERVECIRC]16%). Solamente la varianza entre familias resulta significativa (p < 0,001) y las coancestrías promedio estimadas dan cuenta que las progenies familiares no están conformadas solamente por medios hermanos. Conclusiones: Los resultados son discutidos y relacionados con la dispersión limitada del polen y semillas y su implicancia para el manejo. El estudio del sistema de fecundación de esta población del desierto chileno sugiere que la baja densidad poblacional y la fragmentación del ambiente no influirían en su capacidad de apareamiento.

RESUMO Os remanescentes florestais desempenham um importante papel dentro dos ecossistemas urbanos, contribuindo de forma significativa não somente com a qualidade ambiental dos municípios, mas também com a melhoria dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e estéticos das paisagens urbanas. Nesse contexto, aplicar e analisar ferramentas que possam contribuir na discussão ambiental desses ecossistemas se tornam uma contribuição importante na gestão desses espaços dentro dos municípios. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e discutir a fragmentação florestal e a qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais existentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Quilombo, localizada no município de Campinas/SP, sendo esta uma área que sofre com os processos de urbanização, de impermeabilização do solo e de enchentes. De forma geral, os procedimentos executados para avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos remanescentes florestais na bacia hidrográfica em estudo foram realizados em cinco etapas principais: (1) Mapeamento dos remanescentes florestais; (2) Cálculos das métricas de paisagem; (3) Avaliação da Qualidade Ambiental dos remanescentes; (4) Análise estatística dos dados; e, por fim, (5) Diagnóstico da bacia hidrográfica a partir dos resultados obtidos. De um modo geral, pode-se observar que a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Quilombo, caracterizada pelo alto grau de uso e ocupação do solo e predomínio de áreas urbanizadas, com condições de solo e declividade não críticas, sendo que os remanescentes florestais são de tamanho predominantemente médio e apresentam condições semelhantes de distância de vizinho mais próximo (ENN), onde aproximadamente 50% deles encontram-se a menos de 60 m de distância do seu vizinho mais próximo. Diante dessas condições, as ações de manejo e conservação de vegetação natural na bacia do Quilombo dificilmente poderá estar pautada na conectividade dos remanescentes. Indica-se que sejam propostas ações especialmente voltadas em amenizar os efeitos de borda que tem atuado sobre esses remanescentes e garantir a efetividade e qualidade dos processos ecológicos envolvidos.

ABSTRACT Forest remnants play an important role within urban ecosystems, contributing significantly not only to the environmental quality of municipalities, but also to improving social, economic and aesthetic aspects. In this context, applying and analyzing tools that can contribute to the environmental discussion of these ecosystems become an important contribution in the management of these spaces within the municipalities. The present work aimed to analyze and discuss the forest fragmentation and the environmental quality of the existing forest fragments in the hydrographic basin of the Quilombo River, located in the municipality of Campinas/SP, which is an area that suffers from the processes of urbanization, soil sealing and floods. In general, the procedures performed to assess the environmental quality of forest remnants in the watershed under study were carried out in five main stages: (1) Mapping of forest remnants; (2) Landscape metrics calculations; (3) Environmental Quality Assessment of the remnants; (4) Statistical analysis of data; and, finally, (5) Diagnosis of hydrographic basins based on the results obtained. In general, it can be observed that the Quilombo basin, characterized by the high degree of use and occupation of the soil and predominance of urbanized areas, with non-critical soil and slope conditions, and the forest remnants are predominantly of medium size and have similar conditions of nearest neighbor distance (ENN), where approximately 50% of them are less than 60 m away from their nearest neighbor. Given these conditions, the management and conservation actions of natural vegetation in the Quilombo basin can hardly be based on the connectivity of the remnants. It is indicated that actions are proposed especially aimed at mitigating the edge effects that have acted on these remnants and guaranteeing the effectiveness and quality of the ecological processes involved.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increased oceanic temperature associated with climate change has augmented the activity of tropical cyclones globally. These meteorological phenomena induce substantial physicochemical perturbations on oceans with implications for the phytoplankton communities. The latter, are drifting photosynthetic microorganisms, which are the basis of the oceanic trophic webs. Besides, they modulate climate processes, biogeochemical cycles and influence fishery yields. The general objective of this work was to assess the response of phytoplankton and their environmental drivers to the passage of hurricanes (strongest tropical cyclones) in the North Atlantic in the period 1998-2019. Methods: They were used satellite observations and outputs of mathematical models as data sources since the extreme meteorological conditions associated with these phenomena limit the collection of field data. Results: They were characterized the phytoplankton response as well as their environmental drivers (e.g., sea surface temperature, depth of the mixed layer, upwelling, marine currents) to the passage of hurricanes across the waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Cuba, the Gulf of Mexico and the Sargasso Sea. In general, hurricanes induce a significant increase of the phytoplankton biomass and diversity in the oligotrophic environments in the North Atlantic, due to the increased nutrient concentrations, which fuel their photosynthesis. Additionally, the horizontal transport of coastal waters induced by these phenomena leads to a fertilization of the oligotrophic environments enhancing the ecological connectivity in the region. Conclusions: Hurricanes can be seen as drivers of the phytoplankton productivity and diversity in the North Atlantic. The results obtained are an important baseline to guide and stimulate future research on climate change, ecology and/or environment in the region.

RESUMEN Introducción: El aumento de la temperatura oceánica asociado al cambio climático ha incrementado la actividad de los ciclones tropicales a nivel global. Estos fenómenos meteorológicos inducen perturbaciones fisicoquímicas en los océanos con profundas implicaciones para las comunidades de fitoplancton. Los últimos son microorganismos fotosintéticos flotantes que constituyen la base de las redes tróficas oceánicas, modulan procesos climáticos y ciclos biogeoquímicos e influencian los rendimientos pesqueros. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general evaluar la respuesta del fitoplancton y sus impulsores ambientales al paso de huracanes (ciclones tropicales más intensos) en el Atlántico Norte en el período 1998-2019. Métodos: Se utilizaron observaciones satelitales y salidas de modelos matemáticos como fuentes de datos ya que las condiciones meteorológicas extremas asociadas a estos fenómenos limitan la adquisición de los datos de campo. Resultados: Se caracterizó la respuesta del fitoplancton y sus impulsores ambientales (temperatura superficial del mar, profundidad de la capa mezclada, surgencia, corrientes marinas, entre otros) al paso de huracanes en las aguas de la Zona Económica Exclusiva de Cuba, el Golfo de México y el Mar de los Sargazos. Los huracanes provocan el incremento significativo de la biomasa del fitoplancton y de la diversidad de sus comunidades en los ambientes oligotróficos del Atlántico Norte debido al incremento de la concentración de nutrientes que estimula su actividad fotosintética. El transporte horizontal de aguas costeras inducido por estos fenómenos contribuye a fertilizar los ambientes oligotróficos potenciando la conectividad ecológica en la región. Conclusiones: Los huracanes pueden ser considerados impulsores de la productividad y diversidad del fitoplancton en el Atlántico Norte. Los resultados obtenidos son importantes pues brindan una línea base para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones sobre cambio climático, ecología y medio ambiente en la región.

Abstract The rapid expansion of industrial agriculture in rural Bogotá has led to a reduction in the diversity of plants cultivated by peasant families. This generates transformations in livelihoods and biocultural relations, affecting local environmental knowledge and practices for the use and management of agrobiodiversity. Although several studies have documented the presence of agrobiodiversity niches, such as orchards and peasant gardens that persist amid homogenized landscapes, there is a need to expand the identification and analysis of the multiple cultural and agroecological functions that characterize them. This study aims to identify local environmental knowledge linked to orchards and gardens in terms of their functions and contributions to the conservation and recovery of agrobiodiversity. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six key local informants and twenty-five peasant households, including ethnographic observations and eth nobotanical walks. Based on the information obtained, the agrobiodiversity niches were characterized in terms of their func tionality according to the daily experiences of their caretakers. Eight agroecological functions, 249 common names associated with the same number of plant species, and knowledge about uses and management were identified. Finally, the possible articulations of the niches with the surrounding landscapes and water spaces were analyzed to understand their potential contribution to territorial transformations and to the connectivity of the rural ecological structure of Bogota.

Resumen La expansión de la agricultura industrial en zonas rurales de Bogotá ha reducido la diversidad de plantas cultivadas por las familias campesinas, y ha transformado sus formas de vida y las relaciones bioculturales. Ello afecta los conocimientos ambien tales de carácter local y las prácticas de uso y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad. Aunque se ha documentado en varios estudios la presencia de nichos agrobiodiversos, tales como huertas y jardines campesinos que persisten en medio de paisajes homoge neizados, es necesario ampliar la identificación y el análisis de las funciones culturales y agroecológicas que los caracterizan. En este artículo se detallan los conocimientos locales vinculados a huertas y jardines en términos de sus funciones y aportes a la conservación y recuperación de la agrobiodiversidad. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a seis sabedores locales y en veinticinco hogares, además de observaciones etnográficas y recorridos etnobotánicos. Con la información obtenida, se carac terizaron las funciones de los nichos de agrobiodiversidad, según las experiencias cotidianas de sus cuidadores y cuidadoras. Se identificaron ocho funciones agroecológicas, 249 nombres comunes asociados al mismo número de especies vegetales, y varios saberes sobre usos y manejos. Se concluye explicando las posibles articulaciones entre los nichos y los paisajes circundantes, para entender su aporte potencial a la transformación territorial y a la conectividad de la estructura ecológica rural de Bogotá.

ABSTRACT The Tropical Dry Forest is a highly threatened ecosystem, the anthropic alterations have produced a fragmentation of its habitats and degradation of its ecological interactions and diversity. Despite the abundant literature on the diversity of butterflies and their changes in intervened ecosystems, little is known about changes in butterfly-plant interaction networks. In this study, we compared the ecological networks of Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea, and Angiosperms between preserved and intervened forests in the rainy and dry seasons. Four strips of 50 meters by 4 meters were sampled in each zone and season, visiting each strip three times per season, recording the visiting floral butterflies for 90 minutes on each occasion, for a total of 72 hours of observations per unit of study. The estimated parameters of the networks were nesting, connectivity, diversity, generality, and robustness. In the conserved area, the nesting value shows a greater number of specialists, while the connection shows a lower average of possible interactions. The generality showed in this area a higher average of links per floral visitor and the diversity of Shannon showed a greater diversity of interactions. The rainy season obtained higher connection, diversity, nesting, generality, and robustness compared to the dry season. The results highlight the importance of analyzing not only the diversity of butterflies, but also their interactions, since these are important factors that allow us to have a better understanding of the state of the ecosystems, and the different effects that they can have depending on different anthropic alterations.

RESUMEN El Bosque Seco Tropical es un ecosistema altamente amenazado, las alteraciones antrópicas han producido fragmentación de sus hábitat y degradación de sus interacciones ecológicas y diversidad. A pesar de la abundante literatura sobre diversidad de mariposas y sus cambios en ecosistemas intervenidos, poco se conoce sobre cambios en las redes de interacción mariposa-planta. En este estudio se compararon las redes ecológicas de Papilionoidea y Hesperoidea y Angiospermas entre bosque seco conservado e intervenido en época de lluvia y sequía. Se muestrearon cuatro franjas de 50 metros por 4 metros en cada zona y época, visitando cada franja en tres ocasiones por época, registrando las mariposas visitantes florales durante 90 minutos en cada ocasión, para un total de 72 horas de observaciones por unidad de muestreo. Los parámetros estimados de las redes fueron anidamiento, conectancia, diversidad, generalidad y robustez. En la zona conservada el valor de anidamiento evidenció mayor cantidad de especialistas, mientras que la conectancia evidenció menor promedio de posibles interacciones. La generalidad mostró en esta zona mayor promedio de enlaces por visitante floral y la diversidad de Shannon mostró mayor diversidad de interacciones. La época de lluvia obtuvo mayor conectancia, diversidad, anidamiento, generalidad y robustez en comparación con la época seca. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de analizar no solo la diversidad de mariposas sino también sus interacciones, pues son un factor importante ya que permiten conocer mejor el estado de los ecosistemas, además de comprender las diferentes afectaciones que pueden experimentar en función de las alteraciones antrópicas.

Resumen A pesar de la importancia de las reservas ecológicas comunitarias, se sabe poco sobre los patrones espacio-temporales de su biodiversidad. Analizamos la dinámica espacio-temporal de los ensambles de escarabajos coprófagos en 4 ambientes (bosque tropical húmedo, vegetación riparia, bosque secundario y pastizal) en la Reserva Ecológica Comunitaria Bajlum Pakal, en Chiapas, México. Encontramos una mayor diversidad en el bosque tropical húmedo y en la vegetación riparia. En contraste, la dinámica temporal no presentó relación con la riqueza y diversidad de especies, por lo que la dinámica espacial fue más importante para explicar la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos en todos los ambientes. Encontramos que el componente más importante de la diversidad β espacial fue β2 (entre ambientes), lo que sugiere que la heterogeneidad espacial de los ambientes modula los patrones de diversidad de escarabajos en esta reserva. Las estrategias de conservación deben considerar los cambios en la dinámica espacio-temporal de la diversidad ya que modulan la respuesta de los ensambles de especies a los cambios en el uso del suelo. Es importante mantener la existencia de reservas ecológicas comunitarias pues conservan la biodiversidad y la conectividad en los paisajes tropicales, así como la calidad de vida de sus habitantes.

Abstract Despite the relevance of community ecological reserves, little is known about changes in spatio-temporal biodiversity patterns in these reserves. Here, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of the dung beetle assemblages in 4 different environments (primary forest, riparian vegetation, secondary forest, and pasture) in the Bajlum Pakal Community Ecological Reserve, in Chiapas, Mexico. We found that the spatial dynamics showed differences among the analyzed environments, with higher diversity in the tropical rainforest and riparian vegetation. The temporal dynamics did not present a relationship with the richness and diversity of species; therefore, spatial dynamics were more important for explaining the diversity of beetles from all environments. When evaluating the spatial turnover, we found that the most important component of β diversity was β2 (between environments), which suggests that the environmental variation provided by the great spatial heterogeneity of the environments modulates the diversity patterns of beetles in this reserve. Conservation strategies must consider changes in the spatio-temporal dynamics that modulate species assemblages to determine their responses to changes in land use. It is important to maintain the existence of community ecological reserves that conserve biodiversity and connectivity in tropical landscapes, as well as the quality of life of its inhabitants.

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como propósito analisar áreas potenciais para a implantação de Corredores Ecológicos. Atualmente a área encontra-se fragmentada e está sob os domínios de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Baseado no Sistema de Informações Geográficas, foram determinadas possíveis áreas, do ponto de vista ecológico e estrutural, para a implantação dos Corredores Ecológicos. Para a geração do mapa final de potencial ecológico da área, utilizou-se a metodologia de classificação por múltiplos critérios. Foram atribuídos pesos e notas às classes de vegetação, largura dos rios, altitude e declividade em seus respectivos mapas. Após a determinação dos pesos e notas, realizou-se a sobreposição dos mapas no software ArcGis 10.3. Para analise estrutural da área utilizou-se às métricas de paisagem área média, formato médio e borda total dos fragmentos e conectividade média entre os fragmentos no software Fragstats. Os resultados apontaram para uma área ecologicamente e estruturalmente viável para a implantação dos Corredores Ecológicos na área de estudo. encontrase encontra se Atlântica Geográficas utilizouse utilizou critérios vegetação rios realizouse realizou 103 10 3 10.3 Fragstats 1 10.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to analyze the potential of areas for the implementation of ecological corridors. The study area represents a transition between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains and is extensively fragmented. Geographic Information System was used to determine suitable areas for the implementation of ecological corridors based on their ecological and structural potential, while multi-criteria classification was used to generate a final ecological map of the area. Weights and notes were assigned to vegetation class, river width, elevation and declivity in their respective maps, which were overlaid using ArcGis 10.3 software. Structural analysis of the area used the landscape metrics mean area, mean shape and total edge of fragments and mean connectivity among fragments in Fragstats software. The results indicated an ecologically and structurally suitable area for the implementation of ecological corridors in the study area. fragmented multicriteria multi criteria class width maps 103 10 3 10. software 1

Resumo Avaliamos a influência da variação entre os períodos de enchente e vazante e espacialmente na composição e estrutura das assembleias de peixes em rios de águas pretas e claras da sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni no médio rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas durante o período de vazante (novembro de 2018) e o período de enchente (abril de 2019) utilizando redes de espera com malhas variando de 30 a 120mm entre nós opostos. As estimativas ecológicas de riqueza, equitabilidade, índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e índice de Berger-Parker não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos. A composição da ictiofauna apresentou variações entre os períodos de vazante e enchente. A diversidade beta na sub-bacia Aracá-Demeni é quase totalmente causada pela substituição de espécies, com a renovação espacial respondendo pela maior parte da estimativa. A identificação desses padrões e os fatores responsáveis são fundamentais para a definição de estratégias de conservação, principalmente em um ecossistema cuja dinâmica pode ser influenciada pelas mudanças climáticas por meio de mudanças na intensidade do pulso de inundação e conectividade. subbacia sub bacia AracáDemeni Aracá Demeni Negro Amazonas Brasil novembro 2018 abril 2019 3 mm opostos riqueza equitabilidade ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener BergerParker Berger Parker espécies estimativa conservação conectividade 201 20 2

Abstract We evaluated the influence of flooding and receding comparison and spatial variation on the composition and structure of fish assemblages in blackwater and clearwater rivers of the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin in the middle Negro River, Amazonas state, Brazil. The collections were carried out during the falling-water period (November 2018) and the rising-water period (April 2019) using gillnets with meshes ranging from 30 to 120mm stretched mesh size. Ecological estimates of richness, equitability, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the Berger-Parker index showed no significant differences between the periods. The composition of the ichthyofauna showed variations between the falling-water and rising-water periods. Beta diversity in the Aracá-Demeni sub-basin is almost completely caused by species substitution, with spatial turnover accounting for most of the estimate. The identification of these patterns and of the responsible factors are fundamental for the definition of conservation strategies, especially in an ecosystem whose dynamics can be influenced by climate change through changes in the intensity of the flood pulse and connectivity. AracáDemeni Aracá Demeni subbasin sub basin River state Brazil fallingwater falling water November 2018 risingwater rising April 2019 3 mm size richness equitability ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener BergerParker Berger Parker periods substitution estimate strategies connectivity 201 20 2

ABSTRACT Background: Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) are repositories of biodiversity, ecosystem services and carbon that are threatened by fragmentation and climate change. Floristic and phytosociological studies are fundamental database for many studies of conservation and sustainability, but there is a knowledge gap concerning TDFs, especially in the Andes valleys. The aim of this study was to determine the phytosociological structure and composition of woody vegetation of seven TDFs in the Colombian Andes, and because the flora associated with this type of forest has a geographical distribution restricted to each locality where this biome exists, provide information on the main species, genera and families for conservation and restoration actions as well as for future meta-analyses. We sampled seven TDFs with 20 plots of 25 m × 4 m. Results: In the 1.88 hectares of samples, 8422 individuals were surveyed, distributed in 170 species, 120 genera and 50 botanical families. Of these species, 78.82% were identified at the species level, 17.05% at the genus level, and 4.11% at the family level. The most important families were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species were prominent amongst the important species, especially in low altitude and more stressing sites. Conclusion: The structure, composition and ecological importance of these forests must be considered for conservation and ecological restoration plans, in particular the habitat preference of species along the topographic gradient. Particularly noteworthy for conservation are the Myrtaceae species because promote connectivity and regeneration by providing resources for the fauna, a driver of dispersal, as well as nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species, because promote the resilience and natural regeneration of TDFs in the Andes, a key feature of stability. Background (TDFs biodiversity change sustainability valleys exists metaanalyses. metaanalyses meta analyses. analyses meta-analyses 2 Results 188 1 88 1.8 samples 842 surveyed 17 12 5 7882 78 82 78.82 level 1705 05 17.05 411 11 4.11 Nitrogenfixing Nitrogen fixing sites Conclusion plans gradient fauna dispersal nitrogenfixing nitrogen stability 18 8 1. 84 788 7 78.8 0 17.0 41 4.1 78. 17. 4.

Abstract The loss of the landscape connectivity translates into a decrease in the joint functioning of the ecological flows or processes that are found on said landscape. In the Caquetá department, in the south of Colombia, there are 13 protected areas that cover 38.50% of their area, their ecological function is given thanks to the interaction of the elements of the Andes-Amazon system. Showing up next is the ecological connectivity index calculation to now the status of the protected areas connectivity in this department. The index is calculated from the analysis and cartographic inputs construction which allow to identify each landscape elements behavior grouped in five planetary systems, every element demonstrates the extent to which it favors or not the propagation of flows, that is, if they are favored, it is understood that the landscape is connected. The landscape elements demonstrated a systemic behavior since they interrelate with each other and show that in a higher percentage the flows are favored and have a high movement while in a lower value the flows present moderate or difficult movements, this was reflected in that the 99% of the protected areas are connected, it was also identified that this value depends almost entirely on the extension and state of conservation of the elements around and within the PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete, also that the percentage of disconnected protected area is located especially in the San Vicente del Caguán and Cartagena del Chairá municipalities.

Resumen La pérdida de conectividad del paisaje se traduce en la disminución del funcionamiento conjunto de los flujos o procesos ecológicos que sobre dicho paisaje se encuentren. En el departamento de Caquetá, al sur de Colombia, se localizan 13 áreas protegidas que cubren el 38,50% de su área, su función ecológica está dada gracias a la interacción de los elementos del sistema Andes-Amazonía. A continuación se presenta el cálculo de un índice de conectividad ecológica para conocer el estado de la conectividad de las áreas protegidas en el departamento; el índice es calculado a partir del análisis y construcción de insumos cartográficos, permitiendo identificar el comportamiento de diversos elementos del paisaje agrupados en cinco sistemas planetarios, cada elemento demuestra la medida en que favorece o no la propagación de los flujos, es decir, si son favorecidos se entiende que el paisaje se encuentra conectado. Los elementos del paisaje demostraron un comportamiento sistémico; es decir, que hay interacción entre ellos, y evidencian que en mayor porcentaje los flujos son favorecidos y tienen un movimiento alto y que en menor valor las perturbaciones a los flujos representan movimientos moderados o con dificultad, esto fue reflejado en que el 99% de las áreas protegidas se encuentran conectadas, además se identificó que este porcentaje depende casi en su totalidad de la extensión y estado de conservación del PNN Serranía de Chiribiquete, y que el porcentaje de área protegida desconectada se localiza especialmente en los municipios de San Vicente del Caguán y Cartagena del Chairá.

Resumen La Infraestructura Ecológica es un concepto instrumental que propone una red interconectada de zonas naturales que son fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. En Chile, siete regiones administrativas cuentan con planes de Infraestructura Ecológica Regional (IER) diseñados que definen áreas naturales a conservar y restaurar. La región del Maule tiene IER desde el año 2018, sin embargo, sus áreas de conservación y restauración se concentran en la zona costera y andina; y la zona del valle longitudinal está prácticamente vacía. Este trabajo evaluó el paisaje con datos de mayor detalle (Sentinel-2) que los utilizados en el diseño de la IER (Landsat-8). Esto, para detectar nuevas oportunidades de conservación y/o restauración, y evaluar la mejora potencial de la conectividad del paisaje a escala local. Los resultados muestran que dentro del valle longitudinal dominado por cultivos existen fragmentos pequeños con cobertura natural que representan nuevas oportunidades para conservar representando 33.000 ha, y que 46.000 ha ya destinadas por la IER para su conservación, requieren acciones de restauración. Este enfoque puede ser útil para la planificación y gestión a nivel local en regiones que cuentan con IER, especialmente en localidades con pocas áreas de conservación o restauración.

Abstract Ecological Infrastructure is an instrumental concept that proposes an interconnected network of natural areas that are key to maintain biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. In Chile, seven of its sixteen administrative regions have Regional Ecological Infrastructure (IER) plans that define natural areas to be conserved and restored. The Maule region has had its IER since 2018, however, its conservation and restoration areas are concentrated in the coastal and Andean zone; and the longitudinal valley area is practically empty. In this work, the landscape was evaluated with data of higher detail (Sentinel) than that used in the design of the IER (Landsat), to detect new opportunities for conservation and / or restoration, and evaluate the potential improvement of the connectivity of the landscape to local scale. The results show that in the longitudinal valley dominated by crops there are small fragments with natural cover that represent new opportunities to conserve in this area representing 33,000 ha, and that 46,000 ha of the 82,000 ha already allocated by EI for their conservation, require restoration actions. This approach can be useful for planning and management at the local level in regions that have REIs, especially in localities that have few conservation or restoration areas.

Resumen: En este trabajo se analizó cómo la configuración de los elementos del paisaje del departamento del Caquetá, al sur de Colombia, permite o restringe la propagación de flujos involucrados en la conectividad ecológica entre los Andes y la Amazonía, ya que este departamento se encuentra en la zona transicional de estas dos regiones. Desde el enfoque de la ecología del paisaje, se agruparon los elementos que componen este paisaje en cinco sistemas planetarios: atmosférico, hidrosférico, geosférico, biosférico y antroposférico. Se valoraron las condiciones de los elementos seleccionados por cada sistema asignándole un costo de 1 a 10 para posteriormente representarlos por medio de una superficie de costo, lo cual permite comprender de manera sistémica la dinámica de conectividad y facilita saber dónde y de qué manera la configuración del paisaje restringe o favorece el movimiento de los flujos, las relaciones o los procesos ecológicos. Esta superficie de costo permitió entender que la configuración del paisaje del departamento en un 83% de su área permite la conectividad con un alto movimiento de flujos entre los Andes y la Amazonia colombiana.

Abstract: This paper analyzed how the configuration of landscape elements in the department of Caquetá, southern Colombia, allows or restricts the spread of flows involved in the ecological connectivity between the Andes and the Amazon, since this department is located in the transitional zone of these two regions. From a landscape ecology approach, the elements that make up this landscape were grouped into five planetary systems: atmospheric, hydrospheric, geospheric, biospheric and anthropospheric. The conditions of the elements selected for each system were assessed by assigning them a cost from 1 to 10 and then representing them by means of a cost surface, which allows a systemic understanding of the dynamics of connectivity and makes it easier to know where and in what way the configuration of the landscape restricts or favors the movement of flows, relationships or ecological processes. This cost surface allowed us to understand that the configuration of the landscape of the department in 83% of its area allows connectivity with a high movement of flows between the Andes and the Colombian Amazon.

Resumo: Neste trabalho se analisou como a configuração dos elementos da paisagem do departamento de Caquetá, no sul da Colômbia, permite ou restringe a propagação de fluxos envolvidos na conectividade ecológica entre os Andes e a Amazônia, já que este departamento se encontra na zona transicional destas duas regiões. Desde a abordagem da ecologia da paisagem, agruparam-se os elementos que compõem esta paisagem em cinco sistemas planetários: atmosférico, hidrosférico, geosférico, biosférico e antroposférico. Foram valorizadas as condições dos elementos selecionados por cada sistema atribuindo-lhe um custo de 1 a 10 para posteriormente representá-los por meio de uma superfície de custo, o que permite uma compreensão de maneira sistémica da dinâmica de conectividade e facilita saber onde e de que maneira a configuração da paisagem restringe ou favorece a circulação de fluxos, as relações ou os processos ecológicos. Esta superfície de custo permitiu entender que a configuração da paisagem do departamento em 83% de sua área permite a conectividade com um alto movimento de fluxos entre os Andes e a Amazônia colombiana.

Resumen: Los servicios ecosistémicos son los beneficios que la humanidad recibe de los ecosistemas: desde la provisión de alimentos, agua, madera y fibras hasta la regulación hídrica y climática, entre muchos otros. Para mantener esta oferta ambiental es preciso conocer la ubicación, el estado y el grado de conexión de las áreas naturales presentes en un territorio. Teniendo en cuenta la interpretación de coberturas de la tierra a escala 1:25.000, la delimitación de subcuencas dentro del municipio, la consulta de información secundaria, el uso de la herramienta Linkage Mapper y una posterior verificación con imágenes satelitales del año 2020, se proponen corredores y núcleos de conectividad estructural para las áreas naturales presentes en el municipio de Valparaíso (Caquetá) en Colombia, con el fin de ofrecer a los tomadores de decisiones insumos para la ordenación del territorio en procura de mantener la calidad y la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos. Como resultado, se obtuvieron 48 núcleos de conectividad correspondientes a bosques de tierra firme e inundables y alrededor de 7% del área municipal en corredores que están representados principalmente por bosques de galería remanentes en el área de estudio.

Resumo: Os serviços ecossistêmicos são os benefícios que a humanidade recebe dos ecossistemas: desde a provisão de alimentos, água, madeira e fibras até a regulação hídrica e climática, entre muitos outros. Para manter esta oferta ambiental é preciso conhecer a localização, o estado e o grau de conexão das áreas naturais presentes em um território. Tendo em conta a interpretação das coberturas da terra à escala de 1:25.000, a delimitação de sub-contas dentro do município, a consulta de informações secundárias, a utilização da ferramenta Linkage Mapper e uma posterior verificação com imagens de satélite do ano de 2020, são propostos corredores e núcleos de conectividade estrutural para as áreas naturais presentes no município de Valparaíso (Caquetá) na Colômbia, com o fim de oferecer aos tomadores de decisão insumos para o ordenamento do território em busca de manter a qualidade e a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos. Como resultado, foram obtidos 48 núcleos de conectividade correspondentes a florestas de terra firme e inundáveis e cerca de 7% da área municipal em corredores que estão representados principalmente por florestas de galeria remanescentes na área de estudo.

Abstract: Ecosystem services are the benefits that humanity receives from ecosystems: from the provision of food, water, wood and fiber to water and climate regulation, among many others. In order to maintain this environmental supply, it is necessary to know the location, state and degree of connection of the natural areas present in a territory. Taking into account the interpretation of land cover at a scale of 1:25,000, the delimitation of sub-basins within the municipality, the consultation of secondary information, the use of the Linkage Mapper tool and a subsequent verification with satellite images of the year 2020, a set of linkages and structural connectivity cores are proposed for the natural areas present in the municipality of Valparaíso (Caquetá) in Colombia, in order to provide decision-makers with inputs for land management in order to maintain the quality and supply of ecosystem services. As a result, 48 connectivity cores were obtained corresponding to inland and floodable forests and about 7% of the municipal area in linkages that are mainly represented by remaining gallery forests in the study area.

Abstract Background: Habitat fragmentation and degradation processes affect biodiversity by reducing habitat quantity and quality, with differential effects on the resident species. However, their consequences are not always noticeable as some ecological processes affected involve idiosyncratic responses among different animal groups. The Valdivian temperate rainforests of southern Chile are experiencing a rapid fragmentation and degradation process despite being a biodiversity hotspot. Deforestation is one of the main threats to these forests. There inhabits the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides , an iconic species from the Valdivian rainforest, it is the only extant representative of the ancient Microbiotheria order, and it is currently threatened by habitat loss. Here we tested the effects of habitat configuration on D. gliroides occurrence and abundance along 12 landscapes of southern Chile with different disturbance levels. Methods: We estimated D. gliroides occurrence and abundance using camera traps and related those metrics with landscape configuration indices obtained from FRAGSTATS (i.e., forest %, connectivity, patch number, contiguity, and distance to the nearest patch) using Bayesian linear mixed models. Results: We found that D. gliroides occurrence was not influenced by landscape configuration, while its abundance was positively influenced by forest contiguity. Conclusions: Although this arboreal marsupial is present in disturbed forests, its restricted movement capabilities and high dependency on the forest three-dimensional structure may affect its long-term persistence. We urge to rethink native forest conservation and management policies to improve habitat connectivity with possible positive consequences for native fauna.