Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d’água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d’água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Abstract: In the city of Temuco, Chile, the importance of urban wetlands has been recognized with the legal declaration of two key ecosystems: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán and Humedales de Antumalén. This paper presents an inventory of birds in these wetlands, following the Darwin Core standard, and compares the results with other selected inventories in Chile. Observations were made using point counts and 21-hour transects. A total of 50 species from 26 families and 15 orders were identified, with a predominance of native species. Fourteen species were found in both wetlands, 20 exclusively in Chivilcán and 15 in Antumalén. Comparison with other studies revealed significant differences in bird composition between urban and peri-urban habitats, illustrating that urban habitats maintain a unique diversity distinct from that of peri-urban areas. The diversity of habitats and the ‘least concern’ status of most species highlight the importance of these wetlands as refuges for avian biodiversity. The structure of the Darwin Core database facilitates their integration with other biodiversity systems, highlighting the need for continued conservation and study of these urban ecosystems. Abstract Temuco Chile ecosystems Antumalén standard 21hour hour 21 transects 5 2 1 identified periurban peri areas least concern systems

Resumen: En la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, se ha reconocido la importancia de los humedales urbanos con la declaración de dos ecosistemas clave: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán y Humedales de Antumalén. Este trabajo presenta un inventario de aves en estos humedales, siguiendo la norma Darwin Core, y compara los hallazgos con otros inventarios seleccionados en Chile. Las observaciones se realizaron mediante conteos puntuales y transectos durante 21 horas. Se identificaron un total de 50 especies de 26 familias y 15 órdenes, predominando las especies nativas. Catorce especies se encontraron en ambos humedales, 20 eran exclusivas de Chivilcán y 15 de Antumalén. La comparación con otros estudios reveló diferencias significativas en la composición de aves entre hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, mostrando que los hábitats asociados a ciudades mantienen una diversidad singular que difiere de los hábitats periurbanos. La diversidad de hábitats y el estatus de “preocupación menor” de la mayoría de las especies resaltan la importancia de estos humedales como refugios para la biodiversidad aviar. La estructura de la base de datos Darwin Core facilita su integración con otros sistemas de biodiversidad, subrayando la necesidad de continuar con la conservación y el estudio de estos ecosistemas urbanos. Resumen Temuco Chile clave Antumalén 2 horas 5 1 órdenes nativas periurbanos preocupación menor aviar

Abstract: Individuals of Laridae family play an important role in functional ecology of marine and coastal environments, and have been described as bioindicators of ichthyofauna, however, knowledge about these birds in southwestern Gulf of Mexico is limited. The objective of the present study was to study Laridae family assemblages and migratory patterns along Barra Norte beach coastline, Veracruz State, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. During 2014-2015 winter migratory season, three monthly samplings were conducted along 1 km x 600 m line transects. The assemblages were approached through diversity indices (Pielou's equity, Simpson's dominance and true diversity) and dominant species (characterized by a percentage similarity analysis). Migration was studied with a partial canonical correspondence analysis. A total of 3,314 organisms grouped into 14 species were recorded. Equity was highest in April and dominance in February. The dominant species were Leucophaeus atricilla, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Hydroprogne caspia. Three migratory patterns were found and coincide with the rainy, northerly and dry seasons. Each pattern contains particular species assemblages. The first pattern occurs from August to October 2014 (Sterna hirundo, T. acuflavidus and Chlidonias niger), the second from November 2014 to February 2015 (Larus delawarensis, L. californicus, L. argentatus smithsonianus, L. atricilla, H. caspia and Rissa trydactila) and the last one covers April and May 2015 (Rynchops niger, Sternula antillarum and L. pipixcan). Results establish that larids community assemblage is composed of a multiple migratory pattern.

Resumen: Los representantes de la familia Laridae tienen un rol importante en la ecología funcional de los ambientes marinos y costeros, por lo que han sido descritos como bioindicadores de la ictiofauna, sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre estas aves en el suroeste del golfo de México es limitado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar los ensambles y patrones migratorios de la familia Laridae en la línea costera de la playa Barra Norte, Estado de Veracruz, suroeste del golfo de México. Durante la temporada migratoria invernal 2014-2015 se realizaron tres muestreos mensuales a través de transectos lineales de 1 km x 600 m. Los ensambles se abordaron a través de índices de diversidad (equidad de Pielou, dominancia de Simpson y de diversidad verdadera) y especies dominantes (caracterizadas por un análisis de similitud porcentual). Con un análisis de correspondencia canónico parcial se estudió su migración. Se registraron 3.314 organismos agrupados en 14 especies. La equidad fue más alta en abril y la dominancia en febrero. Las especies dominantes fueron Leucophaeus atricilla, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Hydroprogne caspia. Se encontraron tres patrones migratorios que coinciden con las temporadas de lluvias, nortes y secas. Cada patrón contiene particulares ensambles de especies. El primer patrón ocurre de agosto a octubre 2014 (Sterna hirundo, T. acuflavidus y Chlidonias niger), el segundo de noviembre 2014 a febrero 2015 (Larus delawarensis, L. californicus, L. argentatus smithsonianus, L. atricilla, H. caspia y Rissa tridactyla), y el último abarca abril y mayo 2015 (Rynchops niger, Sternula antillarum y L. pipixcan). Los resultados establecen que el ensamblaje comunitario de los láridos se compone de un patrón migratorio múltiple.

Abstract Introduction: There are no previous studies about the Achiote Interurban Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. Objective: To characterize birds and land use to improve the corridor’s functional connectivity. Methods: We selected ten sampling sites (sugar cane and coffee cultivation areas, urban areas, secondary forest, and riparian forest) and used the point count technique for six months (100 sampling hours and 120 samples). We determined bird richness and abundance associated with each type of cover. Results: We identified 194 bird species. Secondary forest, riparian areas, and coffee plantations had the highest diversity. Trophic guilds and habitat use were not related to cover, and insectivores and frugivores were generally dominant. Conclusion: Birds with generalist habits predominated in open areas and forest patches within the biological corridor.

Resumen Introducción: No existen estudios previos sobre el Corredor Biológico Interurbano El Achiote, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Caracterizar las aves y el uso del suelo para mejorar la conectividad funcional del corredor. Métodos: Seleccionamos diez sitios de muestreo (áreas de cañal y cafetal, áreas urbanas, bosque secundario y bosque ribereño) y utilizamos la técnica de conteo de puntos, durante seis meses (100 horas de muestreo y 120 muestras). Determinamos la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas a cada tipo de cobertura. Resultados: Identificamos 194 especies de aves. El bosque secundario, las áreas ribereñas y el cafetal tuvieron la mayor diversidad. Los gremios tróficos y el uso del hábitat no estuvieron relacionados con la cobertura, y los insectívoros y frugívoros fueron generalmente dominantes. Conclusión: Las aves de hábitos generalistas predominaron en áreas abiertas y parches de bosque dentro del corredor biológico.

Abstract Being a significant global biodiversity hotspot, the Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced by human activities. Among the anthropic activities that most affect the biodiversity of this biome is the construction and operation of roads and highways. Between harmful effects of these infrastructures, wildlife roadkill is currently considered one of the biggest causes of mortality of wild vertebrates. This study evaluated patterns of vertebrates’ roadkill on two roads in the coastal region of the largest continuous remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For twelve months, we carry out weekly samples with a motor vehicle at a constant speed of 40 km/h to search for carcasses along the roads. All carcasses found were georeferenced and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Then, using Siriema v.2.0 software, we analyzed roadkill aggregation and the spatial distribution of hotspots of wildlife roadkill. In 43 sampling days, 209 road-killed animals were registered (average roadkill rate of 0.105 and 0.111 animals/kilometer/day for PR-407 e PR-508, respectively). Extrapolating the rates found, we estimate that about 1,773 animals can be roadkill every year on these roads. The most affected groups were birds (33.01%) and amphibians (30.62%), followed by reptiles (19.13%) and mammals (17.33%). Warmer months had the highest roadkill rates. We found two critical roadkill hotspots for the PR-407 (kilometer 11.7 to 12.5 and kilometer 14.7 to 16.7). For the PR-508, we found a critical point of 5.2 km (kilometer 5 to 10.2). As a short-term measure, we recommend installing speed reducers in the identified stretches and implementing environmental education campaigns with residents and tourists, especially during the summer months, aiming to mitigate the roadkill on both roads. However, due to the importance and environmental fragility of the area, we emphasize the need for running periodic road ecology and local wildlife population viability studies in the medium and long term. hotspot highways infrastructures vertebrates 4 kmh h level Then v20 v 2 0 v.2. software days 20 roadkilled killed average 0105 105 0.10 0111 111 0.11 animalskilometerday day PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508, PR508 508, 508 PR-508 respectively. respectively . respectively) 1773 1 773 1,77 33.01% 3301 33 01 (33.01% 30.62%, 3062 30.62% , 30 62 (30.62%) 19.13% 1913 19 13 (19.13% 17.33%. 1733 17.33% 17 (17.33%) 117 11 7 11. 125 12 12. 147 14 14. 16.7. 167 16.7 16 16.7) 52 5. 10.2. 102 10.2 10 10.2) shortterm short term measure tourists However area v2 v.2 010 0.1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-50 177 77 1,7 33.01 330 3 (33.01 306 30.62 6 (30.62% 19.13 191 (19.13 173 17.33 (17.33% 16. 10. v. 0. PR4 PR- PR5 PR-5 1, 33.0 (33.0 30.6 (30.62 19.1 (19.1 17.3 (17.33 33. (33. 30. (30.6 19. (19. 17. (17.3 (33 (30. (19 (17. (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Resumo Sendo um importante hotspot de biodiversidade global, a Mata Atlântica tem sido drasticamente reduzida pelas atividades humanas. Entre as atividades antrópicas que mais afetam a biodiversidade desse ecossistema está a construção e operação de estradas e rodovias. Considerado um dos efeitos mais nocivos desses empreendimentos, o atropelamento de animais silvestres é atualmente uma das maiores causas de mortalidade de vertebrados silvestres. Neste estudo, avaliamos os padrões de atropelamentos de pequenos vertebrados em duas estradas na região litorânea do maior remanescente contínuo de Mata Atlântica brasileira. Durante doze meses realizamos coletas semanais com um veículo motorizado a uma velocidade constante de 40 km/h para busca de carcaças ao longo das estradas. Todas as carcaças encontradas foram georreferenciadas e identificadas até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Em seguida, usando o software Siriema v.2.0, analisamos a distribuição e os padrões espaciais dos eventos para identificar pontos de atropelamento de animais selvagens. Em um total de 43 dias de amostragem, foram registrados 209 animais atropelados (taxa média de atropelamentos de 0,105 e 0,111 animais/quilômetro/dia para PR-407 e PR-508 respectivamente). Extrapolando os índices encontrados, podemos estimar que cerca de 1.773 animais podem ser atropelados todos os anos nessas estradas. Os grupos mais afetados foram aves (33,01%) e anfíbios (30,62%), seguidos de répteis (19,13%) e mamíferos (17,33%). Os meses mais quentes tiveram as maiores taxas de atropelamentos. Durante o período encontramos dois pontos críticos de atropelamentos para a rodovia PR-407 (quilômetro 11,7 a 12,5 e quilômetro 14,7 a 16,7). Para a rodovia PR-508, encontramos um ponto crítico de 5,2 km (quilômetro 5 a 10,2). Como medida de curto prazo, recomendamos a instalação de redutores de velocidade nos trechos identificados e a implementação de campanhas de educação ambiental com moradores e turistas, principalmente nos meses de verão, visando mitigar o atropelamento em ambas as vias. No entanto, devido à importância e fragilidade ambiental da área, ressaltamos a necessidade de estudos de ecologia viária e de viabilidade populacional da fauna local a médio e longo prazo. global humanas rodovias empreendimentos estudo brasileira 4 kmh h possível seguida v20 v 2 0 v.2.0 selvagens amostragem 20 taxa 0105 105 0,10 0111 111 0,11 animaisquilômetrodia dia PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508 508 PR-50 respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) encontrados 1773 1 773 1.77 33,01% 3301 33 01 (33,01% 30,62%, 3062 30,62% , 30 62 (30,62%) 19,13% 1913 19 13 (19,13% 17,33%. 1733 17,33% 17 (17,33%) 117 11 7 11, 125 12 12, 147 14 14, 16,7. 167 16,7 16 16,7) PR508, 508, 52 5, 10,2. 102 10,2 10 10,2) prazo turistas verão vias entanto área v2 v.2. 010 0,1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-5 177 77 1.7 33,01 330 3 (33,01 306 30,62 6 (30,62% 19,13 191 (19,13 173 17,33 (17,33% 16, 10, v.2 0, PR4 PR- PR5 1. 33,0 (33,0 30,6 (30,62 19,1 (19,1 17,3 (17,33 v. 33, (33, 30, (30,6 19, (19, 17, (17,3 (33 (30, (19 (17, (3 (30 (1 (17 (

ABSTRACT The Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) has a wide distribution through Americas, from Canada and Alaska to Argentina and Uruguay. Beside common, several aspects of its natural history are still poorly known, especially at Neotropical Region. The aim of this study was to obtain data regarding to the home range, nesting and feeding habits of Bubo virginianus in the Brazilian Pampas. This study was conducted from April 2015 to April 2018, in Santa Margarida do Sul, central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. The study area presents patches of Eucaliptus spp. tree, under which the vegetation is composed by grass with some spine bushes. The surrounding area of the main patch of Eucaliptus is used for extensive cattle ranch and rice and soy crops. Data was collected by direct observation, with unless one visit each 15 days during the non-reproductive period, and unless one visit per week during the breeding season. In these observations we checked the use of the nest and the use of diurnal resting perches, where we collected pellets for diet analyses. Considering 95% of locations, the home range of the pair of great horned owl was estimated as 0.35 km² considering MCP method or 0.41 km² considering Kernel estimates. Individuals seem interested in bordering locations of the home range during night and the center of the area for resting during the daylight. The nest was used for a period of three months, in three consecutive breeding seasons. Breeding season is related to the austral winter, with one or two chicks hatching near late winter. The juveniles stayed with the parents for up to 10 months (7 to 10 months) and dispersed from the parents’ home range in the autumn of the next year. Furthermore, diet was based in rodents, especially Holochilus vulpinus (Brants, 1827), and birds, following a common pattern for this species. Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1788 Americas Uruguay known Region Pampas 201 2018 State Brazil spp tree bushes crops observation 1 nonreproductive non reproductive perches analyses 95 035 0 35 0.3 km 041 41 0.4 estimates daylight seasons winter 7 ( year Furthermore rodents Brants, Brants (Brants 1827, 1827 , 1827) birds species 178 20 9 03 3 0. 04 4 182 17 2 18

RESUMO O jacurutu Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) tem ampla distribuição pela América, estendendo-se desde o Alasca e norte do Canadá, até o centro da Argentina e Uruguai. Apesar de relativamente comum, diferentes aspectos da história natural desta espécie ainda permanecem pouco conhecidos, sobretudo na Região Neotropical. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informações referentes à área de vida utilizada por B. virginianus, sua biologia reprodutiva e dieta no Pampa brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado entre abril de 2015 e abril de 2018, no município de Santa Margarida do Sul, região central do Pampa brasileiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A área de estudo conta com capões de Eucaliptus spp., sob os quais a vegetação é predominantemente formada por gramíneas, com manchas de arbustos espinhosos em pontos específicos. Os arredores do capão principal são utilizados para criação extensiva de gado em campo nativo além de cultivos de soja e arroz. A coleta de dados foi baseada no acompanhamento visual dos indivíduos com ao menos uma observação quinzenal durante o período não reprodutivo, e ao menos uma observação semanal durante o período de utilização do ninho. Além do ninho, foram verificados os poleiros de descanso dos indivíduos monitorados e coletadas as egagrópilas regurgitadas, para posterior estudo de seus hábitos alimentares. A área de vida utilizada pelo casal foi estimada em 0,35 km² pelo método do MCP, ou 0,41 km² baseado em estimativas pelo método de Kernel. Os indivíduos parecem demonstrar interesse por locais limítrofes da área de vida durante a noite e preferindo a parte central da mesma para abrigo/descanso durante o dia. O tempo de utilização do ninho foi de três meses em todos os períodos reprodutivos. A estação reprodutiva da espécie está relacionada ao pico do inverno, com um a dois filhotes nascendo próximo ao final da estação. Os filhotes permaneceram na área de vida dos pais por um período de sete até dez de meses, dispersando durante os meses do outono do ano seguinte. Por fim, a dieta foi baseada em roedores, sobretudo Holochilus vulpinus (Brants, 1827) e aves, seguindo um padrão já conhecido para espécie. Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1788 América estendendose estendendo se Canadá Uruguai comum conhecidos Neotropical Assim B brasileiro 201 2018 Sul Brasil spp spp. gramíneas específicos arroz reprodutivo regurgitadas alimentares 035 0 35 0,3 km MCP 041 41 0,4 Kernel abrigodescanso abrigo dia reprodutivos inverno seguinte fim roedores Brants, Brants (Brants 1827 aves 178 20 03 3 0, 04 4 182 17 2 18 1

Abstract Savannas are a pyrophytic biome, a biodiversity hotspot, and have global importance, occupying 20% of the Earth's surface. It is a biome that requires burning to maintain its biodiversity and pyrodiversity. It has suffered from altered fire regimes due to the direct and indirect action of factors such as deforestation, agriculture, cattle ranching, and climate change, resulting in habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. This fact can impact the avifauna, changing population dynamics and distribution in the landscape. Thus, through a literature search, this study evaluated the influences of fire on avifauna populations in savannas. It was found that fire impacts avifauna directly or indirectly and acts positively or negatively, according to the niche of the species evaluated and its intrinsic characteristics. The observed effect will depend on the fire detection ability, locomotion capacity, species, habit, functional guild, demographic parameters, resource availability, post-disturbance successional evolution, dispersal ability, and the geographic scale of the area affected by the fire. The main impacts observed for this clade are indirect effects, and its most negatively impacted populations are the ratites and those with poor locomotion ability. Despite the many gaps in knowledge about the impact of fire on the population parameters of avifauna, studies that focus on community dynamics indicate that, in general, there are few changes in richness and abundance indices. Thus, a greater understanding of the consequences of fire on birds is necessary to support better the actions of the Integrated Fire Management Program and its expansion throughout the Brazilian territory in search of quality, dynamic, and integrated environmental management. hotspot importance 20 Earths Earth s surface pyrodiversity deforestation agriculture ranching change loss degradation fragmentation landscape Thus savannas characteristics ability capacity habit guild availability postdisturbance post disturbance evolution effects general indices quality dynamic management 2

Resumo As savanas são um bioma pirofítico, hotspot de biodiversidade e de relevante importância mundial, ocupando 20% da superfície terrestre. É um bioma que necessita da queima para a manutenção da sua biodiversidade e pirodiversidade, tendo sofrido com a alteração dos regimes de fogo pela ação conjunta direta e indireta de fatores como desmatamento, agropecuária e mudanças climáticas, resultando na perda, degradação e fragmentação de hábitats. Tal fato pode gerar impactos para a avifauna, alterando dinâmicas populacionais e sua distribuição na paisagem. Assim, esse trabalho avaliou quais as influências do fogo em populações de avifauna nas savanas, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Constatou-se que o fogo impacta a avifauna diretamente ou indiretamente, bem como atuam positivamente ou negativamente, conforme o nicho da espécie avaliada e suas características intrínsecas. O efeito observado dependerá da capacidade de detecção de incêndios, capacidade de locomoção, espécie, hábito, guilda funcional, parâmetros demográficos, disponibilidade de recursos, evolução sucessional pós-distúrbio, habilidade de dispersão e a escala geográfica da área atingida pelo incêndio. Os principais impactos observados para esse clado são os efeitos indiretos, sendo que suas populações mais impactadas negativamente são as ratitas e as que tem baixa capacidade de locomoção. Apesar das muitas lacunas de conhecimento acerca dos efeitos do fogo sobre parâmetros populacionais da avifauna, os estudos que enfocam dinâmicas de comunidades indicam que, no geral, há poucas alterações nos índices de riqueza e abundância. Assim, faz-se necessária uma maior compreensão sobre as consequências do fogo sobre as aves, para subsidiar melhor as ações do Programa de Manejo Integrado do Fogo e a sua ampliação no território brasileiro, em busca de uma gestão ambiental de qualidade, dinâmica e integrada. pirofítico mundial 20 terrestre pirodiversidade desmatamento climáticas perda hábitats paisagem Assim bibliográfica Constatouse Constatou se indiretamente intrínsecas incêndios locomoção hábito funcional demográficos recursos pósdistúrbio, pósdistúrbio pós distúrbio, distúrbio pós-distúrbio incêndio indiretos geral abundância fazse faz aves brasileiro qualidade integrada 2

Abstract Knowledge about the selection of nesting sites in birds of prey is essential to carry out any management of a population for its conservation. The golden eagle generally chooses rock walls to nest, and this selection is influenced by the natural and anthropic characteristics of the landscape. In Mexico, studying the golden eagle is important because it has a cultural value as a patriotic symbol and biological role regulating its prey populations. In addition, it is listed under the Official Mexican Norm 059-SEMARNAT-2010 in the category of threatened and there is little published scientific information on its ecology and biology in the country. Therefore, this study determined the habitat variables that influence the selection patterns of golden eagle nesting sites in Janos, Chihuahua; for which nesting sites and sites with similar characteristics without the presence of the golden eagle were located for its characterization. The obtained data was analyzed through generalized linear models, taking the presence and absence of nests as the response variable and the habitat characteristics of the sites as predictor variables. Fifteen nesting sites and sixteen sites without nests were located. Of 15 variables measured, there was only a statistically significant difference in the height of the rock walls (W = 44.5, p = 0.003001). The model with the best fit had an AICc value of 20.6, explaining 68% of the variability of the data and includes the variables of height of the rock walls and the roughness of the terrain, the latter being statistically significant (p = 0.0279). Terrain roughness was present in four of the top five candidate models reflecting the importance of topography for nest site selection that can provide isolation from disturbance for eagles.

Resumen El conocimiento sobre la selección de sitios de anidación en aves rapaces es uno de los factores críticos para realizar cualquier manejo de una población para su conservación. El águila real generalmente elige paredes de roca para anidar, y esta selección está influenciada por las características naturales y antrópicas del paisaje. En México el estudio del águila real es importante debido a que tiene un valor cultural por ser un símbolo patrio y biológico por regular las poblaciones de sus presas, además, se encuentra listada en la Norma Oficial Mexicana 059-SEMARNAT-2010 en la categoría de amenazada y existe escasa información científica publicada sobre su ecología y biología en nuestro país. Por ello, se elaboró un estudio que determinó las variables de hábitat que influyen en los patrones de selección de sitios de anidación del águila real en Janos, Chihuahua. Se buscaron sitios de anidación de águila real y sitios semejantes sin presencia de la especie para tomar los datos de dichas variables; con esta información se analizaron los datos a través de modelos lineales generalizados, tomando como variable de respuesta la presencia y ausencia de nidos y las características del hábitat de los sitios como variables predictoras. Se localizaron 15 sitios de anidación y 16 sitios sin nidos; de 15 variables medidas solo existió diferencia estadística significativa en la altura de las paredes de roca (W = 44.5, p = 0.003001). El modelo con mejor ajuste tuvo un valor de AICc de 20.6, explicando el 68% de la variabilidad de los datos e incluye las variables de altura de las paredes de roca y la rugosidad del terreno, siendo esta última estadísticamente significativa (p =0.0279). La rugosidad del terreno y la altura de la pared de la roca que se presentaron en el mejor modelo reflejando la importancia de la topografía para la selección de sitios de anidación que puede proporcionar aislamiento de perturbaciones para las águilas.

Resumen Evaluamos la eficiencia del fototrampeo para monitorear aves y mamíferos en pastizales del sistema de Tandilia mediante la ocupación naïve, tasa de captura y tiempo hasta la primera detección de cada especie. Comparamos la riqueza observada con aquella reportada en bases de datos en línea. Realizamos curvas de acumulación de especies para estimar el esfuerzo de muestreo necesario para detectar la riqueza de especies. Detectamos 50 especies de aves y 15 de mamíferos. Las principales especies de aves (calandria común, chingolo, hornero, verdón e inambú campestre) representaron 48% de todas las detecciones de este grupo, con una ocupación naïve de 21-25% y tiempos promedios hasta la primera detección de entre 6 y 9 días. Las principales especies de mamíferos (zorro pampeano, peludo, liebre europea, zorrino y gato montés) contituyeron 81% de las detecciones de este grupo, con una ocupación naïve de 32-77% y tiempos promedios hasta la primera detección de entre 4 y 7 días. Un muestreo de 2 semanas fue el balance óptimo entre esfuerzo y calidad de los resultados. Se detectó toda la riqueza reportada de mamíferos y la mitad de las aves asociadas a pastizales. Brindamos información valiosa para futuros monitoreos con fototrampeo en pastizales neotropicales.

Abstract We assessed the efficiency of camera trapping in monitoring bird and mammal species in the grasslands of Tandilia Mountains by calculating the naïve occupancy, capture rate, and time to the first detection for each species. We compared the observed richness with the reported richness from online databases. We performed species accumulation curves to estimate the sampling effort necessary to detect bird and mammal species. We detected 50 bird and 15 mammal species. The top 5 bird species (Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Rufous Hornero, Great Pampa-Finch, and Spotted Nothura) accounted for 48% of all detected individual birds, with naïve occupancy of 21-25% and mean times for the first detection between 6 and 9 days. The top 5 mammal species (Pampas fox, large hairy armadillo, European hare, Molina’s hog-nosed skunk, and Geoffroy’s cat) accounted for 81% of all detected individual mammals, with naïve occupancy of 32-77% and mean times for the first detection between 4 and 7 days. A sampling effort of 2 weeks was the optimal balance between effort and result qualities. We detected all the reported richness of mammals and half of the reported grassland-associated birds. We provide valuable information for future grassland species monitoring with camera trapping in Neotropical grasslands.

RESUMEN El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la dieta del gremio de aves insectívoras mediante el análisis de excretas y colecta de insectos. De agosto 2018 a enero 2019 se aplicó búsqueda-intensiva, corte-sacudida de ramas, redes de niebla, análisis de heces e identificación de insectos. Se determinó riqueza (Jacknife1), similitud (Jaccard) y diversidad (Shannon-Wiener). Se aplicó Kruskal-Wallis, X 2 , análisis de regresión poisson (ARP) y correspondencia canónica (ACC). Jacknife1 presenta una media de 39 familias. Jaccard muestra una similitud del 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener presenta una diversidad de H´ = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis evidencia diferencias en la riqueza (0.0423*) y diversidad (0.0148*). La prueba de X 2 muestra que no se registró la riqueza de familias de insectos teóricamente presentes (P < 0.05). Los ARP muestran que seis ordenes, dos familias, dos tipos de insectos (corte y sacudida); un orden, una familia y un artículo (heces) tienen efecto sobre la abundancia de aves. Los ACC muestran la conformación de siete (corte y sacudida) y seis (heces) grupos que muestran relación entre las aves y los órdenes, familias, tipo de insecto y artículos registrados. Se exhibe simpatría trófica en algunas de las aves registradas, favoreciendo al control biológico de insectos del tipo plaga y parásitos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to determine the diet of the insectivorous birds through the analysis of excreta and insect collection. From August 2018 to January 2019, search-intensive, branch cutting-shaking, mist-netting, scat analysis and insect identification were applied. Richness (Jacknife1), similarity (Jaccard) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener) were determined. Kruskal-Wallis, X2, Poisson regression analysis (PRA) and canonical correspondence (CCA) were applied. Jacknife1 shows a mean of 39 families. Jaccard shows a similarity of 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener shows a diversity of H' = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis shows differences in richness (0.0423*) and diversity (0.0148*). The X2 test shows that the richness of insect families theoretically present was not recorded (P < 0.05). PRAs show that six orders, two families, two insect types (cut and shake); one order, one family and one item (feces) have an effect on bird abundance. The CCAs show the conformation of seven (cutting and shaking) and six (feces) groups that show relationships between birds and the orders, families, insect type and items recorded. Trophic sympatry is exhibited in some of the birds recorded, favoring the biological control of pest and parasitic insects.

Resumen La polución lumínica, catalogada como un tipo de degradación ambiental ha sido poco o nada estudiada en Ecuador, pero por el contrario, a nivel internacional ha contado con un amplio análisis, evidenciando sus efectos sobre la astronomía, energía, economía y seres humanos, pero también y principalmente sobre la naturaleza, encontrando como principal responsable a la luz artificial nocturna (ALAN) en todas sus presentaciones. El presente artículo empieza con una breve revisión de la teoría relacionada a contaminación lumínica. Después se presentan los resultados de las investigaciones científicas realizadas en la última década (2012 – 2022) sobre los efectos de esta problemática en la flora y fauna existente a nivel internacional. Se presenta también una recopilación de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo a nivel nacional. Gracias a esto, se conoció los serios problemas que afronta la flora y fauna existente, debido a la interferencia directa o indirecta de ALAN en los procesos naturales de desarrollo, movimiento, reproducción, depredación y alimentación en diferentes especies de fauna y flora, encontrando, dentro del primer grupo, a los insectos y aves como los más afectados y estudiados. A nivel nacional, apenas 4 son los estudiados que han tratado de abordar esta problemática, mismos que han sido enfocados en insectos y mamíferos dentro de la fauna, pero han sido inexistentes los estudios en la flora. Existe un gran nicho de estudio para la academia, sector público y privado del país, cuyos resultados permitirían proponer la creación de políticas y normas específicas para este tipo de degradación ambiental. Se invita a las áreas antes mencionadas, a impulsar estudios interdisciplinarios que permitan conocer los efectos que ALAN esté provocando en la flora y fauna.

Abstract Light pollution, catalogued as a type of environmental degradation, has been little or no studied in Ecuador, but at international scale it has been amply discussed, evidencing its effects on astronomy, energy, economy and human beings, but also and mainly on nature, finding artificial light at night (ALAN) in all its presentations as the main responsible. This article begins with a brief review of the theory related to light pollution. It then presents the results of scientific research carried out in the last decade (2012 - 2022) on the effects of this problem on the existing flora and fauna at the international scale. A compilation of the research carried out at the national scale is also presented. As a result, the serious problems faced by the existing flora and fauna due to the direct or indirect interference of ALAN in the natural processes of development, motion, reproduction, predation and feeding in different species of fauna and flora are known, finding, within the first group, insects and birds as the most affected and studied. At the national scale, only 4 studies have tried to approach this problem, focusing on insects and mammals within the fauna, but studies on the flora have been nonexistent. There is a great niche of study for the academy, public and private sectors of the country, whose results would allow proposing the creation of specific politics and norms for this type of environmental degradation. The departments mentioned above are invited to promote interdisciplinary studies to learn about the effects that ALAN is having on flora and fauna.

Resumen La cámara trampa permite estimar abundancia, distribución, uso de hábitat y patrones de actividad de la fauna. Pocas veces se empleó en el estudio de las aves y puede ser una buena opción cuando los métodos de observación directa o satelitales muestran limitación. La idea fue probar la efectividad de las cámaras trampa, a pequeña escala, en el estudio del patrón de actividad de aves acuáticas, en comparación con métodos de observación puntual. Se empleó a Anas georgica como objeto de estudio con el fin de determinar sus patrones de actividad en primavera-verano y otoño-invierno. Se instaló una cámara trampa en un humedal temporal, activa 24 horas durante un año. Las actividades se registraron en seis períodos: amanecer, mañana, tarde, crepúsculo, noche y madrugada. El patrón de actividad se analizó con la función de densidad (método Kernel). En primavera-verano se obtuvo 96 registros. El período de la tarde presentó un predominio de registro de actividades mientras que en el crepúsculo no hubo registro de actividad. La estación otoño-invierno obtuvo 70 registros. No se evidenció un predominio de actividades en alguno de los períodos. La actividad más observada fue la natación (primavera-verano y otoño-invierno). Primavera-verano presentó mayor actividad entre 12.00 y 18.00 horas, mientras que la actividad nocturna fue menor. En otoño-invierno, la actividad fue mayor entre 9.00 y 12.00 horas. Este trabajo prueba que una cámara trampa funciona igual que un observador puntual con la ventaja de un funcionamiento de 24 horas.

Abstract Camera traps allow us to estimate abundance, distribution, habitat use and activity patterns of fauna. It has rarely been used in the study of birds and can be a good option when direct or satellite observation methods are limited. The idea was to test the effectiveness of camera traps, on a small scale, in the study of waterfowl activity patterns, compared to point observation methods. Anas georgica was used as the object of study with the objective of determining their activity patterns in spring-summer and autumn-winter. A camera trap was installed in a temporary wetland active 24 hours a day for one year. Activities were recorded in six time periods: sunrise, morning, afternoon, twilight, night and early morning. The activity pattern was analyzed with the density function (kernel method). In spring-summer, 96 records were obtained. The afternoon period presented a predominance of activity records while in the twilight there were no activity records. The autumn-winter season had 70 records. There was no evidence of a predominance of activities in any of the periods. The most recorded activity was swimming (spring-summer and autumn-winter). Spring-summer presented greater activity between 12:00 and 18:00 hours, while nocturnal activity was lower. In autumn-winter, activity was highest between 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 noon. This work proves that a camera trap works the same as a point observer with the advantage of 24-hour operation.

RESUMEN Las aves limícolas se destacan por sus largas migraciones y su dependencia de una amplia variedad de humedales anualmente. Su distribución en los hábitats de forrajeo está relacionada con la disponibilidad de presas. En este trabajo se caracterizó la dieta de tres especies del género Calidris, C. minutilla, C. pusilla y C. mauri en los humedales de Río Máximo (RM) y Tunas de Zaza (TZ) y se estudió su relación con la disponibilidad de presas. La dieta se caracterizó mediante análisis del contenido estomacal de individuos recolectados luego del horario pico de alimentación. La disponibilidad de presas se evaluó tomando 20 muestras de sedimento con una jeringuilla de 50 CC que fue enterrada a una profundidad de 10 mm. Posteriormente, las muestras fueron filtradas con un tamiz de 500 micras para facilitar la identificación. En RM el análisis de la dieta confirmó un elevado uso de larvas y pupas de dípteros por las tres especies. En TZ los dípteros fueron dominantes en la dieta de C. minutilla, pero las otras especies hicieron un uso más balanceado del alimento. La similitud entre los recursos disponibles en el sedimento y los encontrados en la dieta fue menor en TZ que en RM. Los tanaidáceos (Malacos-traca) fueron el grupo más abundante en el sedimento de TZ, sin embargo, no se identificó en ningún estómago. De modo general, en RM las presas fueron consumidas de acuerdo con su disponibilidad, mientras que en TZ hubo mayor selectividad en el uso del alimento.

ABSTRACT Shorebirds are noted for their long migrations and their dependence on a wide variety of wetlands annually. Their distribution in foraging habitats is related to the availability of prey. In this work, we characterized the diet of three species of the genus Calidris, C. minutilla, C. pusilla, and C. mauri in the wetlands of Río Máximo (RM) and Tunas of Zaza (TZ) and studied their relationship with prey availability. The diet was characterized by an analysis of stomach contents of individuals collected after peak feeding times. Prey availability was evaluated by taking 20 sediment samples with a 50 CC syringe that was buried at a depth of 10 mm. Subsequently, samples were filtered with a 500-micron sieve to facilitate identification. Diet analysis confirmed a high use of Diptera larvae and pupae by all three species in RM. In TZ, Diptera was dominant in the diet of C. minutilla, but the other species made a more balanced use of other items. The similarity between the resources available in the sediment and those found in the diet was less in TZ than in RM. Tanaidaceae (Malacostraca) were the most abundant item in the TZ sediment; however, it was not identified in any stomach. In general, in RM the prey was consumed according to their availability, while in TZ there was more selectivity in the use of the food.

Resumen El manejo de la fauna silvestre como ciencia aplicada es nuevo en América Latina. Aunque hubo algunos casos pioneros previos, como en el caso de las aves guaneras en el Perú, la mayor parte de los programas y proyectos fueron iniciados apenas en las décadas de 1960 y especialmente de 1970, cuando también se inició la formación académica especializada. Actualmente hay muchas operaciones de manejo de fauna en todos los países de la región. Pero, en su inmensa mayoría tienen fines de conservación, es decir se hacen para recuperar las poblaciones de especies raras o amenazadas y/o para estimular el turismo. No son realizados para estimular el desarrollo económico y social a través de la producción de carne y otros productos que pueden comercializarse, aunque en algunos casos eso pueda ocurrir. Una de las pocas excepciones es el ya bastante generalizado manejo de las tortugas de río amazónicas que sirve para mejorar la alimentación de las poblaciones ribereñas. Otra es la caza deportiva que aún es tolerada en unos pocos países, como en Argentina. El principal obstáculo para la aplicación del manejo de fauna convencional es la información ambiental distorsionada que la sociedad recibe y su consecuente fuerte oposición a la caza, a la que considera inhumana y peligrosa para las especies. De otra parte, influenciadas por la actitud de la sociedad, las políticas y leyes referidas a la fauna silvestre son deficientes e ineficientes, siendo generalizada la caza ilegal y el tráfico de fauna. El futuro para el manejo de la fauna con fines económicos directos en la región no se muestra favorable. Sus mayores posibilidades se dan principalmente en las porciones de ecosistemas naturales poco habitados, especialmente bosques tropicales, para beneficio de las poblaciones indígena y rurales, donde hoy se practica la caza para sustento en forma desordenada.

Abstract Wildlife management as an applied science is new in Latin America. Although there were some previous pioneering cases, as in the case of guano birds in Peru, most programs and projects were initiated only in the 1960s and especially in the 1970s, when specialized academic training also began. Currently, there are wildlife management operations in all countries of the region. However, the vast majority of them have conservation purposes, i.e. they are carried out to recover populations of rare or endangered species and/or to stimulate tourism. They are not done to stimulate economic and social development through the production of meat and other products that can be marketed, although in some cases this may occur. One of the few exceptions is the already widespread management of Amazonian River turtles, which serves to improve the food supply of riverine populations. Another is sport hunting, which is still tolerated in a few countries, such as Argentina. The main obstacle to the application of conventional wildlife management is the distorted environmental information that society receives and its consequent strong opposition to hunting, which it considers inhumane and dangerous for the species. On the other hand, influenced by the society´s attitude, wildlife policies and laws are deficient and inefficient, and illegal hunting and wildlife trafficking are widespread. The future of wildlife management for direct economic purposes in the region does not look favorable. Its greatest possibilities are found mainly in portions of natural ecosystems that are not very inhabited, especially tropical forests, for the benefit of indigenous and rural populations, where hunting for sustenance is currently practiced in an unregulated manner.