Resumen: El presente artículo busca correlacionar los resultados de tres estudios realizados entre 2019 y 2022, sobre la situación de las mujeres en el contexto de la industria palmera, la calidad del agua y la dinámica de expansión del cultivo de la palma africana, con los del período 2010-2020 en siete municipios de las Tierras Bajas del Norte de Guatemala (Ixcán, Sayaxché, Chisec, Raxruhá, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Panzós y El Estor). Los resultados de estos análisis permiten extraer algunas conclusiones que corroboran las denuncias de las comunidades locales respecto a los impactos socioambientales de este monocultivo. El artículo concluye en la necesidad de que el Estado guatemalteco ejerza su rol de garante de los derechos humanos y ambientales, a la vez que la comunidad internacional avance en el proceso de aprobación de una normativa que asegure que las empresas transnacionales observan la “debida diligencia” a lo largo de las cadenas de suministros.

Abstract: This article correlates the results of three studies carried out between 2019 and 2022, on the situation of women in the context of the palm oil industry, water quality, and the dynamics of expansion of oil palm cultivation, with the period 2010-2020, in seven municipalities of the Northern Lowlands of Guatemala (Ixcán, Sayaxché, Chisec, Raxruhá, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Panzós and El Estor). The results of these analyses allow the authors to draw some conclusions that corroborate the complaints of local communities regarding the socio-environmental impacts of this monocrop. The article concludes with the need for the Guatemalan State to exercise its role as guarantor of human and environmental rights. At the same time, the international community must advance in approving regulations that ensure that transnational corporations observe “due diligence” throughout supply chains.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de discurso aplicado a dos sistemas internacionales de derechos humanos (DD. HH.), en el ámbito de la violencia contra las mujeres (VCM). Se analizaron cualitativamente convenciones, jurisprudencia y materiales comunicacionales de organismos europeos e interamericanos. Los resultados sugieren una "juridificación" de las respuestas a la VCM y una reiterada movilización del aparato penal estatal requerida por los organismos internacionales. Este modelo le atribuye múltiples funciones a la respuesta penal, caracterizando su activación como debida diligencia. Tal paradigma soslaya la violencia ejercida por el propio aparato penal, tiende a marginar las experiencias de las víctimas/sobrevivientes, y precluye la posibilidad de adoptar enfoques alternativos, basados, por ejemplo, en el marco de los derechos económicos y sociales a fin de responder a las necesidades materiales de las mujeres. Dichos enfoques deben profundizarse en una futura agenda de investigación.

ABSTRACT This article presents a critical discourse analysis applied to two international human rights (HR) systems in the area of violence against women (VAW). Conventions, case law and communication materials from European and Inter-American bodies were qualitatively analysed. The results suggest a "juridification" of the responses to VAW and a repeated mobilisation of the state penal apparatus required by international bodies. This model attributes multiple functions to the criminal response, characterising its activation as due diligence. Such a paradigm overlooks the violence perpetrated by the penal apparatus itself, tends to marginalise the experiences of victims/survivors, and precludes the possibility of adopting alternative approaches, based, for example, on the framework of economic and social rights in order to respond to women's material needs. Such approaches need to be further explored in a future research agenda.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma análise crítica do discurso aplicado a dois sistemas internacionais de direitos humanos (DH) no campo da violência contra as mulheres (VCM). Convenções, jurisprudência e materiais de comunicação de organizações europeias e interamericanas foram analisados qualitativamente. Os resultados sugerem uma "juridificação" das respostas à VCM e uma repetida mobilização do aparato penal estatal exigida pelas organizações internacionais. Este modelo atribui múltiplas funções à resposta penal, caracterizando a sua ativação como devida diligência. Tal paradigma ignora a violência exercida pelo próprio sistema penal, tende a marginalizar as experiências das vítimas/sobreviventes e exclui a possibilidade de adotar abordagens alternativas, baseadas, por exemplo, nos direitos económicos e sociais, para responder às necessidades materiais das mulheres. Estas abordagens deverão ser aprofundadas numa futura agenda de pesquisa.

Resumo Objetivo: O crescente interesse das mulheres pelos eSports é um fenômeno emblemático. Contudo, elas vêm enfrentando práticas sexistas discriminatórias baseadas em um discurso associado ao estabelecimento da inferioridade de gênero. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é investigar como as performatividades de gênero são produzidas no consumo de eSports por mulheres gamers. Originalidade/valor: O presente estudo explora lacunas na literatura da abordagem cultural da pesquisa do consumidor, com base em proposições teóricas e epistemológicas, devido à falta de discussões que recorram aos conceitos butlerianos de performatividade para ajudar a compreender melhor as condutas produzidas nas discussões sobre o consumo feminino de eSports. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo interpretativa (ACI) em 44 entrevistas de modo a compreender a percepção das mulheres gamers sobre sua experiência nos jogos e no próprio cenário cultural – as redes sociais de consumidores de eSports é formada por praticantes e entusiastas de games. Resultados: O esforço analítico permitiu identificar duas dimensões distintas, a saber: “Lute como uma garota!” e “Garotas só querem se divertir!”. Foi possível perceber que mesmo as performatividades de gênero com interesses distintos funcionam como reprodutoras e propagadoras de discursos de gênero em ambas as dimensões quando ocorrem sem a devida diligência. Em última análise, trata-se de um complexo dispositivo de mercado capaz de conduzir o cenário dos eSports a um sistema patriarcal entre seus consumidores. Objetivo emblemático Contudo Assim Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor consumidor epistemológicas Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia ACI (ACI 4 games Resultados distintas saber Lute garota garota! Garotas divertir. divertir . divertir!” diligência tratase trata divertir!

ABSTRACT Purpose: Women’s increasing interest in eSports is an emblematic phenomenon. However, they have been facing discriminatory sexist practices based on a discourse focused on establishing gender inferiority. Thus, the present research aims to investigate how gender performativities are produced in eSports consumption by women gamers. Originality/value: Due to a lack of discussions about female eSports consumption, the current study explores gaps in consumer culture research literature based on theoretical and epistemological concerns. Butlerian concepts of performativity are used to help better understand the conduct produced in discussions about female eSports consumption. Design/methodology/approach: An interpretive content analysis (ICA) of 44 interviews was carried out to help better understand women gamers’ perception of their experience in games, and in the cultural scenario itself, the eSports consumers’ social network is formed by both practitioners and game enthusiasts. Findings: The current analytical effort identified two dimensions: “Fight like a girl!” and “Girls just want to have fun!”. It was possible to perceive that even gender performativities with different interests work as gender discourse reproducers and spreaders in both dimensions when they take place without due diligence. Ultimately, this is a complex market dispositif capable of leading the eSports scenario to a patriarchal system among its consumers. Purpose Womens Women s phenomenon However inferiority Thus gamers Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value concerns Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach ICA (ICA 4 games itself consumers enthusiasts Findings Fight girl girl! Girls fun. fun . fun!” diligence Ultimately fun!

Money laundering and related financial crimes, such as fraud and terrorism financing, pose a significant threat to the integrity and stability of South African financial markets. This article explores the application and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect and prevent money laundering in South African banking institutions. The implementation of big data technologies, data processing analytics and AI could enhance the detection and prevention of money laundering activities in South Africa's banking sector. AI should be carefully utilised to improve the detection of suspicious activities and the accuracy of financial intelligence, and to combat evolving money laundering techniques. The article also examines the benefits and challenges of implementing AI as an anti-money laundering (AML) measure in the South African banking sector. These include the need for quality data, integration with existing regulatory systems, regulatory compliance and ethical considerations. The article highlights the potential use of AI in transaction monitoring, customer due diligence, outcomes-based risk assessment and the improved detection of suspicious transactions. This could be done by utilising AI to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of AML measures. The importance of effective coordination between banking institutions, regulatory authorities and law enforcement bodies is also highlighted as a key component of leveraging AI to combat money laundering and related financial crimes in South Africa's banking sector.

RESUMEN A partir de la tendencia jurídica global del reconocimiento de la naturaleza como una entidad titular de derechos, este artículo propone, en primer lugar, abordar la debida diligencia empresarial en derechos humanos con un enfoque holístico, de modo que el núcleo de la responsabilidad de las empresas de respetar los derechos humanos incluya, además de la emergente debida diligencia climática, los derechos de la naturaleza. Este enfoque holístico se fundamenta en la adopción por parte de distintos ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales de los derechos de la naturaleza, y en la relación de integralidad reconocida entre los derechos humanos y la naturaleza. En segundo lugar, el artículo propone aplicar esta debida diligencia empresarial a la transición energética, teniendo en cuenta el papel que juegan las empresas en el proceso de transformación del sector energético como estrategia clave para enfrentar el cambio climático. En este sentido, la transición energética implementada bajo los estándares de la debida diligencia en derechos humanos, propuesta en este texto, respondería a la máxima: la transición energética no se trata solo de sustituir fuentes de energía fósil por fuentes renovables, sino que debe estar alineada con el desarrollo sostenible, la protección de la naturaleza y el respeto por los derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT Based on the global legal trend of recognizing Nature as an entity holding rights, this article proposes, first, to address business due diligence in human rights with a holistic approach, so that the core of the responsibility of companies to respect human rights include, in addition to the emerging climate due diligence, the rights of Nature. This holistic approach is based on the adoption by different national legal systems of the rights of Nature, and on the recognized integral relationship between human rights and Nature. Second, the article proposes to apply this business due diligence to the energy transition, taking into account the role that companies play in the transformation process of the energy sector as a key strategy to face climate change. In this sense, the energy transition implemented under the standards of due diligence in human rights, proposed in this article, would respond to the maxim: the energy transition is not only about replacing fossil energy sources with renewable sources, but must be aligned with sustainable development, nature protection and respect for human rights.

Resumen En la última década, ha surgido con mucha fuerza el concepto de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial que motivó una serie de iniciativas voluntarias, como los Principios Rectores sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos, la Declaración tripartita de principios de la OIT sobre empresas multinacionales y la política social y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para empresas multinacionales. Estos instrumentos internacionales, todos de soft law, tienen el propósito de introducir pautas ordenadoras del comportamiento socialmente responsable de las empresas y su confluencia en torno a dos conceptos que, si bien han sido utilizados en el ámbito societario, no se habían mencionado en materia de derechos humanos. Esto es, la noción de debida diligencia y la de esfera de influencia. No obstante, es necesario contar con un instrumento vinculante, y en ese sentido se ha venido trabajando desde Naciones Unidas hasta llegar a la Resolución 26/09 titulada “Elaboración de un instrumento internacional jurídicamente vinculante sobre las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas con respecto a los derechos humanos”

Abstract In the last decade, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged with great force, motivating a series of voluntary initiatives, such as the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles on Multinational Companies and the policy and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. These international instruments, all soft law, have the purpose of introducing ordering guidelines for the socially responsible behavior of companies and their confluence around two concepts that, although they have been used in the corporate field, had not been mentioned in matters of human rights. That is, the notion of due diligence and that of sphere of influence. However, it is necessary to have a binding instrument, and in this sense the United Nations has been working until reaching Resolution 26/09 entitled "Development of a legally binding international instrument on transnational corporations and other companies with respect to human rights".

Resumo Na última década, o conceito de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial surgiu com grande força, motivando uma série de iniciativas voluntárias, como os Princípios Orientadores sobre Empresas e Direitos Humanos, a Declaração Tripartite de Princípios sobre Empresas Multinacionais da OIT e a política e a OCDE Diretrizes para Empresas Multinacionais. Estos instrumentos internacionales, todos de soft law, tienen el propósito de introducir pautas ordenadoras del comportamiento socialmente responsable de las empresas y su confluencia en torno a dos conceptos que, si bien han sido utilizados en el ámbito societario, no se habían mencionado en materia de direitos humanos. Ou seja, a noção de due diligence e a de esfera de influência. No obstante, es necesario contar con un instrumento vinculante, y en ese sentido se ha venido trabajando desde Naciones Unidas hasta llegar a la Resolución 26/09 titulada “Elaboración de un instrumento internacional jurídicamente vinculante sobre las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas con respecto a los direitos humanos"

Le présent commentaire examine la décision de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples dans l'affaire Céline c. RDC. La victime, une fille mineure âgée de 17 ans pour laquelle l'anonymat a été requis, et qui a été désignée par le prénom Céline, avait été victime d'agression et de viol collectif. Premièrement, la décision de la Commission africaine dans cette affaire révèle que la non-effectivité des procédures judiciaires à l'encontre des présumés auteurs des violations aggrave le problème de la violence à l'égard des femmes, stigmatise les victimes et constitue de ce fait une discrimination fondée sur le genre. Ce commentaire montre que dans sa motivation, la Commission africaine se focalise sur la diligence raisonnable matérielle et n'aborde la diligence raisonnable préventive qu'à titre de recommandation. Pourtant, le devoir de diligence qui incombe aux Etats dans une matière aussi sensible que les violences sexuelles devrait commencer par la prévention desdites violences. Le commentaire soutient que l'évaluation qui porte sur la diligence matérielle doit être complémentaire à celle qui porte sur la diligence préventive. Deuxièmement, indépendamment de la non-démonstration de la preuve de l'existence d'un traitement de faveur que leurs homologues masculins ou même d'autres victimes des violences sexuelles auraient ou n'ont pu recevoir de l'État congolais, la Commission africaine a conclu à une discrimination fondée sur le genre. Cette décision est solidement fondée sur les normes internationales des droits de l'homme qui ont été élaborées en ce qui concerne l'égalité. L'examen traditionnel des griefs tirés de la violation du droit à la non-discrimination, et a fortiori lorsque cette discrimination est fondée sur le sexe, n'exige pas une perfection dans l'identité. La recherche d'une équivalence entre les hommes et les femmes ignore les différences structurelles qui sont à l'origine de l'inégalité.

This commentary examines the decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in the case of Céline v DRC. The victim, a 17 year-old minor for whom anonymity was requested and who was referred to as Céline, had been the victim of assault and gang rape. Firstly, the African Commission's decision in this case reveals that the non-effectiveness of the judicial proceedings against the alleged perpetrators of the violations exacerbates the problem of violence against women, stigmatises the victims and thus constitutes gender-based discrimination. This comment shows that in its reasoning, the African Commission focuses on material due diligence and only addresses preventive due diligence as a recommendation. Yet the duty of due diligence incumbent on States in a matter as sensitive as sexual violence should begin with the prevention of such violence. The commentary argues that the assessment of substantive due diligence should complement that of preventive due diligence. Secondly, irrespective of the failure to prove the existence of any preferential treatment that their male counterparts or even other victims of sexual violence may or may not have received from the Congolese State, the African Commission found discrimination on the basis of gender. This decision is firmly based on the international human rights standards that have been developed with regard to equality. The traditional examination of grievances based on the violation of the right to non-discrimination, and a fortiori when this discrimination is based on gender, does not require perfection in identity. The search for equivalence between men and women ignores the structural differences that give rise to inequality.

Resumen La salvaguarda del sistema financiero UE frente a la delincuencia organizada ha llevado al legislador a crear un cuerpo normativo que aboga por la prevención a través de un conjunto de medidas que deben aplicar las entidades financieras y los profesionales vinculados con este sector para evitar el uso ilícito de las vías financieras. La frontera entre la finalidad preventiva de estas medidas de control y las consecuencias penales que se derivan de la efectiva comisión del delito resulta, en ocasiones, extraordinariamente difusa. Esta circunstancia que permite hablar, en cierto modo, de un adelantamiento de la barrera penal. En este trabajo vamos a analizar los diferentes aspectos del régimen de control de riesgos existentes en el espacio judicial europeo, atendiendo a los instrumentos jurídicos en vigor. Asimismo, pondremos de manifiesto los principales escollos que impiden una protección global de las vías financieras; entre ellos -pero no los únicos - el déficit constatado en el ámbito del intercambio de información entre las autoridades implicadas, las dificultades para acceder a los datos de las operaciones financieras y la inexistente regulación en el sector de las criptomonedas, convertido en un refugio seguro para la captación de fondos por parte de la delincuencia organizada y el terrorismo. Por último, no olvidamos la necesaria referencia al futuro diseño de la estructura antiblanqueo que está construyendo la Unión, centrado en dos focos principales: el primero, localizado a nivel nacional, siendo este la función preventiva ejercida por las entidades financieras mediante el bloqueo y el control de las operaciones sospechosas; el segundo, centralizado, que prevé la creación de la futura autoridad central antiblanqueo común.

Abstract The protection of the European Union's financial system against organised crime has led the legislator to create a body of legislation that advocates prevention through a set of measures to be applied by financial institutions and professionals linked to this sector in order to avoid the illicit use of financial channels. The boundary between the preventive purpose of these control measures and the criminal consequences arising from the actual commission of the offence is sometimes extraordinarily blurred. This circumstance makes it possible to speak, to a certain extent, of an advance of the criminal barrier. In this paper, we will analyse the different aspects of the risk control regime in the European judicial area, taking into account the legal instruments in force. We will also highlight the main obstacles to the global protection of financial channels, including - but not limited to - the shortcomings in the exchange of information between the authorities involved, the difficulties in accessing data on financial transactions and the lack of regulation in the cryptocurrency sector, which has become a safe haven for fundraising by organised crime and terrorism. Finally, we should not forget the necessary reference to the future design of the anti-money laundering structure that the Union is building, centred on two main focuses: the first, localised at national level, being the preventive function exercised by financial institutions by blocking and monitoring suspicious transactions; the second, centralised, which provides for the future creation of a common central anti-money laundering authority.

ABSTRACT: In international law, the obligation to carry out a transboundary environmental impact assessment (TEIA) is considered a general customary obligation, which constitutes a legal and material consequence of the no harm rule to other States, which is an expression of the principle of due diligence. This obligation is binding on all States, including Chile. However, in our country there is no substantive regulation on this issue and the only progress is an instruction by the environmental authority. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the way in which the TEIA has been treated in our country in accordance with decisions of international tribunals and legal doctrine, concluding that it does not fulfill the international obligation, nor does it allow an adequate domestic regulation of TEIA.

RESUMEN: En el derecho internacional, la obligación de realizar una evaluación de impacto ambiental transfronteriza (EIAT) es considerada una obligación general consuetudinaria, que constituye una consecuencia jurídica y material de la regla de no causar daños a otros Estados, la que, a su vez, es una expresión del principio de debida diligencia. Esta obligación resulta vinculante para todos los Estados, incluido Chile. Sin embargo, en nuestro país no existe una regulación sustantiva acerca de este tema y el único avance es la dictación de un Instructivo por parte de la autoridad ambiental. Por lo anterior, este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la forma en que se ha tratado la EIAT en nuestro país de acuerdo con la jurisprudencia y doctrina internacional sosteniendo que ha sido insuficiente, tanto para dar cumplimiento a la obligación internacional existente, como para permitir una regulación interna adecuada de la EIAT.

RESUMO Uma das características próprias do direito internacional de investimentos é a forma como, com base em sua linguagem, estrutura e funcionamento, foi elaborado para oferecer maiores ferramentas aos investidores estrangeiros. Assim que, na realidade, as relações que dele decorrem são assimétricas, beneficiando em grande parte os indivíduos e deixando os Estados com poucas ferramentas; em particular, no âmbito das arbitragens internacionais de investimento. Contudo, um conceito que tem sido utilizado em algumas ocasiões e que tem servido como instrumento de defesa dos Estados é o da devida diligência dos investidores. No entanto, trata-se de uma noção diferente e em grande parte indeterminada. Este artigo propõe, com base em um estudo teórico, doutrinal e 'jurisprudencial', definir o conceito da devida diligência -de investidores- através de duas dimensões das quais derivam obrigações claras e exequíveis para os investidores com relação a si próprios, os Estados destinatários e os indivíduos afetados por seus investimentos.

RESUMEN Una de las características propias del derecho internacional de las inversiones es la forma en la que, a partir de su lenguaje, su estructura y su funcionamiento, está pensado para ofrecer mayores herramientas para los inversionistas extranjeros. De allí que en realidad las relaciones que de él se derivan sean asimétricas, beneficiando en buena medida a los particulares y dejando con pocas herramientas a los Estados; en particular en el marco de los arbitrajes internacionales de inversión. Ahora bien, un concepto que ha sido utilizado en algunas oportunidades y que ha servido como herramienta para la defensa de los Estados es el de la debida diligencia de los inversionistas. No obstante, se trata de una noción disímil y en buena medida indeterminada. Este artículo propone, a partir de un estudio teórico, doctrinario y 'jurisprudencial', definir el concepto de la debida diligencia -de los inversionistas- a través de dos dimensiones de las que se derivan obligaciones claras y exigibles para los inversionistas respecto de sí mismos, los Estados receptores y los individuos a los que afectan con sus inversiones.

ABSTRACT One of the main traits of international investment law is its design to offer greater tools for foreign investors based on its language, structure, and operation. Hence, the relations derived from it are asymmetrical, benefiting investors to a large extent and leaving States with few tools, particularly in the framework of international investment arbitration. However, a concept that has been occasionally used and has served as a tool for the defense of States is the investor's due diligence. Nonetheless, it is a dissimilar and largely indeterminate notion. This article proposes to define the investor's due diligence as a bidimensional concept from which clear and enforceable obligations are derived for investors with respect to themselves, host States, and the individuals affected by their investments based on a theoretical, doctrinal, and jurisprudential study.

ABSTRACT: Journalistic freedom of expression is essential for the dissemination of information as the media forms a platform for public debate necessary for a democratic society. Journalism at its best, acting in due diligence and ensuring the accuracy of gathered information in accordance with the principles and ethics of journalism, is a critical component for democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Journalistic freedom helps curb corruption by granting society access to information thereby illuminating and exposing those engaged in corrupt activities. When broadcasts of grave human rights violations occur, it educates people about their rights and creates an instrument for the amplification of their voices. In addition, journalism uses documentary evidence as a means of communication and thus is also part of an advocacy drive of the media toward empowering people whose stories and messages might otherwise not be heard.

RESUMEN: La libertad de expresión periodística es esencial para la difusión de información, ya que los medios de comunicación forman una plataforma para el debate público, necesario para una sociedad democrática. El periodismo en su máxima expresión, actuando con la debida diligencia y asegurando la exactitud de la información recopilada de acuerdo con los principios y la ética de este, es un componente fundamental para la democracia, los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho. La libertad periodística ayuda a frenar la corrupción al otorgar a la sociedad acceso a la información, iluminando y exponiendo a quienes participan en actividades corruptas. Cuando se producen transmisiones de graves violaciones de derechos humanos, se educa a las personas sobre sus derechos y se crea un instrumento para la amplificación de sus voces. Además, el periodismo en muchos casos utiliza evidencia documental como medio de comunicación y, por lo tanto, también es parte de un impulso de defensa de los medios de difusión para empoderar a las personas a contar sus historias y mensajes, que de otro modo no se escucharían.

The appraisal right in terms of section 164 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has been applicable to fundamental transactions undertaken by companies for a number of years. The first two aims of this article are first to provide an overview of the appraisal right, and second to revisit certain concerns that were raised about the determination of fair value by the courts where a shareholder makes an application to court for a determination of fair value. It is suggested that this should not present a major problem in practice, considering that existing practice in takeover laws requires the valuation of shares by an independent expert when a company undertakes an affected transaction. In the main, the requirements for fundamental transactions overlap with those for affected transactions. The requirements for affected transactions adequately deal with the determination of fair value. The third aim is to provide an overview of how companies attempt to limit the effect of the appraisal right on fundamental transactions using various terms and conditions precedents, and the fourth is to discuss developments in case law on the appraisal right remedy. It is concluded that the decisions of the courts on its application will assist companies in structuring fundamental transactions and shareholders in exercising the appraisal right. Finally, the article suggests reasons for including certain subsections in the appraisal right remedy, for instance, the power of the courts to award costs in certain respects and a requirement that extends the time periods within which a shareholder may make a demand where the company fails to comply with specific requirements. It is suggested that this enhances the ability of shareholders to exercise the appraisal right. The article also provides concluding remarks advising companies and shareholders. In the case of companies, it concludes, for instance, that due diligence in identifying the risk that certain shareholders may raise appraisal rights is required before initiating a transaction that may be subject to appraisal rights. Failure to do so may be costly to the company. And, in the case of shareholders, failure to adhere to the required procedures may result in loss of their appraisal right remedy, or loss of the right to approach the courts for an appropriate relief under the appraisal right remedy.

Abstract: The selected judgement refers to the so-called “duty of professionalism” as an element to take into account in determining providers’ liability. The comment intends to delineate the duty’s objective parameters and its consequences with regard to the standard of diligence due by providers.

Resumen: La sentencia seleccionada refiere al denominado “deber de profesionalidad” como elemento a considerar para determinar la responsabilidad del proveedor. El presente comentario intenta delinear los parámetros objetivos del deber de profesionalidad y sus consecuencias en lo relativo al estándar de diligencia exigible al proveedor.

Abstract: The article analyzes the diligence of the Penitentiary Administration from an egalitarian approach. I adopted this perspective because penitentiary performances are applied to people who have a disadvantaged situation in prison, fostering an unjustified inequality relationship. This promotes that in cases of State liability for lack of service, the courts must evaluate the Penitentiary Administration’s performance based on a differentiated standards of diligence standard. The standard in this area is composed of duties are not just oriented to oversee the correct execution of custodial sentences, but they also aim to protect rights that are not lost due to imprisonment. Therefore, the article concludes that the penitentiary performances must contemplate custody obligations as well as to consider the obligations aimed to safeguard minimum living conditions in prisons.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la diligencia de la Administración Penitenciaria desde una perspectiva igualitaria. Se adopta esta aproximación puesto que las actuaciones penitenciarias se ejercen sobre personas que se encuentran en un estado de desventaja dentro de las cárceles, configurándose una relación de desigualdad injustificada. Esto promueve que, en los casos de responsabilidad del Estado por falta de servicio, los tribunales de justicia deban evaluar las actuaciones de la Administración Penitenciaria mediante un estándar de diligencia diferenciado. El estándar en esta materia está compuesto por obligaciones orientadas a vigilar la correcta ejecución de la pena y proteger los derechos que no son privados producto del encarcelamiento. Por lo tanto, el trabajo concluye que las actuaciones penitenciarias no tan solo contemplan obligaciones de custodia sobre los reclusos, sino que también obligaciones tendientes a resguardar las condiciones de vida digna dentro de la cárcel.

This review was initially motivated by the author's own experience in attempting to reconcile run-of-mine production tons with the Coal Resource and Reserve estimation of mineable, in-situ tonnages. The primary scientific measurements and observations that are collected during exploration at the beginning of the value chain will have a profound effect on the future of the mining operation. Due diligence must be exercised during the planning of a new mine and during the life of an existing mine. The comments provided by the technical and economic assessment group of Venmyn Deloitte confirmed the need for this critical review. They found the reporting of Coal Resources in South Africa to be inconsistent. This was particularly problematic in the Waterberg Coalfield in Limpopo Province. In this coalfield there are two types of coal deposit present. The first is comprised of the thick intercalated, cyclic coal and shale/mudstone sequences of the Volksrust Formation. This overlies multiple coal seams within the Vryheid Formation, each of which is thick enough to be extracted as an individual raw coal unit. On the other hand, the interbedded coal and shale seams of the Volksrust Formation require beneficiation to separate the coal from the shale. The review examines practices and methods, investigates alternatives, provides checks and balances, and tests these against actual production reconciliations. In conclusion, the best estimates of the mineable, in-situ tonnage will be obtained from the air-dry raw material density. These estimates should be adjusted afterwards to allow for free moisture content. The adjustments are derived from reconciliation data. The greatest contributing factor to the over-estimation of Reserve tonnages is the moisture content of the raw material. This fluctuates significantly under varying conditions in situ, as well as upon exposure to the natural environment. The air-dried density of the raw material includes inherent (structurally bound) moisture within the matrix. It provides credible tonnage estimations of raw material available while also providing an indication of voids within the volume of material being assessed. The calculated solids percentage can be used to adjust the specific gravity, which is determined via the Archimedes principle. This will supply a representative estimate of the material to be mined.