ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

Abstract Introduction. There is a great human concern about antibiotics resistance due to their inappropriate use as growth promoters in animal husbandry. Objective. To evaluate the effect of a high level of zinc as a substitute to antibiotics in nursery pigs. Material and methods. The study was carried out from June to August 2022 in the province of Chiriqui, Panama. The experimental period was composed of three phases with 14 days per phase. The nursery pigs (n= 54) were distributed to one of three treatments with six replicates per treatment and three pigs per replicate. The treatments were: 1) control diet, which was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for nursery pigs; 2) similar to treatment 1, plus 200 mg of amoxicillin/kg of feed and 40 mg of florfenicol/kg of feed during phase 1 (P1) and phase 2 (P2), respectively; and 3) similar to treatment 1, plus 2000 ppm and 1600 ppm of zinc during P1 and P2, respectively. In phase 3 (P3), all pigs were fed a common diet. Results. The supplementation of zinc improved the average daily gain in all phases. Pigs fed zinc diet had better F:G ratio in P2 compared to pigs fed antibiotic diet (p < 0.05). A higher concentration of hemoglobin and percentage of monocytes was found in pigs fed with higher level of zinc than the other treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Pigs fed the antibiotic, or the control diet had a lower percentage of fecal dry matter compared to those supplemented with zinc. (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The supplementation of high levels of zinc exerted improvements, in comparison to the antibiotic, in terms of hemoglobin concentration, incidence of diarrhea and weight gain in pigs during 42 days after weaning.

Resumen Introducción. Existe una gran preocupación humana por la resistencia a los antibióticos debido a su uso inadecuado como promotores del crecimiento en la cría de animales. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de altos niveles de zinc como sustituto del antibiótico en lechones destetados. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó de junio a agosto de 2022 en la provincia de Chiriquí, Panamá. El periodo experimental estuvo compuesto por tres fases con 14 días por fase. Los cerdos destetados (n= 54) fueron asignados a uno de tres tratamientos con seis repeticiones por tratamiento y tres cerdos por repetición. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) dieta control, formulada para suplir los requerimientos nutricionales para cerdos destetados; 2) similar al tratamiento 1, más 200 mg de amoxicilina/kg de alimento y 40 mg de florfenicol/kg de alimento durante la fase 1 (P1) y fase 2 (P2), respectivamente; y 3) similar al tratamiento 1, más 2000 ppm y 1600 ppm de zinc durante P1 y P2, respectivamente. En la fase 3 (P3), todos los cerdos fueron alimentados con una dieta común. Resultados. La suplementación con zinc mejoró la ganancia de peso en todas las fases. Los cerdos alimentados con zinc tuvieron mejor relación F:G en P2 en comparación a los cerdos suplementados con antibiótico (p < 0.05). Se encontró una mayor concentración de hemoglobina y porcentaje de monocitos en cerdos alimentados con zinc que en los otros tratamientos (p < 0.05). Los cerdos alimentados con antibiótico o la dieta control tuvieron un menor porcentaje de materia seca fecal en comparación a los suplementados con zinc (p < 0.05). Conclusión. La suplementación de altos niveles de zinc ejerció mejoras, en comparación al antibiótico, en cuanto a la concentración de hemoglobina, incidencia de diarrea y ganancia de peso en cerdos durante los 42 días posteriores al destete.

Abstract Introduction. The soil and climatic conditions of Ecuador are ideal for rice cultivation, yields are higher than the world average, but agronomic management leads to an increase of cadmium in the soil, which can reach the grain by translocation, which affects its safety. Objetive. To evaluate the absorption of cadmium through the omission of macronutrients technique in six soils of Ecuador and its effect on the vegetative development of rice crops. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out at the Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ecuador, during 2018. Nine treatments were studied: 1) Without fertilization and without Cd (control 1), 2) without fertilization and with Cd (Control 2), 3) Complete fertilization and six omission treatments of one nutrient at a time, a completely randomized block design of experiments, divided plots and three repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were those related to the production of dry matter in the root and aerial part. For the comparison between means, the Tukey test was used (p<0.05). Results. Nutrients omissions (N and P) led to reduced Cd absorption, which decreased dry matter production, particularly in very acidic or alkaline soils such as in Sucumbíos (pH 4) and Guayas (pH 7, 9), respectively. Conclusions. The absorption of cadmium in rice plants was reduced to a greater extent with the omission of the macronutrients N and P, mainly in the soils of Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro and Manabí, the nutrient omission technique also affecting the production of dry matter and yields, also observing that a pH below 5 or higher than 7.9 affects the absorption of cadmium in the soils studied.

Resumen Introducción. Las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Ecuador son ideales para el cultivo del arroz, los rendimientos son mayores al promedio mundial, pero su manejo agronómico conlleva a un aumento de cadmio en el suelo, que puede llegar al grano por translocación, lo cual afectan su inocuidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la absorción de cadmio mediante la técnica de omisión de macronutrientes en seis suelos del Ecuador y su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo de arroz. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador, durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron nueve tratamientos 1) Sin fertilización y sin Cd (testigo 1), 2) sin fertilización y con Cd (Testigo 2), 3) Fertilización completa y seis tratamientos de omisión de un nutriente a la vez, se usó un diseño de experimentos de bloques completamente al azar, parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron las relacionadas a la producción de materia seca en raíz y parte aérea. Para la comparación entre medias, se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados. Las omisiones de los nutrientes (N y P) llevaron a la reducción de la absorción del Cd, que disminuyó la producción de materia seca, en particular en los suelos muy ácidos o alcalinos como en Sucumbíos (pH 4) y Guayas (pH 7,9), respectivamente. Conclusiones. La absorción de cadmio en plantas de arroz se redujo en mayor medida con la omisión de los macronutrientes N y P, principalmente en los suelos de Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro y Manabí, afectando también la omisión de nutrientes a la producción de materia seca y los rendimientos, observándose además que un pH por debajo de 5 o superior a 7,9 afecta la absorción de cadmio en los suelos estudiados

ABSTRACT Residues generated in sugarcane production such as biochar, originated from bagasse burning, are used as a fertilizer source, which can increase forage dry matter yield, as well as improving soil chemical attributes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using biochar from sugarcane bagasse burning and mineral fertilization, as well as their association, on the dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and on the chemical attributes of the soil. The design was randomized blocks, which consisted of eight treatments and four blocks. The treatments were: T1- mineral fertilization; T2- fertilization with limestone plus mineral fertilizer; T3- liming; T4- biochar; T5- biochar plus mineral fertilizer; T6- liming plus biochar; T7- double fertilization with biochar and T8- control. Association of mineral fertilizer and biochar was able to increase dry matter yield by up to 131% when compared to the control treatment during the first year. The use of fertilization strategies in the restoration of degraded area under U. decumbens does not interfere with soil chemical attributes, except for sulfur. source association blocks were T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 year U sulfur 13 1

RESUMO Resíduos gerados pela produção de cana-de-açúcar como o biochar, proveniente da queima do bagaço podem ser utilizados como fonte de fertilizante, podendo incrementar a produção de matéria seca de forrageira, bem como, dos atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de biochar da queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e da adubação mineral e associação de ambos, na produtividade de matéria seca de Urochloa decumbens, e nos atributos químicos do solo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, composto por oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- adubação mineral; T2- adubação com calcário + fertilizante mineral; T3- calagem; T4- biochar; T5- biochar + adubação mineral; T6- calagem + biochar; T7- duas vezes a dose com biochar e T8- controle. A associação de fertilizante mineral com biochar foi capaz de aumentar a produção de matéria seca em até 131% quando comparado ao tratamento controle no primeiro ano. O emprego de diferentes estratégias de fertilização na recuperação de área degradada sob uso de Urochloa decumbens, não interfere nos atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do elemento enxofre. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar forrageira solo ambos decumbens casualizados repetições foram T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 ano enxofre 13 1

Resumen El uso de ensilados es considerado como estrategia de alimentación en los sistemas de producción animal con rumiantes en periodos de estiaje. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento y valor nutritivo en forraje y ensilado de pasto Mulato II (Urochloa híbrido) y dos aditivos, a diferente edad de rebrote. Se evaluaron edades de 3, 6 y 9 semanas y aditivos (cáscara de naranja y melaza) en ensilados: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja; 3) Mulato II + melaza y 4) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja + melaza, mediante un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las variables fueron: rendimiento (kg ha-1) de materia seca total (MST) y por componente morfológico, altura de planta (AP, cm), índice de área foliar (IAF), PC, FDN, FDA y lignina en forraje y ensilado; pH, grados brix y MS (%) en ensilados. Al cosechar el forraje a la edad de rebrote de nueve semanas se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (7 508 kg ha-1), mientras que, el contenido de PC fue mayor en la semana tres de rebrote (201 g kg-1), superando en 10 y 29% a lo encontrado en la sexta y novena semana. Los ensilados con aditivos presentaron los valores mayores de PC y menores de FDA, FDN y pH. A mayor edad de rebrote se obtienen mayores rendimientos de MS, pero el valor nutritivo disminuye, sin embargo, el uso de la cáscara de naranja y melaza en ensilados de pasto mejora el valor nutritivo.

Abstract The use of silage is considered as a feeding strategy in animal production systems with ruminants during dry periods. The objective was to evaluate the yield and nutritive value in forage and silage of Mulato II grass (Urochloa hybrid) and two additives, at different regrowth ages. Ages of 3, 6 and 9 weeks and additives (orange peel and molasses) were evaluated in silages: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + orange peel; 3) Mulato II + molasses and 4) Mulato II + orange peel + molasses. The variables were: yield (kg ha-1) of total dry matter (TDM) and by morphological component, plant height (PH, cm), leaf area index (LAI), CP, NDF, ADF and lignin in forage and silage; pH, brix degrees and DM (%) in silage. When the forage was harvested at nine weeks of regrowth, the highest DM yield was obtained (7 508 kg ha-1), while the CP content was higher in week three of regrowth (201 g kg-1), exceeding by 10 and 29% that found in the sixth and ninth weeks. The silages with additives presented the highest CP values and the lowest values of ADF, NDF and pH. The higher the age of regrowth, the higher the dry matter yields, while the nutritive value decreased; however, the use of orange peel and molasses in grass silages improved the nutritive value.

Resumen El estado de Yucatán, conocido por sus suelos poco profundos de Leptosol plantea desafíos a la agricultura. Por lo tanto, este estudio se centró en examinar los atributos ecofisiológicos que influyen en los determinantes del crecimiento y rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz. El estudio evaluó características vegetativas, tasas de crecimiento, distribución de materia seca, rendimiento de grano e índice de cosecha. Todos los genotipos de maíz mostraron madurez temprana, una característica favorable bajo las condiciones de clima de Yucatán. La mayoría de los genotipos exhibieron una tasa de crecimiento y un contenido de materia seca superiores en comparación con el genotipo nativo Elotillo. El tallo y el grano fueron identificados como los órganos primarios de acumulación de materia seca con 36% y 22%, respectivamente. El mayor rendimiento de grano se observó en los híbridos Impacto y DK-390. Este estudio proporcionó información valiosa para los agricultores al seleccionar genotipos de maíz adecuados en Yucatán, aunque se recomienda realizar evaluaciones adicionales con diferentes genotipos y condiciones de manejo.

Abstract The state of Yucatan, known for its shallow Leptosol soils poses challenges to agriculture. Therefore, this study focused on examining ecophysiological attributes influencing the growth and yield determinants of six maize genotypes. The study assessed vegetative characteristics, growth rates, dry matter allocation, grain yield, and harvest index. All maize genotypes exhibited early maturity, a favorable trait under the climate conditions of Yucatan. Most genotypes exhibited superior growth rate and dry matter content when compared to the landrace Elotillo. Stem and grain were identified as the primary organs for dry matter accumulation, with 36% and 22% respectively. The highest grain yield was noted in hybrids Impacto and DK-390. This study provided valuable information for farmers in selecting suitable maize genotypes in Yucatan, although additional evaluations of different genotypes and management conditions are recommended.

Resumen La industria pesquera genera subproductos que al acumularse causan problemas de contaminación ambiental; sin embargo, podrían ser una fuente de nutrientes para rumiantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta sobre el microbioma ruminal, la digestibilidad aparente y productividad de borregos Katahdin alimentados con diferentes niveles de harina de caparazón de camarón (HCC). Cuatro borregos machos con peso vivo de 22 ± 2.5 kg fueron asignados en un diseño cuadrado latino (4 animales x 4 tratamientos) repetido. Los animales fueron asignados durante 16 días por periodo a dietas con 0, 5, 10 y 20 g 100 g-1 de MS de HCC, los tratamientos fueron: HCC0, HCC5, HCC10 y HCC20, respectivamente. La mayor ganancia diaria de peso se tuvo en los animales del tratamiento HCC5 (P ≤ 0.05). Sin embargo, el mayor consumo de materia seca se observó en los animales con la dieta HCC20 (P ≤ 0.05). En la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca no hubo diferencia entre tratamientos (P > 0.05), ni en la concentración de bacterias totales (P > 0.05), mientras que la concentración de bacterias celulolíticas y de bacterias degradadoras de quitina, fue mayor en los animales del tratamiento con HCC20 (P ≤ 0.05). Los resultados indican una adaptación del microbioma ruminal a dosis altas de HCC, por tanto, se puede usar HCC en dietas para borregos sin efecto en el metabolismo y microbiana ruminal, la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y en el desempeño de los animales.

Abstract The fishing industry produces byproducts that accumulate and cause environmental pollution problems; however, could be used as an alternative source of nutrients in ruminants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response over ruminal microbiome, apparent digestibility and productivity of Katahdin lambs fed different levels of shrimp shell meal (HCC). Four male lambs with live weight of 22 ± 2.5 kg were assigned in a repeated Latin square design (4 animals x 4 treatments). The animals were assigned for 16 days per period to diets with 0, 5, 10 and 20 g 100 g DM of HCC, the treatments were: HCC0, HCC5, HCC10 and HCC20, respectively. The greatest daily weight gain was found in the HCC5 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). However, the highest dry matter intake was observed in animals with the HCC20 diet (P ≤ 0.05). In the apparent digestibility of the dry matter there was no difference between treatments (P > 0.05), neither in the concentration of total bacteria (P > 0.05), while the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria and chitin-degrading bacteria was higher in the animals from HCC20 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicate an adaptation of the ruminal microbiome to high doses of HCC, therefore, HCC can be used in diets for sheep without effect on rumen metabolism and microbial, nutrient digestibility and animal performance.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed distributions associated with Bayesian nonlinear modeling error in the description of total plant dry matteraccumulation (TDMA) of Allium sativumas a function of days after planting (DAP). According to the DIC criterion, Logistic and Gompertzmodels that use student’s t distribution error exhibited the highest DIC with logistic error distribution. In general, the difference of DIC in all the scenarios was not more than 5.The Bayes factor (BF) criterion showed no difference in the Logistic and Gompertzmodel fit when four distributions are used for the errors, where BF values do not exceed 2. Posterior distributions and the usual estimators of Logistic and Gompertz model parameters were similar even forvaried error distribution. In summary, there was no difference in the use of 4 distributions associated with the modeling error of garlic plant growth by the Bayes factor, whereby the results showed that alternating between error distributions significantly changes the number of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations. ABSTRACT TDMA (TDMA DAP. DAP . (DAP) students student s general 5The The 5 (BF errors 2 summary MCMC (MCMC iterations (DAP

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar algumas distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem não linear bayesiana na descrição do acúmulo de matéria seca total da planta (MSTP) de Allium sativum em função dos dias após o plantio (DAP). Pelo critério DIC os modelos Logístico e Gompertz que utilizam a distribuição do erro t de Student apresentaram a melhor qualidade de ajuste, sendo que o modelo Logístico apresentou o maior DIC com a distribuição de erro Logística. No geral, a diferença de DIC em todos os cenários não apresentou valores superiores a cinco. Pelo critério do Fator de Bayes (FB), não houve diferença no ajuste do modelo Logístico e Gompertz quando se utilizam as quatro distribuições para os erros, sendo que os valores de FB não superaram 2. As distribuições a posteriori e os estimadores usuais dos parâmetros dos modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentaram semelhanças mesmo variando a distribuição do erro. Em suma não houve diferença na utilização das quatro distribuições associadas ao erro na modelagem do crescimento planta de alho pelo fator de Bayes, sendo que os resultados mostram que alternar entre as distribuições dos erros altera de forma significativa o número de iterações de MCMC. RESUMO MSTP (MSTP DAP. DAP . (DAP) Logística geral cinco FB, , (FB) 2 MCMC (DAP (FB

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is the determination some quality parameters of grape and mulberry pestils (leathers) sold in Elazig. For this purpose, a total of 45 fruit pestil samples, of which 23 were grape pestils and 22 were mulberry pestils, were analyzed for their physical properties, chemical properties, and microbiological characteristics. In grape and mulberry pestils, the average L* (lightness/darkness) values were 42.72 and 44.81, a* (redness) values were 10.29 and 9.07, and b* (yellow) values were 20.90 and 20.90, respectively. In grape and mulberry fruit pestil samples, the thickness values were 1.62 and 1.34, pH values were 3.82 and 4.75, acidity values (as citric acid) were 0.63 and 0.22%, aw values were 0.602 and 0.627, dry matter values were 68.78% and 72.99 %, ash values were 2.25% and 0.64%, insoluble ash values in 10% HCl were 0.20 and 0.29, and Brix values were 18.83 and 19.36, respectively. TMAB, coliform, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus, and yeast-mold counts were found to be 4.72 and 4.48, 1.30 and 1.89, 2.11 and 2.12, and 2.04 and 2.11 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in all samples examined. In 14 of the samples (31.11%), the total number of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was found to be >5 log10 cfu/g. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were not found in any of the samples. However, the samples were found to contain significant levels of yeast-mold. There was no difference between the groups in microbiological terms in statistical analysis (P > 0.05). According to the current study, there was no standard production and not enough hygiene rules were observed in the pestil production process in family businesses in Elazig. On the other hand, essential information was obtained on some physical, chemical and microbiological quality parameters of grape and blackberry pulps sold in markets and stores in Elazig. ABSTRACT leathers (leathers Elazig purpose 4 2 properties characteristics L lightness/darkness lightnessdarkness lightness darkness (lightness/darkness 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 redness (redness 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b yellow (yellow 2090 20 90 20.9 respectively 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 as acid 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0.60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.9 % 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliform StaphylococcusMicrococcus, StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus, Micrococcus Staphylococcus-Micrococcus yeastmold yeast mold 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 2.12 204 04 2.0 log log1 cfug cfu g cfu/g examined 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp However yeastmold. mold. P 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) hand 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72. 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0.0 44. 9. 68. 19. 31.1 (31.11 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade de pestilos de uva e amoreira (couros) vendidos em Elazig. Para tanto, um total de 45 amostras de pestil de frutas, sendo 23 de uva e 22 de amoreira, foram analisadas quanto às suas propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas. Em pestils de uva e amoreira, os valores médios de L* (claridade/escuridão) foram 42.72 e 44.81, os valores de a* (vermelhidão) foram 10.29 e 9.07, e os valores de b* (amarelo) foram 20.90 e 20.90, respectivamente. Nas amostras de pestil de uva e amoreira, os valores de espessura foram 1.62 e 1.34, os valores de pH foram 3.82 e 4.75, os valores de acidez (como ácido cítrico) foram 0.63 e 0.22%, os valores de aw foram 0,602 e 0.627, os valores de matéria seca foram 68.78% e 72.99%, os valores de cinzas foram 2.25% e 0.64%, os valores de cinzas insolúveis em HCl a 10% foram 0.20 e 0.29, e os valores Brix foram 18.83 e 19.36, respectivamente. As contagens de TMAB, coliformes, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus e fungos de levedura foram 4.72 e 4.48, 1.30 e 1.89, 2.11 e 2.12 e 2.04 e 2.11 log10 ufc/g, respectivamente, em todas as amostras examinadas. Em 14 das amostras (31.11%), o número total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos foi >5 log10 ufc/g. Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das amostras. No entanto, verificou-se que as amostras continham níveis significativos de bolor de levedura. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em termos microbiológicos na análise estatística (P > 0,05). De acordo com o estudo atual, não houve produção padrão e não foram observadas regras de higiene suficientes no processo de produção de pestil em empresas familiares em Elazig. Por outro lado, foram obtidas informações essenciais sobre alguns parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de qualidade das polpas de uva e amora-preta comercializadas em mercados e lojas de Elazig. RESUMO couros (couros Elazig tanto 4 frutas 2 físicas microbiológicas L claridade/escuridão claridadeescuridão claridade escuridão (claridade/escuridão 4272 42 72 42.7 4481 44 81 44.81 vermelhidão (vermelhidão 1029 10 29 10.2 907 9 07 9.07 b amarelo (amarelo 2090 20 90 20.9 respectivamente 162 1 62 1.6 134 34 1.34 382 3 82 3.8 475 75 4.75 como cítrico 063 0 63 0.6 022 0.22% 0602 602 0,60 0627 627 0.627 6878 68 78 68.78 7299 99 72.99% 225 25 2.25 064 64 0.64% 020 0.2 029 0.29 1883 18 83 18.8 1936 19 36 19.36 TMAB coliformes StaphylococcusMicrococcus Staphylococcus Micrococcus 472 4.7 448 48 4.48 130 30 1.3 189 89 1.89 211 11 2.1 212 12 204 04 2.0 log log1 ufcg ufc g ufc/g examinadas 31.11%, 3111 31.11% , 31 (31.11%) 5 spp entanto verificouse verificou se P 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) atual lado físicos amorapreta amora preta 427 7 42. 8 44.8 102 10. 9.0 209 20. 16 6 1. 13 38 3. 47 06 0. 02 0.22 060 60 0,6 062 0.62 687 68.7 729 72.99 2.2 0.64 188 18. 193 19.3 4. 4.4 1.8 21 2. 311 31.11 (31.11% 00 0,0 44. 9. 0, 68. 72.9 19. 31.1 (31.11 72. 31. (31.1 (31. (31 (3 (

Irrigation is required to supplement rainfall to enhance the productivity of chickpea in South Africa (SA). However, the dependence on irrigation can be problematic for SA and other countries with limited natural water resources and variable rainfall. Even though access to irrigation water has been identified as one of the challenges faced when planting chickpea in the winter season in SA, irrigation management strategies for chickpea grown on soils differing in texture have not gained considerable research attention. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of irrigation levels on dry matter production of chickpea grown on two soils differing in soil texture under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design, with 3 irrigation levels (25%, 50% and 75% of the water-holding capacity of soil (WHC)) and 2 soils differing in soil textural class (Loamy sand (LS) soil and sandy loam (SL) soil), replicated thrice. Irrigation level, soil texture and their interaction significantly affected shoot biomass (SBM) and total plant biomass (TBM). Generally, SBM, TBM and root biomass decreased correspondingly with the reduction in irrigation. The 25% WHC significantly reduced the SBM by up to 60% and TBM by up to 56% compared to the 50% and 75% WHC. The SBM and TBM were higher in SL soil than in LS soil. A significantly higher root/shoot ratio (0.45) in the LS soil than in the SL soil (0.16) indicated that the conditions of LS soil encouraged plants to allocate higher proportions of biomass into roots, possibly due to increased competition for soil resources. In conclusion, maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC ensures better chickpea dry matter production in SL soil.

Abstract Introduction. The amount of usable water is currently limited due to the deterioration of its sources and indiscriminate use. An alternative to this problem is producing under green houses, where it is possible to obtain better water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing crop evapotranspiration (ETc) without compromising its productive potential. Objective. To evaluate the effect of 3 levels of volumetric moisture content depletion in coir on the vegetative-generative behavior of hydroponic tomato and sweet pepper produced under greenhouse cultivation. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during August to December 2020 and January 2021, at Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Three treatments were applied: 11, 22 and 32% of water depletion in the substrate. Morphophysiological and reproductive parameters such as: the leaf area (AF), the number of leaves (NH), width (AH) and length of the leaf (LH), the length (LT) and the diameter of the stem (DT), the number of nodes (NN), dry matter (DM), stomatal conductance (gs), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), water use efficiency (WUE), the total yield (Rt), the commercial (Rc) of first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3) and waste fruits (Fd) were evaluated. Results. In the tomato treatments (TT) there was no effect on NH, LT, LH and NN; on the other hand, differences were reported in AH, DT and in MS, with treatment TT11 obtaining the higher values. The sweet pepper (TC), the treatment TC11 was statistically superior to the other treatments in number (NH), width (AH) and length (LH) of the leaf, in number of nodes (NN), production of fresh (MF) and dry matter (MS) and in diameter of the stem (DT), while there were no differences between treatments in stem length (LT). There were no differences in ETc and Rt, for both crops, but there was a difference in the commercial yield once it was divided by quality of fruit, TT11 presented the highest production of first and second fruit quality, while treatment TC11 presented the highest production of first, second and third fruit quality. For both crops, there were significant differences between treatments in terms of stomatal conductance. TT11 and TC11 treatments obtained the highest value of EUA with 37.32 kg.m-3 and 21.46 kg.m-3, respectively. Conclusion. In both crops, treatments with 11 and 22% water depletion showed an adequate balance between vegetative and productive growth, which was reflected in greater production of better quality commercial fruits, less waste and greater WUE.

Resumen Introducción. El uso de agua dulce en agricultura se encuentra limitado debido al deterioro de sus fuentes y su uso indiscriminado. El riego deficitario en agricultura protegida es una alternativa para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua, a través de la reducción de la evapotranspiración del cultivo, sin comprometer su potencial productivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de 3 niveles de agotamiento del contenido de humedad volumétrica en un sustrato de fibra de coco, sobre el comportamiento vegetativo-generativo de los cultivos de tomate y chile dulce hidropónicos en invernadero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. En ambos cultivos se aplicaron 3 tratamientos con 11, 22 y 32% de agotamiento hídrico en el sustrato, en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron parámetros morfofisiológicos y productivos tales como área foliar (AF), número de hojas (NH), ancho (AH) y longitud de hoja (LH), longitud (LT) y diámetro del tallo (DT), número de nudos (NN), materia seca (MS), conductancia estomática (gs), evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc), eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA), rendimiento de fruto comercial (Rc) de primera (F1), segunda (F2) y tercera (F3), fruto de desecho (Fd) y rendimiento total (Rt). Resultados. En los tratamientos en tomate (TT) no hubo efecto sobre el NH, LH, LT y NN; mientras que con TT11 se obtuvieron valores superiores en AH, DT y MS. En chile dulce (TC), el TC11 obtuvo mayor NH, AH, LH, NN, DT y MS que los demás tratamientos; mientras que no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos en LT. En ambos cultivos, no hubo efecto sobre la ETc y el Rt, sin embargo, con 11% de agotamiento se obtuvo mayor producción comercial de F1 y F2 por lo que consecuentemente hubo mayor EUA con 37,32 kg.m-3 y 21,46 kg.m-3, respectivamente. Para ambos cultivos, la gs fue diferente entre tratamientos. Conclusión. En ambos cultivos, los tratamientos con 11 y 22% de agotamiento hídrico evidenciaron un adecuado balance entre crecimiento vegetativo y productivo, que se reflejó en mayor producción de frutos comerciales de mejor calidad, menos desecho y mayor EUA.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological composition of functional beverages obtained from chayote pulp (Sechium edule) with L-carnitine. A randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used to evaluate chemical (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, fiber, and ash), physical (pH, °Brix, acidity), and microbiological (mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts) parameters. The treatments studied were: V1, Chayote 100% plus 500 mg of L-carnitine; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V3, Chayote 75% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water. The pH values at V3 gradually decreased until day 21. Crude protein and ash differed (p<0.05) in V1 and V2 compared to the other treatments. While dry matter, ethereal, and nitrogen-free extract did not differ between the variants, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were within the ranges (<3) of acceptance according to NTE INEN 1529-6 standards. Treatment V3 showed the highest pH reduction (5.09) compared to other variants after 21 days of storage. It is concluded that including different amounts of chayote pulp with L-carnitine is a suitable alternative to obtain functional beverages for human consumption.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y microbiológica de las bebidas funcionales obtenidas a partir pulpa de chayote (Sechium edule) con L-Carnitina, se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento se evaluaron parámetros químicos (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto eterio, fibra y ceniza), físicos (pH, °Brix, acidez) y microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos y mohos y levaduras). Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: V1, Chayote 100 % más 500 mg de L-carnitina; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V3, chayote 75% +250 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada. Los valores de pH en el V3 se redujeron gradualmente hasta el día 21. La proteína cruda y ceniza difirieron (p<0.05) en los V1 y V2 frente a los demás. Mientras que la materia seca, extracto etéreo y extracto libre de nitrógeno, no presentaron diferencia entre variantes. Los aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras estuvieron dentro los rangos (<3) de aceptación según las normas NTE INEN 1529-6. El tratamiento V3 fue el que presentó mayor reducción de pH (5,09) con frente a otras variantes a los 21dias de conservado. Se concluye, que la inclusión de diferentes cantidades de pulpa de chayote con L-Carnitina es una alternativa apropiada para obtener bebidas funcionales aptos para consumo humano.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

Resumen: Los métodos de extracción de fitoquímicos convencionales presentan bajos rendimientos o largos tiempos de proceso. El ultrasonido ofrece alternativas para incrementar el rendimiento en extractos vegetales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de tres métodos de extracción en rendimiento, composición de compuestos fenólicos, actividad antioxidante y estabilidad de extractos de hojas de Plectranthus amboinicus (oreganón). Los métodos de extracción usados fueron: convencional con agitación (EC), asistida con baño de ultrasonidos (EABU) y asistida con sonda de ultrasonido (EASU). Se usó una proporción 1:10 (p/v) orégano:etanol a 35 ± 2 °C. Los rendimientos se calcularon como materia seca del extracto (% ms). Se usó un modelo de pseudo-segundo orden para ajustar las curvas de extracción experimentales de los tres métodos y obtener los parámetros cinéticos. Se determinaron compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT) y actividad antioxidante (AA) mediante los métodos de Folin-Ciocalteau y DPPH, respectivamente. Se evalúo la estabilidad del CFT y AA durante el almacenamiento. La EASU aumentó 33.93 % el rendimiento en los extractos con respecto a EC. La mayor concentración de CFT (P ≤ 0.05) se obtuvo mediante EABU (10.32 mg EAG/ms) y para AA mediante EC (19.43 mg ET/g ms). El modelo cinético de pseudo-segundo orden ajustó adecuadamente las cinéticas experimentales. La constante de velocidad (k) de CFT más alta fue de 0.016 g ms/mg EAG·min para la EASU, siendo esta técnica la que demostró una disminución significativa de AA con respecto al tiempo de extracción. Los CFT de los extractos obtenidos mediante EABU, EASU y EC (3.7 mg EAG/g ms, 4.4 mg EAG/g ms y 7.2 mg EAG/g ms, respectivamente), al igual que la AA se mantuvieron estables y sin cambios significativos (P ≥ 0.05) durante los 34 d de almacenamiento, mostrando nuevamente la ventaja de utilizar la técnica extractiva de ultrasonidos, en función del tiempo.

Abstract: Conventional phytochemicals extraction methods have shown low yields or very long processing times for obtaining. The ultrasound offers alternatives to increase the yields of plant extracts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three extraction methods on the yield, phenolic compound composition, antioxidant activity and stability of Plectranthus amboinicus (oregano) leaf extracts. The extraction methods used were: conventional heat-assisted extraction (CE), ultrasound water bath assisted (UBAE) and ultrasound probe assisted extraction (UPAE). A 1:10 (w/v) oregano:ethanol ratio was used at 35 ± 2 °C. Yields were calculated as extract dry matter (% ms). A pseudo-second-order model was used to fit the experimental extraction curves of the three methods and obtain the kinetic parameters. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were determined by Folin-Ciocal-teau and DPPH methods, respectively. The stability of TPC and AA was evaluated during storage. UPAE increased 33.93 % yield in extracts concerning CE. The highest concentration of CFT (P ≤ 0.05) was obtained by UBAE (10.32 mg EAG/ms) and for AA by CE (19.43 mg ET/g ms). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model adequately fitted the experimental kinetics. The highest TPC rate constant (k) was 0.016 g ms/mg EAG·min, for UPAE, this technique being the one that demonstrated a significant decrease in AA with respect to extraction time. The TPC of the extracts obtained by UBAE, UPAE and CE (3.7 mg EAG/g dms, 4.4 mg EAG/g dms and 7.2 mg EAG/g ms, respectively), as well as the AA remained stable and without significant changes (P ≥ 0.05) during the 34 d of storage, again showing the advantage of using the ultrasound extractive technique, as a function of time.

RESUMEN Un cultivo de maíz destinado a la confección de silaje de planta entera, se cosechó a dos alturas de corte (AC), 30 cm (AC30) y 55 cm (AC55) desde el suelo, y con dos aperturas de los rodillos (AR) del acondicionador de granos, 1 mm (AR1) y 3 mm (AR3). Se estimó la cantidad de materia seca por unidad de superficie (MS) del remanente y su porcentaje de materia seca (%MS) para las diferentes AC. Para los tratamientos AC*AR, definidos en un diseño bifactorial, se evaluó el índice de procesado del grano (IPG) del material a ensilar, y composición química y degradación ruminal in situ del almidón (DegA) de silajes confeccionados en microsilos. En AC55 el remanente tuvo mayor MS y una tendencia a presentar mayor %MS, y el material de los microsilos tuvo mayor %MS en relación a AC30. En la composición química de los microsilos, solo el contenido de fibra detergente neutro y de lignina en detergente ácido mostraron diferencias, los menores valores los presentó la combinación de AC55-AR3. Para IPG y para DegA, los tratamientos no fueron diferentes. El valor de IPG refleja un bajo nivel de procesamiento en las condiciones de campo en las que se trabajó.

ABSTRACT Maize was harvested for whole plant silage at two cutting heights (CH) above the ground, 30cm (CH30) and 55 cm (CH55), and with two grain conditioner roller openings (RO), 1mm (RO1) and 3 mm (RO3). The amount of dry matter of the remaining material (DM) and its dry matter percentage (%DM) at both CH was determined. In a bifactorial design, the CH*OR treatments were analyzed for their kernel processing scores (KPS) on the harvested material, and chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation of starch (DegS) in micro-silage. Plots harvested at CH55 had a larger DM and showed a tendency to present higher %DM and higher %DM in the ensiled material compared to CH30. In the micro-silage, there were some differences in the contents of neutral detergent fiber and of lignin in acid detergent, for both variables the lowest value was presented by the combination CH55-RO3. Both the KPS of the ensiled material and DegS were similar among all treatments. The KPS value indicates minimal processing under the field conditions.