ABSTRACT The herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D are widely used to control weeds in various crops. The rubber tree crop is exposed to these molecules, which can interfere with its establishment. This study aimed to assess the effects caused by the drift of glyphosate, 2,4-D, and the combination of both, in different proportions corresponding to 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64% of the recommended dose (1,440 and 804 g a·e·ha-1 of glyphosate and 2,4-D, respectively). The characteristic symptoms when 2,4-D was present in the drift began with wilting and shriveling of young leaves and, at the highest doses, quickly progressed to chlorosis, shoot epinasty, and edge necrosis, while mature leaves showed a brown color, culminating in a high rate of fall. The effects of glyphosate were intensified after leaf flushing, which occurred 120 days after its application and resulted in long, narrow, twisted leaves in a spiral shape and deformed shoots. Drift above 32% from the combination of glyphosate and 2,4-D resulted in a high mortality rate, while 16% damaged growth and resulted in the death of some plants. The results indicate that drift from the combination of glyphosate and 2,4-D intensifies the symptoms of phytotoxicity in rubber trees, with drift above 8% being harmful. For the herbicides applied alone, there was full recovery of the plants in the drift of up to 16%, so it is important to avoid the drift of these herbicides in the management of weeds in the rubber tree crop.

Resumo Vários inventários da herpetofauna têm sido conduzidos na região Neotropical. No entanto, muitas áreas permanecem por investigar, e isto é particularmente verdade nas zonas de transição entre ecorregiões. Aqui descrevemos a riqueza, composição de espécies e abundância da herpetofauna de uma porção pouco conhecida do Cerrado brasileiro e avaliamos as semelhanças taxonômicas das assembleias entre os habitats amostrados e entre ecorregiões vizinhas. Um inventário herpetológico de médio prazo foi realizado entre maio de 2009 e janeiro de 2011 na Estação Ecológica Serra das Araras (SAES), por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda em cinco hábitats florestados e abertos. Nestes e em habitats adicionais, também foram utilizadas buscas visuais e acústicas e encontros ocasionais para acessar a composição da herpetofauna, juntamente com dados de literatura e exame de exemplares depositados em coleções. Também comparamos a composição de espécies do SAES em escala regional com aquelas de outras 29 localidades previamente estudadas em nove ecorregiões sul-americanas. Documentamos 123 espécies no SAES (39 anfíbios e 84 répteis), das quais 112 foram registradas durante os inventários de campo. A riqueza de espécies foi maior na mata ciliar e menor na floresta seca semidecídua e cerradão. Matas ciliares também apresentaram maior número de espécies exclusivas, enquanto apenas uma espécie exclusiva foi encontrada no cerradão. Cerrado sensu stricto e parque cerrado apresentaram 53 e 40 espécies, incluindo sete e dez espécies exclusivas, respectivamente, e mostraram maior similaridade entre si do que com os habitats florestados amostrados. Em comparação com outras localidades já inventariadas no Cerrado, a SAES abriga uma das mais diversas assembléias da herpetofauna. Isto pode ser atribuído a esforços de amostragem continuados e à acentuada heterogeneidade ambiental resultante do perfil topográfico e da confluência de diversas ecorregiões. A composição de espécies de anfíbios no SAES é mais semelhante a uma localidade próxima também estudada no Cerrado e a assembleias da Floresta Seca de Chiquitano, enquanto a composição de espécies de répteis está aninhada entre as assembleias estudadas no Cerrado. Nossos resultados indicam que a herpetofauna do SAES é rica e representativa da biodiversidade regional, com composição de espécies que evidencia seu caráter transitório.

Abstract Several herpetofaunal inventories have been conducted in the Neotropical region. However, many areas remain to be investigated, and this is particularly true of transition zones between distinct ecoregions. Herein we describe the richness, species composition, and abundance of herpetofauna from a scarcely known portion of the Brazilian Cerrado and assess the taxonomic similarities of the assemblages among the sampled habitats and between neighbouring ecoregions. A mid-term herpetological inventory was conducted from May 2009 to January 2011 at Serra das Araras Ecological Station (SAES) using pitfall traps with drift fences in five distinct forested and open habitats. In these and in additional habitats, visual and acoustic searches and occasional encounters were also used to access the local composition of the herpetofauna, together with literature data and examination of specimens deposited in collections. We also compared the species composition at SAES on a regional scale with those of other 29 localities previously studied in nine South American ecoregions. We documented 123 species at the SAES (39 amphibians and 84 reptiles), 112 of which were recorded during the field inventory. Richness was highest in riparian forests and lowest in semi-deciduous dry forest and cerrado woodland. Riparian forests also presented the highest number of exclusive species, while only one exclusive species was found in cerrado woodland. Cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado parkland contained 53 and 40 species, including seven and 10 exclusive species, respectively, and showed greater similarity than the sampled forested habitats. In comparison to other localities in the Cerrado (including transition zones), SAES is home to one of the most diverse assemblages of herpetofauna. This may be attributed to continued sampling efforts and to the marked environmental heterogeneity resulting from the topographic profile and confluence of several ecoregions. Amphibian species composition at SAES is more similar to a nearby locality also studied in the Cerrado and to Chiquitano Dry Forest assemblages, while the reptile species composition is nested among the assemblages studied in the Cerrado. Our findings indicate that the herpetofauna of SAES is rich and representative of the regional biodiversity, with species composition evidencing its transitional character.

Airborne and terrestrial laser scanners have traditionally been used as specialised toolsets for three-dimensional scene capture in engineering, providing highly accurate measurements with increasingly minimal human interaction. However, commercial or engineering-grade scanning instruments remain expensive and sensitive, requiring costly routine calibrations to ensure their optimum functionality The recent inclusion of laser scanning sensors by mobile phone corporations such as Apple Computer Inc. is now analogous to the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and cameras into smartphones as seen decades ago. Likely these initial efforts to include the scanning sensor in mobile phones will see rapid improvements in the application and accuracy of the sensor to serve the growing need for scanning applications for transdisciplinary users. However, there is a limited amount of literature that benchmarks the emerging and low-cost scanning sensors to existing commercial ones to inform practice, thus prompting a need for researchers to evaluate and provide scientific evidence that can inform multidisciplinary scanning. It was noted that there was some absolute positional shift and scan drift in the iPhone Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. The researchers therefore investigated the extent to which the accuracy of laser scanning tools available within the iPhone 12 Pro compared to engineering-grade laser scanners. Outcomes from the study showed that iPhone scanners can deliver the required models, despite being unstable in dynamic environments when pitched against engineering-grade LIDAR scanners. The research recommends that stabilisers, such as stabilising gimbals or enhanced GNSS receivers, be used in practice to achieve improved accuracy from the mobile phone LiDAR. SIGNIFICANCE: Laser scanners offer multiple advantages for modelling features in three dimensions in diverse applications, including documentation, archaeology environmental modelling and mapping. However, the cost of entry to acquire scan data has been a limitation to its wide-scale use across multiple disciplines. This study demonstrated from an accuracy-based perspective that iPhone scanners can deliver the required models addressing different model purposes, despite being slightly unstable when pitched against engineering-grade Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) scanners. The results are significant in reinforcing the competence of low-cost tools in increasing access and use of this technology in curating three-dimensional models for multidisciplinary work.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

ABSTRACT A careful evaluation has been carried out to reveal advantages and disadvantages of linear and nonlinear modelling in dynamic analysis. 4- and 7- story building models representing characteristics of about 500 existing buildings models in Turkey was used in analyses. In the study, displacement demand parameters such as roof drift ratio and interstory drift ratio obtained from linear and nonlinear analyses were compared using a total of 24 ground motion records including forward directivity effects (Set 2) as well as records (Set 1) recorded in type B and C soils. Although the seismic demands for Set 2 are obtained extremely high in the nonlinear models, the demand differences between Set 1 and Set 2 are not excessive for the linear models. In the region where the T/Tp ratio is close to one, the linear analysis predicts unrealistically high demands compared to the nonlinear analysis. Linear analysis results mostly show an increase or decrease depending on dynamic amplification effects. The effects of ground motion intensity and damage mechanism cannot be observed in linear analysis method. For all these reasons, it is recommended not to prefer linear modeling method when using time-history analysis.

Resumen Los tiempos de pandemia a causa del COVID 19 marcaron un antes y después dentro del ámbito educativo, provocando que la vuelta a la presencialidad en las cursadas en 2022 significara un reto. En ese año se recibieron en las aulas estudiantes que cursaron a distancia durante dos años, en el aislamiento de sus hogares, sin haber acudido con anterioridad a la universidad. En la carrera de Arquitectura, el espacio de taller junto a las dinámicas grupales son la base en la enseñanza de todas las asignaturas de la carrera. Por ende, la vuelta a la presencialidad resultó una oportunidad y un desafío significativos para docentes y estudiantes. Pensar la educación superior postpandemia, requiere de un alto compromiso por parte de los docentes, con la necesidad de adoptar estrategias que acompañen a los estudiantes ante la nueva realidad. En este sentido, la evaluación de los aprendizajes como instancia de formación es una oportunidad de monitoreo y acompañamiento necesarios. Este trabajo aborda la experiencia deriva de autoevaluación realizada en el taller de la asignatura Historia de la Arquitectura en la UNDAV, como herramienta de acompañamiento para los estudiantes que regresan a la presencialidad, fomentando prácticas reflexivas y críticas en el proceso de formación universitaria.

Abstract The years of the COVID 19 pandemic determined a before and an after for the educational field which led to the challenge of returning to face-to-face courses in 2022. That year, students who carried out distance learning for two years, in the isolation of their homes, without having previously attended the University, were received in the classrooms. In the Architecture career, the workshop space and the group dynamics embody the basis for teaching all the subjects. Therefore, in this context, the return to face-to-face attendance implied a significant opportunity and a challenge for teachers and students. Thinking about post-pandemic higher education requires great commitment from the teaching staff due to the need to adopt strategies devised to accompany students facing the new reality. In this sense, learning assessment as an instance of training is an opportunity for necessary monitoring and accompaniment. This paper deals with the experience of self-assessment drift developed in the workshop of the History of Architecture course at UNDAV. It is considered a tool for accompanying students who return to the classroom which encourages practices that help them to learn how to use the new reality.

Resumen En el presente artículo investigamos acerca del neopaganismo como una impronta cultural de las actuales sociedades occidentales. Relacionado estrechamente con la oposición al cristianismo, el neopaganismo se configura como una filosofía que, de manera consciente y radical, se muestra reacia a todo tipo de dualismo. En este orden de ideas, Dios y el mundo devienen dos niveles ontológicos distintos, separados e irreductibles. El objetivo principal del trabajo es el de demostrar que el neopaganismo constituye una forma de nihilismo, mediante un enfoque cualitativo propio de las ciencias humanas, y se servirá tanto del método fenomenológico hermenéutico como del análisis documental, puesto que busca profundizar en la ruptura con las tradiciones religiosas populares, para retornar a la vieja concepción sagrada del mundo como un lugar lleno de dioses, en el que no hay más exigencias morales que las que señale el hombre como centro de este esquema metafísico y antropológico neopagano. El principal resultado obtenido es la comprobación del nihilismo que encierra la propuesta neopagana en el orden religioso, moral, antropológico y político con una detallada caracterización del fenómeno y sus consecuencias relativistas en el pensamiento occidental.

Abstract In this article we investigate neopaganism as a cultural imprint of contemporary Western societies. Closely related to the opposition to Christianity, neopaganism is configured as a philosophy that, consciously and radically, is reluctant to all types of dualism. In this order of ideas, God and the world become two different, separate and irreducible ontological levels. The main objective of the work is to demonstrate that neopaganism is another form of nihilism, through a qualitative approach typical of the human sciences, and will use both the hermeneutical phenomenological method and documentary analysis since it seeks to deepen the rupture with the popular religious traditions, to return to the old sacred conception of the world as a place full of gods, in which there are no more moral demands than those indicated by man as the center of this neopagan metaphysical and anthropological scheme. The main result obtained is the verification of the nihilism that the neopagan proposal contains in the religious, moral, anthropological and political order with a detailed characterization of the phenomenon and its relativistic consequences in Western thought.

ABSTRACT The study current drift of the investigation project the resident's of Medicine General Integral professional Superación for the prevention of the chronic viral hepatitis, corresponding to February of 2022 to February of 2024 first floor the auspice of the Center of Studies of Sciences of the Education Enrique Male José, of the University Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz and the Center of Development of the Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, of the University of Medical Sciences, both institutions belonging to the county of Camagüey. It is a superación strategy that turns on the prevention of these infectious illnesses of chronic course, directed the residents of the Primary Attention of Health of the Educational Policlínico Tula Aerie. For the construction of the referred foundations empiric and theoretical investigation methods were used. For it, the objective of the present text consists on exposing elements of a strategy of professional superación with focus psicosocial, vivencial and dialógico directed to residents of Integral General Medicine for the prevention of the chronic viral hepatitis. The results demonstrated the existent inadequacies in the chore of the residents in the population that lends services of health in relation to these entities nosológicas.

RESUMEN El estudio actual deriva del proyecto de investigación Superación profesional del residente de Medicina General Integral para la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas, correspondiente a febrero de 2022 a febrero de 2024 bajo el auspicio del Centro de Estudios de Ciencias de la Educación Enrique José Varona, de la Universidad Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz y el Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, ambas instituciones pertenecientes a la provincia de Camagüey. Se trata de una estrategia de superación que versa sobre la prevención de estas enfermedades infecciosas de curso crónico, dirigida a los residentes de la Atención Primaria de Salud del Policlínico Docente Tula Aguilera. Para la construcción de los fundamentos referidos se emplearon métodos de investigación empíricos y teóricos. Por ello, el objetivo del presente texto consiste en exponer elementos de una estrategia de superación profesional con enfoque psicosocial, vivencial y dialógico dirigida a residentes de Medicina General Integral para la prevención de las hepatitis virales crónicas. Los resultados demostraron las insuficiencias existentes en el quehacer de los residentes en la población que presta servicios de salud en relación a estas entidades nosológicas.

Resumen En este trabajo se examina la estrategia comunicacional y propagandística exterior de la última dictadura argentina elaborada por la Dirección General de Prensa y Difusión, establecida en 1977 en Cancillería. Se investiga su funcionamiento a partir del hallazgo de una serie de carpetas producidas por esta dependencia. Se reflexiona sobre la deriva de esta documentación para, posteriormente, analizar su contenido. Ello permite identificar el programa de invitación a periodistas extranjeros seleccionados para visitar Argentina. Los elegidos no eran solo figuras identificadas y defensoras del régimen, también participaron quienes manifestaban posiciones más críticas y quienes eran capaces de producir crónicas turísticas “no políticas”. Sus escritos periodísticos, a la vez, permiten señalar invariantes (rasgos comunes) que llevan a identificar lineamientos del proyecto comunicacional de la dictadura. Finalmente, este trabajo se detiene en el particular funcionamiento de esta Dirección: la presencia, entre sus empleados y funcionarios, de mujeres que estaban detenidas en uno de los principales centro

Abstract This work examines the foreign communication and propaganda strategy of the last Argentine dictatorship developed by the General Directorate of Press and Diffusion established in 1977 in the Foreign Ministry. Its operation is investigated based on the discovery of a series of folders produced by this agency. We reflect on the drift of this documentation to subsequently analyze its content. This allows us to identify the invitation program for foreign journalists selected to visit Argentina. Those chosen were not only identified figures and defenders of the regime, but also those who expressed more critical positions and those who were capable of producing “non-political” tourist chronicles. His journalistic writings, in turn, allow us to point out invariants (common features) that lead to identifying guidelines of the communication project of the dictatorship. Finally, this work focuses on the peculiar functioning of this Directorate: the presence, among its employees and officials, of women who were prisoners in one of the main clandestine detention centers – the Navy Mechanics School – and who were transferred to the Chancellery to work. Their inscriptions in the documents lead us to reflect on the work with bureaucratic-administrative documentation produced by the terrorist State.

Resumo Este trabalho examina a estratégia de comunicação e propaganda externa da última ditadura argentina, desenvolvida pela Direção Geral de Imprensa e Divulgação, criada em 1977 no Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Investigamos seu funcionamento com base na descoberta de uma série de pastas produzidas por essa unidade. Refletiremos sobre o desvio dessa documentação e, em seguida, analisaremos seu conteúdo. Isso torna possível identificar o programa de convites para jornalistas estrangeiros selecionados para visitar a Argentina. Os escolhidos não eram apenas figuras identificadas e defensores do regime, mas também aqueles que expressavam posições mais críticas e que eram capazes de produzir crônicas turísticas “não políticas”. Seus textos jornalísticos, por sua vez, nos permitem apontar invariantes (características comuns) que nos levam a identificar diretrizes do projeto de comunicação da ditadura. Por fim, este documento se concentra no funcionamento específico dessa Diretoria: a presença, entre seus funcionários e oficiais, de mulheres que foram detidas em um dos principais centros de detenção clandestinos –a Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada– e que foram transferidas para a Chancelaria para trabalhar. Suas inscrições nos documentos nos levam a refletir sobre o trabalho com a documentação burocrático-administrativa produzida pelo Estado terrorista.

ABSTRACT The year 2023 in Chile has been an intense year on the political front. The challenges faced by the government were exacerbated by opposition pressure on security and migration issues and the emergence of corruption cases. In this context of turmoil, the country experienced a second constitutional failure after the resounding rejection of the proposal for the first Constitutional Convention in 2021. Political parties agreed on a new process, but the final proposal was rejected by 56% of voters in December. For many, this event reveals structural problems in Chilean democracy, with fragmented political actors and a volatile citizenry. Two data sources were used to analyze what happened in 2023 further. The first is Congressional information on parliamentary benches and floor votes. The second is a longitudinal survey of three moments during the constitutional process. These tools allowed us to observe the difficulties that the breakdown of legislative discipline created for the expectations of the government, as well as the low evaluation that citizens had of the political system in general and the constitutional process in particular.

RESUMEN El 2023 en Chile fue un año intenso en lo político. Las presiones de la oposición en temas de seguridad y migración, y la aparición de casos de corrupción, exacerbaron los desafíos que enfrentó el gobierno. Con un Congreso caracterizado por su hostilidad y una marcada polarización en la clase política, el gobierno tuvo considerables dificultades para avanzar en su agenda legislativa y fiscal. En este contexto de agitación, el país experimentó un segundo fracaso constitucional después del rechazo contundente a la propuesta de la primera convención constituyente de 2021. Los partidos políticos acordaron un nuevo proceso, pero la propuesta final fue rechazada por el 56% de los votantes en diciembre. Para muchos, este evento revela problemas estructurales en la democracia chilena, con actores políticos fragmentados y una ciudadanía volátil. Para analizar más a fondo lo ocurrido el 2023, se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos. La primera es la información del Congreso sobre las bancadas parlamentarias y las votaciones en sala. La segunda es una encuesta longitudinal de tres momentos durante el proceso constitucional. Mediante estas herramientas, se pudo observar la dificultad que generó la descomposición de la disciplina legislativa sobre las expectativas del gobierno, así como la baja valoración de la ciudadanía sobre el sistema político en general y el proceso constitucional en particular.

Resumen Este artículo transdisciplinario comprende las etapas que atravesó la asepsia para consolidarse como una tecnología biopolítica en la arquitectura y el urbanismo moderno en Costa Rica. Para esto, se repasan las infraestructuras y políticas vinculadas al Dr. Carlos Durán Cartín en la transición al siglo XX y hasta mediados de ese siglo. Se concluye que hubo una deriva endémica de la arquitectura moderna, en la cual la asepsia fue una pieza clave para la consolidación de un proyecto “civilizatorio” promovido por las élites del país; esta tecnología fue en sus inicios implementada para la gestión de microorganismos, hasta servir a la organización de alteridades biológicas humanas.

Abstract This transdisciplinary article covers the stages that asepsis underwent to consolidate itself as a biopolitical technology in architecture and modern urbanism in Costa Rica. To this end, we review the infrastructures and policies linked to Dr. Carlos Durán Cartín, during the transition to the 20th Century and up until the mid-20th Century. It is concluded that there was an endemic drift in modern architecture, in which asepsis was a key player in the consolidation of a "civilizatory" project promoted by the country’s elites; this technology was initially implemented for the management of microorganisms, so as to serve the organization of human biological differentiation.

Resumen: El artículo busca derivar un tratamiento reflexivo sobre la distinción digital/analógico a partir de la teoría de los sistemas complejos. El objetivo consiste en abordar dicha distinción más allá de sus marcos originales, es decir, más allá de la ingeniería y la informática. La pregunta central es la siguiente: ¿cuáles son los alcances de la comunicación digital para repensar los procesos cognitivos y para los planteamientos epistemológicos? El problema se plantea sobre el estatus de la historiografía, pero es pertinente para el conocimiento científico en general. Se introducen los aportes de Michel de Certeau sobre la función que cumple la informática y el uso de la computadora en el trabajo de los historiadores. Se conectan aspectos de estas aportaciones con una epistemológica constructivista. La tesis central es la siguiente: la distinción digital/analógico se presenta como condición para los procesos cognitivos y los conocimientos generados, lo que determina también a la propia historiografía.

Abstract: The article seeks to derive a reflective treatment on the digital/analog distinction from the theory of complex systems. The objective is to address this distinction beyond its original frameworks, i. e., beyond engineering and computing. The central question is the following: what is the scope of digital communication to rethink cognitive processes and epistemological approaches? The problem is about the status of historiography, but it is relevant to scientific knowledge in general. The contributions of Michel de Certeau on the role of computing and the use of computers in the work of historians are introduced. Aspects of these contributions are connected to a constructivist epistemology. The central thesis is the following: the digital/analogue distinction is a condition for cognitive processes and the knowledge generated, which also determines historiography itself.

Abstract: Since ancient times, timber has been used as a natural renewable material in construction. Currently in Chile, timber buildings are constructed using platform frame walls. In Ecuador this structural system has not been studied, and it is important to do so in order to promote a greater development in the national construction industry. This paper analyzes the behavior of a timber wall under cyclic and monotonic loads, without vertical load according to ASTM E2126 and ASTM E564 respectively. The wall is made of locally produced eucalyptus timber pieces, covered on both sides with Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panels. The results of the monotonic test showed the maximum capacity of the wall. In the cyclic test, the effective stiffness, effective damping and Story Drift Ratio (SDR) were obtained. It is shown that the specimen has high strength and stiffness, high energy dissipation capacity and is at an immediate occupancy performance level.

Resumen: La madera desde la antigüedad ha sido utilizada como un material natural renovable en la construcción. En la actualidad en Chile, se construyen edificaciones de madera usando muros marco plataforma. En el Ecuador este sistema estructural no ha sido estudiado, siendo importante hacerlo para propiciar un mayor desarrollo en la industria de la construcción nacional. En el presente documento se analiza el comportamiento de un muro de madera ante cargas cíclicas y monotónicas, sin carga vertical de acuerdo con las normativas ASTM E2126 y ASTM E564 respectivamente. El muro está conformado por piezas de madera de eucalipto producidas localmente, recubierto en ambas caras con tableros de virutas orientadas (OSB). Como resultado del ensayo monotónico se obtuvo la capacidad máxima del muro, y del ensayo cíclico la rigidez efectiva, amortiguamiento efectivo y la relación de desplazamiento por piso (SDR). Se demuestra que la probeta tiene una alta resistencia y rigidez, gran capacidad de disipar energía y se encuentra en un nivel de desempeño de ocupación inmediata.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the presence of the common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in Argentinian waters for the first time, with a specimen collected by experienced sport fishermen near Mar del Plata (38°S). This finding also represents the first record of a species from the Coryphaenidae family in Argentinian waters. The collection of these specimens coincided with sightings of other rarely-seen pelagic and oceanic fish species during the same period, providing further evidence supporting the influx of subtropical fish species from warmer Brazilian waters. These observations highlight the need for continued monitoring of fish populations and their distribution and the ecological dynamics within the region.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the application efficiency of different nozzle tips associated with increasing application rates. A field experiment was conducted in a factorial 3 × 4 randomized block design with four replicates. The first factor consisted of three types of nozzle tips (simple flat fan, hollow cone, and hollow cone with the electrification of the drops), and the second factor constituted the four application rates (50, 100, 200, and 250 L ha-1). Electrostatic technology and a hollow cone tip increased the deposited volume on leaves on the upper and medium strata of the common bean plant, regardless of the application rate used. The increase in the application rate increased the volume of spray solution captured in the upper, medium, and lower strata, the drop density, the volumetric median diameter (VMD), and the percentage of foliar coverage, regardless of the spray tip evaluated. The percentage of leaf coverage on the adaxial and abaxial leaf was not influenced by the simple fan or hollow cone spray tips, with or without the association of electrostatic technology.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de aplicação de diferentes pontas de bicos associada a taxas crescentes de aplicação. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em três tipos de bicos: leque plano simples, cone oco e cone oco com eletrificação das gotas; e o segundo fator por quatro taxas de aplicação (50, 100, 200 e 250 L ha-1). A tecnologia eletrostática e o cone oco aumentaram o volume depositado nas folhas dos estratos superior e médio do feijoeiro, independentemente da dose de aplicação utilizada. O aumento da taxa de aplicação aumentou o volume de calda captado nos estratos superior, médio e inferior do feijoeiro, a densidade de gotas, o diâmetro médio volumétrico (DMV) e a porcentagem de cobertura foliar, independente da ponta de pulverização avaliada. A porcentagem de cobertura foliar na face adaxial e abaxial não foi influenciada pelas pontas de pulverização em leque simples e cone oco com ou sem a associação da tecnologia eletrostática.