Abstract In this article we investigate neopaganism as a cultural imprint of contemporary Western societies. Closely related to the opposition to Christianity, neopaganism is configured as a philosophy that, consciously and radically, is reluctant to all types of dualism. In this order of ideas, God and the world become two different, separate and irreducible ontological levels. The main objective of the work is to demonstrate that neopaganism is another form of nihilism, through a qualitative approach typical of the human sciences, and will use both the hermeneutical phenomenological method and documentary analysis since it seeks to deepen the rupture with the popular religious traditions, to return to the old sacred conception of the world as a place full of gods, in which there are no more moral demands than those indicated by man as the center of this neopagan metaphysical and anthropological scheme. The main result obtained is the verification of the nihilism that the neopagan proposal contains in the religious, moral, anthropological and political order with a detailed characterization of the phenomenon and its relativistic consequences in Western thought.

Resumen En el presente artículo investigamos acerca del neopaganismo como una impronta cultural de las actuales sociedades occidentales. Relacionado estrechamente con la oposición al cristianismo, el neopaganismo se configura como una filosofía que, de manera consciente y radical, se muestra reacia a todo tipo de dualismo. En este orden de ideas, Dios y el mundo devienen dos niveles ontológicos distintos, separados e irreductibles. El objetivo principal del trabajo es el de demostrar que el neopaganismo constituye una forma de nihilismo, mediante un enfoque cualitativo propio de las ciencias humanas, y se servirá tanto del método fenomenológico hermenéutico como del análisis documental, puesto que busca profundizar en la ruptura con las tradiciones religiosas populares, para retornar a la vieja concepción sagrada del mundo como un lugar lleno de dioses, en el que no hay más exigencias morales que las que señale el hombre como centro de este esquema metafísico y antropológico neopagano. El principal resultado obtenido es la comprobación del nihilismo que encierra la propuesta neopagana en el orden religioso, moral, antropológico y político con una detallada caracterización del fenómeno y sus consecuencias relativistas en el pensamiento occidental.

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Abstract This work examines the foreign communication and propaganda strategy of the last Argentine dictatorship developed by the General Directorate of Press and Diffusion established in 1977 in the Foreign Ministry. Its operation is investigated based on the discovery of a series of folders produced by this agency. We reflect on the drift of this documentation to subsequently analyze its content. This allows us to identify the invitation program for foreign journalists selected to visit Argentina. Those chosen were not only identified figures and defenders of the regime, but also those who expressed more critical positions and those who were capable of producing “non-political” tourist chronicles. His journalistic writings, in turn, allow us to point out invariants (common features) that lead to identifying guidelines of the communication project of the dictatorship. Finally, this work focuses on the peculiar functioning of this Directorate: the presence, among its employees and officials, of women who were prisoners in one of the main clandestine detention centers – the Navy Mechanics School – and who were transferred to the Chancellery to work. Their inscriptions in the documents lead us to reflect on the work with bureaucratic-administrative documentation produced by the terrorist State.

Resumen En este trabajo se examina la estrategia comunicacional y propagandística exterior de la última dictadura argentina elaborada por la Dirección General de Prensa y Difusión, establecida en 1977 en Cancillería. Se investiga su funcionamiento a partir del hallazgo de una serie de carpetas producidas por esta dependencia. Se reflexiona sobre la deriva de esta documentación para, posteriormente, analizar su contenido. Ello permite identificar el programa de invitación a periodistas extranjeros seleccionados para visitar Argentina. Los elegidos no eran solo figuras identificadas y defensoras del régimen, también participaron quienes manifestaban posiciones más críticas y quienes eran capaces de producir crónicas turísticas “no políticas”. Sus escritos periodísticos, a la vez, permiten señalar invariantes (rasgos comunes) que llevan a identificar lineamientos del proyecto comunicacional de la dictadura. Finalmente, este trabajo se detiene en el particular funcionamiento de esta Dirección: la presencia, entre sus empleados y funcionarios, de mujeres que estaban detenidas en uno de los principales centro

Resumo Este trabalho examina a estratégia de comunicação e propaganda externa da última ditadura argentina, desenvolvida pela Direção Geral de Imprensa e Divulgação, criada em 1977 no Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Investigamos seu funcionamento com base na descoberta de uma série de pastas produzidas por essa unidade. Refletiremos sobre o desvio dessa documentação e, em seguida, analisaremos seu conteúdo. Isso torna possível identificar o programa de convites para jornalistas estrangeiros selecionados para visitar a Argentina. Os escolhidos não eram apenas figuras identificadas e defensores do regime, mas também aqueles que expressavam posições mais críticas e que eram capazes de produzir crônicas turísticas “não políticas”. Seus textos jornalísticos, por sua vez, nos permitem apontar invariantes (características comuns) que nos levam a identificar diretrizes do projeto de comunicação da ditadura. Por fim, este documento se concentra no funcionamento específico dessa Diretoria: a presença, entre seus funcionários e oficiais, de mulheres que foram detidas em um dos principais centros de detenção clandestinos –a Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada– e que foram transferidas para a Chancelaria para trabalhar. Suas inscrições nos documentos nos levam a refletir sobre o trabalho com a documentação burocrático-administrativa produzida pelo Estado terrorista.

ABSTRACT The year 2023 in Chile has been an intense year on the political front. The challenges faced by the government were exacerbated by opposition pressure on security and migration issues and the emergence of corruption cases. In this context of turmoil, the country experienced a second constitutional failure after the resounding rejection of the proposal for the first Constitutional Convention in 2021. Political parties agreed on a new process, but the final proposal was rejected by 56% of voters in December. For many, this event reveals structural problems in Chilean democracy, with fragmented political actors and a volatile citizenry. Two data sources were used to analyze what happened in 2023 further. The first is Congressional information on parliamentary benches and floor votes. The second is a longitudinal survey of three moments during the constitutional process. These tools allowed us to observe the difficulties that the breakdown of legislative discipline created for the expectations of the government, as well as the low evaluation that citizens had of the political system in general and the constitutional process in particular.

RESUMEN El 2023 en Chile fue un año intenso en lo político. Las presiones de la oposición en temas de seguridad y migración, y la aparición de casos de corrupción, exacerbaron los desafíos que enfrentó el gobierno. Con un Congreso caracterizado por su hostilidad y una marcada polarización en la clase política, el gobierno tuvo considerables dificultades para avanzar en su agenda legislativa y fiscal. En este contexto de agitación, el país experimentó un segundo fracaso constitucional después del rechazo contundente a la propuesta de la primera convención constituyente de 2021. Los partidos políticos acordaron un nuevo proceso, pero la propuesta final fue rechazada por el 56% de los votantes en diciembre. Para muchos, este evento revela problemas estructurales en la democracia chilena, con actores políticos fragmentados y una ciudadanía volátil. Para analizar más a fondo lo ocurrido el 2023, se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos. La primera es la información del Congreso sobre las bancadas parlamentarias y las votaciones en sala. La segunda es una encuesta longitudinal de tres momentos durante el proceso constitucional. Mediante estas herramientas, se pudo observar la dificultad que generó la descomposición de la disciplina legislativa sobre las expectativas del gobierno, así como la baja valoración de la ciudadanía sobre el sistema político en general y el proceso constitucional en particular.

This article delves into the multifaceted mechanisms driving evolution, exploring the foundational principles of natural selection alongside advanced theories of cybernetics, symbiogenesis, and autopoiesis. Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection highlights the gradual adaptation of organisms, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction. This principle is further examined through the lens of sexual selection, which focuses on traits that increase reproductive success. Cybernetic theories, particularly those proposed by Stafford Beer, introduce regulatory functions and homeostatic balances that underscore the dynamic relationship between organisms and their environments. The role of symbiosis, as articulated in symbiogenesis, reveals how interspecies cooperation leads to significant evolutionary changes, such as the development of essential cellular organelles. The concept of autopoiesis and natural drift offers a paradigm where evolutionary change is a continuous adaptive process, maintaining structural and functional integrity within living systems. This perspective is expanded through the theory of system differentiation, which emphasizes the role of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination in driving species diversification and ecosystem complexity. Integrating these diverse frameworks, the article presents a comprehensive view of evolutionary processes, from the inheritance of acquired characteristics to the generation of new genetic variations through symbiosis and horizontal gene transfer. By synthesizing these insights, the article underscores the interconnectedness and resilience of living systems, offering profound implications for understanding biodiversity and the adaptive capabilities of life on Earth.

Este artículo profundiza en los mecanismos multifacéticos que impulsan la evolución, explorando los principios fundamentales de la selección natural junto con las teorías avanzadas de la cibernética, la simbiogénesis y la autopoiesis. El concepto de selección natural de Charles Darwin destaca la adaptación gradual de los organismos, favoreciendo los rasgos que mejoran la supervivencia y la reproducción. Este principio se examina más a fondo a través de la lente de la selección sexual, que se centra en los rasgos que aumentan el éxito reproductivo. Las teorías cibernéticas, en particular las propuestas por Stafford Beer, introducen funciones reguladoras y equilibrios homeostáticos que subrayan la relación dinámica entre los organismos y sus entornos. El papel de la simbiosis, tal como se articula en la simbiogénesis, revela cómo la cooperación entre especies conduce a cambios evolutivos significativos, como el desarrollo de orgánulos celulares esenciales. El concepto de autopoiesis y deriva natural ofrece un paradigma en el que el cambio evolutivo es un proceso adaptativo continuo, que mantiene la integridad estructural y funcional dentro de los sistemas vivos. Esta perspectiva se amplía a través de la teoría de la diferenciación de sistemas, que enfatiza el papel de la reproducción sexual y la recombinación genética en el impulso de la diversificación de especies y la complejidad de los ecosistemas. Integrando estos diversos marcos, el artículo presenta una visión integral de los procesos evolutivos, desde la herencia de características adquiridas hasta la generación de nuevas variaciones genéticas a través de la simbiosis y la transferencia horizontal de genes. Al sintetizar estas ideas, el artículo subraya la interconexión y la resiliencia de los sistemas vivos, ofreciendo profundas implicaciones para la comprensión de la biodiversidad y las capacidades de adaptación de la vida en la Tierra.

Abstract: Since ancient times, timber has been used as a natural renewable material in construction. Currently in Chile, timber buildings are constructed using platform frame walls. In Ecuador this structural system has not been studied, and it is important to do so in order to promote a greater development in the national construction industry. This paper analyzes the behavior of a timber wall under cyclic and monotonic loads, without vertical load according to ASTM E2126 and ASTM E564 respectively. The wall is made of locally produced eucalyptus timber pieces, covered on both sides with Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panels. The results of the monotonic test showed the maximum capacity of the wall. In the cyclic test, the effective stiffness, effective damping and Story Drift Ratio (SDR) were obtained. It is shown that the specimen has high strength and stiffness, high energy dissipation capacity and is at an immediate occupancy performance level.

Resumen: La madera desde la antigüedad ha sido utilizada como un material natural renovable en la construcción. En la actualidad en Chile, se construyen edificaciones de madera usando muros marco plataforma. En el Ecuador este sistema estructural no ha sido estudiado, siendo importante hacerlo para propiciar un mayor desarrollo en la industria de la construcción nacional. En el presente documento se analiza el comportamiento de un muro de madera ante cargas cíclicas y monotónicas, sin carga vertical de acuerdo con las normativas ASTM E2126 y ASTM E564 respectivamente. El muro está conformado por piezas de madera de eucalipto producidas localmente, recubierto en ambas caras con tableros de virutas orientadas (OSB). Como resultado del ensayo monotónico se obtuvo la capacidad máxima del muro, y del ensayo cíclico la rigidez efectiva, amortiguamiento efectivo y la relación de desplazamiento por piso (SDR). Se demuestra que la probeta tiene una alta resistencia y rigidez, gran capacidad de disipar energía y se encuentra en un nivel de desempeño de ocupación inmediata.

Abstract: Currently, the diversity of sources generating data in a massive online manner cause data streams to become part of many real work applications. Learning from a data stream is a very challenging task due to the non-stationary nature of this type of data. Characteristics such as infinite length, concept drift, concept evolution and recurrent concepts are the most common problems that need to be addressed by data stream learning algorithms. In this work an algorithm for data stream classification based on an associative classifier is presented. This proposal combines a clustering algorithm and the Naïve Associative Classifier for Online Data (NACOD) to address this problem. A set of micro-clusters (MCs), a data structure that summarizes the information of the current data, is used instead of storing the whole data. The MCs are continually updated with the arriving data, either to create new MCs or to update existing ones. The added MCs helps to deal with concept drift. To assess the performance of the proposed model, experiments were carried out on 3 data sets commonly used to evaluate data stream classification algorithms: KDD Cup 1999, Forest Cover Type and Statlog (Shuttle). Our model achieved higher accuracies than those achieved with algorithms such as data stream version of Naïve Bayes and Hoeffding Tree, the average accuracies achieved were for KDD Cup 1999: 100 %, Statlog (Shuttle): 99.01 % and Forest Cover Type 70.44 %.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the presence of the common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in Argentinian waters for the first time, with a specimen collected by experienced sport fishermen near Mar del Plata (38°S). This finding also represents the first record of a species from the Coryphaenidae family in Argentinian waters. The collection of these specimens coincided with sightings of other rarely-seen pelagic and oceanic fish species during the same period, providing further evidence supporting the influx of subtropical fish species from warmer Brazilian waters. These observations highlight the need for continued monitoring of fish populations and their distribution and the ecological dynamics within the region.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the application efficiency of different nozzle tips associated with increasing application rates. A field experiment was conducted in a factorial 3 × 4 randomized block design with four replicates. The first factor consisted of three types of nozzle tips (simple flat fan, hollow cone, and hollow cone with the electrification of the drops), and the second factor constituted the four application rates (50, 100, 200, and 250 L ha-1). Electrostatic technology and a hollow cone tip increased the deposited volume on leaves on the upper and medium strata of the common bean plant, regardless of the application rate used. The increase in the application rate increased the volume of spray solution captured in the upper, medium, and lower strata, the drop density, the volumetric median diameter (VMD), and the percentage of foliar coverage, regardless of the spray tip evaluated. The percentage of leaf coverage on the adaxial and abaxial leaf was not influenced by the simple fan or hollow cone spray tips, with or without the association of electrostatic technology. replicates drops, drops , drops) 50, 50 (50 100 200 25 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) plant used density VMD, VMD (VMD) evaluated 5 (5 10 20 2 ha-1 (VMD ( ha-

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de aplicação de diferentes pontas de bicos associada a taxas crescentes de aplicação. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em três tipos de bicos: leque plano simples, cone oco e cone oco com eletrificação das gotas; e o segundo fator por quatro taxas de aplicação (50, 100, 200 e 250 L ha-1). A tecnologia eletrostática e o cone oco aumentaram o volume depositado nas folhas dos estratos superior e médio do feijoeiro, independentemente da dose de aplicação utilizada. O aumento da taxa de aplicação aumentou o volume de calda captado nos estratos superior, médio e inferior do feijoeiro, a densidade de gotas, o diâmetro médio volumétrico (DMV) e a porcentagem de cobertura foliar, independente da ponta de pulverização avaliada. A porcentagem de cobertura foliar na face adaxial e abaxial não foi influenciada pelas pontas de pulverização em leque simples e cone oco com ou sem a associação da tecnologia eletrostática. acaso 4 repetições gotas 50, 50 (50 100 20 25 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) feijoeiro utilizada DMV (DMV avaliada 5 (5 10 2 ha-1 ( ha-

This study quantified transfer losses over the 2021/2022 water year for irrigation releases from Darlington Dam into the Sundays River, which are diverted at the Korhaans Drift Weir. A one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model was set up and calibrated to simulate the transfer losses which were assumed to consist primarily of evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET). Flow measurements were undertaken with an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) to verify the calibrations of the Parshall flumes at Darlington Dam and at Korhaans Drift Weir. The ADCP results showed that the Department of Water and Sanitation's (DWS's) existing discharge tables underestimated lower flows by 13% and higher flows by 16%. The hydrodynamic model results also estimated transfer losses between Darlington Dam and Korhaans Drift to range between 2.0% and 5.3%. It was determined that the transfer losses were seasonal and were lower than those determined by similar studies for other South African rivers.

ABSTRACT The year 2023 in Chile has been an intense year on the political front. The challenges faced by the government were exacerbated by opposition pressure on security and migration issues and the emergence of corruption cases. In this context of turmoil, the country experienced a second constitutional failure after the resounding rejection of the proposal for the first Constitutional Convention in 2021. Political parties agreed on a new process, but the final proposal was rejected by 56% of voters in December. For many, this event reveals structural problems in Chilean democracy, with fragmented political actors and a volatile citizenry. Two data sources were used to analyze what happened in 2023 further. The first is Congressional information on parliamentary benches and floor votes. The second is a longitudinal survey of three moments during the constitutional process. These tools allowed us to observe the difficulties that the breakdown of legislative discipline created for the expectations of the government, as well as the low evaluation that citizens had of the political system in general and the constitutional process in particular.

RESUMEN El 2023 en Chile fue un año intenso en lo político. Las presiones de la oposición en temas de seguridad y migración, y la aparición de casos de corrupción, exacerbaron los desafíos que enfrentó el gobierno. Con un Congreso caracterizado por su hostilidad y una marcada polarización en la clase política, el gobierno tuvo considerables dificultades para avanzar en su agenda legislativa y fiscal. En este contexto de agitación, el país experimentó un segundo fracaso constitucional después del rechazo contundente a la propuesta de la primera convención constituyente de 2021. Los partidos políticos acordaron un nuevo proceso, pero la propuesta final fue rechazada por el 56% de los votantes en diciembre. Para muchos, este evento revela problemas estructurales en la democracia chilena, con actores políticos fragmentados y una ciudadanía volátil. Para analizar más a fondo lo ocurrido el 2023, se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos. La primera es la información del Congreso sobre las bancadas parlamentarias y las votaciones en sala. La segunda es una encuesta longitudinal de tres momentos durante el proceso constitucional. Mediante estas herramientas, se pudo observar la dificultad que generó la descomposición de la disciplina legislativa sobre las expectativas del gobierno, así como la baja valoración de la ciudadanía sobre el sistema político en general y el proceso constitucional en particular.

ABSTRACT Sandy beaches have different shoreline change rates (i.e., erosion/accretion rates). An erosive process on beaches poses risks for human-occupied areas. One example is Matinhos Beach (state of Paraná - Brazil), which has an average annual erosion rate of around 1.5 m yr-1 This study applied a methodology that combines in situ measurements and numerical modeling to simulate the physical processes in the coastal area of Matinhos during the 2018 Austral winter. Monthly DGPS surveys were carried out in the study area from June to September. The MOHID modeling system was applied to simulate hydrodynamics and sediment transport, considering waves and tidal forcing validated with in situ data. The WAVEWATCH III and SWAN models were applied in a nesting approach to simulate the waves at Matinhos Beach. The GFS was used to assess the wind conditions. The study period showed a dynamic evolution of accretion and erosion between monthly measurements with no clear pattern in most profiles. Significant sand accumulation was observed near the headland. Morphological changes were minor due to the predominance of low energy without significant storm events. The measured morphological changes are in line with the residual littoral drift obtained from the modeling results for the period. The residual current velocities were towards the southwest, with magnitudes ranging from 0.15 m s-1 to 0.2 m s-1. A slight variation in the angle of wave incidence (10°) may change the direction (southwest or northeast) and intensity of the littoral drift. The applied methodology can reduce uncertainty and support effective coastal management. However, the seasonal scales of wave climate cannot be disregarded, nor can the need for coastal oceanographic data. i.e., ie i e (i.e. erosionaccretion rates. . rates) humanoccupied human occupied areas state Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) 15 1 5 1. yr1 yr yr- 201 winter September transport data conditions profiles headland events southwest 015 0 0.1 s1 s s- 02 2 0. s1. 10° 10 (10° northeast management However disregarded i.e. (i.e 20 01 (10 i.e (1 (

Abstract Hymenaea stigonocarpa (“jatobá-do-cerrado”) is a fruit species native to the Brazilian Cerrado indicated as a priority for research and sustainable exploitation. The present study aimed to characterize the accessions and evaluate the magnitude and distribution of the genetic variability of an in vivo germplasm collection of this species. The experimental material consisted of 336 accessions, from 119 maternal progenies, from 24 subpopulations, sampled over a wide area in the Cerrado. The traits plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and number of leaves were evaluated based on 11 measurements, over 28 months. The growth dynamics varied over time, with greater development in the rainy season. There was a significant difference among subpopulations for all growth traits, showing the potential for selection among provenances in a breeding program. The structuring of quantitative genetic differentiation among subpopulations is compatible with the variation expected by genetic drift, with no sign of divergent selection. jatobádocerrado jatobá do cerrado (“jatobá-do-cerrado” exploitation 33 progenies 2 height diameter 1 measurements months time season program drift (“jatobá-do-cerrado 3

ABSTRACT The cultivation of pecan (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch) and olive trees (Olea europaea L.) near pasture and grain cultivation areas in southern Brazil has caused herbicide drift problems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba on the growth of pecan and olive tree seedlings. A total of 8 underdoses were used, as follows: 0, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100% of the recommended doses of herbicides 2,4-D (670 g a.e ha-1) and dicamba (720 g a.e ha-1) for burndown. The applications were carried out in 80 cm-high seedlings with the aid of a CO2 pressurized sprayer with a spray solution volume of 150 L. ha-1. The analyzed variables were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after spray (DAA) and plant height and stem diameter at 30 and 60 DAA. The drift of hormonal herbicides caused damage to the growth of pecan and olive trees, decreasing their stem diameter and height, with the herbicide dicamba showing the greatest damage. In addition, doses above 12.5% of both herbicides resulted in phytotoxicity levels greater than 60%, and doses of 50 and 100% were responsible for leaf senescence. Carya K Koch Olea L problems Therefore 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 used follows 0 156 1 56 1.56 3125 3 125 3.125 625 6 25 6.25 120 12 12.0 250 25.0 500 50.0 100 670 (67 ae e ha1 ha ha-1 720 (72 burndown cmhigh cm high CO 15 ha1. 1. 7 14 21 DAA (DAA addition 5 12.5 60% senescence 4D 24 2, 1.5 312 3.12 62 6.2 12. 25. 50. 10 67 (6 ha- 72 (7 31 3.1 6. ( 3.

RESUMO O cultivo de nogueira-pecã (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch) e oliveira (Olea europaea L.) no Sul do Brasil próximo a áreas de pastagens e de cultivo de grãos tem registrado problemas de deriva de herbicidas. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos fitotóxicos dos herbicidas 2,4-D e dicamba sob o crescimento de mudas de nogueira-pecã e oliveira. Para isso, utilizaram-se 8 subdoses, sendo elas 0; 1,56; 3,125; 6,25; 12,0; 25,0%; 50,0; e 100% das doses recomendadas para dessecação dos herbicidas 2,4-D (670 g e.a ha-1) e dicamba (720 g i.a ha-1). As aplicações foram realizadas em mudas com 80 cm de altura com auxílio de um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2 com volume de calda de 150 L ha-1. As variáveis analisadas foram a fitotoxicidade aos 7, 14, 21, 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação (DAA), estatura de plantas e diâmetro de caule aos 30 e 60 DAA. A deriva de herbicidas hormonais causou danos ao crescimento das plantas de nogueira e oliveira, diminuindo o diâmetro de caule e a estatura das mesmas, sendo o herbicida dicamba o responsável pelos maiores danos. Além disso, doses acima de 12,5% de ambos os herbicidas resultaram em fitotoxicidade superior a 60%, sendo as doses de 50 e 100% responsáveis pela senescência de folhas. nogueirapecã pecã Carya K Koch Olea L. disso 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 isso utilizaramse utilizaram se subdoses 0 1,56 156 1 56 3,125 3125 3 125 6,25 625 6 25 12,0 120 12 25,0% 250 50,0 500 100 670 (67 ea ha1 ha ha-1 720 (72 ia i ha1. . CO 15 1. 7 14 21 DAA, DAA , (DAA) mesmas 5 12,5 60% folhas 4D 24 2, 1,5 3,12 312 6,2 62 12, 25,0 50, 10 67 (6 ha- 72 (7 (DAA 1, 3,1 31 6, 25, ( 3,

ABSTRACT We present the first report of plastic biomedia contamination on Brazilian beaches based on evidence collected from 14 beaches of the Paraná state coastline (southern Brazil). Plastic biomedia, also called biocarriers, are small, perforated plastic pieces used worldwide in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that apply the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) process. Accidental release of these particles into the environment adds to Ocean’s long-term plastic pollution problem. A high amount of plastic biomedia presence in the coastal areas of Paraná was first noticed by a community member, who found 411 plastic particles on a beach located in Pontal do Paraná, bringing this issue to our attention. In this study, plastic biomedia was retrieved from drift line alongshore transects (0.3 to 1 km long) and cross-shore transects (5 m wide) from the water line to the backshore zone. A total of 749 items were collected from 11 of the 14 sampled beaches, including the Mel and Superagui Islands nature reserves. The decreasing trend in plastic biomedia abundance with the increase in distance of the PEC southern outlet suggests that these particles probably originate from a WWTP in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC). Once in the water, these floating plastic particles that followed the suspended sediment transport pattern were exported to coastal waters and were transported by longshore currents. Highlighting the potential role of the PEC as a substantial vector for marine debris to the Paraná coastline. The most likely source of this novel plastic contaminant to the Brazilian coastline are WWTP with MBBR systems. Therefore, stakeholders need to discuss and establish a reporting system so that plastic biomedia spillovers or losses are reported, and its dispersal in the environment is reduced. Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) biocarriers small (WWTP (MBBR process Oceans Ocean s longterm long term problem member 41 attention study 0.3 03 0 3 (0. crossshore cross shore 5 ( wide zone 74 reserves PEC. (PEC) currents systems Therefore reported reduced 4 0. (0 7 (PEC