This article delves into the multifaceted mechanisms driving evolution, exploring the foundational principles of natural selection alongside advanced theories of cybernetics, symbiogenesis, and autopoiesis. Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection highlights the gradual adaptation of organisms, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction. This principle is further examined through the lens of sexual selection, which focuses on traits that increase reproductive success. Cybernetic theories, particularly those proposed by Stafford Beer, introduce regulatory functions and homeostatic balances that underscore the dynamic relationship between organisms and their environments. The role of symbiosis, as articulated in symbiogenesis, reveals how interspecies cooperation leads to significant evolutionary changes, such as the development of essential cellular organelles. The concept of autopoiesis and natural drift offers a paradigm where evolutionary change is a continuous adaptive process, maintaining structural and functional integrity within living systems. This perspective is expanded through the theory of system differentiation, which emphasizes the role of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination in driving species diversification and ecosystem complexity. Integrating these diverse frameworks, the article presents a comprehensive view of evolutionary processes, from the inheritance of acquired characteristics to the generation of new genetic variations through symbiosis and horizontal gene transfer. By synthesizing these insights, the article underscores the interconnectedness and resilience of living systems, offering profound implications for understanding biodiversity and the adaptive capabilities of life on Earth.

Este artículo profundiza en los mecanismos multifacéticos que impulsan la evolución, explorando los principios fundamentales de la selección natural junto con las teorías avanzadas de la cibernética, la simbiogénesis y la autopoiesis. El concepto de selección natural de Charles Darwin destaca la adaptación gradual de los organismos, favoreciendo los rasgos que mejoran la supervivencia y la reproducción. Este principio se examina más a fondo a través de la lente de la selección sexual, que se centra en los rasgos que aumentan el éxito reproductivo. Las teorías cibernéticas, en particular las propuestas por Stafford Beer, introducen funciones reguladoras y equilibrios homeostáticos que subrayan la relación dinámica entre los organismos y sus entornos. El papel de la simbiosis, tal como se articula en la simbiogénesis, revela cómo la cooperación entre especies conduce a cambios evolutivos significativos, como el desarrollo de orgánulos celulares esenciales. El concepto de autopoiesis y deriva natural ofrece un paradigma en el que el cambio evolutivo es un proceso adaptativo continuo, que mantiene la integridad estructural y funcional dentro de los sistemas vivos. Esta perspectiva se amplía a través de la teoría de la diferenciación de sistemas, que enfatiza el papel de la reproducción sexual y la recombinación genética en el impulso de la diversificación de especies y la complejidad de los ecosistemas. Integrando estos diversos marcos, el artículo presenta una visión integral de los procesos evolutivos, desde la herencia de características adquiridas hasta la generación de nuevas variaciones genéticas a través de la simbiosis y la transferencia horizontal de genes. Al sintetizar estas ideas, el artículo subraya la interconexión y la resiliencia de los sistemas vivos, ofreciendo profundas implicaciones para la comprensión de la biodiversidad y las capacidades de adaptación de la vida en la Tierra.

Abstract: Since ancient times, timber has been used as a natural renewable material in construction. Currently in Chile, timber buildings are constructed using platform frame walls. In Ecuador this structural system has not been studied, and it is important to do so in order to promote a greater development in the national construction industry. This paper analyzes the behavior of a timber wall under cyclic and monotonic loads, without vertical load according to ASTM E2126 and ASTM E564 respectively. The wall is made of locally produced eucalyptus timber pieces, covered on both sides with Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panels. The results of the monotonic test showed the maximum capacity of the wall. In the cyclic test, the effective stiffness, effective damping and Story Drift Ratio (SDR) were obtained. It is shown that the specimen has high strength and stiffness, high energy dissipation capacity and is at an immediate occupancy performance level.

Resumen: La madera desde la antigüedad ha sido utilizada como un material natural renovable en la construcción. En la actualidad en Chile, se construyen edificaciones de madera usando muros marco plataforma. En el Ecuador este sistema estructural no ha sido estudiado, siendo importante hacerlo para propiciar un mayor desarrollo en la industria de la construcción nacional. En el presente documento se analiza el comportamiento de un muro de madera ante cargas cíclicas y monotónicas, sin carga vertical de acuerdo con las normativas ASTM E2126 y ASTM E564 respectivamente. El muro está conformado por piezas de madera de eucalipto producidas localmente, recubierto en ambas caras con tableros de virutas orientadas (OSB). Como resultado del ensayo monotónico se obtuvo la capacidad máxima del muro, y del ensayo cíclico la rigidez efectiva, amortiguamiento efectivo y la relación de desplazamiento por piso (SDR). Se demuestra que la probeta tiene una alta resistencia y rigidez, gran capacidad de disipar energía y se encuentra en un nivel de desempeño de ocupación inmediata.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the presence of the common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in Argentinian waters for the first time, with a specimen collected by experienced sport fishermen near Mar del Plata (38°S). This finding also represents the first record of a species from the Coryphaenidae family in Argentinian waters. The collection of these specimens coincided with sightings of other rarely-seen pelagic and oceanic fish species during the same period, providing further evidence supporting the influx of subtropical fish species from warmer Brazilian waters. These observations highlight the need for continued monitoring of fish populations and their distribution and the ecological dynamics within the region.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the application efficiency of different nozzle tips associated with increasing application rates. A field experiment was conducted in a factorial 3 × 4 randomized block design with four replicates. The first factor consisted of three types of nozzle tips (simple flat fan, hollow cone, and hollow cone with the electrification of the drops), and the second factor constituted the four application rates (50, 100, 200, and 250 L ha-1). Electrostatic technology and a hollow cone tip increased the deposited volume on leaves on the upper and medium strata of the common bean plant, regardless of the application rate used. The increase in the application rate increased the volume of spray solution captured in the upper, medium, and lower strata, the drop density, the volumetric median diameter (VMD), and the percentage of foliar coverage, regardless of the spray tip evaluated. The percentage of leaf coverage on the adaxial and abaxial leaf was not influenced by the simple fan or hollow cone spray tips, with or without the association of electrostatic technology. replicates drops, drops , drops) 50, 50 (50 100 200 25 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) plant used density VMD, VMD (VMD) evaluated 5 (5 10 20 2 ha-1 (VMD ( ha-

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de aplicação de diferentes pontas de bicos associada a taxas crescentes de aplicação. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em três tipos de bicos: leque plano simples, cone oco e cone oco com eletrificação das gotas; e o segundo fator por quatro taxas de aplicação (50, 100, 200 e 250 L ha-1). A tecnologia eletrostática e o cone oco aumentaram o volume depositado nas folhas dos estratos superior e médio do feijoeiro, independentemente da dose de aplicação utilizada. O aumento da taxa de aplicação aumentou o volume de calda captado nos estratos superior, médio e inferior do feijoeiro, a densidade de gotas, o diâmetro médio volumétrico (DMV) e a porcentagem de cobertura foliar, independente da ponta de pulverização avaliada. A porcentagem de cobertura foliar na face adaxial e abaxial não foi influenciada pelas pontas de pulverização em leque simples e cone oco com ou sem a associação da tecnologia eletrostática. acaso 4 repetições gotas 50, 50 (50 100 20 25 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) feijoeiro utilizada DMV (DMV avaliada 5 (5 10 2 ha-1 ( ha-

This study quantified transfer losses over the 2021/2022 water year for irrigation releases from Darlington Dam into the Sundays River, which are diverted at the Korhaans Drift Weir. A one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model was set up and calibrated to simulate the transfer losses which were assumed to consist primarily of evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET). Flow measurements were undertaken with an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) to verify the calibrations of the Parshall flumes at Darlington Dam and at Korhaans Drift Weir. The ADCP results showed that the Department of Water and Sanitation's (DWS's) existing discharge tables underestimated lower flows by 13% and higher flows by 16%. The hydrodynamic model results also estimated transfer losses between Darlington Dam and Korhaans Drift to range between 2.0% and 5.3%. It was determined that the transfer losses were seasonal and were lower than those determined by similar studies for other South African rivers.

Abstract Hymenaea stigonocarpa (“jatobá-do-cerrado”) is a fruit species native to the Brazilian Cerrado indicated as a priority for research and sustainable exploitation. The present study aimed to characterize the accessions and evaluate the magnitude and distribution of the genetic variability of an in vivo germplasm collection of this species. The experimental material consisted of 336 accessions, from 119 maternal progenies, from 24 subpopulations, sampled over a wide area in the Cerrado. The traits plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and number of leaves were evaluated based on 11 measurements, over 28 months. The growth dynamics varied over time, with greater development in the rainy season. There was a significant difference among subpopulations for all growth traits, showing the potential for selection among provenances in a breeding program. The structuring of quantitative genetic differentiation among subpopulations is compatible with the variation expected by genetic drift, with no sign of divergent selection. jatobádocerrado jatobá do cerrado (“jatobá-do-cerrado” exploitation 33 progenies 2 height diameter 1 measurements months time season program drift (“jatobá-do-cerrado 3

ABSTRACT The cultivation of pecan (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch) and olive trees (Olea europaea L.) near pasture and grain cultivation areas in southern Brazil has caused herbicide drift problems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba on the growth of pecan and olive tree seedlings. A total of 8 underdoses were used, as follows: 0, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100% of the recommended doses of herbicides 2,4-D (670 g a.e ha-1) and dicamba (720 g a.e ha-1) for burndown. The applications were carried out in 80 cm-high seedlings with the aid of a CO2 pressurized sprayer with a spray solution volume of 150 L. ha-1. The analyzed variables were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after spray (DAA) and plant height and stem diameter at 30 and 60 DAA. The drift of hormonal herbicides caused damage to the growth of pecan and olive trees, decreasing their stem diameter and height, with the herbicide dicamba showing the greatest damage. In addition, doses above 12.5% of both herbicides resulted in phytotoxicity levels greater than 60%, and doses of 50 and 100% were responsible for leaf senescence. Carya K Koch Olea L problems Therefore 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 used follows 0 156 1 56 1.56 3125 3 125 3.125 625 6 25 6.25 120 12 12.0 250 25.0 500 50.0 100 670 (67 ae e ha1 ha ha-1 720 (72 burndown cmhigh cm high CO 15 ha1. 1. 7 14 21 DAA (DAA addition 5 12.5 60% senescence 4D 24 2, 1.5 312 3.12 62 6.2 12. 25. 50. 10 67 (6 ha- 72 (7 31 3.1 6. ( 3.

RESUMO O cultivo de nogueira-pecã (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch) e oliveira (Olea europaea L.) no Sul do Brasil próximo a áreas de pastagens e de cultivo de grãos tem registrado problemas de deriva de herbicidas. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos fitotóxicos dos herbicidas 2,4-D e dicamba sob o crescimento de mudas de nogueira-pecã e oliveira. Para isso, utilizaram-se 8 subdoses, sendo elas 0; 1,56; 3,125; 6,25; 12,0; 25,0%; 50,0; e 100% das doses recomendadas para dessecação dos herbicidas 2,4-D (670 g e.a ha-1) e dicamba (720 g i.a ha-1). As aplicações foram realizadas em mudas com 80 cm de altura com auxílio de um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2 com volume de calda de 150 L ha-1. As variáveis analisadas foram a fitotoxicidade aos 7, 14, 21, 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação (DAA), estatura de plantas e diâmetro de caule aos 30 e 60 DAA. A deriva de herbicidas hormonais causou danos ao crescimento das plantas de nogueira e oliveira, diminuindo o diâmetro de caule e a estatura das mesmas, sendo o herbicida dicamba o responsável pelos maiores danos. Além disso, doses acima de 12,5% de ambos os herbicidas resultaram em fitotoxicidade superior a 60%, sendo as doses de 50 e 100% responsáveis pela senescência de folhas. nogueirapecã pecã Carya K Koch Olea L. disso 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 isso utilizaramse utilizaram se subdoses 0 1,56 156 1 56 3,125 3125 3 125 6,25 625 6 25 12,0 120 12 25,0% 250 50,0 500 100 670 (67 ea ha1 ha ha-1 720 (72 ia i ha1. . CO 15 1. 7 14 21 DAA, DAA , (DAA) mesmas 5 12,5 60% folhas 4D 24 2, 1,5 3,12 312 6,2 62 12, 25,0 50, 10 67 (6 ha- 72 (7 (DAA 1, 3,1 31 6, 25, ( 3,

ABSTRACT We present the first report of plastic biomedia contamination on Brazilian beaches based on evidence collected from 14 beaches of the Paraná state coastline (southern Brazil). Plastic biomedia, also called biocarriers, are small, perforated plastic pieces used worldwide in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that apply the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) process. Accidental release of these particles into the environment adds to Ocean’s long-term plastic pollution problem. A high amount of plastic biomedia presence in the coastal areas of Paraná was first noticed by a community member, who found 411 plastic particles on a beach located in Pontal do Paraná, bringing this issue to our attention. In this study, plastic biomedia was retrieved from drift line alongshore transects (0.3 to 1 km long) and cross-shore transects (5 m wide) from the water line to the backshore zone. A total of 749 items were collected from 11 of the 14 sampled beaches, including the Mel and Superagui Islands nature reserves. The decreasing trend in plastic biomedia abundance with the increase in distance of the PEC southern outlet suggests that these particles probably originate from a WWTP in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC). Once in the water, these floating plastic particles that followed the suspended sediment transport pattern were exported to coastal waters and were transported by longshore currents. Highlighting the potential role of the PEC as a substantial vector for marine debris to the Paraná coastline. The most likely source of this novel plastic contaminant to the Brazilian coastline are WWTP with MBBR systems. Therefore, stakeholders need to discuss and establish a reporting system so that plastic biomedia spillovers or losses are reported, and its dispersal in the environment is reduced. Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) biocarriers small (WWTP (MBBR process Oceans Ocean s longterm long term problem member 41 attention study 0.3 03 0 3 (0. crossshore cross shore 5 ( wide zone 74 reserves PEC. (PEC) currents systems Therefore reported reduced 4 0. (0 7 (PEC

ABSTRACT Sandy beaches have different shoreline change rates (i.e., erosion/accretion rates). An erosive process on beaches poses risks for human-occupied areas. One example is Matinhos Beach (state of Paraná - Brazil), which has an average annual erosion rate of around 1.5 m yr-1 This study applied a methodology that combines in situ measurements and numerical modeling to simulate the physical processes in the coastal area of Matinhos during the 2018 Austral winter. Monthly DGPS surveys were carried out in the study area from June to September. The MOHID modeling system was applied to simulate hydrodynamics and sediment transport, considering waves and tidal forcing validated with in situ data. The WAVEWATCH III and SWAN models were applied in a nesting approach to simulate the waves at Matinhos Beach. The GFS was used to assess the wind conditions. The study period showed a dynamic evolution of accretion and erosion between monthly measurements with no clear pattern in most profiles. Significant sand accumulation was observed near the headland. Morphological changes were minor due to the predominance of low energy without significant storm events. The measured morphological changes are in line with the residual littoral drift obtained from the modeling results for the period. The residual current velocities were towards the southwest, with magnitudes ranging from 0.15 m s-1 to 0.2 m s-1. A slight variation in the angle of wave incidence (10°) may change the direction (southwest or northeast) and intensity of the littoral drift. The applied methodology can reduce uncertainty and support effective coastal management. However, the seasonal scales of wave climate cannot be disregarded, nor can the need for coastal oceanographic data. i.e., ie i e (i.e. erosionaccretion rates. . rates) humanoccupied human occupied areas state Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) 15 1 5 1. yr1 yr yr- 201 winter September transport data conditions profiles headland events southwest 015 0 0.1 s1 s s- 02 2 0. s1. 10° 10 (10° northeast management However disregarded i.e. (i.e 20 01 (10 i.e (1 (

ABSTRACT The year 2023 in Chile has been an intense year on the political front. The challenges faced by the government were exacerbated by opposition pressure on security and migration issues and the emergence of corruption cases. In this context of turmoil, the country experienced a second constitutional failure after the resounding rejection of the proposal for the first Constitutional Convention in 2021. Political parties agreed on a new process, but the final proposal was rejected by 56% of voters in December. For many, this event reveals structural problems in Chilean democracy, with fragmented political actors and a volatile citizenry. Two data sources were used to analyze what happened in 2023 further. The first is Congressional information on parliamentary benches and floor votes. The second is a longitudinal survey of three moments during the constitutional process. These tools allowed us to observe the difficulties that the breakdown of legislative discipline created for the expectations of the government, as well as the low evaluation that citizens had of the political system in general and the constitutional process in particular.

RESUMEN El 2023 en Chile fue un año intenso en lo político. Las presiones de la oposición en temas de seguridad y migración, y la aparición de casos de corrupción, exacerbaron los desafíos que enfrentó el gobierno. Con un Congreso caracterizado por su hostilidad y una marcada polarización en la clase política, el gobierno tuvo considerables dificultades para avanzar en su agenda legislativa y fiscal. En este contexto de agitación, el país experimentó un segundo fracaso constitucional después del rechazo contundente a la propuesta de la primera convención constituyente de 2021. Los partidos políticos acordaron un nuevo proceso, pero la propuesta final fue rechazada por el 56% de los votantes en diciembre. Para muchos, este evento revela problemas estructurales en la democracia chilena, con actores políticos fragmentados y una ciudadanía volátil. Para analizar más a fondo lo ocurrido el 2023, se utilizaron dos fuentes de datos. La primera es la información del Congreso sobre las bancadas parlamentarias y las votaciones en sala. La segunda es una encuesta longitudinal de tres momentos durante el proceso constitucional. Mediante estas herramientas, se pudo observar la dificultad que generó la descomposición de la disciplina legislativa sobre las expectativas del gobierno, así como la baja valoración de la ciudadanía sobre el sistema político en general y el proceso constitucional en particular.

PURPOSE: Shouldering dual missions, social entrepreneurship-oriented enterprises often face the challenge of mission drift when confronted with environmental dynamics and limited resources. Therefore, based on the resource-based view, this article explores the mechanism of effective resource management in the process of achieving dual performance in social entrepreneurship-oriented enterprises DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In this study, 220 enterprises in China were surveyed. A quantitative approach, utilising convenience sampling for survey distribution, was employed, and the proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) and Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA FINDINGS/RESULTS: We found that: (1) Social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) has a significant positive effect on corporate dual performance. (2) Social entrepreneurship orientation positively affects corporate dual performance through resource management, and this mediating role is played through multiple paths - separate mediating roles of resource acquisition, resource integration, and resource utilisation, serial mediating roles of resource acquisition and resource integration, serial mediating roles of resource acquisition and resource utilisation, serial mediating roles of resource integration and resource utilisation, and serial mediating roles of resource acquisition, resource integration, and resource utilisation. (3) The fsQCA analysis shows that there are two ways to realise corporate dual performance, namely, social entrepreneurship orientation-dominated means and resource management-dominated means PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Companies in a period of social transformation should pay more attention to the role of social entrepreneurship orientation. In addition, they need to take a close look at resource management to effectively alleviate the pressure they face in fulfilling their social mission and realising economic values ORIGINALITY/VALUE: These findings not only reveal the impact of social entrepreneurship orientation on corporate dual performance and its specific mechanism but also enhance the theoretical explanation of analysing the heterogeneity of SEO practice under the resource-based view

Abstract Addressed to Philosophy teachers, this text sums up the contributions offered by a university training aimed at filling the blanks on what is known about work. By revisiting concepts such as subject, values, health and norms… it is defended that all work, and even all human endeavor, is always, to different extents, one’s use of self and use of self by others. This may provide a generic work definition. However, it is noticed that knowledge “by others” rules the work activities in detriment to the knowledge at the core of “one’s use of self”. This would introduce an historical version of work, presenting it as a constraint, as it is characterized in social categories where inequalities stand out. The origin of this historical perspective is then questioned, suggesting that such drift from work is undoubtedly central to the anemia of current democracy.

Resumen Este artículo, destinado a profesores de filosofía, resume los aportes de una formación universitaria destinada a colmar ciertas lagunas en el conocimiento acerca del trabajo. Revisando conceptos tales como sujeto, valores, salud y normas... se sostiene que todo trabajo, y de hecho toda actividad humana, supone siempre, en diversos grados, el uso de uno mismo por uno mismo y el uso de uno mismo por los demás. Esto puede proporcionar una definición genérica del trabajo. Sin embargo, se observa que los saberes llevados por los "demás" rigen las actividades laborales en desmedro del conocimiento que se encuentra en el núcleo de los "usos de uno mismo por uno mismo". Esto introduciría una versión histórica del trabajo, que lo convertiría en una reducción, característica de categorías sociales marcadas por las desigualdades. Se interroga acerca de la génesis de esta forma histórica sugiriendo que ésta deriva del trabajo y que se encuentra, sin ninguna duda, en el centro de la anemia de la democracia contemporánea.

Resumo Dirigido a professores de Filosofia, este texto sintetiza os contributos de uma formação universitária destinada a colmatar certas lacunas de saberes sobre o trabalho. Revisitando conceitos como o de sujeito, valores, saúde e normas… sustenta-se que todo o trabalho, e mesmo toda a atividade humana, é sempre, em graus diversos, uso de si por si e uso de si pelos outros. Isto pode fornecer uma definição genérica do trabalho. No entanto, observa-se que os saberes dos "outros" governam as atividades de trabalho em detrimento dos saberes que estão no âmago dos "usos de si por si". Isto introduziria uma versão histórica do trabalho, fazendo dele um constrangimento, característico de categorias sociais marcadas por desigualdades. Interroga-se, em seguida, a génese desta forma histórica, sugerindo que esta deriva do trabalho está, sem dúvida, no cerne da atual anemia da democracia.

Résumé Adressé à des professeurs de Philosophie, ce texte synthétise les apports d’une formation universitaire destinée à combler certaines carences des savoirs portant sur le travail. Revisitant des concepts comme sujet, valeurs, santé, normes...il pose que tout travail et au-delà toute activité humaine sont toujours à des degrés divers, usage de soi par soi et usage de soi par les autres. Ceci peut fournir une définition générique du travail. Mais constat est fait que les savoirs issus des « autres » gouvernent pour l’essentiel les activités de travail au détriment des savoirs opérant au cœur des « usages de soi par soi ». Ce qui introduirait à une version historique du travail, qui fait de lui une astreinte, propre à des catégories sociales marquées d’inégalités. On s’interroge alors sur la genèse de cette forme historique, en suggérant que cette dérive du travail est sans doute au cœur de l’anémie actuelle de la démocratie.

ABSTRACT Based on the analysis carried out by Mijail Bakhtin (2003) in his work on laughter in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, which focuses on the passage from carnivalesque laughter to satirical laughter, we can think of this passage as a change of configuration: from a configuration that presents as an emergent a device of the reidero close to the characteristics of the comic and that prevails throughout the Middle Ages, to a device closer to the specificities of what is designated as humorous already in the Renaissance. Thus, according to epochal and contextual elements that are manifested in the construction of social imaginaries, one configuration can prevail over the other or even coexist. In this sense, we maintain that the social imaginary that is built after the First World War favors the emergence and development of humor. This phenomenon is usually presented as a "drift" in the configuration and is observed in different parts of the world. For the present, we will take as an object of analysis the work, both essay and comedy, that Luigi Pirandello produced during that period.

RESUMEN A partir del análisis que realiza Mijail Bajtín (2003) en su obra sobre la risa en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento, que se centra en el paso de la risa carnavalesca a la risa satírica, podemos pensar ese paso como un cambio de configuración: desde una primera que presenta como emergente un dispositivo de lo reidero cercano a las características de lo cómico y que prevalece a lo largo de la Edad Media, a una segunda que da cuenta de un dispositivo más próximo a las especificidades de lo que se designa como humorístico ya en el Renacimiento. Es así que de acuerdo a elementos epocales y contextuales que se manifiestan en la construcción de imaginarios sociales que una configuración puede prevalecer sobre la otra o hasta incluso coexistir. En este sentido, sostenemos que el imaginario social que se construye a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial favorece la emergencia y el desarrollo del humor. Este fenómeno suele presentarse como una “deriva” en la configuración y se observa en distintos lugares del mundo. Para el presente trabajo tomaremos como objeto de análisis la obra, tanto ensayo como comedia, que Luigi Pirandello produce durante ese período.

This article aims to discuss the retrenchment strategies employed in two of Brazil's leading payment for environmental services programs, Bolsa Floresta and Bolsa Verde. The goal is to identify the reasons behind the endurance of the former and the dissolution of the latter. In general, the study frames the transformations in Bolsa Floresta and Bolsa Verde at two distinct levels: the role of legal and fiscal centralization in each program for budget cuts during years of economic crisis and the drift mechanisms since the inception of public policies. These issues are also assessed in light of the institutional changes that occurred during the transition from the Dilma government to the Temer government. As a result, we find that the creation of a dedicated bureaucracy whose sole purpose was to finance the program was crucial for Bolsa Floresta's sustainability during a severe economic and political crisis. Nevertheless, both programs underwent different retrenchment strategies since their creation, which were intensified in 2014 and 2015. Finally, we highlight the main vulnerability aspects of Bolsa Verde and Bolsa Floresta regarding retrenchment and propose potential paths for further research.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo debatir las estrategias de desmantelamiento utilizadas en dos de los principales programas de servicios ambientales de Brasil, el Bolsa Floresta y el Bolsa Verde. El objetivo es identificar las razones detrás de la permanencia del primero y la disolución del segundo. En general, el trabajo enmarca las transformaciones en el Bolsa Floresta y el Bolsa Verde en dos niveles distintos: el papel de la centralización jurídica y fiscal en cada programa para la reducción del presupuesto de cada programa en los años de crisis económica y los mecanismos de desviación desde la creación de las políticas públicas. También se evalúan las cuestiones a la luz de las transformaciones institucionales que tuvieron lugar al final del gobierno de Dilma e inicio del gobierno de Temer. Como resultado, señalamos que la creación de una burocracia propia cuya razón de ser era el financiamiento del programa fue fundamental para la permanencia del Bolsa Floresta en un momento de grave crisis económica y política. Sin embargo, ambos programas experimentaron diferentes estrategias de desmantelamiento desde su creación, que se intensificaron en 2014 y 2015. Finalmente, destacamos los principales aspectos de fragilidad del Bolsa Verde y del Bolsa Floresta en relación al desmantelamiento y planteamos algunas posibles vías para continuar la investigación.

O presente artigo busca debater as estratégias de desmonte utilizadas em dois dos principais programas de serviços ambientais do Brasil, o Bolsa Floresta e o Bolsa Verde. O objetivo é identificar as razões por trás da perenidade do primeiro e dissolução do segundo. De maneira geral, o trabalho enquadra as transformações no Bolsa Floresta e no Bolsa Verde em dois níveis distintos: o papel da centralização jurídica e fiscal em cada programa para o corte do orçamento de cada programa nos anos de crise econômica e mecanismos de drift desde a criação das políticas públicas. As questões também são avaliadas sob a luz das transformações institucionais ocorridas durante o fim do governo Dilma e início do governo Temer. Como resultado, apontamos que a criação de uma burocracia própria cuja própria razão de ser era o financiamento do programa foi fundamental para a perenidade do Bolsa Floresta em um momento de grave crise econômica e política. Não obstante, ambos os programas sofreram diferentes estratégias de desmonte desde o momento de sua criação, que se intensificam em 2014 e 2015. Por fim, apontamos os principais aspectos de fragilidade do Bolsa Verde e do Bolsa Floresta em relação ao desmonte e levantamos alguns caminhos possíveis para continuação da pesquisa.

This paper tries to summarize the results of studies from different areas of knowledge supporting the idea that temperamental traits, such as “reckless/hyper-exploratory” attitudes, commonly believed to be associated with psychopathology, surprisingly turn out as adaptive under specific stress conditions. In particular, this paper analyzes an ethologic line of research on primates suggesting models for a sociobiological interpretation of mood disorders in humans; a study that found high frequencies of a genetic variance associated with bipolar disorder in people without bipolar disorder but with hyperactivity/novelty-seeking traits; the outcomes of socio-anthropological-historical surveys on the evolution of mood disorders in Western countries in the last centuries; surveys on changing societies in Africa and African migrants in Sardinia; and studies that found higher frequencies of mania and subthreshold mania among Sardinian immigrants in Latin American megacities. Although it is not unequivocally accepted that the prevalence of mood disorders has increased, it would be logical to suppose that a nonadaptive condition should have disappeared over time; mood disorders, on the contrary, persist and their prevalence might have even increased. This new interpretation could lead to counter discrimination and stigma towards people suffering from the disorder and would be a central point in psychosocial treatments in addition to pharmacological therapy. Our aim is to hypothesize that bipolar disorder, strongly characterized by these traits, may be the result of the interaction between genetic characteristics, not necessarily pathological, and specific environmental conditions rather than a mere product of an aberrant genetic profile. If mood disorders were mere nonadaptive conditions, they would have disappeared over time; however, their prevalence paradoxically persists if not even increases over time. The hypothesis that bipolar disorder may result from the interaction between genetic characteristics, not necessarily pathological, and specific environmental factors seems more credible than considering bipolar disorder as a mere product of an aberrant genetic profile. traits reckless/hyperexploratory recklesshyperexploratory reckless/hyper exploratory reckless hyper “reckless/hyper-exploratory attitudes psychopathology particular humans hyperactivity/noveltyseeking hyperactivitynoveltyseeking hyperactivity/novelty seeking hyperactivity novelty socioanthropologicalhistorical socio anthropological historical centuries Sardinia megacities increased time contrary therapy characteristics pathological profile however hyperexploratory recklesshyper noveltyseeking hyperactivitynovelty