BACKGROUND: Uncorrected refractive error accounts for nearly half of the global burden of vision impairment. The EyeQue personal vision tracker (EPVT) was created as a convenient smartphone refractometer to be used at home and order spectacles online thereafter. However, its accuracy in diagnosing refractive error has not been fully established. AIM: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the EPVT in measurement of refractive error and determine user perception on device use. SETTING: University of KwaZulu-Natal optometry clinic, Westville campus. METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional study using a double-blind design. Objective, non-cycloplegic refraction testing results using the EPVT were compared with gold standard ophthalmic subjective refraction (SR). Both eyes were considered for the analysis with comparisons being made between EPVT and gold subjective standard refraction for each eye. User perception was evaluated by means of a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -0.18 ± 0.70 dioptre (D) and -1.12 ± 2.79 D for the gold standard ophthalmic SR and EPVT, respectively, with significant differences in visual acuities yielded by the two methods (p = 0.000). Participants preferred gold standard refraction testing over the EPVT. CONCLUSION: The EPVT was not accurate in measuring refractive error; therefore, the resultant prescription from EPVT alone should not be used to order spectacles. However, this digital tool presents promise as an autorefractor for screening refractive error rather than as a diagnostic device. CONTRIBUTION: This study offered valuable insights into the prospective utility of home-based, self-administered smartphone refractive error testers as a tool for screening of refractive error. The study also provided cautions to the EPVTs limitations related to accuracy and limited ocular health assessment, which have broader implications for visual health and quality.

This qualitative study amplifies the endemic policing of female bodies by patriarchal ideology whereby the sexual lives of African women are often suppressed whereas men receive little to no scrutiny. The paper thematically analyses Emecheta's purposively sampled novel Double Yoke (1983) to interrogate the aforementioned problem which is still relevant to the present collective African milieu. Stiwanism is employed as a theoretical lens particularly because of its advocacy for bodily autonomy and selfhood as part of the important freedoms that African women should be afforded in the realisation of social transformation. The main finding was that throughout African history, this prejudiced supervision has existed and consequences included psychological harm as well as ostracisation. Therefore, this study recommends that sexual rights bills be supplemented by sociopolitical will and that African societies be conscientised. To ensure the overall wellbeing of all members in society, biased beliefs about sexuality should be abolished.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os achados clínicos, tratamentos, e desfechos em uma série de pacientes com me tástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo. Métodos: Série retrospectiva de casos de único centro com intervenção. Pacientes incluídos tiveram seu diagnóstico de MVMC confirmado por biópsia entre 1997 e 2020. Vitrectomia via pars plana com 23 ou 25 gauge foram realizadas para obter espécimens. Esclerotomias foram tratadas com crioterapia em duplo ou triplo congelamento. Injeção intravítrea perioperatória de melfalano (32 ug/0,075 mL) foi administrada quando necessário. Foram relatados acuidade visual, pressão intraocular, resposta terapêutica sistêmica e ocular. Resultados: Cinco olhos de 5 pacientes com metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo unilateral foram identificados. Idade média de diagnóstico foi 84 anos (variando de 37-88). Seguimento médio após diagnóstico oftalmológico foi 28 (8,5-36) meses; 1 paciente não teve acompanhamento. Acuidade visual inicial variou de 20/30 a movimentos de mão. Achados clínicos iniciais incluíram infiltração de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo (5/5), segmento anterior (4/5), e retina (3/5). Quatro pacientes tiveram glaucoma secundário. Tratamento sistêmico incluiu imunoterapia com inibidores da via de sinalização (3 - todos com resposta parcial/completa), quimioterapia sistêmica (2), ressecção cirúrgica (3), e irradiação (2). Intervalo médio entre diagnóstico primário e metástases vítreas foi 2 (2-15) anos. Um paciente teve doença sistêmica ativa simultânea as metástases vítreas. Acuidade visual final variou entre 20/40 e SPL. Tratamento oftalmológico incluiu vitrectomia nos 5 pacientes, melfalano intravítreo em 3 e metotrexato intravítreo em 1. Um paciente precisou de enucleação. A histopatologia revelou invasão celular extensa de melanoma. Conclusões: Metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo pode se manifestar como uma infiltração difusa de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo e erroneamente diagnosticada como uveites. Vitrectomia diagnóstica e quimioterapia intravítrea periódica podem estar indicadas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in a series of patients with vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, interventional case series included patients with biopsy-confirmed vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma diagnosed between 1997 and 2020. Standard 23- or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was performed for diagnostic sampling. Sclerotomies were treated with double or triple freeze-thaw cryotherapy. Perioperative intravitreal injections of melphalan (32 µg/0.075 mL) were administered, when indicated. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and systemic and ocular treatment responses were reported. Results: Five eyes of five patients with unilateral vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 84 (range, 37-88) years. The median follow-up after ophthalmic diagnosis was 28 (8.5-36) months; one patient did not have a follow-up. The initial visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to hand motions. Baseline clinical findings included pigmented or non-pigmented cellular infiltration of the vitreous (5/5), anterior segment (4/5), and retina (3/5). Four patients had secondary glaucoma. Systemic therapy included checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (n=3, all with partial/complete response), systemic chemotherapy (n=2), surgical resection (n=3), and radiation (n=2). The median time from primary diagnosis to vitreous metastasis was 2 (2-15) years. One patient had an active systemic disease at the time of vitreous metastasis. The final visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to no light perception. Ophthalmic treatment included vitrectomy in all five patients, intravitreal administration of melphalan in three, and intravitreal administration of methotrexate in one. One patient required enucleation, and histopathology revealed extensive invasion by melanoma cells. Conclusions: Vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma can present as a diffuse infiltration of pigmented or non-pigmented cells into the vitreous and may be misdiagnosed as uveitis. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy and periodic intravitreal chemotherapy may be indicated.

RESUMO O propósito deste estudo foi reportar as alterações oculares observadas após picada de abelha com ferrão retido na córnea. Destacamos o tratamento e o desfecho de uma lesão de córnea incomum e sua patogênese. Trata-se de relato de caso e revisão da literatura de lesões oculares por picada de abelha. Paciente do sexo feminino, 63 anos, procurou atendimento oftalmológico de urgência devido à picada de abelha na córnea do olho direito há 6 dias. Queixava-se de embaçamento visual, dor e hiperemia ocular. Apresentou acuidade visual de vultos no olho afetado. Ao exame, notaram-se hiperemia moderada de conjuntiva bulbar, edema corneano com dobras de Descemet e presença do ferrão alojado na região temporal, no estroma profundo da córnea. A paciente foi internada para ser abordada no centro cirúrgico sob anestesia geral. Durante a cirurgia, o ferrão teve que ser retirado via câmara anterior, mediante a realização de uma paracentese e uma lavagem da câmara anterior, com dupla via e solução salina balanceada. Ainda não existe na literatura um tratamento padrão na abordagem de pacientes com lesões oculares por picada de abelha, sendo importantes a identificação e o reconhecimento precoce de possíveis complicações que ameacem a visão.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to report the ocular changes observed after a bee sting with a stinger retained in the cornea. We show the treatment and outcome of an unusual corneal injury and its pathogenesis. This is a case report and literature review of ocular injuries caused by bee stings. A 63-year-old female patient sought emergency ophthalmic care because of a bee sting on the cornea of her right eye six days before. She complained of blurred vision, pain, and ocular hyperemia. She had glare sensitivity on visual acuity in the affected eye. Examination revealed moderate hyperemia of the bulbar conjunctiva, corneal edema with Descemet’s folds and a stinger lodged in the temporal region, in the deep stroma of the cornea. The patient was admitted to the operating room under general anesthesia. During surgery, the stinger had to be removed via the anterior chamber, by performing a paracentesis and washing the anterior chamber with a double flushing and balanced saline solution. There is still no standard treatment in the literature for patients with eye injuries caused by bee stings, and early identification and recognition of possible sight-threatening complications is important.

Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de un video educativo en el conocimiento de pacientes hospitalizados sobre las prácticas seguras en el período perioperatorio. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, realizado en un hospital docente en el interior de Minas Gerais. Se asignaron aleatoriamente 100 pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortopédica electiva (50 en el grupo experimental y 50 en el control). El conocimiento del paciente se evaluó mediante un cuestionario, construido por los investigadores y validado por especialistas, antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención (video educativo) o instrucciones estándar. Se adoptó estadística descriptiva para variables cuantitativas y prueba t de Student para muestras independientes en el análisis de la media de la diferencia de conocimiento entre los grupos experimental y control (α = 0,05). Resultados: participaron en el estudio 100 pacientes, 50 en el grupo experimental y 50 en el control. El grupo experimental mostró una ganancia de conocimiento significativamente superior ( t =3.72 ±1,84; p <0,001) al grupo control. Se obtuvo un d de Cohen de 1,22, indicando una gran magnitud del efecto. Conclusión: el video educativo fue efectivo en mejorar el conocimiento de los pacientes y puede contribuir con el enfermero, en la práctica de educación en salud, en la optimización del tiempo y en la difusión del conocimiento sobre las prácticas seguras en el perioperatorio. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos (REBEC): RBR-8x5mfq.

Objective: to assess the effectiveness of an educational video on hospitalized patients’ knowledge of safe practices in the perioperative period. Method: randomized, double-blind controlled trial carried out in a teaching hospital in the countryside of Minas Gerais. 100 participants undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery were randomly allocated (50 participants in the experimental group and 50 participants in the control group). Patient knowledge was assessed using a questionnaire constructed by the researchers and validated by specialists, before and after the intervention (educational video) or standard guidelines were applied. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative variables and Student’s t-test for independent samples to analyze the mean difference in knowledge between the experimental and control groups (α = 0.05). Results: 100 participants took part in the study, 50 participants in the experimental group and 50 participants in the control group. The experimental group showed a significantly higher gain in knowledge (t =3.72 ±1.84; p<0.001) than the control group. Cohen’s d was 1.22, indicating a large magnitude of the effect. Conclusion: the educational video was effective in improving patients’ knowledge and can contribute to nurses in the practice of health education, optimizing time and disseminating knowledge about safe practices in the perioperative period. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC): RBR-8x5mfq.

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade de um vídeo educativo no conhecimento de pacientes hospitalizados acerca das práticas seguras no período perioperatório. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, realizado em hospital de ensino no interior de Minas Gerais. Foram alocados aleatoriamente 100 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica eletiva (50 no grupo experimental e 50 no controle). O conhecimento do paciente foi avaliado por meio de questionário, construído pelos pesquisadores e validado por especialistas, antes e após a aplicação da intervenção (vídeo educativo) ou orientações-padrão. Adotou-se estatística descritiva para variáveis quantitativas e teste t de Student para amostras independentes na análise da média da diferença do conhecimento entre os grupos experimental e controle (α = 0,05). Resultados: participaram do estudo 100 pacientes, 50 no grupo experimental e 50 no controle. O grupo experimental apresentou ganho de conhecimento significativamente superior ( t =3.72 ±1,84; p <0,001) ao grupo controle. Obteve-se d de Cohen de 1,22, indicando grande magnitude do efeito. Conclusão: o vídeo educativo foi efetivo na melhora do conhecimento dos pacientes e pode contribuir com o enfermeiro, na prática de educação em saúde, na otimização do tempo e na disseminação do conhecimento quanto às práticas seguras no perioperatório. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC): RBR-8x5mfq.

Summary Background and aims: Herbarium specimens were reviewed as part of broader project that deals with the diversity of bryophytes from the Chaco province (Argentina). One of the samples matched the description of Timmiella acaulon, a species poorly known. The aim of this work is to record T. acaulon as new to Chaco Province and to describe morphologically and illustrate in detail this remarkable species. M&M: Herbarium samples were analyzed with standard techniques for bryophytes. Examination with scanning electron microscope was made using samples mounted directly on double-sided tape and coated in gold-palladium. Results: Timmiella acaulon is newly registered for Chaco province. A complete and detailed morphological description, and illustrations are here presented. Conclusions: Due to the rediscovery of the species more than 100 years after its original description, the distribution range of T. acaulon is extended to northeastern Argentina, and details of morphological characters of systematic value are provided.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Se revisaron especímenes de herbario como parte de un proyecto más amplio que trata sobre la diversidad de briófitas de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina). Un ejemplar coincidió en su descripción con Timmiella acaulon, una especie escasamente conocida. El objetivo de este trabajo es registrar a T. acaulon como nueva para el Chaco, y describir morfológicamente e ilustrar en detalle esta singular especie. M&M: Los ejemplares de herbario se analizaron según técnicas tradicionales para briófitas. Los análisis en microscopio electrónico de barrido se realizaron con muestras montadas directamente en cinta doble faz y recubiertas de oro-paladio. Resultados: Timmiella acaulon se registra por primera vez para la provincia del Chaco. Se presenta una descripción morfológica detallada e ilustraciones. Conclusiones: Debido al redescubrimiento de la especie después de más de 100 años de su descripción original, la distribución de T. acaulon se amplía al noreste argentino, y se proporcionan detalles de caracteres morfológicos de valor sistemático.

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aim to publish our innovative modified biplanar 0-90 endoscopic guided puncture technique for percutaneous nephrolithotomy in supine recorded with a GoPro® camera for standardization of the technique. It solves drawbacks of the fluoroscopic technique, i.e., in kidneys with complex anatomy, it may be challenging to distinguish calyces as they are often superposed, and it does not allow for all benefits of a combined endoscopic approach (1, 2). Our technique shortens puncture and fluoroscopic time and is easy to teach and reproduce. Methods: A 77-year-old female patient had previous double J insertion due to an obstructing stone in the right distal ureter. She managed to pass the distal stone but remained with the double J and a 20mm stone (1300HU) in the right renal pelvis. The shared decision was for the actual standard of care (3, 4) endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS). The MiniECIRS started with flexible ureteroscopy and a posterior calix which gave direct access to the stone was chosen. The tip of the flexible scope was used to mark point A with the C-arm in the 0-degree position and line B in the 90-degree position. Puncture was fast and the MiniECIRS was uneventful with a single mid-pole access guided by the flexible scope. The surgeon had a Full-HD GoPro® camera mounted on his head, controlled by the surgical staff. All essential surgical steps were recorded. Results: The quality of the recorded movie was graded as excellent, and the camera did not cause any discomfort to the surgeon. Operative and X-Ray time were 120minutes and 2minutes (7.64mGy). Hemoglobin drop was 0.8g/dL. The post-operative day-1 computed tomography scan was stone-free. The patient was discharged 24h after surgery. Kidney stent was left with a string and removed after 5days. The patient remained asymptomatic and metabolic evaluation revealed a calcium oxalate stone, low urinary volume and hypocitraturia which were treated with potassium citrate and hydration. Conclusion: The Modified Biplanar (0-90 degree) Endoscopic-Guided Puncture Technique for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy joins the reproducibility of the same technique under fluoroscopy with advantages regarding safety and efficiency of ECIRS.

The resistance of yielding rockbolts to multiple impact loads was tested by means of a drop hammer. The methodology was based on the ASTM D7401-08 standard as well as the requirements specified for rockbolts by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB - a Swedish mining company) and the Safety In Mines Research Advisory Committee of South Africa (project number GAP 423). During the tests, the loading force and bolt elongation were measured with a sampling frequency of f s = 19.2 kHz. In order to analyse the phenomena involved, the tests were recorded using two independent high-speed video cameras (600 and 1000 frames per second) and one thermal camera (128 frames per second). The tests demonstrated that all the samples transferred double the gravitational potential energy of Ep = 50.85 kJ from the impact load of mass m = 2825 kg and impact velocity of v = 6.0 m/s without failure. Damage to the bolt-resin contact in the upper anchoring zone of the bolt in the steel tube occurred after subsequent impacts. As a result, the macro-deformed bolt exhibits additional yield, and its operation following the shearing of the resin bond is similar to that of a 'cone bolt'. Only one test resulted in damage to the threaded bolt rod-nut coupling, during the fourth impact; however, no damage to the bolt-resin contact zone was observed.

Resumo Introdução: A tatuagem, é um fenômeno antropológico presente em diversas sociedades, cujas modificações relacionam-se às motivações, significados, símbolos e traços dependentes do contexto histórico e sociocultural. No entanto, o preconceito ainda é referido. Com a flexibilização dos costumes, a medicina tem absorvido em seus quadros corporativos jovens tatuados ou com o desejo de tatuar o próprio corpo. Objetivos: analisar a tipologia e motivações para uso de tatuagens por docentes e estudantes de graduação em medicina, a relação com a identidade profissional, e os efeitos no cotidiano. Metodologia: Estudo de caso, qualitativo com triangulação de métodos: questionários on-line; escala de atitudes; fotografia reflexiva; software Iramuteq. Resultados: O uso de tatuagens relaciona-se com variáveis como gênero (mulheres > homens), faixa etária (discentes > docentes) e religião (não cristãos > cristãos). A identidade profissional não é o motivo principal na escolha da tatuagem predominando as memórias afetivas e símbolos indicativos de espiritualidade. A autonomia é determinante na tomada de decisão e mostra duplo padrão: um tradicional, prudencial, dependente da aquisição de autonomia posterior à graduação e presente entre os docentes; outro anterior ao ingresso na universidade. A tolerância na forma de indiferença predomina ao lado do preconceito, notado e vivenciado por discentes e docentes. Conclusão: O relativismo moral, indicado pelas atitudes de tolerância e indiferença, demanda das instituições formadoras e reguladoras da profissão, a reflexão ética sobre princípios e valores relacionados à progressiva identificação com a profissão durante a formação: respeito, tolerância, autonomia do médico, autocuidado, e responsabilidade nas relações no trabalho. A metodologia adotada, de triangulação, foi importante para superar as dificuldades impostas pela pandemia e para a compreensão adequada do tema estudado.

Abstract Introduction: Tattooing is an anthropological phenomenon present in several societies, whose modifications are related to motivations, meanings, symbols and traits dependent on the historical and sociocultural context. However, prejudice is still referred to. With the flexibilization of customs, medicine has absorbed in its corporate cadres young tattooed or with the desire to tattoo the body itself. Objectives: to analyze the typology and motivations for the use of tattoos by professors and undergraduate students in medicine, the relationship with professional identity, and the effects on daily life. Methods: Qualitative case study with triangulation of methods: online questionnaires; scale of attitudes; reflective photography; Iramuteq software. Results: The use of tattoos is related to variables such as gender (women > men), age group (students > teachers) and religion (non-Christians > Christians). Professional identity is not the main reason for choosing a tattoo. Affective memories and symbols indicative of spirituality are the main motives. Autonomy is determinant in decision-making and shows a double standard: a traditional, prudential, dependent on the acquisition of autonomy after graduation and present among teachers; another prior to entering university. Tolerance in the form of indifference predominates alongside prejudice, noticed and experienced by students and teachers. Conclusion: Moral relativism, indicated by attitudes of tolerance and indifference, demand of the institutions that form and regulate the profession, ethical reflection on principles and values related to progressive identification with the profession during training: respect, tolerance, autonomy of the doctor, self-care, and responsibility in relationships at work. The methodology adopted, of triangulation, was important to overcome the difficulties imposed by the pandemic and to adequately understand the studied subject.

Since no recent study has been done about Afrikaans Fisher language the aim of this article is to give an updated linguistic description of this variety.1 Heiberg (1957) conducted a previous study. Varieties change all the time (D'Arcy, 2015:484) and Afrikaans Fisher language is no exception. Due to Covid-19 the researchers were unable to focus exclusively on subsistence fisher communities. Covid anxiousness led to the fact that many fishers did not want to take part in this qualitative study, in which, inter alia, questionnaires and interviews were used (Blume, 2023:35). All fishers indicating their willingness to participate were chosen as respondents if they were between 18 and 75 years of age. The sample of forty fishers is therefore small but is supplemented by various other sources. The areas covered were the coastal areas of the Eastern, Southwestern and Western Cape (Blume, 2023:35). Afrikaans Fisher language has been influenced by different languages, especially Dutch, Portuguese, Malay and English and is recognised as a variety due to several unique words and expressions. Stell, Luffin and Rakiep (2008:293) indicate that the initial Malay and Creole Portuguese of the 20th century led to the development of Muslim Afrikaans. Heiberg (1957:96) explains that the names of certain types offish have an Eastern origin and that they most probably show Malay or Portuguese influence, for example: daeraad: Portuguese, dorado, English dageraad (Blume, 2023:80). Dutch words like dòòdstròòm, kabbelau, omweer/onweer, platvisch (to mention a few) show remarkable similarities with Afrikaans (see Overdiep, 1940; Blume, 2023:108). The list below indicates examples of English influence: bait: something to lure the fish with bait caster: somebody who uses live bait to catch fish beaut: (noun) - a big or pretty fish beautiful: to describe a fish that is big or pretty bottom feeders: Amongst others steenbras, kapenaars, Rooi Roman, Miss Lucy, etcetera cast: fishing method using a hook, line, sinker and bait catch and release: catch fish and throw them back into the water chum, chumming: use bait to get a lot of fish in one place coffee grinder: a type of pulley drag, smooth drag: the breaks on the pulley - "die drag is smooth". dropshot: hook made of steel with a built-in sinker and bait which is used to catch fish edge - "daai edge gee": have a better chance of a catch happy days: exclamation of joy hook-up, double hook-up: when fish bite or when more than one fish is caught on one hook live bait: bait that is alive pink prawn: type of sand or mud prawn popper: artificial bait in the form of small fish pull: when you can see that a fish bites because of the movement of the line rocket: used to describe a fast fish - "Hy swem soos 'n rocket." run: when thefish bit but try to swim away with the hook and bait. The Afrikaans equivalents loop and hardloop are also used. single: when only one hook is used size: when a fish is legally big enough spinner: type of bait made of metal which turns around in the water tentacle: a type of bait, specifically octopus tentacle tooth wire: strong line used to catch fish trawl: method of pulling bait behind a boat trigger: "hongerkliertjie trigger": stimulation of the glands on certain types offish, usually when the chum method is used try wind: used instead of probeer inkatrol unbelievable: emotional exclamation wangle: manipulate tools to function as they should Hybrid (English and Afrikaans) forms are frequently used: The following English fish names are used: banded galjoen: also known as bastard galjoen, demba. belman: other names are baardman, belvis, tasselfish. bronze bream: alternative names are hottentot, das, Jan Bruin, John Brown, fat fish, copper bream, Nyizala, butterfish, etcetera. bronzy: variant of bronze bream. cob: kabeljou flatty: frequently used in the Eastern Cape instead of Kaapse stompneus. garrick: also called leervis, leerfish grunter: instead of knorhaan gruntertjie: instead of knorhaan Miss Lucy: instead of rooistompneus pig/pig nose: instead of witneussteenbras pyltail (stingray): instead of pylstert, skerpneuspylstert, blou pylstert, vlinderrog raggie: from ragged toothed shark instead of yellow shark, brown shark shad: (Afrikaans: elf) swart musselcracker: (Afrikaans: poenskop). This fish is also known as black biskop, witbek, black steenbras, saqomolo, swartbiskop. Most fishers use either musselcracker or poenskop. tiger: instead of tiger shark wit musselcracker: Also known as brusher, mussel crusher, silver steenbras, white biskop. Most fishers use musselcracker instead of biskop. yellowtail: Seriola lalandi (Blume, 2023:155-157). Fisher language differs in terms of degrees of standardisation as certain words also occur in the general vocabulary, as indicated in the latest Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). Some words are not standardised as they are English words, for example shad (instead of elf) or they consist of hybrid forms, containing English and Afrikaans elements, like raggie for a specific type of shark. Other words and expressions are not included in the HAT, probably as they are not so well-known or frequently used in the general lexicon, for example bonnie/ bonnietjie instead of bonito. Stylistic variation is evident in the usage of the frequently used informal word flattie instead of stompneus. The degree of education can also lead to variation, as in skuide for skuite and kiewe for kieue. Certain meaning distinctions relating to Fisher language do not occur in the HAT, for example mas used as a verb and the meaning distinction "small boat" at the lemma bakkie.

Afrikaanse visserstaal is deur verskillende tale beïnvloed, waaronder veral Nederlands, Portugees, Maleis en Engels en word as variëteit onderskei op grond van heelwat unieke woorde en uitdrukkings. Daar is min geografiese differensiasie tussen Oos-Kaapse en Wes-Kaapse visserstaal as gevolg van die dialekkontinuum (Blume, 2023). Woorde in Afrikaanse visserstaal verskil ten opsigte van gestandaardiseerdheid deurdat sommige woorde ook in die algemene woordeskat voorkom, soos in die nuutste HAT aangedui. Sommige woorde is nie gestandaardiseer nie aangesien hulle Engelse woorde is, byvoorbeeld shad, of 'n hibridiese vorm van Engels en Afrikaans is, byvoorbeeld raggie. Ander woorde en uitdrukkings is nie in die HAT opgeneem nie, waarskynlik omdat hulle nie so bekend/gebruiklik is in die algemene leksikon nie, byvoorbeeld bonnie/bonnietjie in plaas van die standaardwoord bonito. Stylvlakverskille kom voor by die Standaardafrikaanse woord stompneus teenoorflatty (informeel). Laasgenoemde word eerder onder die vissers gebruik. Dit geld ook vir die gebruik van visserman teenoor visterman. Enkele woorde in HAT6 bevat nie die visserstaal-betekenisonderskeiding nie, byvoorbeeld bakkie en mas as werkwoord.

Resumen Introducción: el linfoma B difuso de célula grande (LBDCG) no especificado (NOS) con sobreexpresión de MYC y BCL2 por inmunohistoquímica constituye el grupo doble expresor, el cual se ha asociado con peores desenlaces comparado con el no doble expresor. Son escasos los estudios en la región sobre el comportamiento clínico del LBDCG NOS doble expresor. Objetivos: determinar las características clínicas, patológicas y tasas de respuesta de los pacientes con LBDCG NOS doble expresor diagnosticados en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá. Métodos: estudio observacional de tipo cohorte retrospectiva con pacientes con LBDCG NOS diagnosticados en el Hospital de San José entre 2016 y 2019. Se realizó una revisión central de patología para confirmar el diagnóstico, valorar la morfología celular y realizar evaluación de la expresión de MYC y BCL2. Resultados: se incluyeron 67 pacientes con LBDCG NOS. El 49,3 % de los casos fue de origen centro germinal. De total, 33 fueron clasificados como doble expresor (49,2 %). La tasa de respuesta global fue del 42,4 % en el grupo del LBDCG NOS doble expresor y 76,9 % en el total de los LBDCG NOS (76,9 %). Conclusión: el linfoma B difuso de célula grande doble expresor presentó tasas de respuesta global inferiores, posterior a inmunoquimioterapia estándar. El índice pronóstico internacional (IPI) de alto riesgo se asoció con menores tasas de respuesta completa

Abstract Introduction: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified (NOS) with MYC and BCL2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry constitutes the double expressor group, which has been associated with worse outcomes compared to non-double expressor DLBCL. There is limited research on the clinical behavior of double expressor DLBCL NOS in the region. Objectives: to determine the clinical and pathological characteristics, as well as response rates, in patients diagnosed with double expressor DLBCL NOS at Hospital de San José in Bogotá. Methods: observational retrospective cohort study including patients with DLBCL NOS diagnosed at Hospital de San José between 2016 and 2019. Central pathology review was performed to confirm the diagnosis, assess cellular morphology, and evaluate MYC and BCL2 expression. Results: A total of 67 patients with DLBCL NOS were included. 49.3% of the cases originated from the germinal center and 33 cases were classified as double expressor (49.2%). The overall response rate was 42.4% in the double expressor DLBCL NOS group and 76.9% in the total DLBCL NOS population. Conclusion: Double expressor diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showed lower overall response rates following standard immunochemotherapy. High-risk International Prognostic Index (IPI) was associated with lower rates of complete response.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Severe resorption of the maxilla in fully edentulous patients sometimes makes it impossible to place standard endoosseous implants to rehabilitate the absence of teeth. For such severe atrophies, subperiosteal implants were patented in 1938 in Sweden. This type of subperiosteal implants have had excellent results over the last few years but are not without complications. The aim of our study is to describe the main complications with this type of implants and which modifications have been made trying to avoid them. Material and method: We designed a retrospective follow-up study of 15 patients with severe upper jaw atrophy treated in 2 private centers with a customized subperiosteal implant in 2021 and 2022, to which we apply a few modifications in the design of the same. Results: The first eight patients were treated with a single bilateral subperiosteal implant and the remaining seven with two subperiosteal implants, one on each side of the maxilla. All patients were treated with a temporary prosthesis bolted 48 hours after surgery and replaced at three months with a definitive prosthesis. In five patients (33.33 %), we had minor postoperative complications. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of the study, we think that the use of customized subperiosteal implants in patients with severe maxillary atrophy is a predictable treatment with excellent results. Exposure is the main complication in our case series, and we consider that the use of individual double subperiosteal implant and a bone cutting guide help to minimize the risk of this complication.

RESUMEN Introducción: La reabsorción severa del maxilar en pacientes totalmente edéntulos en ocasiones imposibilita la colocación de implantes endoóseos estándares para rehabilitar la ausencia de dientes. Para este tipo de atrofias tan severas se patentaron en 1938 en Suecia los implantes subperiósticos. Este tipo de implantes subperiósticos personalizados (ISP) han tenido excelentes resultados a lo largo de estos últimos años, pero no están exentos de complicaciones. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir las principales complicaciones con este tipo de implantes y cuáles han sido las modificaciones que hemos realizado en el diseño de los mismos para intentar evitarlas. Material y método: Diseñamos un estudio de seguimiento retrospectivo de 15 pacientes con atrofia severa del maxilar superior tratados en 2 centros privados con un ISP en los años 2021 y 2022. Resultados: Los 8 primeros pacientes fueron tratados con un ISP bilateral y los 7 restantes con dos ISP uno a cada lado del maxilar. Todos los pacientes fueron rehabilitados con una prótesis provisional atornillada a las 48 horas de la cirugía y sustituida a los 3 meses por una prótesis fija definitiva. En 5 pacientes (33,33 %) tuvimos complicaciones postoperatorias menores. Conclusiones: A pesar de las limitaciones del estudio consideramos que el uso de ISP en pacientes con atrofia severa del maxilar es un tratamiento predecible y con excelentes resultados. La exposición es la principal complicación en nuestra serie de casos y consideramos que el uso de ISP dobles individuales y de una guía de corte minimizan el riesgo de que aparezca.

Abstract It is shown that in some examples of classical mechanics, the complex, double and dual numbers are useful in the search of symmetries of the equations of motion. As a byproduct, we obtain non-standard Lagrangians for the systems under consideration.

Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Putin has mobilized different arguments to justify his bellicose stance, mainly the pursuit of NATO containment, the protection of ethnic Russians and Russian-speaking minorities, and the denazification of Ukraine. In this article I analyze the contradictions and inconsistencies in these three arguments. Firstly, I show that, although Russian elites had legitimate considerations to contest NATO enlargement during the post-Cold War era, there is no evidence that Putin’s military aggression was motivated by this issue: as previously expected, the invasion has further strengthened the alliance, provided it with a legitimate raison d'être, and contributed to an even more intense military presence near Russian borders; the European balance of power is now much more favorable to NATO than before the conflict. Secondly regarding the humanitarian intentions of protecting the Russian-speaking communities in Eastern Ukraine, the Russian invasion has so far led to the opposite result: ten months of war caused more civilian deaths than eight years of war in Donbas, and the Russian-speaking population has been exactly the most affected victim. Finally, with regard to the fight against Nazism, although in Ukraine there are ultranationalist groups, there is no evidence that such groups currently count on significant political influence and broad support in society; furthermore, the Russian authorities themselves have ties to similar groups. The denazification narrative represents a strategy of demonizing the opponent, mobilized to legitimize the dismemberment and extinguishing of Ukraine as a state and nation. The current war has laid bare the Kremlin's double standard politics: civilian deaths resulting from attempts by Ukraine to regain control of its territory are evidence of genocide; while the civilian deaths resulting from the Russian invasion are just the side effects of a legitimate fight against Nazis and NATO.

Desde la invasión a gran escala de Ucrania por parte de Rusia en febrero de 2022, Putin ha movilizado diferentes argumentos para justificar su postura agresiva, principalmente la búsqueda de contener la ampliación de la OTAN, la protección de las minorías étnicas rusas y de habla rusa y la desnazificación de Ucrania.En este artículo analizo las contradicciones e inconsistencias en estos tres argumentos.En primer lugar, muestro que, aunque las élites rusas tenían consideraciones legítimas para contestar la ampliación de la OTAN durante el periodo posterior a la Guerra Fría, no hay evidencia de que la agresión militar de Putin estuviera motivada por este problema: como se esperaba anteriormente, la invasión ha fortalecido aún más la alianza,le proporcionó una “razón de ser” legítima y contribuyó a una presencia militar aún más intensa cerca de las fronteras rusas;el equilibrio de poder europeo está ahora mucho más favorable a la OTAN que antes del conflicto.En segundo lugar, con respecto a las intenciones humanitarias de proteger a las comunidades de habla rusa en el este de Ucrania, la invasión rusa ha llevado hasta ahora al resultado contrario: diez meses de guerra causaron más muertes de civiles que ocho años de guerra en Donbas, y la población de habla rusaha sido precisamente la víctima más afectada.Finalmente, con respecto a la “lucha contra el nazismo”, si bien en Ucrania existen grupos ultranacionalistas, no hay evidencia de que dichos grupos cuenten actualmente con una influencia política significativa y un amplio apoyo en la sociedad;las propias autoridades rusas tienen vínculos con grupos similares.La narrativa de la desnazificación representa una estrategia de deshumanización del oponente, movilizada para legitimar el desmembramiento y extinción de Ucrania como estado y nación.La guerra actual ha puesto al descubierto la política de doble rasero del Kremlin: las muertes de civiles resultantes de los intentos de Ucrania de recuperar el control de su territorio son evidencia de genocidio;mientras que las muertes de civiles resultantes de la invasión rusa son solo los efectos secundarios de una lucha legítima contra los nazis y la OTAN. nbsp; Palabras clave: Guerra en Ucrania (Guerra Ruso-Ucraniana); Ampliación de la OTAN; Guerra en Donbas, Desnazificación; Vladimir Putin.nbsp;

Desde a invasão em larga escala da Ucrânia pela Rússia em fevereiro de 2022, Putin mobilizou diferentes argumentos para justificar sua política agressiva, principalmente a busca pela contenção da expansão da OTAN, a proteção dos russos étnicos e das minorias de língua russa e a desnazificação da Ucrânia. Neste artigo, analiso as contradições e incoerências nesses três argumentos. Em primeiro lugar, mostro que, embora as elites russas tivessem considerações legítimas para contestar a expansão da OTAN no período pós-Guerra Fria, não há evidências de que a ação militar de Putin tenha sido motivada por essa questão: como já era esperado, a invasão veio a fortalecer ainda mais a aliança, propiciando-lhe uma “razão de ser” legítima e contribuindo para uma presença militar ainda mais intensa próxima às fronteiras russas; o equilíbrio de poder europeu está agora ainda mais favorável à OTAN do que antes do conflito. Em segundo lugar, em relação às intenções humanitárias de proteger as comunidades de língua russa no Leste da Ucrânia, a invasão russa até agora levou ao resultado oposto: dez meses de guerra causaram mais mortes de civis do que oito anos de guerra no Donbas, e a população de língua russa tem sido exatamente a maior vítima. Finalmente, no que diz respeito à “luta contra o nazismo”, embora na Ucrânia haja grupos ultranacionalistas, não há evidências de que tais grupos contem atualmente com significativa influência política e amplo apoio na sociedade; ademais, as próprias autoridades russas mantêm laços com grupos semelhantes. A narrativa da “desnazificação” representa uma estratégia de demonização do adversário, mobilizada para legitimar o desmembramento e extinção da Ucrânia como Estado e nação. A guerra atual revelou a política de “dois pesos e duas medidas” do Kremlin: as mortes de civis resultantes das tentativas de a Ucrânia recuperar o controle de seu território são evidências de um genocídio; enquanto as mortes de civis resultantes da invasão russa são apenas os efeitos colaterais de uma luta legítima contra nazistas e a OTAN.

Resumo O uso de acaricidas se tornou prática comum para o controle de pragas em todo o mundo, incluindo a Arábia Saudita. Apesar de matar as pragas-alvo, esses inseticidas também afetam o crescimento de ácaros predadores. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o impacto de dois acaricidas, abamectina e hexythiazox, em sete espécies de ácaros predadores. Soluções padrão de abamectina (8.4% w/v) e hexitiazox (10% w/w) foram adquiridas e preparadas para pulverização direta. Os acaricidas foram testados em três concentrações seriais de dose recomendada (RD), metade da dose recomendada (HRD) e o dobro da dose recomendada (DRD). Os ensaios foram feitos em ovos, ninfas e adultos das sete espécies de ácaros predadores em condições de laboratório. O efeito dos acaricidas aplicados foi determinado uma semana após a aplicação. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que todas as doses de hexitiazox e abamectina são tóxicas para as ninfas e adultos de todas as sete espécies de ácaros predadores, mas em extensão variável. Além disso, foi observado que hexitiazox e abamectina reduziram a porcentagem de eclosão de ovos para todas as sete espécies de ácaros predadores. Verificou-se que o hexitiazox é mais tóxico do que a abamectina para todos os sete ácaros predadores. A mortalidade mais alta foi registrada no DRD e RD, enquanto a mortalidade mínima foi registrada no HRD. O efeito acaricida é menos severo em ovos para incubação do que em imaturos e adultos de ácaros predadores. As espécies variam em suscetibilidade a acaricidas, e em algumas populações foi observada resistência. Com base neste estudo, recomenda-se que o uso frequente de acaricidas contra ácaros fitófagos seja evitado e a viabilidade de programas de controle biológico seja promovida para proteger o meio ambiente, a saúde de indivíduos vivos e de organismos não visados.

Abstract Use of acaricides has become a common practice to control pests all over the world including Saudi Arabia. In spite of killing the targeted pests, such insecticides also effect growth of predatory mites. Present study has been conducted to evaluate the impact of two acaricides, abamectin and hexythiazox, on seven species of predatory mites. Standard solutions of abamectin (8.4% w/v) and hexythiazox (10% w/w) were purchased and prepared for direct spray. Acaricides were tested at three serial concentrations of recommended dose (RD), half of the recommended dose (HRD) and double the recommended dose (DRD). Trials were made on eggs, nymphs and adults of the seven species of predatory mites under laboratory conditions. Effect of the applied acaricides was determined one week after the application. The results of the study revealed that all doses of hexythiazox and abamectin are toxic to the nymphs and adults of all seven species of predatory mites but to the variable extent. Furthermore, it was observed that hexythiazox and abamectin reduced the percentage of egg hatching for all seven species of predatory mites. Hexythiazox was found to be more toxic than abamectin to all seven predatory mites. Higher mortality was recorded at DRD and RD, while minimum mortality was recorded at HRD. Acaricidal effect is less severe on hatching eggs than on immatures and adults of the predatory mites. Species vary in susceptibility to acaricides and in some populations resistance has been observed. Based upon this study, it is recommended that the frequent use of acaricides against phytophagous mites should be avoided and feasibility of biological control programs should be promoted to protect the environment, health of living individuals and the non-target organisms.