Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Abstract The aim was to determine if the presence of horns on rams defines whether they are high-ranking or low-ranking. Dorper rams (n = 20) were evaluated to determine their social rank (SR), either high (HSR) or low (LSR), under intensive management conditions. Upon SR classification, the morphometric variables horns presence (HP) or absence (HA) and distance between them, the height at the withers, body length, thoracic perimeter, and scrotal circumference, male odor, body weight, and body condition score were registered. Afterward, semen evaluations were performed, recording the ejaculated volume, sperm concentration, and mass motility. There were no differences (p > 0.05) for the morphometric variables between the groups. However, HP as well as semen quality were higher (p < 0.05) in HSR males. The presence of horns in the rams determined their social rank and the dominant males showed better semen quality than the subordinate males.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar si la presencia de cuernos en carneros define si son de jerarquía alta o baja. Se evaluaron 20 carneros Dorper para determinar su rango social (SR), alto (HSR) o bajo (LSR) en condiciones de manejo intensivo. Al momento de la clasificación del SR, se registraron la presencia (HP) o ausencia (HA) de cuernos y distancia entre los mismos, la altura a la cruz, largo del cuerpo, perímetro torácico, circunferencia escrotal, olor, peso corporal y condición corporal. Posteriormente, se realizó la evaluación seminal, registrando el volumen del eyaculado, la concentración espermática y la motilidad masal. No se presentaron diferencias (p > 0.05) para las variables morfométricas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, la HP así como la calidad seminal, fueron mayores (p < 0.05) en los machos HSR. La presencia de cuernos en los carneros determinó su rango social y los machos dominantes mostraron una mejor calidad seminal que los machos subordinados.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación leñosa en una sección de la selva baja caducifolia (SBC) en Lerma, Campeche. Entre agosto y septiembre 2018, se delimitaron 10 parcelas de 10 × 10 m2 (1 000 m2 en total) midiendo todos los individuos de 1 cm de DAP (diámetro a la altura del pecho, 1.30 m). Se describió la estructura del sitio basado en los valores relativos de densidad, frecuencia y dominancia (IVI), así como la distribución de clases diamétricas. La diversidad se estimó con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’), mientras que la equidad fue medida por el índice de Pielou. Se registraron 40 especies leñosas, pertenecientes a 35 géneros y 19 familias. El índice H’ tuvo un valor de 2.92, y el índice de Pielou fue de 0.79, la densidad fue de 8 950 ind ha-1. Gymnopodium floribundum (204 individuos) y Lonchocarpus xuul (129 individuos) fueron las especies más abundantes. Bursera simaruba y Lysiloma latisiliquum mostraron valores diamétricos más altos (36 y 28.6 cm de DAP, respectivamente). Las familias Rubiaceae (ocho especies) y Fabaceae (cinco especies), fueron las más representativas. Las especies con mayor IVI fueron Gymnopodium floribundum (48.24%), Lonchocarpus xuul (29.12%), Bursera simaruba (26.11%) y Lysiloma latisiliquum (24.98%), siendo estas especies las más importantes en la estructura de la SBC en el sitio. La distribución de las clases diamétricas sugiere que la sección de la SBC en Lerma Campeche se encuentra en un adecuado estado de regeneración.

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the diversity, composition, and structure of the woody vegetation in a section of LDF in Lerma, Campeche. Between August and September 2018, 10 plots of 10 × 10 m2 (1 000 m2 in total) were delimited, measuring all woody individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH = 1.30 cm). The structure of the site was described based on the relative values of density, frequency, and dominance (IVI), as well as the distribution of diameter classes. Diversity was estimated with the Shannon-Wiener index (H'), while equity was measured by the Pielou index. 40 woody species were recorded, belonging to 35 genera and 19 families. The H' index had a value of 2.92, and the Pielou index was 0.79, the density was 8 950 ind ha-1. Gymnopodium floribundum (204 individuals) and Lonchocarpus xuul (129) were the most abundant species. Bursera simaruba and Lysiloma latisiliquum showed higher diameter values (36 and 28.6 cm DBH, respectively). The families Rubiaceae (eight species), Fabaceae (five species), Ebenaceae and Polygonaceae (three species each) were the most representative. The species with the highest IVI were Gymnopodium floribundum (48.24%), Lonchocarpus xuul (29.12%), Bursera simaruba (26.11%) and Lysiloma latisiliquum (24.98%), these species being the most important in the structure of the LDF in the site. The distribution of the diameter classes suggests that the section of the LDF in Lerma Campeche is in an adequate state of regeneration.

Abstract: Background: Invasive exotic species exhibit different ecological traits that confer them competitive advantages over native vegetation, causing significant impacts on biodiversity. Questions: What is the invasion risk of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, considering its ecological traits and the potential impacts it may be causing in forest remnants? Study site and dates: The research was conducted in 2021 at the Reserva Forestal Thomas van der Hammen and its surrounding area, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Methods: Various ecological traits of C. ficifolia were examined through field and laboratory experiments. Ecosystem impacts were analyzed through a multi-temporal analysis using satellite imagery and with the characterization of vegetation and key orders of pollinating insects. This information was utilized to assess its invasion risk. Results: Propagation of C. ficifolia occurred through sexual reproduction, with a generational time of less than one year. The C. ficifolia showed abundant seed production (> 70 % viable), high morphological variability in its fruits and seeds. The dominance of C. ficifolia correlated with forest contraction points, leading to significant changes in vegetation composition and structure, and some ecosystem processes. C. ficifolia was rated as having a high invasion risk. Conclusions: C. ficifolia exhibits multiple ecological traits that are linked to high invasiveness, allowing it to successfully establish itself in forest remnants with relevant effects on the ecosystem.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Las especies exóticas invasoras exhiben diferentes rasgos ecológicos que les confieren ventajas competitivas sobre la vegetación nativa con importantes efectos en la biodiversidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es el riesgo de invasión de Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché teniendo en cuenta sus rasgos ecológicos y los impactos que puede estar generando en relictos boscosos? Sitio y periodo de estudio: la investigación se desarrolló durante 2021 en la Reserva Forestal Thomas van der Hammen y su área de influencia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Métodos: se examinaron diferentes rasgos ecológicos de C. ficifolia mediante experimentos en campo y de laboratorio. Se analizaron los impactos ecosistémicos a través de un análisis multitemporal con imágenes satelitales y con la caracterización de la vegetación y los principales órdenes de insectos polinizadores. Esta información se utilizó para evaluar su riesgo de invasión. Resultados: C. ficifolia se propagó de manera sexual, su tiempo generacional fue menor a un año. Denotó alta variabilidad morfológica en frutos y semillas registrando, además, abundante producción de semillas con alta viabilidad (> 70 %). Los puntos de contracción del bosque se correlacionaron con la dominancia de C. ficifolia, generando cambios significativos en la composición y estructura de la vegetación y en algunos procesos ecosistémicos. C. ficifolia fue calificada con un alto riesgo de invasión. Conclusiones: C. ficifolia reúne varios rasgos ecológicos asociados con una alta invasividad, lo que permitió establecerse exitosamente en relictos boscosos con efectos relevantes sobre el ecosistema.

Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

Abstract At Cerro de la Muerte, mosses and lichens are extracted for commercial use, and despite their socioeconomic and ecological importance in the high-altitude towns and ecosystems of Costa Rica, few studies have been assess their biological importance. In this study, some of the biological characteristics of mosses and lichens were evaluated to improve their conservation in Cerro de la Muerte. Two sites were selected, one disturbed (pasture) and one not disturbed (protected area), where transects and subplots were established to determine the diversity of species in both sites. In these same transects, samples of mosses and lichens were collected to determine the relative growth rate (TCR) and water retention capacity. A dominance of the moss Leptodontium sp. for the distrubed site, while in protected site the dominant moss is Sphagnum sp. The highest TCR and water retention capacity was found in Sphagnum sp. with 70%, and 26% Leptodontium sp. Therefore, to conserve the mosses and lichens in the highlands of Cerro de la Muerte and the ecosystems that depend on these organisms, it is important to keep harvesting mosses of the genus Leptodontium sp. for commercialization, since this will control its dominance in the disturbed site, and the second in dominance in the protected site. This species has a high five-month TCR and a low water retention capacity.

Resumen En el Cerro de la Muerte se extraen musgos y líquenes para comercializar, sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia socioeconómica y ecológica en los ecosistemas de altura de Costa Rica, se han registrado pocos estudios sobre sus características biológicas. En este estudio se evaluaron las características biológicas de musgos y líquenes para mejorar su conservación en el Cerro de la Muerte. Se seleccionaron dos sitios, uno intervenido (potrero) y otro no intervenido (área protegida), donde se establecieron transectos y subparcelas para determinar la diversidad de especies en ambos sitios. En esos mismos transectos se recolectaron muestras de musgos y líquenes para conocer la tasa de crecimiento relativa (TCR) y la capacidad de retención de agua. Se observó dominancia del musgo Leptodontium sp. para el sitio intervenido, mientras que en el sitio no intervenido el musgo dominante es Sphagnum sp. La TCR y la capacidad de retención de agua más alta la tuvo el Sphagnum sp., con 70 %, seguido de Leptodontium sp., con un 26 %. Por tanto, para conservar los musgos y líquenes en las tierras altas del Cerro de la Muerte y los ecosistemas que dependen de estos organismos, se consideró viable seguir cosechando para la comercialización el musgo del género Leptodontium sp., debido a que es el de mayor dominancia en el sitio intervenido, y el segundo en dominancia en el sitio no intervenido, con una alta TCR a cinco meses y una baja capacidad de retención de agua.

ABSTRACT: The zooplankton species present in Argopecten purpuratus “fan shell” culture areas were determined in Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; The physical and chemical parameters were related to the composition of the zooplankton; The sampling unit was 100 ml of water, in which zooplankton, temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity were evaluated. 180 samples were collected from 5 sampling points, chosen at random, using drag and vertical sampling, for six months. ; species are determined using taxonomic keys and the appropriate equipment to evaluate physical and chemical factors. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with decisions of 95% confidence. The results indicate that the phyllum Arthropoda predominates in the zooplankton and within it, the Copepoda class; The physical and chemical values were within the established ranges. Concluding that of 100% of individuals of the zooplankton species community present in the evaluated areas, 69.84% of them belong to the Phylum Arthropoda; and that the zooplankton community remains in dynamic equilibrium due to low dominance and high values of species richness, diversity and equitability.

RESUMEN: Se determinaron las especies de zooplancton presentes en áreas de cultivo de Argopecten purpuratus “concha de abanico” Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; se relacionaron los parámetros físicos y químicos con la composición del zooplancton; la unidad muestral fue de 100 ml de agua, en la que se evaluó zooplancton, temperatura, pH, oxígeno y salinidad, fueron colectadas 180 muestras en 5 puntos de muestreo elegidos al azar, muestreos por arrastre y vertical durante seis meses; determinándose las especies con el uso de claves taxonómicas y oxímetro, peachímetro y refractómetro para evaluar factores físicos y químicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con decisiones de 95% de confianza. Los resultados indican que en el zooplancton predomina el phyllum Arthropoda y dentro de él, la clase Copepoda; los valores físicos y químicos se hallaron dentro de los rangos establecidos. Concluyéndose que del 100% de las especies de zooplancton presentes en las áreas evaluadas, el 69,84% pertenecen al phylum Arthropoda; y que, la comunidad de zooplancton se mantiene en equilibrio dinámico debido a una baja dominancia y valores elevados de riqueza de especies, diversidad y equitabilidad.

Abstract The structure of the Brazilian labor market underwent substantial changes throughout the 2010s. The low unemployment scenario, with a predominance of the participation of formal employment, observed in the 2000s, progressively deteriorated due to: the deceleration of the pace of growth in Brazil at the beginning of the decade; the 2015-2016 recession; the slow and inexpressive recovery of the post-2017 period; and the health, economic and social crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020. Such factors contributed to the process of disruption of the labor market, in a context of reaffirmation of structural characteristics and recurrence of phenomena such as high informality, high rates of unemployment, and significant labor underutilization. As result, we observed another lost decade in national economic history in dimensions as production, productivity, and labor. 2010s s scenario employment 2000s 20152016 2015 2016 2015-201 recession post2017 post 2017 post-201 period health Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 2020 informality underutilization result production productivity 2015201 201 2015-20 post201 post-20 Covid1 1 Covid- 202 201520 20 2015-2 post20 post-2 20152 2 2015- post2 post-

Resumo A estrutura do mercado de trabalho brasileiro passou por modificações substantivas ao longo dos anos 2010. O cenário de baixo desemprego, com dominância da participação do emprego formal, observado nos anos 2000, deteriorou-se progressivamente em função: da desaceleração do ritmo de crescimento do início da década; da recessão de 2015 e 2016; da lenta e inexpressiva recuperação do período pós 2017; e da crise sanitária, econômica e social, provocada pela pandemia da Covid-19 de 2020. Tais fatores contribuíram para o processo de desestruturação do mercado de trabalho, em um contexto de reafirmação de características estruturais e de recorrência de fenômenos como: alta informalidade, desemprego aberto elevado e expressiva subutilização da força de trabalho. Como resultado, observou-se mais uma década perdida na história econômica nacional em todas as dimensões: produção, produtividade e trabalho. JEL: E24, J24. 2010 formal 2000 deteriorouse deteriorou se função 201 2016 2017 sanitária social Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 2020 como informalidade resultado observouse observou dimensões produção JEL E24 E J24 J 200 20 Covid1 1 Covid- 202 E2 J2 2

RESUMEN La definición de los árboles fuera del bosque (AFB) contempla a los productos forestales no madereros y constituyen un conjunto de bienes y servicios que tributan a la producción de alimentos en diferentes formas agrícolas. La investigación se realizó en la finca familiar Maripa, municipio de Cumanayagua, provincia Cienfuegos, Cuba, con el objetivo de analizar la evolución en el tiempo de los AFB en el área de ubicación de la finca. Se abordó un análisis diacrónico a través del método de los cortes sincrónicos, con un diseño de investigación transversal y enfoque descriptivo, donde se midieron aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos sin manipular variables. El eje temporal elegido se concretó en tres cortes sucesivos, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 y 1997-2023, con una reconstrucción aproximada de las condiciones de aquellos elementos más significativos del paisaje. Se calcularon indicadores ecológicos, ajustados a los AFB presentes en la finca en el tercer corte. Resultó en el tiempo una dinámica de cambio del paisaje hacia un agroecosistema, con un 21,95 % de especies no presentes en la finca al cierre del primer semestre del año 2023 en relación con el período 1935-1965. En la actualidad se cuantificaron 64 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias botánicas, con mayor representación de: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae y Sapotaceae. Los índices ecológicos mostraron una alta diversidad y riqueza de especies, con baja dominancia.

RESUMO A definição de árvores fora da floresta (AFB) inclui produtos florestais não madeireiros e constitui um conjunto de bens e serviços que contribuem para a produção de alimentos em diferentes formas agrícolas. A pesquisa foi realizada na fazenda da família Maripa, no município de Cumanayagua, província de Cienfuegos, Cuba, com o objetivo de analisar a evolução ao longo do tempo da AFB na área onde a fazenda está localizada. Foi realizada uma análise diacrônica usando o método de cortes sincrônicos, com um desenho de pesquisa transversal e abordagem descritiva, em que foram medidos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos sem manipulação de variáveis. O eixo temporal escolhido consistiu em três seções sucessivas, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 e 1997-2023, com uma reconstrução aproximada das condições dos elementos mais significativos da paisagem. Foram calculados indicadores ecológicos, ajustados à AFB presente na fazenda na terceira seção. O resultado foi uma mudança dinâmica da paisagem ao longo do tempo em direção a um agroecossistema, com 21,95% das espécies não presentes na fazenda no final da primeira metade do ano de 2023 em relação ao período de 1935-1965. Atualmente, foram quantificadas 64 espécies pertencentes a 33 famílias botânicas, com maior representação de: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae e Sapotaceae. Os índices ecológicos mostraram uma alta diversidade e riqueza de espécies, com baixa dominância.

ABSTRACT The definition of trees outside the forest (TOF) contemplates non-timber forest products and constitutes a set of goods and services that contribute to the production of food in different agricultural forms. The study was carried out on the Maripa family farm, municipality of Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos province, Cuba, with the objective of analyzing the evolution over time of the TOF in the farm's location area. A diachronic analysis was approached through the method of synchronic cuts, with a cross-sectional research design and descriptive approach, where qualitative and quantitative aspects were measured without manipulating variables. The chosen temporal axis was specified in three successive sections, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 and 1997-2023, with an approximate reconstruction of the conditions of those most significant elements of the landscape. Ecological indicators were calculated, adjusted to the TOF present on the farm in the third cut. Over time, a dynamic change of the landscape towards an agroecosystem resulted, with 21.95% of species not present on the farm at the end of the first half of the year 2023 in relation to the period 1935-1965. Currently, 64 species belonging to 33 botanical families were quantified, with the greatest representation of: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae and Sapotaceae. The ecological indices showed a high diversity and richness of species, with low dominance.

Abstract Background: Roadside plants grow along transportation routes, and are little studied. Questions: What is the richness of roadside angiosperms? What is the percentage of native and introduced species for roadside angiosperms? Species studied: Native and introduced roadside angiosperms. Site and years of study: Chalma-Malinalco roadside, municipality of Malinalco, State of Mexico, Mexico, May 2008-April 2009. Methods: Angiosperm species were collected along the road right-of-way during 24 biweekly walks. Additionally, species were listed and their cover estimated in 14 sampling sites (4 m2 each). Results: We recorded 327 species. Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the families with the highest richness of genera and species. Native species were dominant (85.9 %), whereas introduced species grouped 14.1 %; the latter came mainly from the Old World. About 70 % of the species were herbs. Bouteloua repens and Eleusine indica had the highest cover and frequency, respectively. Conclusions: The roadside flora was rich in angiosperms, mostly herbs, and with a dominance of native plants. Introduced grasses played an outstanding role in terms of frequency. It is necessary to continue with floristic, ecological and ethnobotanical research, among others, on this group of plants that has been scarcely studied.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas viarias crecen en las orillas de vías de comunicación y han sido poco estudiadas. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza de las angiospermas viarias? ¿Cuál es el porcentaje de especies nativas e introducidas entre las angiospermas viarias? Especies de estudio: Angiospermas viarias nativas e introducidas. Sitio y años de estudio: Carretera Chalma-Malinalco, municipio de Malinalco, Estado de México, México, mayo 2008-abril 2009. Métodos: Se recolectaron las especies de angiospermas en el derecho de vía de la carretera a través de 24 recorridos quincenales. Adicionalmente, se enlistaron las especies y se estimó su cobertura en 14 cuadros de muestreo (4 m2 cada uno). Resultados: Se registraron 327 especies. Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Poaceae fueron las familias con mayor riqueza de géneros y especies. Las especies nativas fueron dominantes (85.9 %), mientras que las introducidas agruparon el 14.1 %; éstas últimas procedieron principalmente del Viejo Mundo. Alrededor del 70 % de las especies fueron hierbas. Bouteloua repens y Eleusine indica presentaron mayor cobertura y frecuencia, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La flora viaria era rica en angiospermas, la mayoría hierbas y con dominancia de plantas nativas. Los pastos introducidos tenían un papel sobresaliente en cuanto a frecuencia. Es necesario continuar con investigaciones florísticas, ecológicas, etnobotánicas, entre otras, sobre este grupo de plantas que ha sido escasamente estudiado.

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the spatial distribution patterns of Pinus and Quercus species along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate forest in northwestern Mexico. Individual uniformity (W i ), species mixture (M i ), and size dominance (U i ) were analyzed using structural parameters based on the relationships with the four nearest neighbors. Data were obtained from 37 sampling sites at three different altitude levels (Level 1: 2 200-2 600 m, Level 2: 2 600-2 800 m, and Level 3: 2 800-3 200 m), generating a total of 979 structural groups for all species. Pinus contributed 191, 51, and 41 groups at levels 1, 2, and 3, while Quercus contributed 192, one and zero, respectively. Pinus showed a tendency towards randomness, as did the oaks at Level 1; although, in this analysis, it was observed that at higher altitudes, Pinus tends towards a regular distribution. The species mix was medium to high for Pinus, which indicates that its individuals are surrounded by trees of different species, unlike Quercus. Size dominance revealed that Pinus specimens are taller than those of the Quercus genus throughout the gradient, especially at Level I. This approach provides an accurate understanding of the role of species in forest ecosystem dynamics.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los patrones de distribución espacial de las especies de Pinus y Quercus a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en un bosque templado del noroeste de México. Se analizó la uniformidad de los individuos (W i ), la mezcla de especies (M i ) y la dominancia dimensional (U i ) mediante parámetros estructurales basados en las relaciones con los cuatro vecinos más cercanos. Los datos se obtuvieron de 37 sitios de muestreo en tres niveles altitudinales (Nivel 1: 2 200-2 600 m, Nivel 2: 2 600-2 800 m y Nivel 3: 2 800-3 200 m), lo que generó un total de 979 grupos estructurales para todas las especies. Pinus contribuyó con 191, 51 y 41 grupos en los niveles 1, 2 y 3; mientras que Quercus aportó 192, uno y cero, respectivamente. Pinus evidenció tendencia hacia la aleatoriedad, y los encinos también en el Nivel 1, aunque en este análisis se observó que a mayor altitud Pinus tiende hacia una distribución regular. La mezcla de especies fue de media a alta para Pinus, lo cual indica que sus individuos están rodeados de árboles de especies diferentes, y con Quercus ocurrió al contrario. La dominancia dimensional reveló que los ejemplares de Pinus tienen mayor altura que los del género Quercus en todo el gradiente, especialmente en el Nivel 1. Este enfoque proporciona una comprensión exacta de la función que cumplen las especies en la dinámica de los ecosistemas forestales.

According to Battison (1978), signers are observed, in some situations, to use their non-dominant hand to perform the functions normally performed by the dominant hand in signing. The goal of this work is to advance Gabardo and Xavier’s (2019) study on this phenomenon in libras, referred as to dominance shift. In addition, we aim to verify whether its frequency varies in different communicative situations, namely, free conversation, narrative and sign lists. To do so, we analyzed data from ten deaf signers from Santa Catarina, five men and five women, who are part of the National libras Inventory (Quadros et al., 2018). The results indicate that, similarly to Gabardo and Xavier (2019), dominance shift can be motivated (1) by spatial referentiality, (2) by simultaneity, that is, the production of two signs at the same time, (3) by a combination of these two factors and (4) by the phonological environment. Additionally, it was observed that (5) the unavailability of the dominant hand and (6) contrast can also motivate dominance shift. Regarding the different communicative situations in which the data were produced, a higher frequency of dominance shift was observed in narration.

Segundo Battison (1978), observa-se na sinalização corrente que os sinalizantes usam, certas vezes, sua mão não-dominante para desempenhar as funções normalmente desempenhadas pela mão dominante. O objetivo deste trabalho é aprofundar o estudo preliminar de Gabardo e Xavier (2019) sobre esse fenômeno, designado como troca de dominância. Além disso, objetivamos verificar se sua frequência varia em diferentes situações comunicativas, a saber, na conversação livre, na narrativa e na listagem de sinais. Para isso, foram analisados dados de dez sinalizantes surdos catarinenses, cinco homens e cinco mulheres, que integram o “Inventário Nacional de libras” (Quadros et al., 2018). Os resultados indicam que, assim como Gabardo e Xavier (2019), a troca de dominância pode ser motivada (1) pela referencialidade espacial, (2) pela simultaneidade, ou seja, produção de dois sinais ao mesmo tempo, (3) por uma combinação desses dois fatores e (4) pelo ambiente fonológico. Adicionalmente, foi observado que (5) a indisponibilidade da mão dominante e (6) a realização de contrastes também podem motivar a troca de dominância. Em relação às diferentes situações comunicativas em que as sinalizações analisadas foram produzidas, observou-se maior ocorrência de troca de dominância durante a narração.

Abstract: Aim We investigated the ichthyofauna parasite component community across a gradient of anthropogenic pressures of the Guaraguaçu River, south Brazil, a Neotropical river of central importance for biodiversity conservation. Methods After fish sampling, all fish were identified, measured, weighed and eviscerated. The viscera and gills were inspected for parasite screening and subsequent identification. Parasite diversity estimators were calculated for the most abundant host species. Results A total of 159 host specimens from 12 species were examined, being 140 (88.05%) found to be infected with at least one parasite, including 14 new parasite occurrences. The most widely distributed parasite was the nematode Contracaecum sp., found in 8 host species. The highest mean infection intensity and mean abundance was observed for the monogenean Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infecting the Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The Shannon-Wiener, Jost and Simpson indexes were higher for the more abundant fishes, except for the Trahira Hoplias malabaricus. Most host species harbored parasites in poorly aggregated distribution, according to the discrepancy index. The Berger-Parker index showed monogenean dominance in all hosts except for H. malabaricus. We found little evidence for parasite infracommunity changes across the gradient of the river. Conclusions We described the infection patterns in an important Neotropical river. The new parasite occurrences highlight the contribution of our study. Fish-parasite interactions changed throughout the river stretches, and we argue that it does not necessarily means changes in diversity and abundance of parasite within species, but the rearrange of interactions. Moreover, it seems that parasites are more abundant in most impacted sites, another reason to continue the monitoring. Abstract River Brazil conservation sampling identified measured eviscerated identification 15 1 examined 88.05% 8805 88 05 (88.05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener fishes malabaricus distribution BergerParker Berger Parker H study Fishparasite Fish stretches Moreover sites monitoring 88.05 880 0 (88.05 88.0 (88.0 88. (88. (88 (8 (

Resumo: Objetivo A comunidade componente de parasitas da ictiofauna foi investigada ao longo de um gradiente de pressões antropogênicas no Rio Guaraguaçu, sul do Brasil, um rio Neotropical com grande importância para a conservação da biodiversidade. Métodos Após a coleta, todos os peixes foram identificados, medidos, pesados e eviscerados. As vísceras e brânquias foram inspecionadas para coleta e subsequente identificação de parasitas. Estimadores de diversidade de parasitas foram calculados para as espécies de hospedeiros mais abundantes. Resultados Um total de 159 espécimes de hospedeiros de 12 espécies foram examinados, sendo 140 (88,05%) infectados com pelo menos um parasita, incluindo 14 novas ocorrências de parasitas. O parasita mais amplamente distribuído foi o nematoide Contracaecum sp., encontrado em 8 espécies de hospedeiros. As maiores intensidades de infecção e abundância foram observadas para o monogenético Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infectando o Jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Jost e Simpson foram maiores para os peixes mais abundantes, exceto para a Traíra Hoplias malabaricus. A maioria das espécies de hospedeiros abrigava parasitas com distribuição pouco agregada, de acordo com o índice de discrepância. O índice de Berger-Parker mostrou a dominância de monogenéticos em todos os hospedeiros, exceto H. malabaricus. Encontramos poucas evidências de mudanças nas infracomunidades de parasitas ao longo do gradiente do rio. Conclusões Descrevemos os padrões de infecção em um importante rio Neotropical. As novas ocorrências de parasitas destacam a importância de nosso estudo. Interações entre parasitos e peixes mudaram ao longo dos setores do rio, e isso não necessariamente resulta em mudanças na diversidade e abundância de parasitos dentro de cada espécie, mas um rearranjo das interações. Além disso, parece que os parasitas são mais abundantes na maioria dos locais impactados, o que é mais uma razão para continuar o monitoramento. Resumo Guaraguaçu Brasil biodiversidade identificados medidos eviscerados 15 1 examinados 88,05% 8805 88 05 (88,05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener malabaricus agregada discrepância BergerParker Berger Parker H estudo espécie interações disso impactados monitoramento 88,05 880 0 (88,05 88,0 (88,0 88, (88, (88 (8 (

ABSTRACT Considering the importance of evaluating the compatibility between the exploration system usually used in the Caatinga and the vegetation regeneration process, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of recovering structural parameters in an experimental unit subjected to different management systems aged 9, 12, 16, 20 and 26 years post-exploitation. The area was subjected to clearcutting (CC) regimes and three types of selective cuttings (SC1 – selective cutting 1, cut of trees with diameter at the base – DAB < 15 cm; SC2 – selective cutting 2, cut of trees with DAB > 10 cm; and SC3 – selective cutting 3, cut of trees with DAB between 5 and 10 cm). In permanent plots of 20 m × 20 m, individuals with a circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 6 cm and a total height greater than 1.0 m were measured. Over the years of monitoring, the CC presented the lowest values of density, dominance, and volume, not obtaining a recovery in basal area and volume even after 26 years of regeneration. Treatments SC2 and SC3 stood out regarding recovery of the original woody biomass stock, presenting values higher than the original ones and indicating that the initial data did not correspond to the site's maximum potential. The forest dynamics pointed to the insufficiency of the 15-year clearcutting cycle in terms of recovering this region forest composition and structure. process 9 12 16 2 postexploitation. postexploitation post exploitation. exploitation post-exploitation (CC SC1 SC (SC 1 3 cm. . cm) CBH (CBH 0 1. measured monitoring density dominance stock sites site s potential 15year year structure

RESUMO Considerando a importância de se avaliar a compatibilidade entre o sistema de exploração usualmente empregado na Caatinga e o processo de regeneração da vegetação, este estudo objetivou avaliar a viabilidade de recuperação dos parâmetros estruturais em uma unidade experimental submetida a diferentes sistemas de manejo com idades de 9, 12, 16, 20 e 26 anos pós-exploração. A área foi submetida aos regimes de corte raso (CR) e três tipos de cortes seletivos (SC1 – corte seletivo 1, de árvores com diâmetro na base – DNB < 15 cm; SC2 – corte seletivo 2, de DNB > 10 cm; e SC3 – corte seletivo 2, de DNB entre 5 e 10 cm). Em parcelas permanentes de 20 m × 20 m, foram mensurados os indivíduos com CAP ≥ 6 cm e altura total superior a 1,0 m. Ao longo dos anos de monitoramento, o CR apresentou os menores valores de densidade, dominância e volume, não obtendo recuperação em área basal e volume mesmo após 26 anos de regeneração. Os tratamentos SC2 e SC3 se sobressaíram quanto à recuperação do estoque original de biomassa lenhosa, apresentando valores superiores aos originais e indicando que os dados iniciais não correspondiam ao potencial máximo do sítio. A dinâmica florestal apontou à insuficiência do ciclo de corte raso de 15 anos quanto à recuperação da composição e estrutura florestal nesta região. vegetação 9 12 16 2 pósexploração. pósexploração pós exploração. pós-exploração (CR SC1 SC (SC 1 cm. . cm) 0 monitoramento densidade lenhosa sítio região

Abstract Despite being an important component of the freshwater ecosystems and an important factor controlling wild fish populations, Amazonian fish parasites have been poorly studied. Here, we analyzed the fauna of metazoan parasites from 10 detritivorous and omnivorous fish species from Amapá Lake in the western Amazon. Of 159 fish specimens examined, 73.6% were parasitized by one or more species of metazoan parasites. A total of 5,260 parasites (24 Monogenea, 14 Nematoda, 10 Digenea, 2 Acanthocephala, and 6 Crustacea) were identified. Aggregated dispersion pattern of parasites was observed. There was a predominance of endohelminth species that presented a similar pattern regarding the level of component communities (i.e., a low species number, low diversity and dominance of a single species, mainly the digeneans and nematodes in their larval stages). Five species of parasites presented correlation with the body size of the hosts. In the fish community, the presence of endoparasites in the larval and adult stages suggests that these are intermediate, paratenic and definitive hosts, reflecting their detritivorous or omnivorous feeding habits. The trophic level and diet had an influence on the structuring of endohelminth communities and infracommunities. Lastly, 38% of the metazoan parasite species were new records for examined hosts. populations studied Here 1 Amazon 15 736 73 73.6 5260 5 260 5,26 24 (2 Monogenea Nematoda Digenea Acanthocephala Crustacea identified observed i.e., ie i e (i.e. number stages. . stages) hosts community intermediate habits infracommunities Lastly 38 7 73. 526 26 5,2 ( i.e. (i.e 3 52 5, i.e

Resumo Apesar de ser um importante componente dos ecossistemas de água doce e um importante fator controlador das populações naturais de peixes, os parasitos de peixes amazônicos ainda são pouco estudados. Foi analisada a fauna de parasitos metazoários em 10 espécies de peixes detritívoros e onívoros do Lago Amapá na Amazônia ocidental. Dos 159 espécimes de peixes examinados, 73,6% estavam parasitados por uma ou mais espécies de parasitos metazoários. Um total de 5.260 parasitos (24 Monogenea, 14 Nematoda, 10 Digenea, 2 Acanthocephala e 6 Crustacea) foram identificados. Houve um padrão de dispersão agregado de parasitos. Houve predominância de espécies de endohelmintos que apresentaram padrão semelhante quanto ao nível de comunidades componentes, ou seja, baixo número de espécies, baixa diversidade e dominância de uma única espécie, principalmente os digenéticos e nematoides em estágio larval. Cinco espécies de parasitos apresentaram correlação com o tamanho corporal dos hospedeiros. Na comunidade de peixes, a presença de endoparasitos em fase larval e adulta sugere que esses são hospedeiros intermediários, paratênicos e definitivos, refletindo seus hábitos alimentares detritívoros ou onívoros. O nível trófico e dieta influenciaram na estruturação das comunidades e infracomunidades de endohelmintos. Por fim, 38% das espécies de parasitos metazoários foram novos registros para os hospedeiros examinados. estudados 1 ocidental 15 examinados 736 73 73,6 5260 5 260 5.26 24 (2 Monogenea Nematoda Digenea Crustacea identificados componentes seja espécie intermediários definitivos fim 38 7 73, 526 26 5.2 ( 3 52 5.