This work developed an effective and eco-friendly analytical method to support quality control for Brazilian Bill proposal No. 5332/2009. The bill advocates the creation of the “Brazilian bread” by mandating the incorporation of cassava byproducts into wheat flour, with the aim of reducing Brazil’s external dependency on wheat imports and promoting domestic cassava family farming. For this, a handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer was utilized for on-site determination of cassava starch in commercial wheat flour. The quantitative analysis, which utilized NIR spectra pre-processed with offset correction (OFF) combined with linear baseline correction (LBC), alongside the successive projections algorithm for interval selection in partial least squares (iSPA-PLS), exhibited superior predictive capability, achieving a relative error of prediction below 8%. Furthermore, the classification process, which involved NIR spectra pre-processed with LBC and iSPA-PLS for discriminant analysis (iSPA-PLS-DA), yielded an impressive 94% overall accuracy, with only 3 misclassifications in the test set. ecofriendly eco friendly No 53322009 5332 2009 5332/2009 bread flour Brazils Brazil s farming this nearinfrared near infrared (NIR onsite site preprocessed pre processed OFF (OFF LBC, , (LBC) iSPAPLS, iSPAPLS iSPA PLS (iSPA-PLS) capability 8 8% Furthermore process iSPAPLSDA, iSPAPLSDA DA (iSPA-PLS-DA) 94 accuracy set 5332200 533 200 5332/200 (LBC (iSPA-PLS (iSPA-PLS-DA 9 533220 53 20 5332/20 53322 5 2 5332/2 5332/

With the increase in life expectancy and the significant incidence of lesions of the musculoskeletal system, both the public and private sectors seek improvements in their products and processes in order to contribute to the health of the population. Every year tons of chicken eggshell (CES) from domestic consumption are released in environment and the present work aims the production of a synthetic ceramic bone substitute using the eggshell as a source of calcium ions. According to the methodology, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol% of iron ions were used and the characterization assays demonstrated the formation of a double calcium iron phosphate - Ca9Fe(PO4)7. MG63 cells were cultured on test specimens to cell viability assay and to each doped group analyzed, verifying cell compatibility with the studied compounds, as well as a good adhesion profile. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cells showed that material surface favored cell adhesion and the results demonstrated that the production of the compounds were viable to Ca9Fe(PO4)7 phase. So, in the future, it will be possible to have a final comprehensive biological compatibility of the prototype for further in vitro and in vivo assays. system population CES (CES methodology 5 10 1 2 mol Ca9FePO47. Ca9FePO47 CaFePO Ca9Fe PO4 7. 7 Ca Fe PO MG MG6 analyzed profile SEM (SEM Ca9Fe(PO4) phase So future FePO Ca9FePO4 CaFe Ca9Fe(PO4 Ca9FePO Ca9Fe(PO

RESUMO: O ensino de anatomia vem se modificando ao longo dos anos, introduzindo métodos tecnológicos, principalmente após o período pandêmico. Questiona-se o uso exclusivo da tecnologia em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de dissecação e aulas teóricas presenciais no que diz respeito à aquisição de conhecimento. Este artigo analisou a percepção de conhecimento de alunos de diversos semestres do curso de Medicina Veterinária, comparando alunos que tiveram aulas apenas online com aqueles que tiveram aulas presenciais de Anatomia Descritiva dos Animais Domésticos. Para tanto, questões foram enviadas por meio de formulário, com preenchimento voluntário e anônimo, e posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente. Os resultados indicam que 11,5% dos alunos que cursaram a disciplina remotamente falharam na aplicação dos conhecimentos em outras disciplinas, enquanto nenhum aluno do ensino presencial relatou o mesmo. A maioria dos alunos, tanto dos grupos remotos quanto dos presenciais, lembram-se do assunto, mas revisam o conteúdo com frequência. Em relação ao conhecimento teórico, o grupo online (80,8%) compreendeu melhor à medida que o curso avançava, comparado a 59,6% do grupo presencial. A ligação entre Anatomia e outras disciplinas foi mais destacada pelo grupo presencial (30,8%) em comparação ao online (15,4%). Ambos os grupos concordam que o contacto físico com peças anatômicas é essencial, mas alguns consideram possível ter um primeiro contacto com imagens ou fotografias 3D. Baseado nesse estudo preliminar, conclui-se que as interações iniciais com a área de Anatomia devem incluir técnicas pedagógicas diversificadas com comunicação empática. A utilização de recursos tecnológicos modernos é um aliado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e após a abstração dos conteúdos é possível o uso singular da tecnologia na manutenção e atualização do conhecimento anatômico. RESUMO anos pandêmico Questionase Questiona Veterinária Domésticos formulário anônimo estatisticamente 115 11 5 11,5 mesmo lembramse lembram assunto frequência teórico 80,8% 808 80 8 (80,8% avançava 596 59 6 59,6 30,8% 308 30 (30,8% 15,4%. 154 15,4% . 15 4 (15,4%) essencial 3D D preliminar concluise conclui empática ensinoaprendizagem, ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem, aprendizagem ensino-aprendizagem anatômico 1 11, 80,8 (80,8 59, 30,8 3 (30,8 15,4 (15,4% 80, (80, 30, (30, 15, (15,4 (80 (30 (15, (8 (3 (15 ( (1

ABSTRACT: Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the face-to-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. ABSTRACT years period facetoface face instruction acquisition Animals purpose completion statistically 115 11 5 11.5 same frequently 80.8% 808 80 8 (80.8% progressed 596 59 6 59.6 30.8% 308 30 (30.8% 15.4%. 154 15.4% . 15 4 (15.4%) essential however D feasible communication teachinglearning process Furthermore contents 1 11. 80.8 (80.8 59. 30.8 3 (30.8 15.4 (15.4% 80. (80. 30. (30. 15. (15.4 (80 (30 (15. (8 (3 (15 ( (1

RESUMO: A mangueira apresenta elevado índice de abscisão de frutos, que é potencializado em regiões semiáridas devido ao estresse ambiental. A utilização de bioestimulantes e fitorreguladores tem demonstrado ser uma estratégia promissora para melhorar a fixação de frutos. Assim, o presente estudo foi realizado com objetivo de definir a melhor estratégia para a fixação e desenvolvimento dos frutos, com a aplicação de fitorreguladores e bioestimulante na mangueira ‘Keitt’, cultivada no Vale do São Francisco. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos T1: controle, T2: ácido giberélico AG3 + ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), T3: AG3+2,4-D+Benziladenina, T4: Bioestimulante + CoMo® (fontes de cobalto e molibdênio). No experimento 2, o esquema fatorial (2 ×3 + 1), correspondendo a duas formas de fertilização de potássio (recomendada e ajustada), três concentrações de giberelina (0, 10 e 20 mg L-1) e um tratamento adicional (controle - fertilização de potássio recomendada e sem estratégia de fixação). As variáveis analisadas incluem o número relativo de frutos, o número de frutos para os mercados doméstico e estrangeiro, o potencial produtivo, a produção, a produtividade, o volume de frutos, a massa dos frutos e o rendimento da casca, polpa e semente. A aplicação de 10 mg L-1 AG3 + 10 mg L-1 2,4-D + 10 mg L-1 de Benziladenina em floração plena da mangueira ‘Keitt’, aumentou a fixação e a produção de frutos. Independentemente da fertilização, as aplicações sequenciais de 10 ou 20 mg L-1 de AG3, mostraram ser uma estratégia eficaz para a produção da mangueira ‘Keitt’. A fertilização potássica ajustada e a aplicação de 10 mg L-1 de AG3 favorece a produção de frutos de maior a massa e o volume. RESUMO ambiental Assim ‘Keitt, Keitt ‘Keitt , ‘Keitt’ Francisco experimentos 1 casualizados T1 T controle T2 AG 2,4diclorofenoxiacético 24diclorofenoxiacético diclorofenoxiacético 2,4 2 4 2,4D, 24D D (2,4-D) T3 AG3+2,4D+Benziladenina, AG324DBenziladenina AGDBenziladenina AG3+2,4 D+Benziladenina, AG3+2,4-D+Benziladenina T4 CoMo fontes molibdênio. molibdênio . molibdênio) ( 3 × 1) ajustada, ajustada) 0, 0 (0 L1 L fixação. fixação) estrangeiro produtivo produtividade casca semente L- 2,4D ‘Keitt. 4diclorofenoxiacético 24 4D (2,4-D AG3+2,4D+Benziladenina DBenziladenina AG324 AG3+2, D+Benziladenina AG32 AG3+2 AG3+

ABSTRACT: The mango tree presents a high level of fruit abscission, which is increased in semiarid regions due to environmental stress. The use of biostimulants and phytoregulators has shown to be a promising strategy to improve fruit setting. Thus, the present study defined the best strategy for setting and development of the fruit, with the application of phytoregulators and biostimulants on the ‘Keitt’ mango tree, cultivated in the São Francisco Valley. Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1, a randomized block design was used, with four treatments T1: control, T2: gibberellic acid (AG3) + 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), T3: AG3 + 2,4-D+Benzyladenine, T4: Biostimulant + CoMo® (sources of cobalt and molybdenum). In experiment 2, the factorial scheme (2 ×3 + 1) distributed in randomized blocks was established, corresponding to two forms of potassium fertilization (recommended and adjusted), three gibberellin concentrations (0, 10 and 20 mg L-1) and additional treatment (control - recommended potassium fertilization and no setting strategy). The variables analyzed include the relative number of fruits, the number of fruits for domestic and foreign markets, productive potential, production, productivity, fruit volume, fruit mass, and the yield of peel, pulp and stone. The application of 10 mg L-1 AG3 + 10 mg L-1 2,4-D + 10 mg L-1 Benzyladenine in full flowering of the ‘Keitt’ mango tree, increased the setting and the production of the fruit. Regardless of fertilization, sequential applications at 10 or 20 mg L-1 of AG3 proved to be an effective strategy to produce ‘Keitt’ mango tree. Adjusted potassium fertilization and the application at 10 mg L-1 of AG3 promotes the production of fruits with greater mass and volume. ABSTRACT abscission stress Thus ‘Keitt Keitt Valley performed 1 used T1 T control T2 AG (AG3 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic 24dichlorophenoxyacetic dichlorophenoxyacetic 2,4 2 4 2,4D, 24D D , (2,4-D) T3 2,4D+Benzyladenine, 24DBenzyladenine DBenzyladenine D+Benzyladenine, 2,4-D+Benzyladenine T4 CoMo sources molybdenum. molybdenum . molybdenum) ( 3 × established adjusted, adjusted adjusted) 0, 0 (0 L1 L strategy. strategy) markets potential productivity volume peel stone L- 2,4D (AG 4dichlorophenoxyacetic 24 4D (2,4-D 2,4D+Benzyladenine D+Benzyladenine

Summary: In recent decades, water scarcity has increased considerably in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua - the most important apple-growing region of Mexico. Thus, the objective of this research is focused on evaluating growth and development responses in apple rootstocks graf ted with Golden Delicious subjected to four drought cycles, comparing them with the continuous irrigation treatment. Ten rootstocks were evaluated (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 and MM.109) used in the commercial apple orchards in the area, where all the rootstocks were obtained during the 2020 growing season. The planting was carried out in 20-L pots in March 2020 and a substrate composed of compost, soil and sand was used in a ratio of 1:1:1. The recorded variables measured were moisture percentage in the soil, the leading branch growth, leaf water potential, total biomass, and ef ficient water use. The rootstocks B.9 and M.9 Nic29 showed good results in most of the variables studied. Rootstocks with good recovery of leaf water potential af ter recovery irrigation were found. These rootstocks were; B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 and G.210. The total biomass was statistically the same in G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 and B.9. In conclusion, rootstocks tolerate a certain degree of drought and can contribute to improving water use, highlighting B.9.

Resumen: La escasez de agua en la región manzanera más importante de México; Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de esta investigación se concentró en evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento y desarrollo de portainjertos de manzano injertados con Golden Delicious, sometidos a cuatro ciclos de sequía, comparándolos con el tratamiento de riego continuo. Se evaluaron 10 portainjertos (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 y MM.109), los cuales son utilizados en las huertas comerciales de manzano de la zona de Cuauhtémoc. Todos los portainjertos se obtuvieron de viveros comerciales durante la estación de crecimiento 2019. La plantación se realizó en macetas de 20 L en el mes de marzo de 2020 y se utilizó un sustrato compuesto por composta, suelo y arena en proporción 1:1:1. Las variables registradas fueron; porcentaje de humedad en el suelo, crecimiento de la rama líder, potencial hídrico de la hoja, biomasa total, y uso eficiente del agua. Los portainjertos B.9 y M.9Nic29 mostraron buenos resultados en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas. Los portainjertos B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 y G.210 mostraron buena recuperación del potencial hídrico de la hoja después del riego de recuperación. La biomasa total fue estadísticamente igual en G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 y B.9. Se concluye que existen portainjertos que toleran cierto grado de sequía y que pueden contribuir a mejorar el uso del agua, destacando B.9.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el rol del Estado en relación con el Programa Hogar y el sentido que las beneficiarias le otorgan. En un inicio concebido como un esquema de asistencia para suplir los problemas de acceso a gas de consumo doméstico mediante la entrega de bombonas en los hogares, el programa devino en una transferencia monetaria directa. Este mecanismo es insuficiente, dado que, en un contexto de escasez y ausencia de empleo formal, las jefas de hogar emplean el dinero para sufragar gastos de la canasta básica. La ineficiencia del Estado, junto con capacidades comunitarias-barriales menoscabadas para visibilizar problemas y hacer demandas, hace que el programa, en realidad, no produzca beneficiarias. En conclusión, el Estado argentino lleva a cabo prestaciones parciales que no cubren las necesidades de los hogares vulnerables; asimismo, la dinámica del Programa Hogar podría cumplir objetivos relevantes si examinase y ajustase su enfoque de derechos.

Abstract This article analyses the role of the Argentinian state concerning the Home Programme and the meaning beneficiaries give to it. Originally conceived as an assistance scheme to overcome problems of access to gas for domestic consumption through the delivery of gas cylinders to households, the programme became a direct monetary transfer. In a context of scarcity and lack of formal employment, the mechanism is insufficient given that female heads of household use the money to cover basic food basket expenses. The inefficiency of the state and the undermining of community and neighbourhood capacities to make problems visible and make demands would mean that the programme does not produce beneficiaries. In conclusion, the state carries out partial benefits that do not cover the needs of vulnerable households; likewise, the "Home Programme" dynamics could fulfil relevant objectives if it examines and adjusts its focus on rights.

Abstract From the idea of the domestic space as an apprehending space, the article aims to reflect on the forms of violence that, in the novel Tomar tu mano (2021), by Claudia Hernández, the represented female subjects experience. The domestic space, in the case of this literary text, seems to be formed as an extension of the scope of war and its logic of domination, which, consequently, affects the female protagonists in their own bodies, often controlled by the designs of the male subjects with whom they relate and with whom they form families. Thus, the domestic space exposed in the text will be analyzed and understood as a regime that oppresses women to the point of condemning them to a subordinate life. Finally, the domestic space is, in Hernández’s work, a kind of “social verdict”, covered by emotions such as love or happiness, which function as a patriarchal trap.

Resumen A partir de la idea del espacio doméstico como un espacio aprehensor, el artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las formas de violencia que, en la novela Tomar tu mano (2021), de Claudia Hernández, experimentan los sujetos femeninos representados. El espacio doméstico, en el caso de este texto literario, parece conformarse como una extensión del ámbito de la guerra y de su lógica de dominación, la cual, consecuentemente, afecta a las mujeres protagonistas en sus propios cuerpos, muchas veces controlados por los designios de los sujetos masculinos con los que se relacionan y con los que constituyen familias. Así, se analizará el espacio doméstico expuesto en el texto y se entenderá como un régimen que oprime y somete a las mujeres hasta el punto de condenarlas a una vida subordinada. Finalmente, el espacio doméstico es, en el trabajo de Hernández, una suerte de “veredicto social”, encubierto por emociones como el amor o la felicidad, las cuales funcionan como una trampa patriarcal.

RESUMEN Las exportaciones de un país son clave para su economía. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar sobre la contribución de las exportaciones no tradicionales al crecimiento económico del Paraguay a través del caso del sector alimenticio, durante el periodo 2011-2020. Para tal efecto, se planteó un diseño metodológico bibliográfico-documental, en el que se recurrió a un modelo econométrico que vinculaba el Producto Interno Bruto con las exportaciones tradicionales y no tradicionales del sector alimenticio junto con otras variables, para verificar sus efectos. Entre los principales resultados cabe señalar el efecto positivo de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el crecimiento de la economía y su potencial para diversificar la canasta exportadora del país. Clasificación JEL: F41, F43

ABSTRACT A country's exports are key to its economy. The objective of this research is to investigate the contribution of non-traditional exports to the economic growth of Paraguay through the case of the food sector, during the period 2011-2020. For this purpose, a bibliographical-documentary methodological design was proposed, in which an econometric model was used that linked the Gross Domestic Product with traditional and non-traditional exports of the food sector together with other variables, to verify its effects. Among the main results, it is worth noting the positive effect of non-traditional exports on the growth of the economy and its potential to diversify the country's export basket. JEL Classification: F41, F43.

RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

RESUMEN En el contexto actual, la transformación digital se ha convertido en un factor fundamental para el cambio de la matriz productiva en Ecuador. Esto se debe a que el mundo está siendo cada vez más digital y las empresas necesitan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno ecuatoriano por impulsar la transformación digital, todavía existen obstáculos que limitan su implementación de manera eficiente y efectiva. Uno de ellos es el insuficiente conocimiento sobre el tema y sobre sus beneficios para la práctica social. Muchas empresas todavía no han adoptado las tecnologías digitales en sus procesos y actividades. Por otro lado, existen barreras como la falta de acceso a internet en algunas zonas rurales y la falta de capacitación y formación en habilidades digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer un análisis de los niveles de interdependencia intersectorial en el contexto de la matriz productiva de Ecuador, identificando los principales desafíos, fortalezas y oportunidades. De esta manera se podrán proponer recomendaciones para la integración efectiva con la transformación digital. La metodología consistió en revisar la literatura sobre la transformación digital y su integración a la matriz productiva de Ecuador. También se recopiló información de estudios y datos estadísticos sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en el país.

ABSTRACT In the current context, digital transformation has become a key factor for changing the productive matrix in Ecuador. This is because the world is becoming increasingly digital and companies need to adapt to this new reality to remain competitive in the domestic and international markets. However, despite the Ecuadorian government's efforts to promote digital transformation, there are still obstacles that limit its efficient and effective implementation. One of those obstacles is the insufficient knowledge about the subject and about its benefits for social practice. Many companies have not yet adopted digital technologies in their processes and activities. On the other hand, there are barriers such as the lack of access to the internet in some rural areas and the lack of training and skills in digital skills. The objective of this study is to offer an analysis of the levels of intersectoral interdependence in the context of Ecuador's productive matrix, identifying the main challenges, strengths and opportunities. In this way, recommendations can be proposed for effective integration with digital transformation. The methodology consisted of reviewing the literature on digital transformation and its integration into Ecuador's productive matrix. Information was also collected from studies and statistical data on the adoption of digital technologies in the country.

Resumen Costa Rica por las características de su territorio, puede ofrecer en su actividad turística, servicios modernos, creativos e innovadores, basados en el conocimiento, que utilizan alta tecnología y/o cuentan con mano de obra calificada. Datos del BCCR, indican que el porcentaje del aporte en la última década de la actividad turística al PIB, fue de aproximadamente 5%, por ello, se presenta una ruta para un desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo, que posibilite empleos de calidad y favorezca una mejor redistribución de la riqueza entre los habitantes de Costa Rica, enmarcada con el compromiso de los ODS, un adecuado control de las variables macroeconómicas del mercado interno e internacional; y con una modificación de la ley general de turismo, con el propósito de que exista un ente rector de la actividad que posibilite una mejor coordinación y gestión de la actividad y su aporte al desarrollo.

Resumo A Costa Rica, devido às características de seu território, pode oferecer em sua atividade turística serviços modernos, criativos e inovadores, baseados no conhecimento, que utilizam alta tecnologia e/ou contam com mão de obra qualificada. Dados do BCCR indicam que a porcentagem da contribuição da atividade turística para o PIB na última década foi de aproximadamente 5%. Portanto, apresenta-se uma rota para um desenvolvimento sustentável e inclusivo, que possibilite empregos de qualidade e favoreça uma melhor redistribuição da riqueza entre os habitantes da Costa Rica, alinhada com o compromisso dos ODS, um controle adequado das variáveis macroeconômicas do mercado interno e internacional; e com uma modificação da lei geral de turismo, com o propósito de existir uma entidade reitora da atividade que permita um melhor coordenação e gestão da atividade e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento.

Summary Costa Rica, due to the characteristics of its territory, can offer modern, creative and innovative services in its tourism, based on knowledge, that use high technology and/or have qualified labor. Data from the BCCR indicates that, in the last decade, the percentage of tourism contribution to GDP was approximately 5%, therefore, a route is presented for sustainable and inclusive development, which enables quality jobs and promotes better redistribution of wealth among the inhabitants, framed with the commitment to the SDGs, adequate control of the macroeconomic variables of the domestic and international market; and changing the general tourism law, with the aim to have an activity governing body oriented to better coordination and management and its contribution to development.

Resumen La bacteria Escherichia coli causa la colibacilosis en animales de granja que actúan como reservorios de cepas patógenas. La resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli productor de betalactamasas de espectro extendido [BLEE] es un grave problema de salud pública y se puede atribuir a factores relacionados con el consumo de alimentos y el contacto con animales domésticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia y patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli BLEE aislado en muestras fecales provenientes de bovinos productores de leche de la provincia de Pichincha. Se analizaron un total 182 muestras de heces de bovinos: 112 muestras de bovinos faenados en el Camal Metropolitano de la provincia de Pichincha y 70 muestras de la colección de la Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antimicrobianos [UNIETAR], se realizó el aislamiento de E. coli BLEE, la identificación bioquímica y pruebas de resistencia a los principales antibióticos utilizados. Se logró identificar 93 muestras positivas a E. coli BLEE (51 %), el análisis fenotípico reveló que los antibióticos amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, cefepime, ceftazidima, ciprofloxacina, amikacina y tetraciclina presentaron porcentajes de resistencia mayores al 80 %. Además, se observó una baja resistencia a la nitrofurantoína, cefoxitin y ertapenem, mientras que ningún aislado fue resistente a la tigeciclina. El 100 % de los aislados presentaron fenotipos de multirresistencia y el patrón más frecuente estuvo compuesto por 7 familias de antibióticos. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren que E. coli originaria de bovinos lecheros podría ser un reservorio de genes BLEE.

Abstract Escherichia coli causes colibacillosis in farm animals that act as reservoirs for pathogenic strains. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli producing Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases [ESBL] is a serious public health problem that can be attributed to factors related to food consumption and contact with domestic animals. This study aimed to determine the presence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of ESBL E. coli isolated from fecal samples from dairy cattle in the Pichincha province. A total of 182 bovine feces samples were analyzed, 112 samples from cattle slaughtered at the official slaughterhouse in Quito-Pichincha province, and 70 samples from the collection of the Foodborne Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit [UNIETAR]. The isolation of ESBL E. coli, biochemical identification, and resistance tests using the main antibiotics were carried out at UNIETAR. It was possible to identify 93 positive samples for ESBL E. coli (51%), phenotypic analysis revealed that antibiotics such as amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tetracycline, presented resistance higher than 80%. Furthermore, low resistance to nitrofurantoin, cefoxitin, and ertapenem was observed, while no isolate was resistant to tigecycline. One hundred percent of the isolates presented multi-resistance phenotypes, with the most frequent pattern being composed of 7 families of antibiotics. In conclusion, these results suggest that E. coli from dairy cattle origin could be an important reservoir of ESBL genes.

Resumo: Introdução: A história do cuidado na enfermagem passou por quatro etapas: doméstica, vocacional, técnica e profissional, que foram fundamentais para seu desenvolvimento. No entanto, os atuais desafios sociossanitários destacam a necessidade de projetar novas etapas. Objetivo: Projetar o futuro do cuidado de enfermagem à luz da filosofia e da teoria dos cuidados transpessoais de Jean Watson. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e uma análise crítico-reflexiva sobre as projeções disciplinares da enfermagem. A revisão abrangeu artigos publicados até 2023 nas bases Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO e CINAHL. Foram encontrados 366 artigos, dos quais 8 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. A análise crítico-reflexiva concentrou-se em descrever a evolução das etapas e propor uma etapa futura. Resultados: O cuidado humanizado é um processo complexo que exige habilidades específicas de comunicação, não apenas entre os profissionais de saúde, mas também com os usuários e seus familiares. Por sua vez, o cuidado humanizado está integrado em um ambiente clínico desafiador, devido à alta carga de trabalho, disponibilidade limitada de recursos e à necessidade de manter um nível competitivo na prática profissional. Propõe-se como quinta etapa o “cuidado disciplinar de enfermagem”. Conclusões: Esta nova etapa se concentraria no gerenciamento do cuidado e no cuidado humanizado por meio do aperfeiçoamento da pesquisa, da formação continuada, dos modelos e teorias e da autonomia profissional

Resumen: Introducción: La historia del cuidado de enfermería ha transitado cuatro etapas: doméstica, vocacional, técnica y profesional, que han sido fundamentales en su desarrollo. Sin embargo, los actuales desafíos sociosanitarios ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de proyectar nuevas etapas. Objetivo: Proyectar el futuro del cuidado de enfermería a la luz de la filosofía y teoría de los cuidados transpersonales de Jean Watson. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un análisis crítico-reflexivo sobre las proyecciones disciplinares de la enfermería. La revisión abarcó artículos publicados hasta 2023 en Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO y CINAHL. Se encontraron 366 artículos, de los cuales 8 cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. El análisis crítico-reflexivo se centró en describir la evolución de las etapas y en proponer una etapa futura. Resultados: El cuidado humanizado es un proceso complejo que requiere de habilidades de comunicación específicas, no solo entre profesionales de la salud, sino también con los usuarios y sus familias. A su vez, el cuidado humanizado se integra a un entorno clínico desafiante, debido a la alta carga laboral, la disponibilidad limitada de recursos y la necesidad de mantener un nivel competitivo en la práctica profesional. Se propone como quinta etapa el “cuidado disciplinar de enfermería”. Conclusiones: Esta nueva etapa se centraría en la gestión del cuidado y en el cuidado humanizado mediante un perfeccionamiento de la investigación, la formación continua, los modelos y teorías, y la autonomía profesional

Abstract: Introduction: The history of nursing care has passed through four stages: domestic, vocational, technical and professional, which have been fundamental in its development. However, current socio-sanitary challenges demonstrate the need to plan new steps. Objective: Project the future of nursing care in the light of the philosophy and theory of transpersonal care by Jean Watson. Methodology: A systematic review and critical-reflexive analysis of nursing disciplinary projections was carried out. The review covers articles published until 2023 in Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO and CINAHL. There will be 366 articles, of which 8 met the eligibility criteria. The critical-reflexive analysis focuses on describing the evolution of the stages and proposing a future stage. Results: Humanized care is a complex process that requires specific communication skills, both between healthcare professionals and users and their families. In turn, humanized care is integrated into a challenging clinical environment, due to the high workload, limited availability of resources and the need to maintain a competitive level in professional practice. “Disciplinary nursing care” is proposed as a fifth stage. Conclusions: This new stage will focus on care management and humanized care through perfecting research, continued training, models and theories, and professional autonomy

Abstract Introduction: The River Tambo basin is one of the main hydrographic systems of the Peruvian western watershed, being a source of development for agriculture, agroindustry, livestock, and domestic use in the Tambo Valley and Arequipa City. Objective: To analyze the structure of macroinvertebrates in River Tambo, Perú and assess the water quality through this community. Methods: Five sampling events were conducted between December 2018 and November 2019 in 12 stations, using a Surber net (500 μm). Macroinvertebrates were identified at a family level. To assess community structure, richness, Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), and true diversity of order 1 were determined. A nMDS based on the Bray-Curtis index was used to evaluate dissimilarity. To check for differences in community structure, ANOSIM and two-way MANOVA were used. SIMPER was used to establish family contribution to sample similarity. Relations between physicochemical and biological variables were determined by CCA. ABI index was applied to assess ecological quality. Results: 32 families were recognized, being the most abundant: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae, and Elmidae. The middle and low zones of the basin showed the highest and lowest diversity respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the community structure indices among the 12 stations differed. There was a higher similarity among the 12 stations in December. ABI scores increased from the low to the middle part of the river, which showed the highest ecological quality. Conclusion: Macroinvertebrate communities from River Tambo reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments impacted by human activities show lower diversity and ecological quality, due to the structure, habitat, and water quality of the river being altered.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca del rio Tambo es uno de los principales sistemas hidrográficos de la vertiente occidental del Perú y fuente de desarrollo para la agricultura, agroindustria, ganadería y consumo doméstico en el valle de Tambo y la ciudad de Arequipa. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de macroinvertebrados en el río Tambo, Perú y evaluar la calidad del agua a través de esta comunidad. Métodos: Entre diciembre del 2018 y noviembre del 2019 se realizaron cinco muestreos en 12 estaciones, empleando una red Surber (500 μm). Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Se registró la riqueza, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou, y diversidad verdadera de orden 1, para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad. Para estimar la similitud, se utilizó nMDS (índice de Bray-Curtis). Para verificar si existen diferencias en la estructura comunitaria, se empleó MANOVA de dos vías y ANOSIM. Para establecer la contribución de las familias a la similitud entre muestras, se utilizó SIMPER. La relación entre variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas se determinó con ACC. Se aplicó el índice ABI para evaluar la calidad ecológica. Resultados: se reconocieron 32 familias, siendo las más abundantes: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae y Elmidae. La mayor y menor diversidad se presentó en la parte media y baja de la cuenca respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) de los índices de estructura comunitaria entre las 12 estaciones. Se evidenció mayor similitud entre las 12 estaciones en diciembre. Los puntajes del índice ABI se incrementan de la parte baja del río a la media, que se presentó la mejor calidad ecológica. Conclusión: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del río Tambo reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes con impacto por actividad humana registran menor diversidad y calidad ecológica, ya que se altera la estructura, hábitat y calidad de agua del río.

Abstract. Drawing on testimonies about migratory labor, kinship, and organization experiences of Kichwa women from Cotacachi, Ecuador, I examine the social processes that facilitated the expulsion of girls for domestic work and the establishment of support networks. I rely on the childhood memories of these women, who were between 8 and 14 years old during the agrarian reforms of 1964 and 1973. The findings demonstrate how these women’s migration experiences to Quito were organized, marked not only by the domination and inequality of child domestic labor but also by horizontal care networks centered on work and friendship. The value of this text lies in its approach to the migratory experience from various realities of working childhood, in contexts of domination marked by racial, generational, and class inequalities, but also in situations of alliances and care.

Resumen. A partir de testimonios sobre experiencias laborales migratorias, de parentesco y de organización de mujeres kichwas de Cotacachi, Ecuador, examino los procesos sociales que facilitaron la expulsión de niñas para el trabajo doméstico y el establecimiento de redes de contención. Me baso en las memorias infantiles de estas mujeres, que durante las reformas agrarias de 1964 y 1973 tenían entre 8 y 14 años. Los hallazgos demuestran cómo se organizaron las experiencias de migración de estas mujeres hacia Quito, marcadas no sólo por la dominación y desigualdad del trabajo infantil doméstico, sino también por redes horizontales de cuidado centradas en el trabajo y la amistad. El valor de este texto radica en que nos acerca a la experiencia migratoria desde diversas realidades de la infancia trabajadora, en contextos de dominación caracterizados por desigualdades de raza, generación y clase, pero también en situaciones de alianzas y cuidados.