Resumen. Muchos metazoos contienen moléculas capaces de fluorescencia, absorción y reemisión de luz. Dado que la distribución anatómica, o el patrón, de estas moléculas es variable entre taxones, los patrones de fluorescencia pueden servir como una poderosa herramienta diagnóstica en taxonomía y ecología. Sin embargo, los patrones de fluorescencia específicos de especie entre invertebrados marinos están poco comprendidos. Aquí, mostramos que los hidrozoos tienen diversos patrones de fluorescencia, que pueden ser el resultado de moléculas producidas intrínsecamente u obtenidas de fuentes dietéticas. Estudiamos hidrozoos, incluidos sifonóforos, hidromedusas e hidroides, en 5 órdenes de ambientes marinos pelágicos y bentónicos en Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que los patrones de fluorescencia son muy prevalentes y pueden variar entre especies de hidrozoos y a lo largo del desarrollo. La mayoría de los taxa de hidrozoos examinados exhibieron alguna forma de fluorescencia, con variación observada entre las etapas de vida y las partes del cuerpo. Se documentó fluorescencia en el 88% de las hidromedusas (Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Limnomedusae y Narcomedusae), el 50% de los hidroides y el 75% de los sifonóforos que se observaron en este estudio. Nuestros resultados ilustran cómo los patrones de fluorescencia pueden servir como una herramienta diagnóstica útil para explorar la biodiversidad marina, resaltando la necesidad de una mayor documentación de los patrones de fluorescencia en la diversidad marina y de investigar las moléculas que subyacen a este fenómeno.

Abstract. Many metazoans contain molecules capable of fluorescence, which is the absorption and re-emission of light. As the anatomical distribution, or patterning, of these molecules varies across taxa, fluorescence patterns may serve as a powerful diagnostic tool in taxonomy and ecology. However, species-specific fluorescence patterns in marine invertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we show that hydrozoans exhibit diverse fluorescence patterns, which may result from molecules that are produced intrinsically or obtained from dietary sources. We surveyed 5 orders of hydrozoans, including siphonophores, hydromedusae, and hydroids, from pelagic and benthic marine environments in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Our findings show that fluorescence patterns are highly prevalent and may vary across hydrozoan species throughout development. Most hydrozoan taxa exhibited some form of fluorescence, with variation observed among life stages and body parts. Fluorescence was documented in 88% of hydromedusae (Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Limnomedusae, and Narcomedusae), 50% of hydroids, and 75% of siphonophores. Our results illustrate how fluorescence patterns can serve as a useful diagnostic tool to explore marine biodiversity, highlighting the need for further documentation of fluorescence patterns across marine taxa and research into the molecules that underlie this phenomenon.

Abstract Much is discussed about the climatic changes associated with regional or global atmospheric phenomena. Empiric evidence, however, only sometimes supports such claims even though it is necessary to visualize the strength of their effects and their relevance for the management and conservation agendas of those biosystems supporting the modern lifestyle. This work conducted a time series analysis with monthly precipitation data from the Monte Alto Protected Zone in Hojancha, Costa Rica, between May 2013 and November 2022. A disruption in the temporal pattern was detected in the rainy season of 2017, and it took about two years to return to the state observed back in 2013. Such disruption was linked to a cold period of the ENSO phenomenon, colloquially known as “La Niña”, and followed by a second disruption with an effect lasting until this moment. The data presented herein suggests that ENSO directly affects the precipitation pattern in the Monte Alto Reserve, whose original conservation purpose was to provide drinking water to local populations. The oscillations in the hydrological cycle, apparently more frequent in the last years based on the local context of this analysis, influence the quality of life of the affected populations and deserve monitoring for proper documentation and quantification intended to increase human resilience by means of adaptation.

Resumen Mucho se habla de los cambios climáticos producto de fenómenos atmosféricos de orden regional y global; sin embargo, no siempre se cuenta con evidencia relacionada a ellos. Esta comprobación científica es necesaria para visualizar la dimensión de su efecto y para sentar las bases de manejo y conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos que sustentan el estilo de vida moderno. En este trabajo, se ha hecho un análisis de series de tiempo del registro mensual de precipitación de la Zona Protectora Monte Alto en Hojancha, Costa Rica, para el periodo entre mayo 2013 y noviembre 2022. Se ha descubierto que una disrupción del patrón temporal de precipitación durante la temporada lluviosa del año 2017 tomó alrededor de dos años para regresar a lo observado en el año 2013. Tal disrupción estuvo directamente vinculada con un periodo frío del fenómeno ENSO, conocido coloquialmente como “La Niña” y fue seguida por otra disrupción similar, cuyo efecto continuó hasta finales del 2022. Los datos acá presentados sugieren que el fenómeno ENSO tiene un efecto directo sobre la precipitación de la Zona Protectora Monte Alto, cuya función original en el contexto local es la de proveer agua potable a las comunidades aledañas. Las oscilaciones con variabilidad extrema en el ciclo hidrológico, aparentemente más frecuentes en los últimos años en el contexto local de este análisis, tienen un efecto real sobre la calidad de vida de las poblaciones afectadas y merecen seguir siendo documentadas y cuantificadas para incrementar la resiliencia por adaptación de las sociedades afectadas.

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Abstract Introduction : Knee osteochondral lesions represent a frequent pathology within young active patients. One possible indication for severe lesions or in case of im possibility of harvesting an autograft is the use of fresh frozen allograft. The objective of this study was to ret rospectively analyze functional results and failure rate after osteochondral transplants using fresh frozen al lografts. Methods : We analyzed data from patients who under went knee osteochondral transplant using mosaicplasty technique with fresh frozen allografts at our institution between 2014 and 2019. We included those patients with at least two-year follow-up. Demographic characteristics such as age at the moment of intervention and size of the defect were included. Functional results were assessed using pre and postoperative Lysholm and IKDC scores. Patients who underwent a knee replacement were considered failures. Results : Twenty-five patients were included. The me dian age was 43.5 years (IQR 29-50), 45% were female and the mean follow-up was 83 months (SD 54.6). Mean osteochondral defect size was 4 cm2. Mean pre and post operative Lysholm scores were 39 (SD 19.3) and 82 (SD 15.4) respectively (p < 0.01). Mean pre and postoperative IKDC scores were 42 (SD 13.8) and 60 (SD 13.5) respec tively (p < 0.01). Five patients (20%) underwent a knee replacement afterwards and were considered failures. Discussion : Our results after a mean seven-year follow-up evidenced an overall improvement in func tional scores and a failure rate of 20%. Osteochondral transplant using fresh frozen allografts is a reliable and feasible treatment for patients with large osteochondral defects.

Resumen Introducción : Las lesiones osteocondrales de rodilla son una afección frecuente en jóvenes. Los trasplantes alogénicos usando injerto congelado se presentan como una opción de tratamiento en pacientes con lesiones grandes o sin zona dadora. Este trabajo buscó analizar retrospectivamente los resultados funcionales y la tasa de falla de los trasplantes osteocondrales con injerto cadavérico congelado. Métodos : Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a tras plantes osteocondrales de rodilla con injerto cadavérico congelado en nuestra institución, entre 2014 y 2019, con dos años de seguimiento mínimo. Variables evaluadas: edad al momento de la intervención, escalas funciona les International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) y Lysholm pre y post operatorios, complicaciones y tasa de falla. Resultados : Incluimos 25 pacientes. La edad media fue de 43.5 años (RIQ 29-50), 45% fueron mujeres y el seguimiento promedio fue de 83 meses (DS 54.6). El ta maño promedio del defecto osteocondral fue de 4 cm2. La escala de Lysholm promedio pre y postoperatorio fue de 39 (DS 19.3) y 82 (DS 15.4) respectivamente (p < 0.01). El IKDC promedio pre y postoperatorio fue de 42 (DS 13.8) y 60 (DS 13.5) respectivamente (p < 0.01). La tasa de falla fue del 20% (n=5). Discusión : Los pacientes presentaron una mejoría postoperatoria evidenciada en los resultados funcio nales, y una tasa de falla del 20%. El uso de trasplante osteocondral congelado se presenta como un recurso útil para el tratamiento de lesiones condrales graves.

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

Abstract The following work analyzes the state intervention in tourism in Tucumán during the radical governments between 1935 and 1943, focusing especially on exploring the legislative debates around the 1936 tourism plan and on examining the functions, scope, and chronologies of the specialized departments of 1936 and 1942. Based on the widespread agreement that existed at the national level since the 1930s regarding the idea that tourism should be fostered and organized by the State, the article recovers the specifics of the Tucuman interventionist phenomenon. Thus, the foundations that allowed the establishment of a more active state role regarding tourism in Tucumán are investigated. For this, the marches and countermarches, the projects, regulations, debates, and capacities that defined certain types of agencies are problematized. Therefore, two core moments of the process of subnational state configuration at the tourism level are examined. To carry out this research, primary sources were used, such as session diaries of the parliamentary chambers of the province, written press of national and provincial rank, relevant State documentation such as descriptive memories, among others.

Resumo No seguinte artigo analisamos a intervenção estatal no turismo em Tucumán durante os governos radicais de 1935 a 1943, centrando-nos especialmente na exploração dos debates legislativos do plano de turismo de 1936 e na análise das funções, alcance e cronologia dos departamentos especializados de 1936 e 1942. Partindo do consenso geral de que, desde os anos 30, havia um acordo nacional de que o turismo deveria ser promovido e organizado pelo Estado, o artigo recupera a especificidade do fenómeno intervencionista em Tucumán. Assim, exploram-se as bases que permitiram o estabelecimento de um papel mais ativo do Estado em Tucumán. Para isso, são problematizadas as marchas e contramarchas, os projetos, regulamentos, debates e capacidades que definiram determinados tipos de agências. Para a realização desta investigação, recorreu-se a fontes primárias, tais como: diários de sessão das câmaras parlamentares da província, imprensa escrita nacional e provincial, documentação relevante do Estado, memórias descritivas, entre outras.

Resumen En el siguiente trabajo se analiza la intervención estatal en materia turística en Tucumán durante los gobiernos radicales entre 1935 y 1943, enfocándonos especialmente en explorar los debates legislativos del plan de turismo de 1936 y en auscultar las funciones, alcances y cronologías de las reparticiones especializadas de 1936 y 1942. A partir del acuerdo generalizado que desde los años treinta existía a nivel nacional respecto a la idea de que el turismo debía ser propiciado y organizado por el Estado, el artículo recupera lo específico del fenómeno intervencionista tucumano. Así, se indagan los fundamentos que permitieron el establecimiento de un rol estatal más activo respecto al turismo en Tucumán. Para ello se problematizan las marchas y contramarchas, los proyectos, normativas, debates y capacidades que definieron determinados tipos de agencias. Por consiguiente, se examinan dos momentos medulares del proceso de configuración estatal subnacional a nivel turístico. Para llevar a cabo dicha pesquisa se emplearon fuentes primarias tales como: diarios de sesiones de las cámaras parlamentarias de la provincia, prensa escrita de rango nacional y provincial, documentación estatal pertinente, memorias descriptivas, entre otras.

Abstract This paper presents an approach to the profile of the general auditors of war during the last decades of the viceroyalty of New Spain. On the basis of a socio-professional study that delves into those who held the post, focusing on elements referring to their judicial practice and their respective particular and family strategies for promotion, the objective is to reconstruct some procedures within the dynamics of the high viceregal administration. We will start by collating information gathered from the preceding bibliography and, mainly, from documentation found in Spanish and Mexican archives. In doing so, we seek to contribute to the study of the functioning of Bourbon military justice and its operatives in overseas environments within the Spanish monarchy, appreciating the effects that reformist processes, the establishment of permanent armies or different wartime situations exerted on these ministers.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una aproximación al perfil de los auditores generales de guerra durante las últimas décadas del virreinato de Nueva España. A partir de un estudio socio-profesional que ahonda en quienes desempeñaron el cargo, centrado en elementos referentes a su ejercicio judicial y sus respectivas estrategias particulares y familiares de promoción, el objetivo consiste en reconstruir algunos procedimientos dentro de las dinámicas propias de la alta administración virreinal. Se parte del cotejo de informaciones recabadas en la bibliografía precedente y, principalmente, de documentación localizada en archivos españoles y mexicanos. Con ello, se trata de contribuir al estudio del funcionamiento de la justicia militar borbónica y sus operarios en entornos ultramarinos dentro de la Monarquía española, y apreciar los efectos que los procesos reformistas, la implantación de ejércitos permanentes o diferentes tesituras bélicas ejercieron en estos ministros.

Abstract This research is located in the field of interactions between Law and Technology, proposing to investigate how to guarantee the social right to work in the face of technological insertions that replace human labor? The objective is to identify forms of legal protection of the social right to work in the current technological context. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, a monographic procedure method and a research technique using indirect documentation are used. As a result, it was found the need for a legal-critical reading about the consequences of technology for human lives, for which it is necessary to challenge the immunization discourses to possible negative aspects arising from this dynamic, which have contributed to the invisibility of central elements to the debate. It was concluded that automation technologies represent a concrete possibility of eliminating millions of human jobs in the coming years, but that there are numerous challenges to be considered in this path, it is already possible to perceive, however, a serious situation of precariousness of the established work. However, it is considered that the Brazilian legal system contemplates constitutional provisions capable of reconciling the protection of the social right to work and respect for the principle of human dignity with technological transformations. Technology labor context phenomenologicalhermeneutic phenomenological hermeneutic approach used result legalcritical critical lives dynamic debate years path perceive however However transformations

Resumo Esta pesquisa situa-se no campo das interações entre Direito e Tecnologia, propondo-se a investigar como garantir o direito social ao trabalho frente às inserções tecnológicas que substituem a mão de obra humana? O objetivo é identificar formas de proteção jurídica ao direito social ao trabalho no atual contexto tecnológico. Emprega-se uma metodologia de abordagem fenomenológica-hermenêutica, método de procedimento monográfico e técnica de pesquisa por documentação indireta. Como resultado, constatou-se a necessidade de uma leitura jurídico-crítica acerca das consequências da tecnologia para as vidas humanas, para o que se impõe a contestação dos discursos de imunização a eventuais aspectos negativos advindos dessa dinâmica, os quais têm contribuído para a invisibilização de elementos centrais ao debate. Concluiu-se que as tecnologias de automação representam uma possibilidade concreta de eliminação de milhões de postos de trabalho humano nos próximos anos, mas que existem inúmeros desafios a serem considerados nesse percurso, já sendo possível perceber, no entanto, um grave quadro de precarização do trabalho estabelecido. Considera-se, todavia, que ordenamento jurídico brasileiro contempla dispositivos constitucionais aptos a conciliar a proteção do direito social ao trabalho e respeito ao princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana com as transformações tecnológicas. situase situa Tecnologia propondose propondo tecnológico Empregase Emprega fenomenológicahermenêutica, fenomenológicahermenêutica fenomenológica hermenêutica, hermenêutica fenomenológica-hermenêutica indireta resultado constatouse constatou jurídicocrítica crítica humanas dinâmica debate Concluiuse Concluiu anos percurso perceber entanto estabelecido Considerase, Considerase Considera se, Considera-se todavia

Abstract: This article seeks to investigate the effects and transformations that the judicialization of urban environmental conflicts generate in social organizations located in urban informal settlements. It focuses on two cases in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires in which the ruling on a structural litigation based on the right to the environment led the state to implement a series of actions on a polluted territory. Through qualitative fieldwork that included several interviews and the review of documentation, it analyzes the repertoires of collective action directed to multiple state interlocutors.

Resumen: Este artículo busca indagar los efectos y las transformaciones que la judicialización de conflictos urbano-ambientales genera en organizaciones sociales de asentamientos informales urbanos. Se consideran dos casos localizados en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires en los que la sentencia de un litigio estructural con eje en el derecho al ambiente motorizó la implementación de una batería de acciones estatales sobre un territorio contaminado. A través de un trabajo de campo cualitativo centrado en entrevistas y el relevamiento de documentación, se analizaron los repertorios de la acción colectiva utilizados frente a los múltiples interlocutores estatales.

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research was to assess how the profitability and liquidity of the company "Central de Cooperativas Mineras Rinconada y Lunar de Oro Limitada" were impacted by COVID-19 between the periods 2018 and 2022. This study is classified as basic and explanatory in nature, and it is non-experimental. For data collection, the documentation technique and observation were used, and the company's Balance Sheet and Income Statement were analyzed. The results indicate that, based on the analysis of profitability through Return on Assets (ROA), in 2019, it showed a negative value (-0.21). In contrast, in 2020, it recorded a value of 78.02. On the other hand, the analysis of Return on Equity (ROE) revealed a value of -0.14 in 2019, while in 2020, a significant value was recorded in the ratios (65.01). Regarding the liquidity of the mining company, the Current Ratio in 2019 was 15.46, and in 2020, it was 0.78. Furthermore, the Quick Ratio values were 15.46 in 2019 and 0.78 in 2020. Conclusions: the mining company experienced a significant decline in liquidity; however, it managed to maintain strong economic and financial profitability. Although a company may be profitable, the lack of liquidity represents a significant risk.

RESUMEN El propósito principal de esta investigación fue evaluar cómo la rentabilidad y la liquidez de la empresa “Central de Cooperativas Mineras Rinconada y Lunar de Oro Limitada” se vieron afectadas por el COVID-19 entre los periodos 2018 y 2022. Este estudio se clasifica de tipo básica y nivel descriptivo, y no experimental. Para el recojo de información se usó la técnica de documentación y la observación, se analizó el Estado de situación financiera y Estado de Resultados de la empresa. Los resultados muestran que, según el análisis de rentabilidad por retorno de activos (ROA) en el 2019 mostró un valor negativo (-0,21). Mientras que en 2020 registró un valor 78,02. Por otro lado, el análisis del retorno sobre el patrimonio (ROE), en el 2019 se halló un valor de -0,14. Mientras que en el 2020 se registró un valor significativo en ls ratios (65,01). Respecto a la liquidez de la empresa minera, según valores de Liquidez Corriente en el 2019 fue de 15,46 y en el 2020 fue de 0,78. Por otro lado, los valores de la Prueba Ácida en el 2019 fueron de 15,46 y en el 2020 de 0,78. Conclusiones: la empresa minera percibió una caída importante en su liquidez, sin embargo, logró mantener una sólida rentabilidad económica y financiera. Aunque una empresa pueda ser rentable, la falta de liquidez representa un riesgo significativo.

Abstract The article is based on the diplomatic documentation that the representatives of the Austrian Empire in Madrid sent to Vienna between 1808 and 1825. Although they would refer to the events in Mexico, they didn’t describe them as independence movements. Until 1820 they didn’t show the conviction of a real and absolute independence, but from 1822 on they already made it clear that the situation had changed to the point of even thematize the recognition of the independence. The latter became widespread in Europe after 1823 and made America a subject of the monarchical politics of the time.

Resumen Al analizarse las guerras de independencia en la América española suele recurrirse a variadas fuentes, incluyendo informes diplomáticos. Aquellos provenientes de Austria, sin embargo, no han sido tomados en cuenta hasta la actualidad. Entre 1808 y 1825, los representantes del Imperio austríaco en Madrid, enviaron a Viena despachos que informaban sobre los sucesos americanos, y aunque harían referencia a los acontecimientos en México, no los describieron como movimientos independentistas. Las noticias que el encargado de negocios, Lazzaro Brunetti, envió a Viena desde 1820, no mostraron inicialmente el convencimiento de una independencia absoluta, por lo contrario, a partir de 1822, ya ponían en claro que había cambiado la manera de entenderse las batallas en territorio mexicano, así como la acción de los diputados novohispanos en las Cortes del Trienio Liberal, al punto de incluso tematizar el reconocimiento de la independencia. Esto último se generalizaría en Europa después de 1823 y convertiría a América en un tema de la política monárquica de la época.

Résumé Cet article s’appuie sur la documentation diplomatique transmise à Vienne par les représentants de l’empire autrichien à Madrid entre 1808 et 1825. Bien qu’ils fassent référence aux événements du Mexique, ils ne les qualifient pas de mouvements d’indépendance. Les nouvelles que le chargé d’affaires Lazzaro Brunetti envoie à Vienne à partir de 1820 ne manifestent pas, dans un premier temps, une conviction absolue d’une situation d’indépendance. Mais, dès 1822, elles témoignent déjà d’un changement significatif dans la perception des batailles sur le territoire mexicain et des actions des députés de la Nouvelle Espagne aux Cortes du Triennat, faisant même de la reconnaissance de l’indépendance un thème central de leurs correspondances. Ce point de vue se généralisera en Europe après 1823, transformant l’Amérique en un enjeu majeur de la politique monarchique de l’époque.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como propósito explorar la documentación existente en el Sistema de Información Documental (SIDUNA) de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, relacionada a la migración laboral en Costa Rica, así como la cooperación internacional para dicha temática y exponer sus enfoques. El equipo de investigación realizó una revisión histórica sobre los estudios migratorios en Costa Rica y estableció conexiones de su abordaje con información académica y científica relativa a la cooperación internacional en las migraciones laborales. Este trabajo da indicios de carestía de revisiones históricas y artículos en el medio centroamericano que abordan la temática, en especial desde un abordaje de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales.

Abstract This article explores the existing documentation on the System of Libraries and Documentation Centers of the National University related to labor migration in Costa Rica, as well as the international cooperation that has been carried out for this topic and expose its approaches. A historical review of migration studies in Costa Rica is applied, establishing connections between their approach and academic and scientific information related to international cooperation in labor migration. This article shows the small number of historical reviews and articles at the Central American level that address the topic, but even more the lack of an approach from the discipline of International Relations.

Abstract Building on almost a decade of empirical research in a favela in Belo Horizonte, this article seeks to show the connections between the Brazilian political and state macro-contextual structures and the micro-localized dynamics of everyday socialization in the country’s marginalized urban spaces between 1964 and 2016. Combining ethnographical with sociohistorical methodologies, the analysis I provide is based on i) memories of favela dwellers regarding the neighbourhood’s past, ii) documentation of the history of Belo Horizonte, and iii) participant observation in events that took place while I was conducting fieldwork. The article examines three main axes a) the dynamics of access to political and social rights, b) the incidence of violence (political-ideological or police-criminal), and c) the poverty level, and concludes that, in the period under study, Brazilian urban poor have moved from a sociability centered on trust to an interaction based on respect.

Resumen Producto de casi una década de investigación en una favela de Belo Horizonte, este artículo busca mostrar la conexión entre las transformaciones del macro contexto político-estatal brasileño y los cambios en las dinámicas de sociabilidad microlocalizadas en los márgenesurbanos de este país entre 1964 y 2016. Combinando una aproximación etnográfica y sociohistórica, el análisis se apoya en i) memorias de los habitantes del barrio sobre el pasado de la favela; ii) consultas de documentos sobre la historia de la ciudad, y iii) observación participante de fenómenos más recientes, cuyo desarrollo acompañé durante mi trabajo de campo. Organizado a partir de los ejes a) dinámica de acceso a derechos políticos y sociales, b) violencia (político-ideológica o criminal-policial), y c) capacidad de consumo, el artículo concluye que, en el periodo estudiado, las clases bajas experimentaron un pasaje desde una sociabilidad centrada en la confianzaa una interacción basada en el respeto.

Abstract At the II Congress of the Socialist Party, in 1976, the only opposition list to the leadership of Mário Soares obtained twenty-five percent of the delegates’ votes. At the head of the group were Carmelinda Pereira and António Aires Rodrigues - constituent and first legislature deputies - who, accused of organizing a trotskyist faction, would be expelled in the following months. This article intends to explain the action of this group in the period opened by the 25th of April 1974, contextualizing its trajectory in the immediately previous years. Among the sources analyzed are interviews carried out with the protagonists, national and international newspapers of the time and documentation from the Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, the Fundação Mário Soares and the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.

Resumo No II Congresso do Partido Socialista, em 1976, a única lista de oposição à direção de Mário Soares obteve 25% dos votos dos delegados. À cabeça do grupo estavam Carmelinda Pereira e António Aires Rodrigues - deputados constituintes e da I legislatura - que, acusados de organizarem uma fração trotskista, seriam expulsos nos meses seguintes. Este artigo pretende explicar a ação deste grupo no período aberto pelo 25 de Abril de 1974, contextualizando o seu percurso nos anos imediatamente anteriores. Entre as fontes analisadas contam-se entrevistas realizadas aos protagonistas, jornais nacionais e internacionais da época e documentação proveniente do Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, da Fundação Mário Soares e do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.

Abstract: This paper provides a lexicographical and terminological study of the various names that epilepsy disease has received throughout the history of the Spanish language. Among other particularities, we analyse the etymology and lexicogenetic mechanisms, diachronic and diaphasic restrictions, as well as the documentation for more than thirty lexical units consigned in the medical terminological dictionaries of the 19th century.

Resumen: Esta contribución aporta un estudio lexicográfico y terminológico de las diversas denominaciones que ha recibido la enfermedad de la epilepsia a lo largo de la historia de la lengua española. Se analizan, entre otras particularidades, la etimología y los mecanismos lexicogenésicos, las restricciones diacrónicas y diafásicas, así como la documentación espigada para más de una treintena de unidades léxicas consignadas en los principales diccionarios terminológicos médicos del siglo XIX.