Resumen La etnoeducación permite avanzar hacia la interculturalidad, reconociendo las diversidades de culturas con que cuenta el estado colombiano; sin embargo, no se evidencia una ruta formativa clara como proyecto social que reivindique el saber de las comunidades y que permita fortalecer los procesos de identidad cultural necesarios para la pervivencia de los Pueblos Originarios. El objetivo del trabajo es responder si la etnoeducación aporta a la promoción del desarrollo sustentable desde el acto pedagógico de los Pueblos Originarios. Para lograrlo se hizo una revisión literaria de las publicaciones más citadas de los años 2017 a 2021 en las bases de datos Scopus, Web Of Science y Dimensions, seleccionadas por el idioma inglés, español y las palabras clave indexadas en el diccionario Tesauros de la UNESCO. En el análisis de la producción científica se utilizaron las herramientas Cienciométricas RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix y el método de Tree of Science (ToS). Asimismo, se manipuló los softwares VOSviewer y Gephi para identificar las subáreas de investigación y generar la red de conocimiento. El trabajo permitió marcar la evolución de la producción científica anual con 1.124 documento científicos, el mapa temático con tópicos emergentes relacionados a pedagogía, docencia, cultura, conocimientos ancestrales y la red de conocimiento forjada por los autores más importantes para este trabajo. Como conclusión principal se identificó que los procesos educativos deben surgir desde las comunidades étnicas, los cuales buscan transmitir las prácticas ancestrales, impulsar la sustentabilidad, educar al ser sin adaptarlo a doctrinas y modelos educativos desarrollistas.

Abstract Ethno-education allows advancing towards interculturality, recognizing the diversity of cultures in Colombia; however, there is no evidence of a clear formative route as a social project that vindicates the knowledge of the communities and allows strengthening the processes of cultural identity necessary for the survival of the Indigenous Peoples. The objective of this work is to answer whether ethno-education contributes to the promotion of sustainable development from the pedagogical act of the Indigenous Peoples. For this, a literature review was carried out from the most cited publications from the years 2017 to 2021 in the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases, selected by the English language, Spanish and the keywords indexed in the UNESCO Thesauri dictionary. In the analysis of scientific production, the scientometric tools RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix and the Tree of Science (ToS) method were used. The VOSviewer and Gephi software were also used to identify the research subareas and generate the knowledge network. The work allowed marking the evolution of the annual scientific production with 1,127 scientific documents, the thematic map with emerging topics related to pedagogy, teaching, culture, ancestral knowledge, and the knowledge network forged by the most important authors for this work. As a main conclusion, it was identified that the educational processes should arise from the heart of the ethnic communities, which seek to transmit ancestral practices, promote sustainability, educate the being without adapting it to developmentalist doctrines and educational models.

Abstract. In this paper, I interpret the first four sections of Human, All Too Human I to argue that Nietzsche’s philosophy has diagnostic and therapeutic ambitions. In the first section, I show that his philosophy is psychological. In the second section, I illustrate the descriptive psychology of Nietzsche’s philosophy, for which metaphysical doctrines rest on psychological misunderstandings and highly valued sensations and conceptions are based on selfish motives and mistakes of reason. In the third section, I argue that Nietzsche’s philosophy is also medical and intellectualist: his inquiry into human psychology allows him, first, to diagnose two types of illnesses, one caused by scientific knowledge (existential illness) and the other caused by metaphysical doctrines (nervous illness), and second, to cure both types of diseases by eliminating their causes with this same scientific knowledge.

Resumen. En este artículo interpreto las cuatro primeras secciones de Humano, demasiado humano I para argumentar que la filosofía de Nietzsche tiene pretensiones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. En el primer apartado, se muestra que dicha filosofía es psicológica. En el segundo apartado se ilustra la psicología descriptiva de la filosofía de Nietzsche, la cual señala que las doctrinas metafísicas descansan sobre malentendidos psicológicos y que los sentimientos y representaciones considerados “superiores” se basan en motivos egoístas y errores de la razón. En el tercer apartado se defiende que la filosofía de Nietzsche también es médica e intelectualista: su indagación sobre la psicología humana le permite, primero, diagnosticar dos tipos de enfermedad, una causada por el conocimiento científico (la enfermedad existencial) y otra causada por las doctrinas metafísicas (la enfermedad nerviosa), y segundo, curar ambos tipos de enfermedades al eliminar, con el mismo conocimiento científico, sus causas.

RESUMO A narrativa das tentações de Jesus constitui um princípio fundamental das doutrinas cristãs, elucidando a provação de Jesus no deserto, onde o diabo o seduziu gravemente para que explorasse o seu estatuto divino de filho de Deus, cumprindo as expectativas messiânicas do seu povo para fins egoístas. Desde os primórdios do cristianismo, esta narrativa tem sido objeto de interpretações teológicas, cujas lições continuam a ser relevantes para o cristianismo atual, à luz da paixão excessiva e desregrada pela riqueza, fama e poder que caracteriza a sociedade contemporânea. Utilizando um método narrativo-descritivo e analítico, o estudo examina criticamente a narrativa da tentação no contexto das suas exigências existenciais e implicações para o cristianismo atual. Destaca as provações morais quotidianas dos seres humanos e apresenta a disposição de Jesus nas provações como um modelo para a resolução de desafios éticos e a obediência a Deus. cristãs deserto Deus egoístas teológicas atual riqueza contemporânea narrativodescritivo narrativo descritivo analítico

ABSTRACT Jesus’temptations narrative constitutes a foundational tenet within the Christian doctrines, elucidating Jesus’ ordeal in the wilderness, where the devil gravely enticed him to exploit his divine status as the son of God in fulfilling the messianic expectations of his people for self-serving purposes. From earliest Christianity, this narrative has been a subject of theological interpretations, whose lessons still hold relevance to today’s Christianity in the light of the excessive and unruly passion for wealth, fame and power that characterized contemporary society. Using a narrative-descriptive and analytical method, the study critically examines the temptation narrative in the context of its existential demands and implications for today’s Christianity. It highlights the humans’ daily moral trials and presents Jesus’ disposition in the trials as a model for resolutions of ethical challenges and obedience to God. Jesustemptations Jesus temptations doctrines wilderness selfserving self serving purposes interpretations todays today s wealth society narrativedescriptive descriptive method humans

Abstract Values of the religious axiology of Catholicism and doctrines of Peronism permeated and mobilized the political action of vast sectors of women and men militants during the first presidencies of Juan Domingo Perón and Domingo Alfredo Mercante’s governorship of the province of Buenos Aires. The tensions between Peronism and the catholic Church, existing from times before the break of the 1954 relationship, imposed definitions in personalities identified with both axiologies, about the priority of one or the other. By 1949 the catholic Church was consolidating its aspiration to make catholic education compulsory in the nation’s public schools and in the constitutions of several provinces. In the province of Buenos Aires, the minister of Education (1949-1952) Julio César Avanza crowned the achievement of Catholicism. The object of analysis of this article is the recognition of the values that informed the discursive structure of Avanza from its beginnings in political militancy in 1944 until his death in 1958. The analytical question refers to how the ideological values of two axiological frameworks —which initially shared affinities culminated in confrontation— have interacted in the definitions of the acts of government of a political person.

Resumo Os valores da axiologia religiosa do catolicismo e as doutrinas do peronismo permearam e mobilizaram a ação política de vastos sectores de homens e mulheres militantes durante as primeiras presidências de Juan Domingo Perón e o governo de Domingo Alfredo Mercante na província de Buenos Aires. As tensões entre o peronismo e a Igreja católica, que existiam desde antes da quebra das relações em 1954, impuseram definições às personalidades identificadas com ambas as axiologias quanto à prioridade de uma ou de outra. Em 1949, a Igreja católica estava a consolidar a sua aspiração de tornar obrigatória a educação católica nas escolas públicas do país e nas constituições de várias províncias. Na província de Buenos Aires, foi o ministro de Educação, Julio César Avanza (1949-1952), que coroou a conquista do catolicismo. O objeto de análise deste artigo é o reconhecimento dos valores que formaram a estrutura discursiva de Avanza desde os seus inícios na militância política em 1944 até à sua morte em 1958. A questão analítica refere-se à forma como os valores ideológicos de dois quadros axiológicos —que inicialmente partilhavam afinidades mas culminaram em confronto— interagiram nas definições dos actos de governo de uma pessoa com uma trajetória política.

Resumen Valores de la axiología religiosa del catolicismo y doctrinarios del peronismo, impregnaron y movilizaron la acción política de vastos sectores de mujeres y hombres militantes durante las primeras presidencias de Juan Domingo Perón y la gobernación de Domingo Alfredo Mercante en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Las tensiones entre el peronismo y la Iglesia católica, que existían desde tiempos anteriores al quiebre de la relación en 1954, impusieron definiciones en personalidades identificadas con ambas axiologías acerca de la prioridad de una o de otra. Hacia 1949, la Iglesia católica consolidaba su aspiración de imponer la obligatoriedad de la educación católica en las escuelas públicas de la nación y en las constituciones de varias provincias. En la provincia de Buenos Aires, el ministro de Educación Julio César Avanza (1949-1952) fue quien coronó el logro del catolicismo. El objeto de análisis de este artículo es el reconocimiento de los valores que formaron la estructura discursiva de Avanza desde sus inicios en la militancia política en 1944 hasta su muerte en 1958. La pregunta analítica refiere a cómo han interactuado los valores ideológicos de dos marcos axiológicos —que compartiendo inicialmente afinidades culminaron en confrontación— en las definiciones de los actos de gobierno de una persona de trayectoria política.

Abstract: Materials for teaching, reading, and writing have been the subject of interest in historiography of linguistics over the last few decades. This article analyses one of these materials, in order to reconstruct the history of school texts in Chile: Arturo Atria Osorio’s Silabario biológico (1925). The general objective is to study the marks of intralinguistic and extralinguistic ideology (Zamorano Aguilar 2019a and 2019b), for which we start from the communication theory applied to the historiographical fact (Zamorano Aguilar 2012 and 2022), which allows us to combine data relating to the different components that form part of the communicative act from the Jakobsonian, and of pragmatic theories. As for the former, the research demonstrates the author’s attachment to academic doctrines both in orthographic and grammatical terms, probably to GRAE 1911 or 1913. The second, on the other hand, demonstrates the indoctrinatory purpose of this type of work (Calero Vaquera 2004) and its variability according to the interests of the author of the text.

Resumen: Los materiales para la enseñanza de la lectoescritura han sido objeto de interés por parte de los estudios de la historiografía de la lingüística a lo largo de las últimas décadas. En este artículo se analiza uno de ellos con el fin de reconstruir la historia de estos textos en Chile: el Silabario biológico (1925) de Arturo Atria Osorio. El objetivo general, por tanto, es el estudio de las marcas de ideología intralingüística y extralingüística (Zamorano Aguilar 2019a y 2019b), para lo que partimos de la modelización dialógica del hecho historiográfico (Zamorano Aguilar 2012 y 2022), que nos permite conjugar datos relativos a los distintos componentes que forman parte del acto comunicativo desde las teorías jakobsoniana y pragmáticas. En cuanto a la primera, la investigación demuestra el seguimiento por parte del autor de las doctrinas académicas tanto en lo ortográfico como en lo gramatical, probablemente a través de las GRAE de 1911 o 1913. La segunda, por otra parte, demuestra el fin adoctrinador que poseen este tipo de obras (Calero Vaquera 2004) y su variabilidad en función de los intereses del autor del texto.

Abstract This paper examines the conception of the solidarity society and human safety in the social system of compensating risks which are inherent to work as a means of contemporary social protection. In this context, it is considered to be the weakening of the promises that established social security in the 20th century. We utilise the concept of the “Burnout Society” from Byung-Chul Han, and “vulnerability” from Judith Butler - which adopts the treatment of vulnerabilities as given by social policies -, of which echo another sensitive topic: the future of retirement as a benefit of alimentary nature, which has passed through important changes since the surge of collective social security until the more contemporary doctrines of security and private social security. Therefore, the paradox of social protection as related to the universal social and basic justice in the pretense of international protection of the human rights of the elderly, suffers from changes in the present century, especially with changes regarding to the global economical, cultural, social, environmental and humanitarian events. In the face of contributory retirement in terms of social risk, still persists the uncertainty of contributory solidarity and of human safety for the coming generations.

Resumo O presente artigo examina a concepção de sociedade solidária e de segurança humana no sistema social de compensação dos riscos inerentes ao trabalho como objeto da proteção social contemporânea. No atual contexto, é considerado o exame do esmorecimento das razões e das promessas que formaram o alicerce da segurança social em meados do século XX. Dessa forma, são utilizados os conceitos de “sociedade do cansaço”, de Byung-Chul Han, e de “vulnerabilidade”, de Judith Butler - que adota o tratamento das vulnerabilidades como dado para políticas públicas -, os quais ecoam a fim de abordar outro tema sensível: o futuro das aposentadorias como benefício de natureza alimentar, que passou por alterações importantes desde o surgimento do seguro social coletivo até as contemporâneas doutrinas de seguridade e seguro social privado. Assim, o paradoxo da proteção social relativo à justiça social universal e básica pretendida com a proteção internacional dos direitos humanos da pessoa idosa sofre novas modificações no presente século, em especial, com as mudanças relativas aos fenômenos globais econômicos, culturais, sociais e ambientais e humanitários. Acerca da natureza da aposentadoria contributiva em termos de risco social coberto persiste atualmente a incerteza da solidariedade contributiva e da segurança humana para as gerações vindouras.

Resumo Este artigo revela a riqueza da conceitualização filosófica aplicada pelo professor cubano do século IX José de la Luz y Caballero nas notas 21 a 31 do seu livro Impugnación a las doutrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin (Impugnação às doutrinas filosóficas de Victor Cousin). O trabalho analisa as posições de De la Luz y Caballero sobre os critérios do eclectismo sobre o conhecimento e a consciência, de modo a confundir os estudantes; examina o papel da experiência e da observação como fundamentos do estudo do homem; explica a refutação da visão espiritualista sobre a consciência como um procedimento ou método; argumenta também o inconveniente do uso do Curso de 1829 como um livro de texto. O objectivo do artigo é analisar o processo de sistematização do conjunto de conceitos desenvolvidos nos comentários às notas em estudo no seu livro, abordando vários problemas gnoseológicos, metodológicos, antropológicos, psicológicos, teológicos e especialmente a crítica do ecletismo.

Resumen El presente artículo revela la elevada riqueza de la conceptualización filosófica desplegada por el maestro cubano del siglo IX José de la Luz y Caballero en las notas 21 a la 31 de su libro Impugnación a las doctrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin. El trabajo analiza los posicionamientos lucistas sobre los criterios del eclecticismo acerca del conocimiento y la conciencia, para confundir a los estudiantes; examina el papel del experimento y la observación como fundamentos del estudio del hombre; explica la refutación de la visión espiritualista sobre la conciencia como procedimiento o método. También argumenta la inconveniencia del uso del Curso de 1829 como libro de texto. El objetivo del artículo es analizar el proceso de sistematización del conjunto de conceptos desarrollados en los comentarios a las notas objeto de estudio en su libro, al tratar diversos problemas gnoseológicos, metodológicos, antropológicos, psicológicos, teológicos y especialmente la crítica al eclecticismo.

Abstract The present article reveals the high richness of the philosophical conceptualization displayed by the Cuban teacher of the 9th century José de la Luz y Caballero in notes 21 to 31 of his book Impugnación a las doctrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin (Objection to the philosophical doctrines of Victor Cousin). The work analyzes the position of Luz on the criteria of eclecticism about knowledge and consciousness, to confuse students; it examines the role of experiment and observation as foundations of the study of man; it explains the refutation of the spiritual view on consciousness as a procedure or method; it also argues the inconvenience of the use of the 1829 Course as a textbook. The aim of the article is to analyze the process of systematization of the set of concepts developed in the commentaries to the notes under study in his book, in dealing with various gnoseological, methodological, anthropological, psychological, theological problems, and especially the critique of eclecticism.

According to historical analysis and textual interpretation, the propagation of the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity in the Ming and Qing dynasties was closely related to Matteo Ricci. When entering China, Ricci put forward the 'Theory of Buddhist-Daoist Plagiarism', asserting that Buddhism and Taoism had plagiarised the Catholic doctrine on the triune God. As for Confucianism, he pointed out that the ancient Confucian classics did not contain the doctrine of the Trinity, which he attributed to various facters, leading to what may be termed the 'Confucian Absence Theory'. Matteo Ricci's interpretations and propositions regarding the Chinese Trinity paved the way for the 'Yi-Fo School', the 'Bu-Ru School' and the Figurism, which emerged during the dissemination of the Trinity in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The 'Yi-Fo School' advocated replacing the Buddhist Trinity with the Catholic Trinity to complement the perceived absence in Confucianism, thus forming the 'Bu-Ru School'. In contrast, Figurism advocated for use of Chinese characters and texts as clues to uncover the missing Trinity in Confucian classics. Regarding Matteo Ricci's viewpoints and the above three paths, Buddhism of that era believed that Catholicism had plagiarised the Buddhist doctrine of the Trinity, and modern Chinese scholars also argued that the views of the Figurism were overly far-fetched. These paths placed the Trinitarian doctrines of Catholicism, Buddhism and Daoism in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparative framework, underscoring the methodological significance of exchanges and mutual learning among civilisations. CONTRIBUTION: This article examines the nexus between Matteo Ricci and the propagation of the Catholic doctrine of the Trinity in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It also investigates the evolution of three distinct pathway for this doctrinal propagation and assesses the Chinese Populace's reactions, as well as the interplay of their discourses

Resumo Este artigo pretende estudar a relevância da dimensão transnacional das questões ambientais. O objetivo da pesquisa consistiu em analisar a Governança Transnacional Ambiental, especialmente voltada às mudanças climáticas, na projeção da dimensão ambiental humana. Utilizou-se o método de revisão bibliográfica e documental, de natureza qualitativa, pautado no levantamento teórico de doutrinas e periódicos científicos com considerações relevantes para o desenvolvimento do que será exposto. Observou-se que a dimensão transnacional humana das questões ambientais considera os seus impactos em aspectos espaciais globais/gerais, projetando um cunho internacional de preocupação conjunta na ótica da fraternidade, estimulando a conscientização e cooperação social. Permeia-se, assim, pela Governança Transnacional rumo a proteção ambiental na comunidade mundial. Ambiental climáticas Utilizouse Utilizou se documental qualitativa exposto Observouse Observou globaisgerais globais gerais globais/gerais fraternidade social Permeiase, Permeiase Permeia se, Permeia-se assim mundial

Abstract This article intends to study the relevance of the transnational dimension of environmental issues. The objective of the research was to analyze Transnational Environmental Governance, especially focused on climate change, in the projection of the human environmental dimension. The bibliographic and documental review method was used, of a qualitative nature, based on the theoretical survey of doctrines and scientific journals with relevant considerations for the development of what will be exposed. It was observed that the human transnational dimension of environmental issues considers their impacts on global/general spatial aspects, projecting an international stamp of joint concern in the light of brotherhood, stimulating awareness and social cooperation. Thus, it is permeated by Transnational Governance towards environmental protection in the world community. change used nature exposed globalgeneral global general aspects brotherhood cooperation Thus community

Resumo: Podem se explicar as mudanças na atitude de ‘Sócrates’ perante ‘Protágoras’, no Teeteto? O filósofo parece louvá-lo só para depois o censurar, embora sempre mostre respeitá-lo. Pode tal comportamento ser justificado pela ironia? Que relação liga o sofista às “doutrinas secretas”, atribuídas a discípulos seus? Por que razão ‘Sócrates’ o critica, depois o defende, como se fosse ele o próprio sofista, para acabar por acusar a “Verdade” do outro de se autorrefutar? Este texto tenta responder a estas e outras perguntas, com o objetivo de compreender como pode ‘Sócrates’ afastar ‘Protágoras’ sem nunca o refutar. Resumo ‘Sócrates Sócrates ‘Protágoras, Protágoras ‘Protágoras , Teeteto louválo louvá lo censurar respeitálo. respeitálo respeitá lo. respeitá-lo ironia doutrinas secretas, secretas secretas” seus critica defende Verdade “Verdade autorrefutar perguntas refutar

Abstract: Is there an explanation for ‘Socrates’’ wavering attitude towards Protagoras, in the Theaetetus? It seems he praises him only to chide him, though always showing some measure of respect. Can such behaviour be justified by irony? What connection ties the sophist to his disciples’ “secret doctrines”? How can ‘Socrates’ attack the sophist with unfair criticisms, then defend his project as if he were the man himself, and finish accusing Protagoras’ “Truth” of being true to no one? This paper discusses these questions aiming to understand how can ‘Socrates’ sidestep ‘Protagoras’ without refuting him. Abstract ‘Socrates Socrates Protagoras Theaetetus respect irony disciples secret doctrines doctrines” criticisms himself Truth “Truth one ‘Protagoras

Abstract In 2022 the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) released the National Interest Framework, formally setting out what South Africa’s national interest is. According to DIRCO this aimed at providing an understanding of, and predictability in South Africa’s international relations. As the latest document in guiding foreign policy the framework reflects a continuation in the rhetoric of foreign policy principles; yet for all its effort in identifying the country’s foreign policy priorities, questions remain concerning the interests it reflects. Indeed, although there has been centralisation of decision-making, this has not translated into presenting a singular foreign policy or national interest position. Rather, South Africa’s national interest reflects a negotiated outcome of different positions among the political elites in government and the ruling party (African National Congress). Using Wight’s national interest taxonomy, the article highlights the presence of multiple positions evident in South Africa’s national interest framework before considering what the implications are for the implementation of foreign policy. This draws on a critical review of foreign policy documents, supported by semi-structured interviews with practitioners, academics, think tanks, and NGOs. The article argues that the national interest framework is not a reflection of one, but an amalgamation of what Wight identifies as realist, revolutionist, and rationalist doctrines. This has left the framework a broad document without specific aims in achieving the national interest. It also goes some way towards accounting for the limited application to date of the national interest framework in facilitating an understanding of South Africa’s international relations. 202 (DIRCO Framework Africas Africa s relations principles countrys country priorities Indeed decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making position Rather Congress. Congress . Congress) Wights taxonomy documents semistructured semi structured practitioners academics tanks NGOs one realist revolutionist doctrines 20 2

Numerous Pentecostal and Christian adherents are encountering Hebrew Roots teachings, with a significant global presence, notably in the USA, Israel, Europe, South America, and South Africa. In 2012, the South had a substantial number of adherents. A prominent ministry, 119 ministries, offers an interactive map listing Hebrew Roots ministries worldwide. In South Africa, over 120 such ministries are listed, primarily in Gauteng and the Western Cape. Hebrew Roots proponents claim authenticity by reverting to Jewish and Mosaic roots, advocating adherence to Old Testament precepts, including rituals and customs. This article critically assesses these claims, focusing on key texts such as Acts 10:9-29, Acts 15:1-35, and Galatians 2, in the context of the Mosaic-Hebrew roots movement. This movement argues that non-Jewish Christians should observe the Mosaic laws integral to God's covenant with Israel. Employing a comparative literature analysis and grammatical-historical exegesis, the study contrasts Pentecostal beliefs with those of the Hebrew Roots movement concerning non-Jewish Christians' ethical responsibilities regarding the Mosaic laws. The article first outlines the historical evolution of the Hebrew Roots movement, emphasizing its theological foundations. Subsequent sections systematically analyse the scriptural passages, examining their influence on these movements' doctrines through a Pentecostal hermeneutical lens. One central concern highlighted is the potential for Hebrew Roots teachings to challenge the exclusive role of Christ in salvation by emphasizing adherence to the Old Testament's legal framework, raising questions about Christ's divinity. INTRADISCIPLINARY/INTRADISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This research seeks to prompt a critical examination within the field of Dogmatics, specifically with regard to the precise delineation of a Christian's obligations concerning the Mosaic Law, particularly in the context of the Decalogue.

The main achievements of the huge research on the history of the Hungarian Protestantism show that at the beginning of the Protestantism the local reformers and preachers were interpreting Luther's ideas, but from the 1550s Calvin's doctrines became decisive. The reception of the great reformers' ideas was far from being evident in the practice. It means pastors and preachers in Hungary did not cite directly from the written heritage of Luther (Pelikan & Helmut 1955-1986), Calvin (Calvin 1863-1900) or Beza. They used to use the Bible itself. Nevertheless, many new and unknown problems raised, which deserved prompt and clear theological and moral advice. Most of the challenges were related to the burning, everyday questions of sexual sins and of family life. Therefore, it is not surprising that contemporary preachers were trying to commit everything to renew the public morality of people. The article intends to illuminate the evolution of the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary after the temporary 'collapse' of the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law in the 1550s. At the same time, it is raising the question, how did the 'great reformers' influence the early Protestant marriage law system and theological thinking in Hungary. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article is based on the field of systematic theology. The study intends to understand the development of Hungarian Reformed regulations of marriage in the 16th and 17th century from theological, judicial and historical perspectives.

The ceremony of Rambu Solo', a traditional Torajan funeral ritual, is often met with scepticism by Christians, particularly within the Pentecostal community, due to perceived spiritistic elements conflicting with Christian doctrines. Despite this, the deep-rooted cultural significance of Rambu Solo' persists among the Torajan people, including Pentecostals. This necessitates exploring aspects of the ceremony that align with Pentecostal values of spirituality and character education. Therefore, studies are needed that show the dimensions of spirituality and character education that Pentecostal believers can accept. The research method used in this article was qualitative ethnography, and the analysis used was the theological triad in Steven Jack Land's Pentecostal spirituality, namely orthodoxy, orthopathy and orthopraxy. Findings revealed a divergence between Rambu Solo's orthodoxy and Christian tenets. Nonetheless, aspects of orthopathy and orthopraxy within the Rambu Solo' ceremony align with Pentecostal spirituality, mainly through its emphasis on character education. CONTRIBUTION: Using triad theology in assessing local culture in Indonesia provides a more comprehensive meaning of cultural values for constructing spirituality and character education

Indonesia, as a country with rich diversity, faces a significant challenge in the form of polarisation, which occurs not only in the political sphere but also in religion and belief. In the context of Christian theological education in Indonesia, polarisation also occurs between conservative and liberal views. Conservatives adhere to literal interpretations and established doctrines, while liberals are more flexible and open to contextual interpretations. To address this polarisation, an approach that transcends both extremes is needed. This article proposes post-conservative thought as a conceptual solution for theological education in Indonesia. Postconservatism positions itself in the middle between conservative and liberal, recognising the importance of fundamental principles of faith while also being open to change and dialogue. This article employs a literature review method to analyse and develop a theoretical framework supporting the application of post-conservatism in Christian theological education in Indonesia. The analysis shows that postconservative theological education needs to be transformative, constructive-creative and liberating to break down polarisation and create inclusive, relevant and impactful education for society. CONTRIBUTION: This study helps in integrating postconservative theology within theological education, fostering a more nuanced and transformative approach to interpreting Scriptures and addressing ethical and social issues. Interdisciplinary implications involve collaboration with social sciences, education, peace studies and health sciences to develop comprehensive strategies for community engagement, conflict resolution and holistic well-being