ABSTRACT Introduced fish can threaten aquatic biodiversity. Peru is a megadiverse country; its northern coast (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and La Libertad) exhibits greater fish diversity than its central and southern regions. In this area, introduced species exist; however, no research has been found that consolidates data on them. The aim of this research was to prepare a systematic review of introduced and potentially invasive fish in the northern coast of Peru. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) from 2020, 2,665 documents were obtained from Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. After removing duplicate documents and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, six documents were selected. Eight additional documents were obtained from other sources. A total of 12 introduced species were reported: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii), tilapia (Coptodon rendalli), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and hypostomus (Hypostomus sp.). Of these, five species were cichlids and three were poeciliids; eleven species were found in freshwater, five in mangroves, and two in the sea. Tumbes recorded the highest number of waterbodies with introduced species, Piura recorded the highest number of species (eight), while Lambayeque reported only one species in a waterbody. Seven species (common carp, gambusia, guppy, tilapias - blue, Mozambique, and Nile - and rainbow trout) have a high invasive potential, as they are among the 100 worst invasive species in Europe or worldwide. The evaluated documents have only reported the presence of introduced species without delving into their impact on ecosystems; therefore, further research in this direction would be advisable.

RESUMEN Los peces introducidos pueden amenazar a la biodiversidad acuática. Perú es un país megadiverso; su costa norte (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque y La Libertad) presenta una mayor diversidad íctica que su centro y sur. En esta región existen especies introducidas; pero, no se ha encontrado una investigación que consolide los datos sobre las mismas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo preparar una revisión sistemática sobre peces introducidos y potencialmente invasores en la costa norte peruana. Siguiendo las pautas de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) del 2020, se obtuvieron 2665 documentos de Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Pubmed y Google Académico, Tras eliminar documentos duplicados y aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron seis documentos. Se añadieron ocho documentos obtenidos de otras fuentes. Se reportaron 12 especies introducidas: carpa (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), pez cola de espada (Xiphophorus hellerii), mojarra (Coptodon rendalli), tilapia azul (Oreochromis aureus), tilapia mosámbica (Oreochromis mossambicus), tilapia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) y carachama (Hypostomus sp.). De estas, cinco especies fueron cíclidos y tres poecílidos; once especies se encontraron en agua dulce, cinco en manglares y dos en el mar. Tumbes registró el mayor número de cuerpos de agua con especies introducidas, Piura registró la mayor cantidad de especies (ocho), mientras que en Lambayeque se reportó solo una especie en un cuerpo de agua. Siete especies: carpa, gambusia, guppy, tilapias (azul, mosámbica y nilótica) y trucha arcoíris tienen alto potencial invasor, pues se encuentran entre las 100 peores especies invasoras de Europa o del mundo. Los documentos evaluados solo han reportado la presencia de especies introducidas, sin profundizar en el impacto que han tenido en los ecosistemas; por lo que, sería recomendable realizar investigaciones en esa dirección.

Abstract This study investigates secondary education and curricular justice amidst counter-educational reforms aligned with neoliberal ideals in Brazil, highlighting the imperatives of teacher resistance against political implications at macro and micro levels. Focusing on two critical incidents situated at the Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE) and the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS). The research employs self-study methodology and the critical incident analysis technique to examine intersections between educational policy and Physical Education within the federal education system. The qualitative approach, grounded in the epistemology of praxis, involved eight Physical Education teachers in reflexive and dialogical processes. These educators shared (inter)subjective and (self-)critical experiences regarding the relationship between secondary education and curricular justice, revealing a pedagogical practice that challenges the prevailing technical rationality. The study underscores how collaborative movements foster active political vigilance, shaping conscious and engaged bodies capable of transforming an often oppressive educational system. Through the exchange of experiences, the teacher-researchers developed strategies to navigate the contradictions of the educational system, building a transformative praxis that values diversity and curricular justice. This articulation between life and teaching work emerges as a space for resistance and pedagogical innovation, reaffirming Physical Education as a critical and socially committed field.

Resumen Este estudio investiga la educación secundaria y la justicia curricular en tiempos de contrarreformas educativas alineadas con los ideales neoliberales en Brasil, destacando los imperativos de la lucha docente frente a las implicaciones políticas a niveles macro y micro. Centrándose en dos incidentes críticos, ubicados en el Instituto Federal de Ceará (IFCE) y en el Instituto Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), la investigación utiliza la metodología de autoestudio y la técnica de análisis de incidentes críticos para examinar las intersecciones entre educación política y Educación Física en la red educativa federal. El enfoque cualitativo, basado en la epistemología de la praxis, involucró a ocho docentes de Educación Física en procesos reflexivos y dialógicos. Estos educadores compartieron experiencias (inter)subjetivas y (auto)críticas sobre la relación entre educación secundaria y justicia curricular, revelando una práctica pedagógica que desafía la racionalidad técnica predominante. El estudio destaca cómo los movimientos colaborativos promueven la vigilancia política activa, formando cuerpos conscientes comprometidos en la transformación de un sistema educativo a menudo opresivo. A través del intercambio de experiencias, docentes-investigadores desarrollaron estrategias para enfrentar las contradicciones del sistema educativo, construyendo una praxis transformadora que valora la diversidad y la justicia curricular. Esta articulación entre vida y quehacer docente emerge como un espacio de resistencia e innovación pedagógica, reafirmando la Educación Física como un campo crítico y socialmente comprometido.

Abstract Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a developing educational approach that aims to improve learning for all students without having to make significant modifications to the curriculum. This concept has been progressively incorporated into pedagogical debates and education regulations. Along this line, some publications have illustrated the efficacy of UDL in terms of access, participation, and commitment to learning processes, especially in the case of students with disabilities. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first systematic review of relevant academic literature that enhances our understanding of how UDL was integrated into teacher education processes. The sample consisted of a total of 88 documents retrieved from the WOS and SCOPUS databases and published between 2008 and 2022, all of which analyze the incorporation of Universal Design for Learning into initial and in-service teacher education processes. The results point to a dominant approach grounded on a problematic association of UDL with students with disabilities or learning difficulties. This narrow view restricts how teachers apply inclusive practices in classrooms, calling for a broader interpretation of UDL. The study contributes to fostering discussions about Universal Design for Learning (UDL) as a whole, including the dominant perspective projected in how it is understood and applied in teacher education and classrooms. It envisions new, more inclusive scenarios for the development of educational approaches that support all learners, fostering a truly inclusive learning environment.

Resumen El Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje (DUA) es un enfoque educativo en desarrollo que persigue mejorar el aprendizaje de todo el alumnado sin tener que recurrir a modificaciones significativas del currículo. Progresivamente, este concepto se ha incorporado a los debates pedagógicos y a la normativa educativa más actual. En esta línea, algunas publicaciones han ilustrado la eficacia del DUA en términos de acceso, participación y compromiso con los procesos de aprendizaje, especialmente en el caso del alumnado con discapacidad. Este trabajo presenta, para nuestro conocimiento, la primera revisión sistemática de la literatura que ayuda a comprender bajo qué enfoques se integra el DUA en los procesos de formación docente. La muestra contó con un total de 88 documentos recogidos en las bases de datos WOS y SCOPUS y publicados entre 2008 y 2022. Todos ellos analizan la incorporación del Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje en los procesos de formación inicial y permanente del profesorado. Los resultados apuntan a un enfoque dominante basado en la vinculación del DUA con los estudiantes con discapacidad. Esta visión restringe la forma en que los profesores aplican prácticas inclusivas en las aulas, lo que exige una interpretación más amplia y comprensiva del DUA. El estudio contribuye a fomentar el debate sobre el Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje (DUA) en su conjunto, incluida la perspectiva dominante proyectada en la forma de entenderlo y aplicarlo en la formación del profesorado y en las aulas. Además, prevé nuevos escenarios más inclusivos para el desarrollo de enfoques educativos que apoyen a todos los alumnos, fomentando un entorno de aprendizaje verdaderamente inclusivo.

Abstract Interest in the research skills of university students has experienced a notable increase, reflected in the growth of scientific publications, which have great methodological diversity and are developed in various training contexts, which is why a panoramic view of these publications becomes imperative. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the scientific production in Scopus on research competencies in university students. For these purposes, the PRISMA Declaration was followed. Using Boolean descriptors and operators, a literature search was carried out that allowed 690 documents to be identified and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 scientific articles were chosen for the study. As results of the review, it is highlighted that 72% of the articles correspond to the quantitative approach, 56% were written in English, 44% were carried out in Peru and the majority of the studies, the research competencies are addressed from the self-perception of the student. In conclusion, the works studied show various levels of achievement of investigative skills and constitute valuable inputs for carrying out new and necessary research.

Resumen El interés en las competencias investigativas del estudiantado universitario ha experimentado un notorio aumento, reflejado en el crecimiento de publicaciones científicas, las cuales tienen una gran diversidad metodológica y se desarrollan en variados contextos formativos; por esta razón, se vuelve imperativo una mirada panorámica de estas publicaciones. Este estudio tuvo como finalidad caracterizar la producción científica en Scopus sobre competencias investigativas en estudiantes universitarios. Para estos fines, se siguió la Declaración PRISMA. A partir de descriptores y operadores booleanos se realizó una búsqueda de literatura que permitió identificar 690 documentos y luego de la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión se eligieron 25 artículos científicos para el estudio. Como resultados de la revisión se destacó que el 72% de los artículos corresponden al enfoque cuantitativo, un 56% fueron escritos en inglés, el 44% se realizaron en el Perú y en la mayoría de los estudios las competencias investigativas se abordaron desde la autopercepción del estudiante. En conclusión, los trabajos estudiados mostraron diversos niveles de logro de las competencias investigativas y constituyeron valiosos insumos para la realización de nuevas y necesarias investigaciones.

RESUMO Objetivou-se identificar estudos avaliativos de políticas, programas ou serviços de atenção a sobreviventes de violência sexual, caracterizando os tipos de avaliação, as estratégias metodológicas e fontes de evidências utilizadas. Realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura produzida entre 2012 e 2022, identificada em bases nacionais e internacionais, a partir dos descritores “Sex Offenses” (OR) “Rape” (AND) “Evaluation” (OR) “Health Evaluation”. Selecionaram-se 23 artigos que cumpriram os critérios de inclusão, em sua maioria, produzidos em países da América Latina e Caribe (43,5%) ou em países africanos (17,4%), publicados, principalmente, em inglês (65%). A maioria dos estudos (60,9%) tinha propósito formativo, com foco no processo, dos quais, apenas 34,8% mencionavam um quadro teórico conceitual no campo da avaliação em saúde. Os métodos quantitativos foram utilizados em 60,9% dos estudos, enquanto os métodos qualitativos foram utilizados em 26,1%. Não foram identificados instrumentos padronizados para avaliação de políticas, programas ou serviços de atenção a sobreviventes de violência sexual. Conclui-se reconhecendo a diversidade e a riqueza de abordagens e estratégias metodológicas para avaliar as políticas, os programas e serviços de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência sexual. Sugere-se aprimorar a menção ao quadro teórico conceitual como aspecto fundamental na condução desses estudos.

ABSTRACT The aim was to identify studies that evaluate policies, programs, or services for survivors of sex offenses, characterizing the types of evaluations conducted, the methodological strategies, and the sources of evidence used. An integrative literature review was conducted covering the period from 2012 to 2022, identified in national and international databases, using the descriptors “Sex Offenses” (OR) “Rape” (AND) “Evaluation” (OR) “Health Evaluation”. Twenty-three articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Most articles were produced in Latin American and Caribbean countries (43.5%) or African countries (17.4%), and were mainly published in English (65%). Most of the studies had a training purpose, focusing on the process (60.9%), of which only 34.8% mentioned a conceptual theoretical framework in the field of health evaluation. Quantitative methods were used in 60.9% of the studies, while qualitative methods were used in only 26.1%. No standardized instruments were identified to evaluate services for individuals experiencing sexual violence. The article concludes by recognizing the diversity and richness of approaches and methodological strategies for evaluating policies, programs, and services for women experiencing sexual violence. We suggest that the conceptual theoretical framework is enhanced as a fundamental aspect in conducting these studies.

RESUMO Com foco no ensino em saúde, o objetivo do texto é apontar a aplicabilidade dos acúmulos teóricos dos marcadores sociais da diferença e da interseccionalidade para a compreensão de processos de cuidado, saúde, adoecimento e vulnerabilização. A partir da experiência docente em uma graduação em medicina, discute-se como a perspectiva de análise articulada dos marcadores sociais da diferença complexifica a compreensão da determinação social da saúde e se aplica à realidade da formação em saúde brasileira. O artigo está organizado em duas partes. Na primeira, discute-se a importância dos marcadores sociais raça e gênero, bem como da perspectiva interseccional, para pensar a constituição de corpos e sujeitos diversos. Já na segunda parte, focaliza-se o diálogo com o campo da saúde coletiva, destacando políticas do Sistema Único de Saúde que mobilizam marcadores sociais e retomando pesquisas brasileiras que elucidam a importância do tema para o ensino em saúde. Assim, por meio de perspectiva transdisciplinar na interface entre ciências sociais e saúde coletiva, o artigo busca contribuir para a organização desse amplo debate que, especialmente a partir de 2010, tomou corpo no Brasil e busca avançar para uma formação em saúde mais comprometida com a equidade, a diversidade e os direitos humanos.

ABSTRACT Focusing on health teaching, the objective of the text is to point out the applicability of theoretical accumulations of social markers of differences and intersectionality for understanding processes of care, health, illness and vulnerability. Based on teaching experience in an undergraduate medical course, it discusses how the perspective of articulated analysis of social markers complicates the understanding of the social determination of health and applies to the reality of Brazilian health training. The article is organized into two parts. The first discusses the importance of race and gender, as well as the intersectional perspective, to think about the constitution of diverse bodies and subjects. The second part focuses on direct dialogue with the field of collective health, highlighting Unified Health System (SUS) policies mobilize social markers and resuming Brazilian research that elucidates the importance of such debate for health teaching. Thus, through an interdisciplinary perspective at the interface between social sciences and collective health, the article seeks to contribute to the organization of this debate that, especially since 2010, has taken shape in the Brazil and seeks to advance towards health training that is more committed to equity, diversity and human rights.

Abstract: This study aims to assess digital competence among professors teaching industrial civil engineering at the University of Viña del Mar (Chile). The methodology consists of both applying a detailed rubric and data gathering through surveys administered to executives, professors, and students. The results reveal varying levels of digital competence in the dimensions examined. Strengths are identified in areas such as ethics and security, but diversity and technological management emerge as critical points that require attention and present challenges. This highlights the need for the implementation of continuous training programs and the promotion of collaboration strategies to enhance professor digital competence. In conclusion, the present study provides valuable lessons for educational institutions in the digital era and serves as a starting point for the development of guidelines aimed at improving teaching among professors.

Resumen: Este estudio aborda la evaluación de la competencia digital docente en la carrera de ingeniería civil industrial de la Universidad Viña del Mar (Chile). La metodología consiste en aplicar una rúbrica detallada y en recolectar datos mediante encuestas dirigidas a directivos, docentes y estudiantes. Los resultados revelan diversos niveles de competencia digital en las dimensiones evaluadas. Se identifican fortalezas en áreas como ética y seguridad, pero la diversidad y la gestión tecnológica surgen como puntos críticos que requieren atención y presentan desafíos. Se destaca la necesidad de implementar programas de formación continua y promover estrategias de colaboración para mejorar la competencia digital docente. En conclusión, el presente estudio proporciona valiosas lecciones para instituciones educativas en la era digital y sirve como punto de partida para el desarrollo de pautas que busquen mejorar la labor formativa de sus docentes.

The southern African Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene hominin record is abundant and exhibits a high taxonomic diversity with three genera represented: Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo. Hominin fossil diversity and variation are often contextualised within other fossil assemblages or modern/extant counterparts. However, the incompleteness of the fossil record, sample selection bias and taphonomic condition of the specimens themselves constrain interpretations of diversity and variation within and between species. Thus, species identification and the nature of the observed variation are frequently debated. Palaeoproteomics can help improve our understanding of taxonomic variation, as demonstrated by the recently generated proteome of Paranthropus specimens from Swartkrans. Here, we demonstrate protein preservation for an A. africanus specimen from Sterkfontein Member 4, Sts 63, using minimally invasive analysis, and identify it as belonging to a male individual. We then discuss some of the current limitations of palaeoproteomics and how we can potentially overcome them. Although it is still in its infancy for Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossils, palaeoproteomics has the potential to help unravel the causes of observed morphological variation. Lastly, we strongly believe that the involvement of African researchers at all levels of this research, including leadership, is of great importance. SIGNIFICANCE: We have successfully determined the biological sex of an Australopithecus africanus specimen (Sts 63) from Sterkfontein Member 4 with the age range of 3.5 to 2.01 Ma, with a high degree of confidence, and we have assessed the extent of protein preservation. These discoveries hold significant implications for our understanding of sexual dimorphism and intraspecies variation as observed in African Plio-Pleistocene hominins.

In recent decades we have witnessed the progressive implementation of a culture of inclusion making it is essential to provide teachers with training in generic and specific competencies, being the reinforcement of attitudes and views regarding attention to diversity that will be fundamental to ensure the effective implementation of this educational model. Although the study of teachers' views regarding inclusive education has been the subject of much research, we did not find an extensive wide repertoire concerning the opinions of university students on educative attention to specific educational support needs centred in the field of competence in linguistic communication. Thus, with this study we aimed to analyse the opinions of trainee teachers on the development of this key competence in primary education and their training at university. For this, 2 university realities in different international contexts were compared through a mixed descriptive categorical analysis. The main conclusions are that, although there is a consensus about the importance of developing linguistic communication competence, there are considerable differences between the 2 contexts in terms of attention to diversity, teacher education and training, and the provision of resources for its promotion in the classroom.

Abstract Wetlands worldwide face increasing challenges due to human activities such as water extraction, deforestation, and overfishing. These ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity, water retention, and purification. In Ecuador, the “Abras de Mantequilla” wetland exemplifies these pressures. It serves as a vital site for studying the interactions between soil fertility and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in forest ecosystems. The study focused on the soil fertility, particularly in relation to AMF in "Noah Morán" secondary forest within the Abras de Mantequilla wetland. The key role of AMF in improving soil fertility was highlighted. Soil samples were collected from the root zone of four forest tree species i.e., Guazuma ulmifolia, Albizia guachapele, Eugenia pustulescens, Cecropia peltate. The four investigated soil samples had marginal differences in the soil physicochemical properties. Number of AMF species were found in the four soils in the range of 16 to 39; Number of por Several AMF lowest por the lowest (16) and highest (39) AMF species were found in E. pustulescens and A. guachapele soils, respectively. AMF species ‘Akent’ was the most dominant (abundance #16) AMF species found in the soils of C. peltate. The ranges of Shannon_H and Simpson_1-D values were found to be 1.78-1.9 and 0.79-0.85, respectively. These insights are important to understanding soil-plant-microorganism interactions in promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the Abras de Mantequilla wetland.

Abstract The genus Pleurotus presents a multivariate species diversity due to its ability to grow in different substrates and environments. Whether wild or cultivated, they are edible mushrooms, as they present a high nutritional value and are medicinal due to their bioactive compounds with positive health effects. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of the genus Pleurotus, since it is a cosmopolitan mushroom, and its properties can be used in different industrial applications and be a functional alternative for our future. Due to their saprophytic nature, they produce enzymes that act on the substrate in which they grow, degrading lignocellulosic material such as wood, forest and agricultural residues, hardwoods, wood by-products, cereal straw, bagasse, etc., and thanks to this degradative capacity, their enzymes are used in a wide range of biotechnological and environmental applications. In order to increase their production and consumption not only for their nutritional qualities, but also for their nutraceutical and biotechnological qualities, ease of cultivation, low investment cost, etc., new ways are being sought to increase their performance in cultivation. Recently, research has expanded the search for alternative uses of the Pleurotus genus, which has led to an increase in its cultivation, as well as its application in different fields of biotechnology. The cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms represents an opportunity to generate a sustainable process and incorporate the process into a circular economy, generating environmental, social and economic benefits. The use of agro-industrial substrates and the subsequent reuse of the spent substrate as compost or organic fertilizer reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and minimizes methane production. This allows for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly production model. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies for the promotion, marketing and sustainable production of products derived from these fungi.

ABSTRACT The tension between heritage and gentrification is one of the features of the historic centers of medium-sized cities touched by globalized tourism. Addressing these UNESCO-listed spaces allows us to conceive the deep and processual dynamics built by their residents, who, while subsisting and navigating the labyrinths of public policies and the effects of gentrification, carry out actions linked to their identity and memory, achieving resistance to it. Through a critical approach to the case of 5 de Mayo Street in the historic center of Santiago de Querétaro, we intend to understand the tensions and conflicts that are generated between the daily life of residents and tourism branding. Using methodology developed from ethnography, we give an account of the diversity of ways in which a historic center in a medium-sized Mexican city is inhabited.

RESUMEN La tensión entre patrimonio y gentrificación es uno de los rasgos que presentan los centros históricos de las ciudades medias tocadas por el turismo globalizado. Abordar estos espacios patrimonializados por la UNESCO permite concebir las dinámicas profundas y procesuales construidas por sus residentes, quienes, mientras subsisten y sortean los laberintos de las políticas públicas y los efectos de la gentrificación, realizan acciones ligadas a su identidad y memoria logrando una resistencia frente a ella. A través de un enfoque crítico del caso de la calle 5 de Mayo del centro histórico de Santiago de Querétaro, pretendemos comprender las tensiones y conflictos que se generan entre la vida cotidiana de los residentes y el branding turístico. Mediante una metodología desarrollada en el marco de la etnografía, damos cuenta, a partir de testimonios y datos empíricos, de la diversidad de formas en las que se habita un centro histórico en una ciudad media mexicana.

RESUMO: Subprodutos da indústria do vinho (WIBP, do inglês wine industry by-product) encapsulados em esferas de alginato foram incorporados à cerveja para aumentar as propriedades antioxidantes. O perfil fenólico, a bioacessibilidade in vitro e o metabolismo intestinal foram avaliados. As micrografias eletrônicas de varredura dos grânulos com WIBP revelaram uma superfície relativamente rugosa, com grandes poros com crateras, mas sem fissuras, o que garante a proteção dos compostos encapsulados. Os perfis de difração de raios-x mostraram atenuação dos picos cristalinos, indicando as interações entre alginato e Ca2+. A atividade antioxidante do WIPB foi avaliada por FRAP (0,13 mmol Fe2+/g WIBP) e TEAC (0,078 mmol Trolox/g WIBP). O perfil fenólico da cerveja artesanal não foi alterado após a imersão das esferas por 60 dias, mantendo seus seis compostos fenólicos livres (ácidos gálico, 3,4-dihidroxifenilacético, 4-hidroxibenzóico, 2,4-dihidroxibenzóico, ferúlico e salicílico). Os compostos fenólicos observados no WIBP e não na cerveja artesanal (quercetina, rutina e ácidos seríngicos) só foram detectados após digestão simulada de esferas de WIBP imersas na cerveja, mostrando que o encapsulamento de WIBP com esferas de alginato de cálcio protegeu os compostos fenólicos até o consumo. O conteúdo fenólico total aumentou após a digestão simulada e após a fermentação intestinal. Durante este processo a diversidade de compostos fenólicos em cada etapa da digestão também aumentou. Portanto, o enriquecimento da cerveja com esferas de alginato contendo o WIBP não só aumenta o teor de compostos fenólicos ingeridos pelo consumidor, mas também a bioacessibilidade desses compostos em relação à cerveja sem as esferas.

ABSTRACT: Wine industry by-product (WIBP) encapsulated in alginate beads were incorporated to beer to increase antioxidant properties. The phenolic profile, in vitro bioaccessibility and gut metabolism were assessed. Scanning electron micrographs of the beads with WIBP revealed a relatively rough surface with large pores with craters, but without cracks, which ensures the protection of the encapsulated compounds. X-ray diffraction profiles showed the attenuated of the crystalline peaks, indicating the interactions between alginate and Ca2+. The WIPB antioxidant activity was assessed by FRAP (0.13 mmol Fe2+/g WIBP) and TEAC (0.078 mmol Trolox/g WIBP). The phenolic profile of the craft beer was not altered after the immersion of the beads for 60 days, maintaining its six free phenolic compounds (gallic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic, ferulic, and salicylic acids). The phenolic compounds observed in WIBP and not in the craft beer (quercetin, rutin and syringic acids) were only detected after simulated digestion of WIBP beads that had been immersed in the beer, showing that the encapsulation of WIBP with calcium alginate beads protected the phenolic compounds until consumption. Total phenolic content increased after simulated digestion, and after gut fermentation. During this process the phenolic compounds diversity in each digestion step also increased. Therefore, the enrichment of beer with alginate beads containing the WIBP not only increases the content of phenolic compounds ingested by the consumer, but also the bioaccessibility of those compounds in relation to beer without the beads.

ABSTRACT Crop pollination is indispensable for global food security. Studies that summarize the knowledge about pollination of specific crops are relevant because they identify the distribution of pollinators, guide pollinator management and conservation policies, and highlight knowledge gaps. Zucchini is cultivated in several countries, and its production is essentially dependent on pollinators. We aimed to integrate global data on zucchini pollination and answer the following questions: (1) What are the topics addressed and what are the trends of the results? (2) Which organisms pollinate zucchini, and how are they globally distributed? (3) What are the knowledge gaps? We performed a systematic literature review, built a network of countries and pollinators, and compared data on the efficiency of specific pollinators. Studies were conducted in 16 countries. Most studies investigated the frequency and diversity of floral visitors. Other approaches were discussed. Zucchini flowers fed 116 species of pollinators, especially bees. Six countries had almost exclusive groups of native pollinators. Apis, Bombus, and Peponapis were the most frequently recorded bees. Areas with high habitat diversity improve pollination. There was a significant difference in productivity when pollination was carried out by bees compared with pollination by Syrphidae. The main knowledge gaps are (1) the determination of which native, manageable pollinators are efficient for maximum zucchini production, (2) the investigation of how pollination influence fruit nutritional composition and seed quality, and (3) the identification of pollinators to the species level.

Spondias tuberosa (umbu) has been studied from the perspective of natural product and pharmacology, revealing relevant biological activities. Therefore, from the point of view of chemical and biological studies, deepening knowledge about this species is of great importance. Additionally, the evaluation related to the metabolic variations of the same species during different phenological evolution stages is also an interesting aspect of the research. Thereby, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MSE) was used to trace the chemical profile from umbu leaves at different phenological stages, allowing the detection of 40 metabolites, which 16 were annotated, such as phenolics and anacardic acids. Furthermore, the use of chemoinformatics tools allowed obtaining information on phenological development in the three leaves phases: post-flowering (young leaves), full production and senescence. The antiglycation activity assay revealed a potential inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the leaves at different phenological stages. The antioxidant activity was satisfactory and in agreement with previously reported results, evidencing the potential for using umbu leaves, currently completely discarded, as an alternative source of antioxidants, which may provide increased added value to the cultivation of umbu, stimulating family farming and the recovery of tree density in degraded areas.