Abstract The article aims to reconstruct the growth of Law Schools from the national perspective in two periods of higher education expansion in Brazil. In the first period, from 1964 to 1980, the paper emphasizes the role of private institutions in the expansion and the dominant conception of undergraduate studies as being vocational. In the second period, from 1996 to 2019, it thematizes the legislation created after the 1988 Constitution, which includes the changing conception of university education, and the processes of commodification and financialization of higher education. Lastly, the paper deals with full and partial distance learning in undergraduate degrees and discusses the role of the Brazilian Bar Association in face of the expansion of the Law Schools. The article contributes to the comprehension of a phenomenon that is frequently mentioned by the literature but has not yet been analyzed from empirical data. Grounded on the changes of legislation and policy, and on the data from the Statistical Yearbook of Brazil and Higher Education Census, the paper shows that the growth of Law Schools followed the expansion of higher education in Brazil in both periods and that the area’s main particularity is that the Ministry of Education did not authorize the creation of schools with full distance learning for undergraduate Law degrees in the period. period 196 1980 vocational 199 2019 198 Constitution Lastly policy Census areas area s 19 201 1 20 2

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo reconstruir o crescimento dos cursos de Direito a partir do cenário nacional em dois momentos de expansão da educação superior no Brasil. No primeiro, de 1964 a 1980, é enfatizado o papel das instituições privadas na expansão e a concepção dominante da graduação como profissionalizante. No segundo, de 1996 a 2019, são tematizados a legislação criada a partir da Constituição de 1988, incluída a mudança de concepção sobre o papel da formação universitária, e os processos de mercantilização e de financeirização da educação superior. Por fim, o texto trata do ensino a distância e da sua entrada nos cursos presenciais e discute o papel da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil frente à expansão dos cursos de Direito. O trabalho contribui para a compreensão de um fenômeno bastante mencionado na literatura, porém ainda não analisado a partir de dados empíricos. Fundamentado pelas mudanças de legislação e de política pública e pelos dados do Anuário Estatísticos do Brasil e do Censo da Educação Superior, o texto mostra que os cursos de Direito acompanharam a expansão da educação superior no Brasil em ambos os períodos e que a principal particularidade do curso está em o MEC não ter autorizado abertura de cursos da área na modalidade a distância no período. primeiro 196 1980 profissionalizante segundo 199 2019 1988 universitária fim literatura empíricos Superior período 19 198 201 1 20 2

Hierdie sewe-jaar longitudinale opvoedingstudie evalueer drie akademiese afleweringsmodusse vir deeltydse MBA-studente in hul Bemarkingsbestuursmodule, naamlik vol kontak (20172019), vol aanlyn tydens COVID-19 se harde inperking (2020-2021 en die daaropvolgende gemengde modus (2022-2023). Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of die afleweringsmodus studente se akademiese prestasie beduidend beïnvloed. Die eenrigting-variansie-analise (EVA) het beduidende verskille tussen die afleweringsmodusse vir individuele opdragte (normatiewe assessering) en groepgevallestudies (summatiewe assessering) geïdentifiseer. Daar was ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen die akademiese prestasie ten opsigte van die finale saamgestelde portefeulje van kennis (wat as eksamen dien). Hierdie portefeulje bestaan uit 'n prakties-toegepaste bemarkingsplan. Die post-hoc toetse het getoon dat studente aansienlik beter gevaar het tydens die gemengde afleweringsmodus in individuele opdragte, terwyl die volledige aanlyn modus laer punte vir die groepgevallestudies gehad het. Beide die gemengde en volledige kontakmodusse het beduidende opeenvolgende verbetering vir die groepgevallestudies getoon, wat in elke gevallestudie verbetering getoon het namate die semester gevorder het. Dit verskil van volledige aanlyn onderrig. Die gemengde modus het ook aansienlik beter gevaar in die eksamen- en finale modulepunte en het selfs beter gevaar as volkontakklasse.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the tertiary education landscape. Traditional contact universities were forced abruptly to adopt a full-distance education mode, a situation neither the students nor lecturers were prepared for. Many lectures and teaching activities were developed on the fly as universities struggled to roll out the needed support in double-time for lecturers and students. This new normal for education required integrating technology, advanced communication software, revised assessment techniques, and recognising the need for flexible and adaptable approaches to teaching and learning. Students also evolved and gained technological proficiency, adaptability, time management, soft skills, social media proficiency, and an awareness of health and well-being. Albeit uncertain in redefining the new normal, universities continue to provide quality education. However, exactly how university education should be delivered to a new breed of students in a new business environment is a challenge. This is even more so in the case of executive MBA students. After the hard lockdown and restrictions were lifted on 21 September 2020, the North-West University Business School started to explore other modes of academic content delivery. Reinstating a full contact delivery mode was not an option because of remaining restrictions. High technological investment, online-educated lecturers and students, and benefits and developments during online learning now form a new normal for the Business School. Which teaching method, or rather, which mode of delivery, is the most relevant and adequate? Should the MBA lectures return to the historic full-contact delivery mode, stick with the newly established full online mode, or attempt to integrate the benefits of both into a hybrid mode of delivering business education to a new breed of technology-savvy students? This study, therefore, examines the academic performance of the different delivery modes by comparing data of Executive MBA Marketing management students at the NWU Business School in South Africa. The study examines the academic performance of these students from 2017 up to 2023. The panel database consists of Executive MBA students'marks for the module in Marketing Management from 2017 up to 2023. The database contains marks for individual assignments, groupwork case studies, final individual- and groupwork marks, exam marks and the final module mark. The final assessment is a portfolio of evidence comprising a detailed marketing plan for a product, service, or organisation of choice. The mode of delivery served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the marks for each assignment (groupwork, individual and portfolio of evidence). Three delivery modes were compared, namely full-contact (2017-2019), full-online (2020-2021), and the post-pandemic hybrid mode currently in effect (2022-2023). The data comprised 630 cases. However, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used 532 cases to compare the different groupwork assignments (230 full-contact students, 159 full-online students, and 143 hybrid students). Cronbach's alpha coefficient measured the data's reliability, and one-way ANOVA determined significant differences (p<.05) between the academic performance of the three delivery modes. The analysis confirmed that significant differences exist between the modes of delivery for individual assignments, group case studies and exams (p<.05). The Tukey ab post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments (69.2%) than full contact (63.8%). Regarding the individual assignment, the full online (63.8%) and full contact (63.7%) delivery modes perform significantly worse than the hybrid (69.2%) delivery mode. Regarding the first group case study (Group Assignment 1), full online performs (67.3%) significantly worse than hybrid (71.1%) and full contact (73.6%) delivery modes. There is no significant difference between the hybrid and full contact delivery modes. In the second, third, and fourth group case studies (Group Assignments 2, 3 & 4), the hybrid delivery mode (82.37%, 75.4%, 82.7%) outperforms the full contact (75.4, 80.1%, 86.6%) and full-online (71.4%, 71.4%, 67.8%) modes. The hybrid delivery mode, therefore, proves to be more conducive towards academic performance in group work. Finally, in considering the final module mark, the hybrid delivery mode (71.0%) is significantly higher than the other two delivery modes. However, there is no significant difference between full online (67.5%) and full-contact (67.2%) delivery modes regarding the final module mark. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the better performance in the final module marks is a function of the groupwork where the students analysed case studies together. There are no significant differences in the exam marks between the delivery modes, so better academic performance in the hybrid mode of delivery where groupwork is concerned culminates in the better module mark. Based on the findings, it is evident that the hybrid mode of delivery results in the best academic performance. This observation is based on three reasons, namely 1) students performed better in both the normative and summative assessments during hybrid tuition; 2) there is continuous progressive learning throughout the semester regarding the group case studies (summative assessment). They learn to improve and hone their skills to analyse better and apply business solutions to real-life problems experienced by organisations. This is based on students' improving marks in the group case studies as they become more proficient in analysing and answering the applied case studies because they learn from each case study; and 3) the students perform better academically in their normative assessments and earn higher final module marks (partially due to reason 2). It is concluded that the hybrid delivery mode facilitates the academic performance of post-pandemic executive MBA Marketing management students. JEL KODES: I23, I21, M30

Abstract Qualitative research has traditionally relied on specific methodologies for data collection, with interviews being the predominant and preferred approach. Vast quantities of information have been published regarding traditional mechanisms for collecting qualitative data, but few studies have addressed more unconventional mechanisms such as body mapping. This is a distinctive technique commonly used in health sciences. It offers a versatile alternative that encourages participant creativity, reflexivity, and protagonism. It was adapted for use in an educational study with the aim of eliciting participants' constructivist experiences and emotions related to a particular social phenomenon. It was used as part of a descriptive case study which employed two other triangulation techniques, namely semi-structured virtual interviews, and document collection. After the researchers’ reflective processes, it was concluded that body mapping represented an ideal means to facilitate the data collection process. The primary objective of the study, grounded in qualitative research, was to explore the perceptions of five primary English teachers in the Sarapiquí Regional Directorate of Education in Costa Rica regarding the return to in-person education amid the COVID-19 public health crisis. For the body mapping technique, three participants engaged in a face-to-face session, structured into seven phases: map outlining, reflections on distance education, reflections on combined education, reflections on in-person education, finalization of body maps, testimony giving, and concluding reflections on the technique. Although the focus was on in-person education (2022), the distance and combined modalities (2020-2021) were used to activate participants’ prior knowledge and to provide context for the study. This paper demonstrates the procedure followed in applying the body mapping technique for qualitative data collection in a study on the perspective and experiences of teachers, and highlights the valuable insights gained through its use.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to entities responsible for qualifying healthcare professionals worldwide, needing adaptation to offer distance learning courses in the face of implications such as social distancing. However, despite these courses, there are still gaps in understanding their effects. Objective: To analyse the feeling of professional managers on the effects of a distance learning course, implemented for the development of public health competencies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Qualitative research based on data collected from the virtual course environment, which included responses to a question posed to manager-professionals one month after completion: "Which tasks do you routinely perform that have undergone any modification due to your participation in the course?" Data analysis used Descending Hierarchical Classification with the aid of the IRAMUTEQ® software, focusing on Simple Segments of Text (SST). SSTs were classified based on their respective vocabularies of higher frequency and words with significant association (p<0.001). Finally, the software produced a dendrogram illustrating the hierarchical class scheme. Results: 256 responses were processed with a utilization rate of 76.3% of SSTs, resulting in a dendrogram with four classes, revealing modifications in (1) Execution of daily work tasks; (2) Expansion of knowledge about work in the Unified Health System; (3) Coordination between areas for the development of actions in Public Health; (4) Support and guidance for health surveillance actions in collaboration with municipalities. Final Considerations: The use of IRAMUTEQ® software eased the processing and analysis of a large amount of qualitative data, yielding findings that showed significant changes in the professional practice of managers and, so, a positive impact on the development of public health competencies even during a pandemic.

Resumo Introdução: a pandemia COVID-19 trouxe desafios às instâncias responsáveis pela qualificação dos profissionais de saúde no mundo todo, que necessitaram se adaptar para oferta de cursos na modalidade à distância, frente às implicações impostas, como o distanciamento social. Entretanto, a despeito desses cursos, ainda persistem lacunas na produção de conhecimentos dos seus efeitos. Objetivo: analisar a percepção de profissionais-gestores sobre os efeitos de um curso na modalidade à distância, implementado para desenvolvimento de competências em saúde pública em tempos de pandemia COVID-19. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa realizada a partir de dados coletados do ambiente virtual do curso que, dentre outras informações, possuía respostas de uma pergunta realizada para os profissionais-gestores um mês após a sua conclusão: quais tarefas você executa habitualmente que sofreram algum tipo de modificação em consequência de sua participação no curso? A análise dos dados ocorreu por Classificação Hierárquica Descendente com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ®, a partir de segmentos simples de texto (SST). Os SST foram classificados em função dos respectivos vocabulários de maior frequência e das palavras com associação significativa (p<0,001). Por fim, o software produziu um dendrograma com a ilustração do esquema hierárquico de classes. . Resultados: foram processadas 256 respostas com aproveitamento de 76,3% dos SST, que resultaram em um dendrograma de quatro classes, sendo possível constatar modificações na/o: (1) Execução de tarefas do cotidiano laboral; (2) Ampliação do conhecimento acerca do trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde; (3) Articulação entre áreas para desenvolvimento das ações em Saúde Pública; (4) Apoio e orientações de ações de vigilância em saúde junto aos municípios. Considerações Finais: o uso do software IRAMUTEQ® facilitou o processamento e a análise de grande número de dados qualitativos. Destarte, foram obtidos achados que apontaram mudanças significativas na prática profissional dos gestores e, consequentemente, efeito positivo no desenvolvimento de competências.

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic turned out to be a substantial event in the changes and adaptations made to this system within educational institutions. In this sense, the present study addresses the school culture in public educational institutions during this unusual context and aims to analyze said culture based on the perceptions of management and teaching staff during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data collection was carried out through the application of semi-structured interviews with five directors and nine teachers from five schools located in four different regions of Peru. From the analysis, it is concluded that, in public educational institutions, there were changes in the organization and development of the rituals of their identity. Likewise, myths and metaphors related to distance education were evident that show certain strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement that the Covid-19 pandemic left in the educational context.

RESUMEN La pandemia del Covid-19 resultó ser un hecho sustancial en los cambios y las adaptaciones ejercidas en este sistema dentro de las instituciones educativas. En ese sentido, el presente estudio aborda la cultura escolar en las instituciones educativas públicas durante ese contexto inusual y tiene por objetivo analizar dicha cultura a partir de las percepciones del personal directivo y docente durante la pandemia del Covid-19. La recogida de información se realizó a través de la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a cinco directores y nueve docentes de cinco escuelas ubicadas en cuatro regiones distintas del Perú. A partir del análisis, se concluye que, en las instituciones educativas públicas, hubo cambios en la organización y el desarrollo de los rituales propios de su identidad. Asimismo, se evidenciaron mitos y metáforas relacionados con la educación a distancia que evidencian ciertas fortalezas, debilidades y oportunidades de mejora que dejó la pandemia del Covid-19 en el contexto educativo.

ABSTRACT The study of the flipped classroom methods is important for improving the quality of education and the effectiveness of learning in the context of modern technological changes and growing interest in distance education. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of the flipped classroom model in learning a foreign language for professional purposes. Testing was used to diagnose the effectiveness of assimilation of educational material, which included various types of tasks and questionnaires to determine the level of satisfaction with educational video materials and online learning. Tests and questionnaires were pre-validated according to the research objectives. The obtained results (χ2emp = 8.095 > χ2 0.05 = 7.815) gave grounds to conclude that the blended learning model of flipped classroom in the development of foreign language competence is more effective than traditional learning. The experiment showed that this format helps students implement an individual learning trajectory, which contributes to improving academic performance. It was determined that the effectiveness of using this model depends on the quality of video materials and students’ ability to organize their own independent work. The prospects of further research is the study of the influence of the application of the flipped classroom model on the students’ learning motivation.

RESUMEN El estudio de los métodos de aula invertida es importante para mejorar la calidad de la educación y la eficacia del aprendizaje en el contexto de los cambios tecnológicos modernos y el creciente interés por la educación a distancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la efectividad del uso del modelo de aula invertida en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera con fines profesionales. Se utilizaron pruebas para diagnosticar la efectividad de la asimilación del material educativo, que incluyeron varios tipos de tareas y cuestionarios para determinar el nivel de satisfacción con los materiales educativos en video y el aprendizaje en línea. Se prevalidaron pruebas y cuestionarios de acuerdo con los objetivos de la investigación. Los resultados obtenidos (χ2emp = 8,095 > χ2 0,05 = 7,815) permitieron concluir que el modelo de aprendizaje semipresencial de aula invertida en el desarrollo de la competencia en lenguas extranjeras es más efectivo que el aprendizaje tradicional. El experimento demostró que este formato ayuda a los estudiantes a implementar una trayectoria de aprendizaje individual, lo que contribuye a mejorar el rendimiento académico. Se determinó que la efectividad del uso de este modelo depende de la calidad de los materiales de video y de la capacidad de los estudiantes para organizar su propio trabajo independiente. La perspectiva de futuras investigaciones es el estudio de la influencia de la aplicación del modelo de aula invertida en la motivación de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic drove the transition to online learning globally. This study evaluated the marketing strategies of IST CENESTUR using a mixed methodological approach that integrated qualitative and quantitative perspectives. A significant correlation was found between information sources and influence on the choice of educational services, highlighting the impact of strategies such as digital marketing and customer testimonials. Although most perceived value for money positively, varied opinions were identified, urging to adjust strategies and improve quality. Flexibility of schedules was crucial for customers, followed by the quality of educational material. In addition, there was a high positive perception of the impact of the services on personal and professional development, with a high recommendation rate. However, the importance of addressing financial concerns to improve accessibility and overall satisfaction was stressed.

RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID-19 impulsó la transición hacia la enseñanza en línea a nivel global. Este estudio evaluó las estrategias de marketing del IST CENESTUR se empleó un enfoque metodológico mixto que integró perspectivas cualitativas como cuantitativas. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre las fuentes de información y la influencia en la elección de servicios educativos, resaltando el impacto de estrategias como el marketing digital y los testimonios de clientes. Aunque la mayoría percibió positivamente la relación calidad-precio, se identificaron opiniones variadas, instando a ajustar estrategias y mejorar la calidad. La flexibilidad de horarios fue crucial para los clientes, seguida de la calidad del material educativo. Además, se observó una alta percepción positiva del impacto de los servicios en el desarrollo personal y profesional, con una elevada tasa de recomendación. No obstante, se subrayó la importancia de abordar las preocupaciones financieras para mejorar la accesibilidad y la satisfacción general.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent lock-down restrictions forced higher education institutions to move towards a fully online mode of delivery. The study explored the teaching and learning experiences of both students and lecturers within such a digitally transformed higher education space. Concerns have however been raised about this sudden move towards the fourth industrial revolution due to the levels of readiness of higher education institutions. A qualitative research approach was followed, and I purposeful selected ten masters' course work students and two lecturers. One-on-one interviews and a focus group discussion were utilised for data generation. The Saldana's thematic method was employed to analyse data. The findings of my research point to both positive and negative experiences of students and lecturers, following the shift to online teaching and learning. Negative experiences highlight the need for support systems to be put in place in a digitally transformed educational milieu.

Students' research, interactivity, experiences, and exposure have increasingly become important indicators of quality in higher education, however these expectations declined during COVID-19 pandemic. While studies have been conducted on postgraduate students' experiences during their studies, there is lack of empirical evidence on their experiences during COVID-19 pandemic, specifically at open distance learning institutions (ODLs). To bridge this identified gap, qualitative exploratory research was conducted to explore the experiences of postgraduate students registered in master's and doctoral programmes at the Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, during the pandemic. Non-probability purposive sampling was used. Online interviews via Microsoft Teams were used for data collection. The interviews were recorded and the data obtained were analysed thematically. Findings revealed both positive and negative experiences. Anxiety, exhaustion and frustration due to sickness, death of family members, poor communication from the university, inadequate resources and poor internet access affected students' studies. Some participants reported lack of supervisory communication and support, while others applauded the continuous support of their supervisors and the university's improvement of its electronic communication linkages. Microsoft Teams was newly adopted. Working from home also gave them an opportunity to accelerate their studies. In conclusion based on the findings the researcher recommended that the university continue to improve academic support and address the mental health of students to prepare them to accept current and future unforeseen circumstances positively. Strengthening collaboration with national and international partners to enhance continuous online communication between the university and the students should also be considered.

Abstract This document focuses on urban dispersion and accessibility in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico and its influence on the university student population. This is achieved through the analysis of three groups of data: mobility surveys of the student community, school performance monitoring data provided by the University, and data from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) on the location of main transportation in the city. The research provides results on the geographical dispersion of students, their dependence on the public transportation system, and how this situation is related to accessibility and academic performance, particularly in the case of students with greater lag. Finally, the importance of implementing these studies in businesses and schools that will contribute to the development of transportation and urban planning policies that reduce social disparities and improve mobility in the urban environment is highlighted.

Resumen Este documento aborda la relación entre dispersión urbana y accesibilidad en la zona metropolitana del Valle de México, junto a su influencia en la población estudiantil universitaria. Esto se logra a partir del análisis de tres grupos de datos: encuestas de movilidad a la comunidad estudiantil; datos de seguimiento del desempeño escolar aportados por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; y datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) sobre la ubicación de los principales transportes de la ciudad. La investigación aporta resultados sobre la dispersión geográfica de los estudiantes, su dependencia al sistema de transporte público y sobre cómo esta situación se relaciona con la accesibilidad y el rendimiento académico, particularmente en el caso de los estudiantes con más rezago. Finalmente, se subraya la importancia de implementar estos estudios en empresas y escuelas que trabajen en la elaboración de políticas de transporte y planificación urbana para reducir las disparidades sociales y mejorar la movilidad en el entorno urbano.

Abstract The COVID 19 pandemic generated consequences for children, reflecting the social and psychological impact worldwide due to changes such as the absence of face-to-face classes and the transfer of education to homes. This not only represented a challenge for children, but also for families and educational institutions, who are in charge of the development of children's emotional regulation. This qualitative research based on grounded theory, aims to analyze the role of protective and risk factors related to the development of emotional regulation in children aged 4 and 5 years that were present during the context of remote education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. in 2020. For this, 5 interviews were conducted virtually with staff from an educational institution, as well as with 2 mothers of students who were in preschool in 2020, and a focus group with 5 mothers. In addition, an in-person activity was carried out with two groups of children, lasting approximately 40 minutes with each group, who were taught the story of the “Color Monster” to talk and identify emotions, as well as a space to paint and develop a dialogue, which allowed us to know their perspective of the pandemic, and the labeling of emotions they have. Protective and risk factors were also identified, such as listening to and discussing emotions, communication between family and school, support in the educational process, among others. It is concluded that, similar to international studies, this situation caused changes in daily routines, eating, sleeping, socialization with peers, and childhood emotions. For families it meant assuming a new role as educators for which they were not prepared. Both teachers and families highlighted the overload experienced. Protective and risk factors were identified such as listening to and discussing emotions, communication between family and school, support in the educational process, among others.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID 19 generó consecuencias en la niñez. La afectación a nivel social y psicológico se reflejó mundialmente debido a cambios como la ausencia de clases presenciales y el traslado de la educación a los hogares. Esto no solo significó un reto para la niñez, sino también para las familias y para las instituciones educativas a cargo del desarrollo de la regulación emocional de esta. Esta investigación, de corte cualitativo y abordada según la teoría fundamentada, analiza el papel de los factores protectores y riesgosos relacionados con el desarrollo de la regulación emocional en niñez de 4 y 5 años, que estuvo presente durante el contexto de la educación remota por motivo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en el año 2020. Para esto se realizaron 5 entrevistas virtuales con personal de una institución educativa, con 2 madres de estudiantes que estuvieron en preescolar en el año 2020, y con un grupo focal de 5 madres. Además, se realizó una actividad presencial de aproximadamente 40 minutos con dos grupos de estudiantes, a quienes se les enseñó el cuento “Monstruo de colores” para conversar e identificar emociones. Asimismo, se abrió un espacio para pintar y desarrollar un diálogo con el fin de conocer la perspectiva de la pandemia y el etiquetamiento de emociones que poseían. Se concluyó que, de manera similar a estudios internacionales, esta situación desencadenó cambios en rutinas cotidianas, alimentación, sueño, socialización con pares y cambios en las emociones de la niñez. A su vez, para las familias, supuso asumir un nuevo rol como personas educadoras para el cual no estaban preparadas. Se identificaron factores protectores y riesgosos como la escucha y el diálogo de las emociones, la comunicación entre familia y escuela, el apoyo en el proceso educativo, entre otros.

Resumen: Desde la COVID-19, la integración de herramientas y competencias digitales en la enseñanza superior ya es una realidad en todos los países. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción del profesorado (n = 88) y del alumnado (n = 487) de los Grados en Educación Infantil y Primaria y Máster de formación del profesorado de una universidad pública de Madrid acerca de la evolución de su competencia digital, en general, y de las diferentes áreas competenciales, tanto antes como durante la enseñanza remota de emergencia. Para ello, nos apoyamos en el conocido Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente del Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado (INTEF). Desde una metodología cuantitativa y un cuestionario ad hoc validado por expertos se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo, correlacional e inferencial de las variables. Los resultados evidencian en los dos perfiles la disposición de recursos digitales suficientes para enfrentarse a esta modalidad, un aumento significativo de la autopercepción de esta competencia, destacando mayor desarrollo en las áreas: Comunicación y Colaboración, Creación de contenidos digitales y Seguridad. También muestran descontento hacia la modalidad virtual por la excesiva carga de trabajo y la formación continua requerida. El estudio ayuda a replantear los planes de estudio del futuro docente y los planes de formación del profesorado universitario sobre la necesaria competencia digital en la actualidad.

Resumo: Desde a COVID-19, a integração de ferramentas e competências digitais no ensino superior tornou-se uma realidade em todos os países. O objetivo do estudo é analisar a perceção do pessoal docente (n = 88) e dos estudantes (n = 487) das Licenciaturas em Educação Infantil e Primária e do Mestrado em Formação de Professores de uma universidade pública de Madrid sobre a evolução da sua competência digital, em geral, e das diferentes áreas de competência, tanto antes como durante o ensino remoto de emergência. Para o efeito, utilizámos o conhecido Quadro Comum para a Competência Digital no Ensino do Instituto Nacional de Tecnologias Educativas e Formação de Professores (INTEF). Utilizando uma metodologia quantitativa e um questionário ad hoc validado por peritos, foi efetuada uma análise descritiva, correlacional e inferencial das variáveis. Os resultados mostram, em ambos os perfis, a disponibilidade de recursos digitais suficientes para enfrentar esta modalidade, um aumento significativo na autoperceção desta competência, destacando um maior desenvolvimento nas seguintes áreas: Comunicação e Colaboração, Criação de conteúdos digitais e Segurança. Mostram, também, insatisfação com a modalidade virtual devido à excessiva carga de trabalho e à formação contínua exigida. O estudo ajuda a repensar os currículos dos futuros professores e os planos de formação do pessoal docente universitário em termos da competência digital atualmente exigida.

Abstract: Since COVID-19, the integration of digital tools and skills in higher education is already a reality in all countries. The aim of this study is to analyse the perception of teachers (n = 88) and students (n = 487) - of the Degrees in Early Childhood and Primary Education and Master of teacher training of a public university in Madrid - on the evolution of their digital competence, in general, and of the different competence areas, both before and during the emergency remote teaching. For this purpose, we rely on the well-known Common Framework of Digital Competence in Teaching of the National Institute of Educational Technologies and Teacher Training (INTEF). Using a quantitative methodology and an ad hoc questionnaire validated by experts, a descriptive, correlational and inferential analysis of the variables was carried out. The results show in both profiles the availability of sufficient digital resources to face this modality, a significant increase in the self-perception of this competence, highlighting greater development in the following areas: Communication and Collaboration, Creation of digital content and Security. They also show dissatisfaction with the virtual modality due to the excessive workload and the continuous training required. This study helps to rethink the curricula of future teachers and the training plans of university faculty on the necessary digital competence today.

Resumen: La pandemia del Covid-19 trajo una serie de implicaciones para la sociedad, afectando directamente a la educación en la medida en que se paralizaron las actividades presenciales como forma de contener la transmisión del nuevo coronavirus. En este sentido, para paliar los problemas derivados de la paralización de las clases, se adoptó lo que, a pesar de algunas variaciones terminológicas, se denomina convencionalmente Enseñanza Remota (ER), en contraposición a la Educación a Distancia (EaD). En este ensayo, nuestro objetivo es evaluar las aparentes distinciones, problematizándolas. Para ello, retomamos debates y discusiones recientes, presentando algunas antítesis a ciertas tesis sostenidas hasta entonces. Concluimos que los esfuerzos encaminados a separar diametralmente las dos realidades son, en muchos sentidos, erróneos, pues no logran delimitar lo que sólo puede ser aprehendido a través de la materialización en un contexto histórico-social. Defendemos, desde este punto de vista, que la ER, si se quiere conservar su dimensión de emergencia, no es más que una configuración posible de todo lo que llamamos EaD, ya que comprende fundamentalmente la separación en el espacio y/o en el tiempo entre los sujetos, así como el uso de tecnologías que posibiliten la mediación pedagógica.

Resumo: A pandemia de Covid-19 trouxe uma série de implicações para a sociedade, incidindo diretamente sobre a educação na medida em que foram paralisadas as atividades presenciais como forma de conter a transmissão do novo coronavírus. Nesse sentido, visando mitigar os problemas decorrentes da paralisação das aulas, adotou-se aquilo que, apesar de algumas variações terminológicas, se convencionou chamar de Ensino Remoto (ER), opondo-o à Educação a Distância (EaD). Neste ensaio, temos como objetivo avaliar as aparentes distinções, problematizando-as. Para tanto, retomamos debates e discussões recentes, apresentando algumas antíteses para certas teses até então sustentadas. Concluímos que os esforços voltados a separar diametralmente as duas realidades são, em muitos sentidos, equivocados, porquanto não dão conta de balizar aquilo que só pode ser apreendido por meio da materialização num contexto histórico-social. Defendemos, sob esse prisma, que o ER, se se quer preservar sua dimensão emergencial, nada mais é do que uma configuração possível para tudo aquilo que chamamos de EaD, pois compreende, fundamentalmente, a separação no espaço e/ou no tempo entre os sujeitos, bem como o uso de tecnologias que viabilizam a mediação pedagógica.

Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic brought a series of implications for society, directly affecting education insofar as face-to-face activities were paralyzed as a way to contain the transmission of the new coronavirus. In this sense, in order to mitigate the problems arising from the stoppage of face-to-face classes, what, despite some terminological variations, is conventionally called Remote Teaching (RE) was adopted, opposing it to Distance Education (DE). In this essay, we aim to evaluate the apparent distinctions, problematizing them. To do so, we resume recent debates and discussions, presenting some antitheses to certain theses held until then. We conclude that the efforts aimed at diametrically separating the two realities are, in many senses, wrong, as they are not able to mark out what can only be apprehended through materialization in a historical-social context. We defend, from this point of view, that RE, if one wants to preserve its emergency dimension, is nothing more than a possible configuration for everything we call DE, since it fundamentally comprises the separation in space and/or time between the subjects, as well as the use of technologies that enable pedagogical mediation.

Abstract As a result of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, the incorporation of new technologies for face-to-face and distance learning was even more necessary. Technology represents a way to offer cutting-edge education responding to the needs of the current context. The main objective of this investigation, as a case study, is to analyzes the acquisition of learning by students of different courses at the Universidad Iberoamericana Torreón, México in relation to face-to-face and distance education after the health crisis. The research had a quantitative approach with correlational scope. The sampling was probabilistic by conglomerates and was made up of fifth semester students from 15 courses of the university. The results show that after the pandemic, in particularly context, in the face-to-face modality, the students perceive a better planning by the teachers, which has a consequence a better use of time and the possibility of carrying out diverse activities to strengthen the understanding topics; using digital tools and group work techniques as support. On the other hand, distance classes are described as not very useful and interesting with an excessive academic load. Although the face-to-face learning experience continues to be better evaluated, it is considered important to implement strategies to increase the academic quality of distance classes, as it is a modality that will be used in all universities in the near future, using new technologies and instructional design as support, as well as training programs for teachers and students.

Resumen Como resultado de la pandemia por SARS-CoV2, la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías para la impartición de clases en modalidad presencial y a distancia se hizo aún más necesaria. La tecnología representa una manera de ofrecer educación de vanguardia respondiendo a necesidades del contexto actual. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar, a través de un estudio de caso, la adquisición de aprendizajes por parte de estudiantes de diferentes licenciaturas de la Universidad Iberoamericana Torreón, en relación con la educación presencial y a distancia después de la crisis sanitaria. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance correlacional. El muestreo se planteó probabilístico por conglomerados y estuvo conformado por estudiantes de quinto semestre en delante de 15 licenciaturas. Los resultados muestran que después de la pandemia, en el contexto particular, la modalidad presencial es percibida por el estudiantado como mejor en la planeación por parte de los docentes, lo que tiene como consecuencia un mejor aprovechamiento del tiempo y la posibilidad de realizar actividades diversas para fortalecer la comprensión de las temáticas; utilizando como apoyo herramientas digitales y técnicas de trabajo grupal. Por el contrario, las clases a distancia son descritas como poco útiles e interesantes y con una carga académica excesiva. Aunque la experiencia de aprendizaje presencial sigue siendo mejor ponderada, se considera importante implementar estrategias que incrementen la calidad académica en las clases a distancia, al ser una modalidad que será utilizada en todas las universidades en un futuro cercano, utilizando como apoyo las nuevas tecnologías y un diseño instruccional adecuado, así como programas de capacitación a docentes y alumnos.

Resumo: O retorno às atividades presenciais acendeu o alerta para o sedentarismo que se desenvolveu durante o período de confinamento, devido à inclinação ao conforto de permanecer no ambiente familiar. O manuscrito examina o impacto que a pandemia de Covid-19 teve nas instituições educacionais do sul do Peru. Após uma breve introdução, exploramos o medo desenvolvido em relação à interação presencial por parte dos principais agentes impulsionadores do corpus educacional e do desenvolvimento específico da educação nos Andes. Como ramificação da construção teórica, há entre os estudantes uma saudade do passado invernal abalado pelas ondas vibratórias do morcego de Wuhan, pois com o retorno à presencialidade, seu conforto na Internet e usar como desculpa o fato de estar num ambiente virtual para não cuidar de certas responsabilidades acadêmicas e domésticas não será mais possível. No âmbito do ensino, retoma-se o combate frontal aos múltiplos problemas educacionais do país abandonado há dois longos anos; finalmente, para os pais, abre-se no túnel da preocupação, a luz da esperança de ver novamente os filhos com o sagrado uniforme escolar.

Resumen El retorno a la presencialidad ha hecho sonar las alarmas del sedentarismo construido durante el confinamiento debido a la tendencia por la comodidad de no salir del nido. Este ensayo delibera la derivación que ha tenido la pandemia del COVID-19 en las instancias educativas en el sur del Perú. Tras una breve introducción, se aborda el miedo al cara a cara de los principales actores que dinamizan el corpus educacional y el desarrollo específico de la educación en los Andes. Como ramificación del constructo teórico, existe en las personas estudiantes la añoranza hacia el pasado invernal sacudido por las ondas vibratorias del murciélago de Wuhan, porque, con el retorno a la presencialidad, sus comodidades en la red de internet y la excusa de estar en clases virtuales para no ocuparse de ciertas responsabilidades académicas y domésticas ya no serán posibles. En cuanto a la esfera magisterial, se reanuda el combate frontal hacia los múltiples problemas educativos en el país, abandonado por dos largos años; finalmente, para el estrato de progenitores, se aparece en el túnel de la preocupación, la luz de esperanza de ver a sus hijos(as) nuevamente con el sagrado uniforme escolar.

Abstract: The return to presentiality has raised the alarms of the sedentary lifestyle that was built during the confinement and the tendency to the convenience of not leaving the nest. The manuscript explores the repercussions that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on educational institutions in Southern Peru. After a brief introduction, it addresses the face-to-face fear felt by the main actors in the educational corpus, also addressing the specific development of education in the Andes. As a ramification of the theoretical construct, students long for the winter past shaken by the vibrational waves of the Wuhan bat, because with the return to face-to-face, their comforts in the Internet network and the excuse of being in virtual classes to avoid taking care of certain academic and domestic responsibilities, will no longer be possible. As for the teachers’ sphere, the frontal fight against the multiple educational problems in the country, abandoned for two long years, will be resumed. Finally, regarding the parents’ stratum, a light of hope to see their children again wearing the sacred school uniform is starting to shine in a tunnel of worry