Abstract Introduction: The River Tambo basin is one of the main hydrographic systems of the Peruvian western watershed, being a source of development for agriculture, agroindustry, livestock, and domestic use in the Tambo Valley and Arequipa City. Objective: To analyze the structure of macroinvertebrates in River Tambo, Perú and assess the water quality through this community. Methods: Five sampling events were conducted between December 2018 and November 2019 in 12 stations, using a Surber net (500 μm). Macroinvertebrates were identified at a family level. To assess community structure, richness, Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), and true diversity of order 1 were determined. A nMDS based on the Bray-Curtis index was used to evaluate dissimilarity. To check for differences in community structure, ANOSIM and two-way MANOVA were used. SIMPER was used to establish family contribution to sample similarity. Relations between physicochemical and biological variables were determined by CCA. ABI index was applied to assess ecological quality. Results: 32 families were recognized, being the most abundant: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae, and Elmidae. The middle and low zones of the basin showed the highest and lowest diversity respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the community structure indices among the 12 stations differed. There was a higher similarity among the 12 stations in December. ABI scores increased from the low to the middle part of the river, which showed the highest ecological quality. Conclusion: Macroinvertebrate communities from River Tambo reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments impacted by human activities show lower diversity and ecological quality, due to the structure, habitat, and water quality of the river being altered.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca del rio Tambo es uno de los principales sistemas hidrográficos de la vertiente occidental del Perú y fuente de desarrollo para la agricultura, agroindustria, ganadería y consumo doméstico en el valle de Tambo y la ciudad de Arequipa. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de macroinvertebrados en el río Tambo, Perú y evaluar la calidad del agua a través de esta comunidad. Métodos: Entre diciembre del 2018 y noviembre del 2019 se realizaron cinco muestreos en 12 estaciones, empleando una red Surber (500 μm). Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Se registró la riqueza, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou, y diversidad verdadera de orden 1, para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad. Para estimar la similitud, se utilizó nMDS (índice de Bray-Curtis). Para verificar si existen diferencias en la estructura comunitaria, se empleó MANOVA de dos vías y ANOSIM. Para establecer la contribución de las familias a la similitud entre muestras, se utilizó SIMPER. La relación entre variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas se determinó con ACC. Se aplicó el índice ABI para evaluar la calidad ecológica. Resultados: se reconocieron 32 familias, siendo las más abundantes: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae y Elmidae. La mayor y menor diversidad se presentó en la parte media y baja de la cuenca respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) de los índices de estructura comunitaria entre las 12 estaciones. Se evidenció mayor similitud entre las 12 estaciones en diciembre. Los puntajes del índice ABI se incrementan de la parte baja del río a la media, que se presentó la mejor calidad ecológica. Conclusión: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del río Tambo reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes con impacto por actividad humana registran menor diversidad y calidad ecológica, ya que se altera la estructura, hábitat y calidad de agua del río.

Abstract Environmental factors act at multiple spatial scales in a hierarchical manner to shape the organization of biota. However, the relative influence of different scale-related factors is poorly known, especially in Atlantic Forest Blackwater streams. Therefore, we herein aimed to evaluate local, landscape and spatial factors that shape fish assemblages in 14 blackwater restinga coastal Atlantic Forest streams under natural conditions and verify species occurrence patterns among four sub-basins during the low-precipitation season. When we combined local, landscape and spatial factors, variance partitioning explained a high proportion of variation in species matrix. Local variables pH and Total Dissolved Solids explained most of the variability, and these were the most important factors in determining fish community structure. Significant differences in fish assemblage structure among the four sub-basins were observed, and Mimagoniates microlepis, Phalloceros harpagos, and Hollandichthys multifasciatus were the species that most contributed to this dissimilarity. The important contribution of local predictors, the high number of endemic species herein recorded, the presence of an endangered species (Spintherobolus broccae), and near pristine conditions, may be used as baseline conditions for the assessment of similar environments. biota However scalerelated scale related known Therefore 1 subbasins sub basins lowprecipitation low precipitation season matrix variability observed microlepis harpagos dissimilarity predictors recorded Spintherobolus broccae, broccae , broccae) environments

Resumo Fatores ambientais atuam em múltiplas escalas espaciais de forma hierárquica, moldando a organização da biota. Todavia, as influências relativas de fatores relacionados a diferentes escalas são ainda pouco conhecidas, especialmente em riachos de águas pretas da Mata Atlântica. Investigamos como os fatores locais, da paisagem e espaciais, moldam as assembleias de peixes em 14 riachos costeiros de restinga de águas pretas da Mata Atlântica sob condições naturais, verificando os padrões de ocorrência de espécies em quatro sub-bacias durante a estação de baixa precipitação. A partição de variância explicou uma alta proporção de variação na matriz de espécies ao combinar fatores locais, de paisagem e espaciais. As variáveis locais pH e Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos explicaram a maior parte da variabilidade e foram os fatores mais importantes na estruturação da comunidade de peixes. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na estrutura da assembleia de peixes entre as quatro sub-bacias, sendo que Mimagoniates microlepis, Phalloceros harpagos e Hollandichthys multifasciatus foram as espécies que mais contribuíram para essa dissimilaridade. A importante contribuição dos preditores locais, o alto número de espécies endêmicas e a presença de uma espécie ameaçada (Spintherobolus broccae) indicam condições próximas das pristinas dos riachos, podendo estes ser usados como referência para a avaliação de ambientes semelhantes. hierárquica biota Todavia conhecidas 1 naturais subbacias sub bacias precipitação subbacias, bacias, microlepis dissimilaridade Spintherobolus broccae semelhantes

Abstract The southeast of Mexico has undergone a great landscape transformation, partly due to the presence of forest harvesting systems. We describe bird communities in eucalyptus and rubber tree monocultures in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, and evaluate the structural influence of these monocultures on bird communities. We sampled 118 bird count points (with 6 replicates) and established vegetation plots for assessment. Across the 708 survey points, 4,699 individuals of 148 bird species were observed. The highest richness and abundance of birds were found in eucalyptus. The ANOSIM showed significant differences between rubber tree and eucalyptus sites. SIMPER analysis indicated that Psilorhinus morio and Eupsittula nana contributed the highest percentages of dissimilarity. The vegetation structure differed statistically between sites, particularly regarding tree variables within plantations compared to their surrounding matrices. Generalized linear models (GLM) indicated that bird diversity is influenced by understory structure and plantation type. In Huimanguillo, eucalyptus monocultures support a richer bird community than the rubber tree one. The eucalyptus seems to play a vital role as a winter habitat for migratory birds in this region. The presence of understory in agroforestry systems is an essential element for birds in landscapes dominated by anthropic activities.

Resumen El sureste de México ha sufrido una gran transformación del paisaje, en parte por la presencia de sistemas de aprovechamiento forestal. Describimos comunidades de avifauna en monocultivos de eucalipto y hule en Huimanguillo, Tabasco, y evaluamos la influencia estructural de estos monocultivos en las aves. Se establecieron 118 puntos de conteo de aves (6 réplicas) y parcelas para evaluar la vegetación. En los 708 puntos se observaron 4,699 individuos de 148 especies de aves; la mayor riqueza y abundancia se presentó en eucalipto. El Anosim mostró diferencias significativas entre hule y eucalipto. El Simper indicó que Psilorhinus morio y Eupsittula nana aportaron mayores porcentajes de disimilitud. La estructura de vegetación difirió estadísticamente entre sitios, particularmente las variables arbóreas en plantaciones con respecto a sus matrices circundantes. Los modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) indicaron que la estructura de sotobosque y el tipo de plantación influyen sobre la diversidad de aves. Los monocultivos de eucalipto en Huimanguillo sustentan una comunidad de aves más rica que la del hule. El eucalipto parece formar parte fundamental del hábitat invernal para aves migratorias en esta región. El sotobosque en sistemas agroforestales es un elemento esencial para las aves en paisajes dominados por actividades antrópicas.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dissimilaridade genética entre cultivares e genótipos de soja para a seleção de genitores, bem como propor um novo método para a utilização de mapas auto-organizáveis de Kohonen (SOMs) e testar sua eficiência por meio da análise discriminante de Anderson. Foram avaliados os descritores morfoagronômicos de cultivares e genótipos de soja. Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se redes neurais artificiais do tipo SOM. O método proposto permitiu a determinação da melhor arquitetura de rede de forma não subjetiva. Além disso, no início do treinamento, foi possível mitigar o efeito da aleatoriedade dos pesos sinápticos sobre os grupos formados. Foram formados seis grupos dissimilares; portanto, há dissimilaridade genética entre cultivares e genótipos de soja. As cultivares C25, C8 e C13 podem ser combinadas com as C36, C31, C32 e C33, por apresentarem bons atributos de produtividade e alta dissimilaridade. A metodologia proposta é vantajosa em comparação ao uso de SOMs tradicionais e se mostrou eficiente devido à consistência dos agrupamentos de acordo com a análise discriminante de Anderson.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic dissimilarity between soybean cultivars and genotypes for the selection of parents, as well as to propose a new method for using Kohonen’s self-organizing maps (SOMs) and to test its efficiency through Anderson’s discriminant analysis. The morphoagronomic descriptors of soybean cultivars and genotypes were evaluated. For data analysis, SOM-type artificial neural networks were used. The proposed method allowed the determination of the best network architecture in a nonsubjective way. Furthermore, at the beginning of training, it was possible to mitigate the randomness effect of the synaptic weights on the formed clusters. Six dissimilar clusters were formed; therefore, there is genetic dissimilarity between soybean cultivars and genotypes. Cultivars C25, C8, and C13 can be combined with C36, C31, C32, and C33 because they show good yield-related attributes and high dissimilarity. The proposed methodology is advantageous in comparison with the use of traditional SOMs, besides being efficient due to clustering consistency according to Anderson’s discriminant analysis.

RESUMO A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) é uma cultura importante devido à produção de açúcar, etanol e bioenergia. Seu cultivo ocorre em regiões tropicais, sendo muitas vezes exposta a alta salinidade. O objetivo foi identificar cultivares tolerantes à salinidade para permitir o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) em solos salinos. Para testar a hipótese de que a cana-de-açúcar apresenta variação genotípica natural para tolerância à salinidade, testamos dez cultivares (SP80-3280, RB855453 RB966928, RB855156, SP80-1842, SP80-1816, RB928064, RB867515, RB92579, RB855536) e duas espécies de cana-de-açúcar: IM76-228 (S. robustum) e IN84-82 (S. spontaneum) sob duas concentrações de sódio: controle [concentração encontrada naturalmente no solo utilizado: condutividade elétrica de 0,083 dS m-1] e solo enriquecido com NaCl: CE de 7,2 dS m-1. Características de biometria e fotossíntese foram avaliadas. As plantas foram coletadas, separadas em folha (MSF), caule (MSC), raiz para determinação da matéria seca total da planta e assim estimar o índice de tolerância (IT). Uma análise de cluster foi feita para identificar a dissimilaridade fenotípica. Três grupos distintos em relação à tolerância à salinidade com base na biomassa foram formados. As cultivares RB855156, SP80-1842, SP80-1816 e espécies IM76-228 não apresentaram redução em MSF e MSC. No entanto, as cultivares SP80-3280, RB928064, RB92579 e as espécies IN84-82 foram prejudicadas pela salinidade. O genótipo SP80-1816 apresentou o maior acúmulo de biomassa e o maior IT. Portanto, encontramos uma grande variação genotípica quanto à tolerância à salinidade em cana-de-açúcar, que pode ser explorada pelos produtores para cultivo em solos salinos. Também podem ser utilizadas pelos Programas de Melhoramento da Cana-de-Açúcar para melhorar a tolerância à salinidade.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important crop due to sugar, ethanol and bioenergy production. Its cultivation may occur in tropical regions exposed to high salinity. The aim was to identify cultivars tolerant to salinity to allow the cultivation of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in saline soils. To test the hypothesis that sugarcane show natural genotypic variation to salinity tolerance, we tested ten cultivars (SP80-3280, RB855453 RB966928, RB855156, SP80-1842, SP80-1816, RB928064, RB867515, RB92579, RB855536) and two sugarcane species: IM76-228 (S. robustum) and IN84-82 (S. spontaneum) under two concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl): control (concentration found naturally in the soil used: electrical conductivity of 0.083 dS m-1) and soil enriched with NaCl: EC of 7.2 dS m-1. Biometry and photosynthesis traits were evaluated. The plants were collected and leaf (LDM), stem (SDM), root and total dry matter were used to estimate the tolerance index (TI). A cluster analysis was done to identify phenotypic dissimilarity. Three distinct groups regarding salinity tolerance on biomass-basis were formed. The cultivars RB855156, SP80-1842, SP80-1816 and species IM76-228 showed no reduction in LDM and SDM. Nonetheless, the cultivars SP80-3280, RB928064, RB92579 and species IN84-82 were impaired by salinity. The cultivar SP80-1816 showed the highest biomass accumulation and the highest TI. Therefore, we found a great genotypic variation regarding salinity tolerance in sugarcane, which can be explored by growers to cultivate in saline soils. Also can be used by the Sugarcane Breeding Programs to improve the salinity tolerance.

Abstract Patterns of beta diversity of plankton communities in rivers have been mainly determined by hydrological factors that alter the dispersion and composition of species and traits. Rotifers in the Guamá River (eastern Amazonian River) were sampled (monthly between October 2017 and June 2019) to analyze the temporal variation of taxonomic and functional beta diversity and its partitions (turnover and nestedness) as well as the effects of temporal, environmental, and seasonal dissimilarities. Taxonomic turnover and functional nestedness over time were observed as well as functional homogenization, which was arguably due to the hypereutrophic condition of the river. There were no seasonal differences in taxonomic and functional beta diversity probably due the low environmental dissimilarity. This study demonstrated that this Guamá River stretch presented low environmental dissimilarity and hypereutrophic waters, which benefited the establishment of a community of species with high taxonomic turnover over time, but with low functional dissimilarity and loss of some functions related to the functional traits evaluated in the ecosystem. It is important to point out that temporal studies should evaluate both taxonomic and functional aspects of communities, mainly because the effect of environmental changes may be more noticeable at the functional level of communities.

ABSTRACT Agrobiodiversity is the basis of food and nutritional security, its study is of vital importance. The objective of the work was to determine the composition, diversity and distribution of the plants destined for food in suburban farms of Santiago de Cuba. Once the farms were selected, the species were classified and floristic lists were drawn up. The botanical composition was evaluated, as well as indicators of alpha and beta diversity. For the analysis of the distribution, the main ranges were identified in relation to Cuba. The composition was stable between periods, showing a slight decrease in the total of genera and species. Vegetables (32.56%), condiments (16.28%), roots and tubers (16.28%) were the most represented groups. Alpha diversity increased with the arrival of rain in 70% of the systems studied where scarce species prevailed within the samples. Beta diversity showed low similarity between the comparisons made and more than 43% of them showed dissimilarity. This group of plants on farms is represented mainly by species that are widely cultivated in Cuba, however, several of the identified ranges of distribution include species with invasive potential.

RESUMEN La agrobiodiversidad es la base de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, su estudio es de vital importancia. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición, diversidad y distribución de las plantas destinadas para la alimentación en fincas suburbanas de Santiago de Cuba. Seleccionadas las fincas, se clasificaron las especies y se elaboraron listados florísticos. Se evaluó la composición botánica, así como, indicadores de diversidad alfa y beta. Para el análisis de la distribución se identificaron los principales rangos en relación con Cuba. La composición fue estable entre períodos, manifestando una ligera disminución en el total de géneros y especies. Las hortalizas (32,56 %), las condimentosas (16,28 %), las raíces y los tubérculos (16,28 %) fueron los grupos más representados. La diversidad alfa aumentó con la llegada de la lluvia en el 70 % de los sistemas estudiados donde predominaron las especies escasas dentro de las muestras. La diversidad beta evidenció baja similitud entre las comparaciones realizadas y más del 43 % de ellas mostraron disimilitud. Este grupo de plantas en las fincas está representado mayormente por especies que son cultivadas ampliamente en Cuba, sin embargo, varios de los rangos de distribución identificados incluyen especies con potencial invasivo.

Resumen Objetivos: Analizar la diversidad genética de cultivares de Musa acuminata Colla y Musa balbisiana Colla (Musaceae), cultivados en el departamento de Caldas. Alcance: Caracterización de la variabilidad genética, a nivel molecular y morfológico de cultivares de M. acuminata y M. balbisiana, encontrados en fincas de agricultores de Caldas, utilizando descriptores morfológicos y microsatélites fluorescentes. Metodología: Las evaluaciones fenotípicas comprendieron la evaluación de 57 caracteres morfológicos según los descriptores propuestos por el IPGRI para el género Musa, mientras la genotipificación comprendió el uso de nueve marcadores microsatélites fluorescentes (SSR) para la identificación correcta de los alelos amplificados. El análisis de clúster fue llevado a cabo independientemente para ambas caracterizaciones, morfológica y molecular, bajo Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y métodos de probabilidad posterior (Bootstrapping) respectivamente. Resultados principales: Con los descriptores morfológicos se identificaron correlaciones directas e inversamente significativas, y se destacaron descriptores como tamaño de bellota masculina, diámetro del pedúnculo, número de frutos, altura de pseudotallo y longitud del fruto, para lo cual contribuyeron considerablemente a la variabilidad entre cultivares de plátano y banano permitiendo la discriminación de tres grupos principales en el análisis de clúster; desde la perspectiva molecular un total de 72 alelos polimórficos fueron obtenidos con una diversidad genética promedio de 0.79, Contenido de Información Polimórfica (PIC) de 0.77 y heterocigocidad de 0.48, mostrando un grado moderado de diferenciación genética (FST = 0.061) entre especies generando tres sub-grupos principales basados en su disimilaridad genética. Conclusiones: La identificación de ciertos rasgos morfológicos demostraron ser adecuados para la discriminación de los cultivares del género Musa evaluados en el presente estudio. Por otra parte, la caracterización molecular permitió establecer las relaciones genéticas dentro de los grupos, adicionalmente los SSRs evaluados presentaron alta precisión e información, siendo apropiados para su uso en caracterizaciones de variedades y cultivares del género Musa.

Abstract Objectives: The overall goal was to analyze genetic diversity in cultivars of Musa acuminata (Colla) and M. balbisiana (Colla), commonly grown in farms from Caldas department. Scope: Characterization of the genetic variability, at the molecular and morphological level of cultivars of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, found in farms from Caldas farmers using morphological descriptors and fluorescent microsatellites. Methodology: Phenotyping evaluations comprised 57 morphological characters following the descriptors proposed by IPGRI for the Musa genus, and for genotyping evaluations, nine fluorescent microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) were used to allow the precise identification of alleles. Additionally, cluster analyses were carried out independently for both morphological and genotypic characterizations under Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Bootstrapping methods respectively. Main results: Positive and negative highly significant correlations were found for the morphological descriptors, where traits such as presence/ absence of male bud was the rule, as well as the diameter and perimeter of this trait, plus the diameter and perimeter of the peduncle, number of fruits, pseudostem height and fruit length contributed considerably to the variability among the cultivars allowing the discrimination of three main groups in the cluster analyzes. From the molecular perspective a total of 72 polymorphic alleles were obtained, with an average genetic diversity of 0,79, polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0,77 and heterozygosity of 0,48, showed a moderate degree of genetic differentiation (FST = 0,061) among Musa cultivars, generating three main sub-clusters based on their genetic dissimilarity. Conclusions: The identification of certain morphological traits showed to be suitable for the discrimination of Musa cultivars evaluated here. On the other hand, molecular characterization allowed to establish the genetic relationships among groups, also fluorescent SSR were highly informative and accurate, in such a way that can be considered suitable for characterizations in Musa varieties.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a emergência, o crescimento, o acúmulo de biomassa e a tolerância de genótipos de amendoim sob estresse salino. O experimento foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido (casa de vegetação), avaliando seis genótipos de amendoim (Tatuí, L7151, Caiapó, IAC8112, IAC881 e Havana) submetidos a dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,5 (controle) e 3,5 dS m-1), arranjados em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizado, com cinco repetições, com duas plantas por parcela. As plantas foram cultivadas durante 30 dias após a semeadura, em lisímetros com capacidade para 0,5 dm3, preenchidos com uma mistura de solo não salino e não sódico, com substrato comercial na proporção de 1:1 base em volume. Durante esse período as plantas foram avaliadas quanto à emergência, crescimento, acúmulo de biomassa e tolerância à salinidade e dissimilaridade. Os genótipos Tatuí e L7151 são os mais sensíveis ao estresse salino na fase de emergência. A irrigação com água de alta salinidade reduziu o crescimento, o acúmulo de biomassa dos genótipos de amendoim, sendo os genótipos Caiapó e IAC8112 os menos afetados. A classificação de tolerância à salinidade teve a seguinte sequência: Caiapó > IAC8112 > Havana > Tatuí > IAC881 > L7151.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the emergence, growth, biomass accumulation and tolerance of peanut genotypes under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment (greenhouse), evaluating six peanut genotypes (Tatuí, L7151, Caiapó, IAC8112, IAC881 and Havana), which were subjected to two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5 [control] and 3.5 dS m-1), arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design, with five repetitions, with two plants per plot. Plants were cultivated for 30 days after sowing in lysimeters with capacity for 0.5 dm3, filled with a mixture of non-saline, non-sodic soil and commercial substrate in 1:1 proportion on volume basis. During this period, plants were evaluated for emergence, growth, biomass accumulation, tolerance to salinity and dissimilarity. The genotypes Tatuí and L7151 are the most sensitive to salt stress in the emergence stage. Irrigation with high-salinity water reduced the growth and biomass accumulation of the peanut genotypes, and Caiapó and IAC8112 were the least affected. The classification of salinity tolerance had the following sequence: Caiapó > IAC8112 > Havana > Tatuí > IAC881 > L7151.

ABSTRACT Fungi are ubiquitous components of soil microbial communities, generally comprise the largest proportion of soil biomass. They can occur as filamentous forms or unicellular yeasts, in both, as free-living or symbionts. Next generation sequencing has allowed greater depth of the access to soil fungal diversity complementing culture-dependent results. In Brazil, the state of Minas Gerais is recognized for its mining activity, which modifies the vegetation cover and consequently the soil microbial communities. To describe the fungal community (total fungi and yeast) in a post-mining area, comparing natural and modified ecosystems, we used environmental metabarcoding of ITS2 region. We assessed four ecosystems, with different vegetation and levels of impact, ranging from none to high impact (Atlantic forest, Iron outcrops, Eucalyptus, and Grass). Sequence data were compared with culture data obtained from previous studies. The fungal communities (total fungi and yeast) were more similar between Eucalyptus and Atlantic Forest, while Grass and Iron outcrops ecosystems showed greater dissimilarity. Despite its modified state, Grass ecosystem presented the highest alpha diversity values. Yeasts represented a proportion of fungal communities ranging from 1.7 to 17 % of fungal sequences in soil. The Ascomycota:Basidiomycota ratio was higher for the total fungi analysis, while a greater proportion of Basidiomycota was observed with the yeast analysis. Grass ecosystem was the only exception, where a higher proportion of ascomycetous yeasts was detected. The yeast communities responded to the environmental stress caused by the mining activity, resulting in changes in the composition, mainly increasing the abundance of black yeasts. Saitozyma podzolica relative abundance obtained with ITS sequencing was coherent with the findings obtained with culture data. Despite greater diversity depth obtained by metabarcoding, sequence and culture data were complementary tools in describing the fungal soil community. This study contributes significantly to the inventory of yeast species in tropical and subtropical soils.

RESUMO Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Apocynaceae) é uma espécie arbórea com elevado potencial ecológico e econômico, por isso, evidencia-se a necessidade de seleção de árvores para a produção de sementes de alta qualidade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi selecionar matrizes de A. pyrifolium com base nos descritores morfométricos de frutos e de sementes e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes provenientes de uma população natural. Para isso, onze árvores de A. pyrifolium foram selecionadas, cujos frutos e sementes foram submetidos à análise biométrica, bem como realizada a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os caracteres morfométricos de frutos e de sementes, e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes evidenciaram diferenças e variações entre as sementes oriundas das diferentes árvores de A. pyrifolium, tornando possível agrupá-las conforme o grau de similaridade. Assim, foram selecionadas sete árvores como matrizes produtoras de sementes baseado na qualidade fisiológica superior e na maior dissimilaridade genética.

ABSTRACT Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Apocynaceae) is a tree species with high ecological and economic potential. Therefore, the need to select trees for producing high-quality seeds is evident. In this sense, the objective of this study was to select A. pyrifolium matrices based on the morphometric descriptors of fruits and seeds and the physiological quality of seeds from a natural population. For this, 11 A. pyrifolium trees were selected, and their fruits and seeds were submitted to biometric analysis; in addition, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated. The morphometric characteristics of fruits and seeds and the physiological quality of the seeds evidenced differences and variations among the seeds of the different A. pyrifolium trees, making it possible to group them according to the similarity degree. Thus, seven trees were selected as seed matrices based on superior physiological quality and genetic dissimilarity.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a divergência genética entre genótipos de berinjela para caracteres agronômicos, visando gerar informações para a escolha de genótipos em programas de melhoramento genético para tolerância a altas temperaturas. Foram analisados dez caracteres recomendados pelo International Board for Plant Genetic Resources em 24 genótipos, dispostos no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (P<0,01) e posteriormente aos métodos de agrupamento de UPGMA e Tocher, utilizando-se a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) como medida de dissimilaridade. Obtiveram-se três e seis grupos de similaridade, respectivamente, para as técnicas multivariadas utilizadas, UPGMA e Tocher, havendo concordância no agrupamento de 87,50% dos genótipos. Comprimento do fruto (34,71%), largura do fruto (35,96%) e a relação comprimento/largura do fruto (14,08%) foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética, explicando 90,72% da dissimilaridade genética total. Os genótipos apresentaram considerável variabilidade genética para todos os caracteres agronômicos analisados e podem ser utilizados nos programas de melhoramento genético de berinjela para altas temperaturas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence among eggplant genotypes for agronomic traits in order to gather information for the selection of genotypes in eggplant breeding programs for tolerance to high temperatures. Ten traits recommended by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources were analyzed in 24 genotypes, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (P<0.01) and later to the UPGMA and Tocher grouping methods, using the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2) as dissimilarity measure. Three and six groups of similarity were obtained, respectively, for the multivariate techniques used, UPGMA and Tocher, with concordance in the grouping of 87.50% of the genotypes. The characters fruit length (34.71%), fruit width (35.96%) and fruit length/width ratio (14.08%) were the main contributors to genetic divergence, explaining 90.72% of total genetic dissimilarity. The genotypes presented considerable genetic variability for all agronomic traits analyzed and can be used in eggplant genetic breeding programs for high temperatures.

ABSTRACT The identification of productive plants with fruits of desirable characteristics contributes to the optimization of commercial crops of red mombin fruits. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity among the provenance of red mombin of two municipalities of the state of Goiás. The fruits were harvested at ripening stage 3 and transported to the laboratory. The treatments were composed of fruits harvested from three plants, being ten repetitions and five fruits per experimental plot, totaling fifty fruits per provenance. Considering each repetition as an individual, 15 individuals were evaluated for length, diameter, weight, color attributes of the pericarp and pulp, soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the pulp, ratio of soluble solids content and acidity, and vitamin C content of the pulp. The results were subjected to descriptive analysis. A multivariate analysis was performed estimating the mean Euclidean distance obtained from the provenances, based on the attributes of the fruits analyzed. The measure of similarity and grouping of the provenances were done through the Tocher optimization algorithm and UPGMA dendrogram. The variables contributed similarly to dissimilarity. The Tocher method grouped the individuals into four groups, while in the UPGMA dendrogram, seven groups were formed.

Avaliou-se germoplasma de melancia oriundo da agricultura tradicional do semiárido de Pernambuco, quanto à qualidade nutricional, em sistema agroecológico de produção para identificar genótipos promissores para programa de pré-melhoramento da espécie no Vale do Submédio São Francisco. Foram utilizados 23 acessos de melancia do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (BGH/UNIVASF) e quatro cultivares comerciais no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O manejo adotado foi com base em técnicas agroecológicas. Colheu-se o fruto mais desenvolvido de cada planta e deles foram obtidas subamostras da polpa para compor a amostra composta, empregada na análise de qualidade. Avaliou-se o teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, vitamina C, licopeno e a relação teor de sólidos solúveis/acidez total titulável. Observou-se uniformidade para o teor de vitamina C. Contudo, houve variabilidade para sólidos solúveis, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez total titulável e licopeno. Os acessos BGH/UNIVASF 67 e 121 são promissores por apresentarem boa qualidade de fruto e ampla dissimilaridade genética. Para maximizar as chances de ganhos genéticos pode-se cruzar a cultivar comercial Pérola ou “Sugar Baby” com acessos que também apresentaram boas médias e divergência genética, como o BGH/UNIVASF 67, 91 e 121.

We evaluated watermelon germplasm from traditional agriculture on the nutritional quality of fruits in an agroecological system of production for to identify promising genotypes for a pre-breeding program of the species in the Submiddle of the San Francisco Valley. We used 23 watermelon accessions of the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Valley of the San Francisco (BGH/UNIVASF) and four commercial cultivars were used in a randomized block design, with three replicates. The management was based on agroecological techniques. We harvested the most developed fruit of each plant and from them we took samples of the pulp to form composite samples for quality assessment. We evaluated the content of soluble solids, total titratable acidity, vitamin C, lycopene and total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio. Uniformity was observed for vitamin C content. However, there was variability for soluble solids, soluble solids/titratable total acidity ratio and lycopene. The accessions BGH/UNIVASF 67 and 121 are promising because they have good fruit quality and large genetic dissimilarity. In order to maximize the chances of genetic gains we cancross the commercial cultivar “Perola” or Sugar Baby with accessions that presented good means and genetic divergence, such as BGH/UNIVASF 67, 91 and 121.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar linhagens e híbridos de pimenta (Capsicum chinense e C. annuum) afim de obter informações sobre o desempenho agronômico, heterose, heterobeltiose, correlações fenotípicas e dissimilaridade genética. Foram avaliadas as linhagens PIM-030, BGH-433, BGH-4285, Numex Sweet, Numex Garnet e os híbridos simples Numex Sweet x PIM-030, Numex Garnet x PIM-030 e BGH-4285 x BGH-433. O experimento foi conduzido com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, em casa de vegetação, no campus JK da UFVJM. Foram avaliadas 22 características morfoagronômicas. No híbrido BGH-4285 x BGH-433 foi observado maior heterose e heterobeltiose para produtividade total de frutos e produtividade de massa seca total de frutos, sendo interessante aos futuros programas de melhoramento. Observa-se que plantas de maior porte tendem a ser mais produtivas com maiores massas fresca dos frutos e frutos com pericarpo mais espesso, frutos maiores com maiores pedicelos e com sementes mais densas, sendo importante para a produção de páprica. As linhagens BGH-433, BGH-4285 e PIM-030 são as mais recomendadas para uso em programas de melhoramento.

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to evaluate pepper lines and hybrids (Capsicum chinense and C. annuum) in order to obtain information on agronomic performance, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, phenotypic correlations and genetic dissimilarity. We evaluated lines PIM-030, BGH-433, BGH-4285, Numex Sweet, Numex Garnet and simple hybrids Numex Sweet x PIM-030, Numex Garnet x PIM-030 and BGH-4285 x BGH-433. The research was conducted with eight treatments and four replications in a greenhouse, at campus JK of UFVJM. Twenty two agronomic traits were evaluated. The hybrid BGH-4285 x BGH-433 presents higher heterosis and heterobeltiosis for total fruit productivity and productivity of total fruit dry mass, information of great value for future breeding studies. The authors noticed that larger plants tend to be more productive and present higher fruit fresh mass and also fruits with thicker pericarp, as well as larger fruits having longer pedicels with denser seeds, important for production of paprika. Lines BGH-433, BGH-4285 and PIM-030 are the most recommended to be used in breeding programs.