Resumo: Objetivo Neste estudo, nós investigamos a resposta da composição, diversidade e abundância de microcrustáceos (Cladocera e Copepoda) à origem do lago (natural e artificial) e ao estado trófico (mesotrófico e eutrófico, com eutrofização natural e eutrofização artificial). Testamos as seguintes hipóteses: (I) o aumento na abundância de certas espécies de microcrustáceos pode indicar um aumento no nível trófico; (II) a riqueza e a abundância variam entre os lagos e são maiores no lago com eutrofização natural; e (III) a abundância de microcrustáceos está associada à alta produtividade primária, sendo maior no ambiente eutrófico com eutrofização artificial. Métodos O estudo foi realizado em um segmento da bacia do rio Paranapanema, no sudeste do Brasil, com foco em cinco lagos em um trecho de oito quilômetros, para entender as respostas dos diferentes organismos em condições distintas de ambientes aquáticos. A amostragem foi realizada bimestralmente ao longo de um ano. Resultados Uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) separou três tipos de lagos: eutróficos (naturais e artificiais) a mesotróficos. Adicionalmente, 25 táxons foram encontrados. A análise SIMPER filtrou seis espécies com mais de 70% de contribuição de dissimilaridade. Cinco espécies apresentaram diferenças entre os lagos, uma espécie correlacionada com variáveis naturais, como profundidade. A análise de redundância associou a abundância de Bosminopsis deitersi com lagos eutróficos artificiais e com as variáveis condutividade elétrica, fósforo, nitrogênio, clorofila-a e dureza. Altas abundâncias de B. deitersi indicaram eutrofização artificial especialmente em lagos artificiais, enquanto lagos naturais com eutrofização natural não foram ambientes favoráveis para o aumento da abundância de B. deitersi. Conclusões Este estudo destaca os lagos de meandros neotropicais, enfatizando a importância da caracterização físico-química, da amostragem temporal detalhada e da classificação dos lagos por origem e nível trófico.

Abstract: Aim In this study, we investigated the response of microcrustaceans composition, diversity and abundance (Cladocera and Copepoda) to the lake’s origin (natural and man-made) and trophic state (mesotrophic and eutrophic, with natural eutrophication and artificial eutrophication). We tested the following hypotheses: (I) the increase in the abundance of certain microcrustacean species may indicate a rise in the trophic level; (II) the richness and abundance vary amongst lakes and are higher in the lake with natural eutrophication; and (III) the microcrustaceans abundance is associate with high primary productivity, being higher in the eutrophic environment with artificial eutrophication. Methods The study was conducted in a segment of the Paranapanema River basin, in southeastern Brazil, focusing on five lakes spanning an eight-kilometer stretch, to understand the different organisms' responses to distinct conditions of aquatic environments. Sampling was carried out bimonthly over the course of a year. Results A principal component analysis (PCA) separated three types of lakes: eutrophic (natural and man-made) to mesotrophic. Additionally, 25 taxa were found. SIMPER analysis filtered six species with more than 70% dissimilarity contribution. Five species exhibited differences amongst the lakes, one species correlated with natural variables as depth. The redundancy analysis associated the Bosminopsis deitersi abundance with man-made eutrophic lakes and with the variables electrical conductivity, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, and hardness. High abundances of B. deitersi indicated artificial eutrophication especially in man-made lakes, while natural lakes with natural eutrophication were not favorable environments for the increase of B. deitersi abundance. Conclusions This study highlights the neotropical oxbow lakes, emphasizing the significance of physicochemical characterization, detailed temporal sampling, and lake classification by origin and trophic level.

RESUMO Vários estudos etnobotânicos destacaram a importância da ameixa amarela como espécie vegetal útil no Nordeste brasileiro. Para domesticar e incorporar uma espécie nativa em sistemas produtivos é necessário obter informações sobre seu desenvolvimento e variação genética. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade genética de indivíduos de X. americana, acessada por marcadores moleculares amplificados ao acaso (RAPD). Foram utilizados 26 genótipos de X. americana, coletados na reserva particular Fazenda Canto das Emas, na cidade de Caturité, estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Por meio da técnica RAPD, foi possível avaliar as diferenças genéticas entre genótipos nativos em uma população de ameixa silvestre. Baseado no coeficiente de dissimilaridade de Sokas e Rohlf, foi possível formar quatro grupos distintos pelo método UPGMA. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética foi de 0,83, revelando variabilidade na consistência do padrão de agrupamento. Os genótipos de X. americana apresentam diversidade genética detectada por marcadores RAPD, que têm se mostrado eficientes na caracterização de indivíduos. Os genótipos 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, e 25 são os mais divergentes e devem ser utilizados em estratégias de conservação e programas de melhoramento. brasileiro X RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) 2 Emas Caturité Paraíba Brasil silvestre Rohlf UPGMA 083 0 83 0,83 agrupamento 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 melhoramento (RAPD 08 0,8 1 0,

ABSTRACT Several ethnobotanical studies highlighted the importance of yellow plum as a useful plant species in the Brazilian Northeast region. In order to domesticate and incorporate a native species in production systems it is necessary to obtain information on its development and genetic variation. This work aimed to analyze the genetic variability of individuals of X. americana, accessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers. 26 genotypes of X. americana, randomly collected at the private reserve Campo das Emas Farm located in the Caturité City, Paraíba State, Brazil, were used in the study. Through the RAPD technique it was possible to assess the genetic variations among native genotypes within a wild plum population. Based on Sokal and Rohlf dissimilarity coefficient it was possible to form four distinct groups using the UPGMA method. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient was 0.83, revealing variability in the consistency of the cluster pattern. The genotypes of X. americana have genetic diversity detected by RAPD markers, which have shown to be efficient in characterizing individuals. Genotypes 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, and 25 are the most divergent and should be used in conservation strategies and breeding programs. region variation X (RAPD markers 2 City State Brazil study population method 083 0 83 0.83 pattern 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 programs 08 0.8 1 0.

RESUMO As pimenteiras ornamentais apresentam variabilidade genética que pode ser acessada por meio de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A seleção de genótipos para formação de população base para o melhoramento pode ser realizada por meio de análise conjunta de vários tipos de dados, proporcionando maior precisão na seleção. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade entre acessos de pimenta com base na análise de características fenotípicas e marcadores moleculares e selecionar os melhores para serem utilizados como parentais em programas de melhoramento. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizados 16 genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, e caracterizados quanto a oito caracteres quantitativos, nove qualitativos e 18 pares de iniciadores microssatélites. As análises simultâneas das variáveis foram realizadas usando o método de agrupamento de Tocher, agrupamento do algoritmo de Ward e a matriz de dissimilaridades. Os métodos de agrupamentos foram eficientes na separação dos genótipos, identificando variabilidade genética e precisão na seleção por meio da análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Diferentes grupos foram formados entre os genótipos pelo método de Tocher (seis grupos) e pelo método de Ward (três grupos). Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, considerando análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Características qualitativas são importantes na identificação de divergência genética entre acessos de pimenteira ornamental. Os genótipos UFPB 46, 134, 137, 443 e 449, o mini pimentão Akamu e a cultivar Calypso são indicados para seleção, podem ser utilizados para realizar cruzamentos e dar continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. perspectiva Paraíba Brasil 1 quantitativos microssatélites dissimilaridades seis três grupos. . ornamental 46 134 137 44 449 genético 4 13

ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants have genetic variability, which can be accessed through morphological and molecular traits. Genotype selection to form the base population for breeding can be performed through the joint analysis of several types of data, providing greater selection accuracy. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity among pepper accessions based on analysis of phenotypic traits and molecular markers and to select the best ones to use as parents in breeding programs. The study was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil. Sixteen ornamental pepper genotypes were used and characterized for eight quantitative traits, nine qualitative traits, and 18 pairs of microsatellite primers. Simultaneous variable analyses were performed using Tocher’s clustering method, Ward’s clustering algorithm, and the dissimilarity matrix. The clustering methods were efficient in separating the genotypes, identifying genetic variability, and accuracy in the selection through the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Different groups were formed among the genotypes by Tocher’s method (six groups) and Ward’s method (three groups). There is genetic variability among ornamental pepper genotypes considering the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Qualitative traits are important in the identification of genetic divergence among ornamental pepper accessions. The UFPB genotypes 46, 134, 137, 443 and 449, the mini pepper Akamu, and the cultivar Calypso are indicated for selection and can be used to carry out crosses and continue the breeding program. data perspective programs Paraíba Brazil 1 primers Tochers Tocher s Wards Ward algorithm matrix six three groups. . 46 134 137 44 449 Akamu program 4 13

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue caracterizar genotipos y obtener datos sobre la diversidad genética de batata. El diseño fue en BCA con 26 tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Fueron evaluadas productividad total, rendimiento comercial y no comercial de raíz (t ha-1), número de raíces por planta, biomasa aérea, forma y color de la raíz. La diversidad genética fue obtenida por la medida de disimilaridad media similares y para delimitación de grupos se utilizó el método de dendrograma UPGMA. Como medida de proximidad de distancias se utilizó la medida de disimilitud Euclidiana Cuadrática. La cantidad de clusters fue por el Criterio de Mojena. El mayor número de accesiones fue agrupado en el cluster III, con nueve accesiones, cluster II con seis accesiones, cluster IV, con seis accesiones, cluster VII con dos accesiones y cluster I, V y VII con una accesión cada una. La mayor distancia genética fue entre Morotí Guazú (6) e Ib-019 (23) con 40.443 y los más similares resultaron Morado (3) y Pyta guazú (9) con un valor de 1098. La productividad de raíces es la variable de mayor importancia para la distancia genética. El color predominante de la piel de la colección es crema y color de carne amarillo pálido.

ABSTRACT The objective was to characterize the genotypes and obtain data on the genetic diversity of sweet potatoes. The experimental design was an RCBD with 26 treatments and three replications. It was evaluated total productivity, commercial and non-commercial root yield, number of roots per plant, biomass, root shape, and root color. The estimation of genetic diversity was obtained by the similar mean dissimilarity measure and, the delimitation group by the UPGMA dendogram. As a measure of proximity distances, the Euclidian Quadratic dissimilarity measure was used. and the number of clusters was determined using the Mojena Criterion. The collection was grouped into seven clusters. The highest number of accessions was grouped in cluster III, with nine accessions, cluster II with six accessions, cluster IV, with six accessions, cluster VII with two accessions and cluster I, V, and VII with one accession each. The greatest genetic distance was found between Morotí Guazú and Ib-019 with 40,443 and the most similar were Morado and Pyta guazú with a Euclidean dissimilarity measure value of 1098. Root productivity is the most important variable for genetic distance. The predominant skin color of the collection is cream and pale yellow flesh color.

Resumen La mancha urbana de la ciudad de Mérida (Yucatán, México) ha crecido en las últimas décadas de manera muy destacada, como ocurre en otras urbes de América Latina. Se percibe la expansión de forma nítida en la zona norte, en detrimento de su zona sur, una circunstancia que ratifica la segregación social en función del nivel socioeconómico de sus pobladores. Tal diferenciación se analiza en este artículo a través del estudio de los gimnasios privados distribuidos por la ciudad, establecimientos que, mediante sus instalaciones y la oferta y demanda de actividades físico-deportivas, confirman esa disparidad urbana, la cual también se refleja en la concepción del cuerpo que ofrecen los gimnasios y que se relaciona con la imagen corporal normalizada por su clientela.

Abstract The urban sprawl of the city of Merida (Yucatan, Mexico) has grown in recent decades in a very prominent way, as in other Latin American cities. This expansion is clearly perceptible in its northern zone, to the detriment of its southern zone. A circumstance that ratifies the social segregation according to the socioeconomic level of its inhabitants. Such differentiation will be presented in this article through the study of private gyms distributed throughout the city; establishments that, through their facilities and the supply and demand of physical-sporting activities, confirm this urban disparity. Dissimilarity also reflected in the conception of the body offered by the gyms and that is related to the body image normalized by their clientele.

ABSTRACT Slope exposure is one of the environmental factors that influences vegetation characteristics. Although there are studies on this aspect in various types of vegetation, up to now submontane shrublands have not been extensively studied. In this work, the effect of slope exposure on the structure and composition of plant species in a state park in northeastern Mexico where the dominant vegetation is submontane scrub was evaluated. Ten 10 x 10 m exposure sites were sampled: northeast, southwest and northwest. Total height (h), basal diameter (d 0.10) and crown diameter (k) were measured for each individual. Our hypotheses were: 1) the northwestern exposure community will have greater basal area, canopy cover, volume, absolute abundance, and specific richness due to higher humidity, 2) each slope will present dissimilarity in species composition. As results, nine families, 17 genera and 17 species of vascular plants were recorded. Fabaceae was the best represented family with six species. The species with the highest importance value index were the endemic shrub Neopringlea integrifolia in the northeast exposure (21.52 %) and the exotic tree Leucaena leucocephala in the southwest (16.17 %) and northwest (27.16 %) exposures. It is concluded that the plant community of the northwest exposure has a greater basal area, crown cover, volume, absolute abundance and specific richness. However, there was no real difference in the species composition of the three exposures.

RESUMEN La exposición de ladera es uno de los factores ambientales que influye sobre características de la vegetación. Aunque existen trabajos sobre este aspecto en diversos tipos de vegetación, hasta ahora los matorrales submontanos no han sido muy estudiados. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la exposición de las laderas en la estructura y composición de especies de plantas en un parque estatal del noreste de México donde la vegetación dominante es matorral submontano. Se muestrearon 10 sitios de 10 x 10 m en exposición: noreste, suroeste y noroeste. A cada individuo se le midió la altura total (h), diámetro basal (d 0,10) y diámetro de copa (k). Nuestras hipótesis fueron: 1) la comunidad de la exposición noroeste tendrá mayor área basal, cobertura de dosel, volumen, abundancia absoluta y riqueza específica debido a la mayor humedad, 2) cada ladera presentará disimilitud en la composición de especies. Como resultados se registraron nueve familias, 17 géneros y 17 especies de plantas vasculares. Fabaceae fue la familia mejor representada con seis especies. Las especies con mayor índice de valor de importancia fueron la arbustiva endémica Neopringlea integrifolia en la exposición noreste (21,52 %) y la exótica arbórea Leucaena leucocephala en las exposiciones suroeste (16,17 %) y noroeste (27,16 %). Se concluye que la comunidad vegetal de la exposición noroeste tiene mayor área basal, cobertura de copa, volumen, abundancia absoluta y riqueza específica. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia real en la composición de especies de las tres exposiciones.

Abstract: Learning from data in almost any human activity is a very important task, usually using similarity or dissimilarity between data. Recently, it was shown the importance of considering the involution operation defined on the data domain which reflects a symmetry of data structures. This symmetry should be taken into account in data analysis. Co-symmetric similarity and dissimilarity measures defined over a set with involution play an important role in data analysis. In this paper, four dissimilarity functions over the set of probability distributions are created that meet the property of co-symmetry with respect to the involutive negation of distributions. Scatter graphs are generated from their respective dissimilarity matrices to compare the similarity between them. Additionally, the Pearson, Kendall, and Spearman correlation coefficients are calculated to numerically assess the relationship that exists. Subsequently, four dissimilarity functions are considered due to their higher correlation with those studied in this paper. They are divided into two groups, and an analysis is conducted to determine which are more correlated.

Abstract This work aimed to characterize the structure of Salticidae (Araneae) communities in forest foliage and leaf litter, and grassland habitats, in protected and unprotected environments in the Eastern Chaco of Argentina. To this end, the hypothesis was raised that the types of environments and conservation conditions differentially impact the diversity and structure of the salticid communities. Sampling was carried out in the Chaco National Park, the Pampa del Indio Provincial Park, and two unprotected sites located between these two parks: Intermediate Site I and Intermediate Site II. To evaluate alpha diversity within each site, Shannon's diversity index and Simpson's inverse, as well as their true diversity derivatives, were used. To evaluate equity, ranking-abundance graphs were made. To calculate gamma diversity total richness, the Shannon index and the inverse Simpson index were used. The Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices and their components were calculated. Furthermore, the correlation of geographical distance with all of them was evaluated. A total of 1,697 spiders of the family Salticidae (523 adults) were collected and 68 species (57 adults) were identified. The resulting values of the diversity indices did not reflect differences in the conservation status of the sites. However, beta and gamma diversity were high in the study area, which is indicative of a highly heterogeneous environment.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la estructura de las comunidades de Salticidae (Araneae) en los hábitats follaje y hojarasca de bosque, y pastizal, en ambientes protegidos y no protegidos en el Chaco Oriental de Argentina. Para ello se planteó la hipótesis de que los tipos de ambientes y condiciones de conservación impactan diferencialmente sobre la diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de saltícidos. Se realizaron muestreos en el Parque Nacional Chaco, Parque Provincial Pampa del Indio y dos sitios no protegidos ubicados entre estos dos parques: Sitio Intermedio I y Sitio Intermedio II. Para evaluar la diversidad alfa dentro de cada sitio se utilizó el índice de diversidad de Shannon y el inverso de Simpson, así como sus derivados de diversidad verdadera. Para evaluar la equidad, se hicieron gráficos de ranking-abundancia. Para calcular la diversidad gamma se utilizó la riqueza total, el índice de Shannon y el inverso de Simpson. Se calcularon los índices de disimilitud de Jaccard y Bray-Curtis, y sus componentes. Además, se evaluó la correlación de la distancia geográfica con todos ellos. Se recolectó un total de 1.697 arañas de la familia Salticidae (523 adultos) y se identificaron 68 especies (57 adultos). Los valores resultantes de los índices de diversidad no reflejaron diferencias en el estado de conservación de los sitios. Sin embargo, la diversidad beta y gamma fueron altas en el área de estudio, lo que es indicativo de un ambiente altamente heterogéneo.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the agronomic performance through mixed models, and determined the genetic divergence between black oat genotypes. The experiment was carried out at Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen/RS. Fourteen black oat genotypes were evaluated, being 11 lines developed by Breeding Program of University, and three commercial cultivars (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha and, IPR Cabocla). We evaluated quantitative traits associated to plant height, cycle, dry mass yield and seeds yield; and 19 qualitative traits, being these morphological descriptors. The results showed that lines UFSMFW 2-05 and UFSMFW 2-07 stand out with characteristics such as early cycle, higher dry mass and grain yield. Divergence analysis revealed the formation of three distinct groups, indicating the presence of variability. These results suggested the potential for the development of new cultivars of black oat, presenting early cycle and good grain yield.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico por meio de modelos mistos e determinar a divergência genética entre genótipos de aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus de Frederico Westphalen/RS. Catorze genótipos de aveia preta foram avaliados, sendo 11 linhagens desenvolvidas pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Universidade e três cultivares comercias (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha e IPR Cabocla). Foram avaliadas características agronômicas quantitativas relacionadas ao porte, ciclo e produtividade de massa seca e de sementes; e 19 características qualitativas, sendo estes descritores morfológicos. Os resultados mostraram que as linhagens UFSMFW 2-05 e UFSMFW 2-07 se destacam com características como ciclo precoce, elevada produtividade de massa seca e de sementes. A análise de divergência revelou a formação de três grupos distintos, indicando presença de variabilidade. Os resultados demonstram o potencial de desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de aveia preta, apresentando precocidade e boa produtividade de sementes.

RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID-19 produjo cambios sobre los principales indicadores del mercado de trabajo. En Argentina, la actividad y el empleo descendieron y la desocupación creció profundizando las heterogeneidades pre-existentes. En este artículo exploramos las desigualdades entre mujeres y varones en el mercado de trabajo, a partir de su participación, representación, concentración y disimilitud para medir la segregación horizontal (en ramas de actividad) y segregación vertical (en jerarquías ocupacionales). Para ello, trabajamos con la base de microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH-INDEC) entre los años 2019-2021 a fin de reflejar sus cambios y persistencias antes, durante y después de la pandemia. Entre los resultados destacamos que las mujeres no logran recuperarse plenamente luego de la pandemia en su participación en el mercado de trabajo, que la segregación horizontal y vertical se mantiene y extiende hacia el año de recuperación (2021).

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic produced changes in the main labor market indicators. In Argentina, activity and employment fell and unemployment grew, deepening the pre-existing heterogeneities. In this article we explore the inequalities between women and men in the labor market, based on their participation, representation, concentration and dissimilarity to measure horizontal segregation (in branches of activity) and vertical segregation (in occupational hierarchies). To do this, we work with the microdata base of the Permanent Household Survey (EPH-INDEC) between the years 2019-2021 in order to reflect its changes and persistence before, during and after the pandemic. Among the results we highlight that women do not manage to fully recover after the pandemic in their participation in the labor market, that horizontal and vertical segregation is maintained and extends towards the year of recovery (2021).

RESUMO: A pandemia do COVID-19 produziu mudanças nos principais indicadores do mercado de trabalho. Na Argentina, a atividade e o emprego caíram e o desemprego cresceu, aprofundando as heterogeneidades pré-existentes. Neste artigo exploramos as desigualdades entre mulheres e homens no mercado de trabalho, com base em sua participação, representação, concentração e dissimilaridade para medir a segregação horizontal (nos ramos de atividade) e vertical (nas hierarquias ocupacionais). Para isso, trabalhamos com a base de microdados da Pesquisa de Domicílios Permanentes (EPH-INDEC) entre os anos de 2019-2021 a fim de refletir suas mudanças e persistência antes, durante e após a pandemia. Entre os resultados destacamos que as mulheres não conseguem se recuperar totalmente após a pandemia em sua participação no mercado de trabalho, que a segregação horizontal e vertical se mantém e se estende até o ano de recuperação (2021).

Resumen Últimamente se ha descrito una disminución de la abundancia y diversidad de insectos, así como una alteración del régimen de incendios forestales. Debido a la sensibilidad de las mariposas a los cambios ambientales, se estudió la riqueza de mariposas en 2 bosques, uno afectado por un incendio y otro sin indicios de fuego. Mediante el muestreo en transectos, así como la captura de mariposas con trampas durante las 4 estaciones del año, se determinó la diversidad florística y de mariposas. El análisis de los datos obtenidos mostró que el bosque con fuego presentaba una mayor diversidad de flores y mariposas que el área control. Comparando los 2 bosques, se confirmó una disimilitud de 27% y 41% entre la riqueza de especies de flores y mariposas, respectivamente. Además, se observó una variación significativa en la presencia de flores y mariposas a lo largo del año en el área quemada, la cual no fue significativa en el área control. Por lo tanto, es importante estudiar el efecto de los incendios forestales en la diversidad vegetal y animal, y considerar sus resultados en los planes de manejo forestal.

Abstract Recently, a decrease in insect abundance and diversity has been described, as well as an alteration of the forest fire regime. Due to the sensitivity of butterflies to environmental changes, we studied the richness of butterflies in two forests, one affected by fire and the other without signs of fire. By means of transect sampling and butterfly trapping during the 4 seasons of the year, the floristic and butterfly diversity was determined. The analysis of the data obtained showed that the forest with fire had a greater diversity of flowers and butterflies than the control area. Comparing the 2 forests, a dissimilarity of 27% and 41% was confirmed between the species richness of flowers and butterflies, respectively. In addition, a significant variation in the presence of flowers and butterflies was observed throughout the year in the burned area, which was not significant in the control area. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of forest fires on plant and animal diversity, and to consider their results in forest management plans.

Abstract Similarly to other animal communities, the diversity of subterranean aquatic fauna is influenced by several factors and processes, such as habitat fragmentation, dispersion, environmental heterogeneity, and physical and chemical water characteristics. Here, we studied cave aquatic communities of the Alto Ribeira hydrographic basin, regarding troglobitic and non-troglobitic species, located in a single karst area to evaluate the influence of sub-basins in fauna differentiation. We investigated how abiotic variables (flow, electrical conductivity, temperature, pH, and substrate) influence the fauna composition and the contribution of beta diversity components (nestedness and turnover) in explaining communities’ dissimilarities. Fauna composition differed between sub-basins, as most species did not co-occur in different caves. Caves with higher flow and substrate diversity were the richest. In addition, each cave community was influenced by a unique set of abiotic variables. Dissimilarity among caves was mainly explained by turnover, and our findings suggest the restricted species distribution could be due to ecological (e.g., limited dispersion capacity, tolerance to abiotic variables), hydrogeological (e.g., dispersion barriers, isolation of sub-basins), and historical (e.g., colonization, paleoclimatic events) factors and processes. Therefore, different elements are responsible for determining the composition of cave aquatic communities in different sub-basins, reflecting the variability within a single karst area. processes fragmentation heterogeneity characteristics Here basin nontroglobitic non subbasins sub basins differentiation flow, (flow conductivity temperature pH nestedness turnover dissimilarities subbasins, basins, cooccur co occur richest addition e.g., eg e g (e.g. capacity variables, , variables) barriers sub-basins) colonization events Therefore e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM