Abstract While early studies on electoral strategies argue that Brazilian system encourages “personal vote” and the creation of geographically located electoral strongholds, latest studies show that the most effective electoral strategy is vote dispersion. According to the contextual perspective, people vote for candidates whose political messages they have access to and who correspond to the demands of the places where they live. Based on the construction of a database regarding the legislative elections from 2010 to 2018 we seek to interpret the results found using this perspective. Starting from the hypothesis of a vote ruled by the way information is diffused in space, we find that most candidates have their strongest vote in their municipality’s electoral domicile, that those with only municipal experience show a voting pattern consistent with the “friends and neighbors” effect, and that there is a party coordination in the formation of candidate lists.Keywords: localism; electoral concentration; electoral strategies; electoral behaviour; electoral geography. personal strongholds dispersion perspective live 201 space municipalitys municipality s domicile friends neighbors effect lists.Keywords listsKeywords lists Keywords localism concentration behaviour geography 20 2

Resumen Mientras que los primeros estudios sobre estrategias electorales sostenían que el sistema adoptado en Brasil fomenta el “voto personal” y la creación de bastiones electorales geográficamente localizados, estudios más recientes demuestran que la estrategia electoral más eficaz es la dispersión de los votos. Según la perspectiva contextual, las personas votan a candidatos a cuyos mensajes políticos tienen acceso y que corresponden a las exigencias de los lugares donde viven. A partir de la construcción de una base de datos sobre las elecciones legislativas de 2010 a 2018, tratamos de interpretar los resultados encontrados desde esta perspectiva. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el voto se rige por la forma en que se difunde la información en el espacio, comprobamos que la mayoría de los candidatos obtienen el mayor número de votos en su domicilio electoral declarado, que los que sólo tienen experiencia municipal muestran un patrón de voto coherente con el efecto “amigos y vecinos” y que existe una coordinación partidista en la formación de las listas. personal localizados contextual viven 201 2018 espacio declarado amigos vecinos listas 20 2

Résumé Alors que les premières études sur les stratégies électorales soutiennent que le système adopté au Brésil encourage le “vote personnel” et la création de bastions électoraux géographiquement localisés, des études plus récentes montrent que la stratégie électorale la plus efficace est la dispersion des votes. Selon la perspective contextuelle, les électeurs votent pour les candidats dont ils ont accès aux messages politiques et qui correspondent aux demandes des lieux où ils vivent. En construisant une base de données sur les élections législatives de 2010 à 2018, nous cherchons à interpréter les résultats trouvés en utilisant cette perspective. Partant de l’hypothèse d’un vote régi par la manière dont les informations sont diffusées dans l’espace, nous constatons que la plupart des candidats obtiennent leur plus grand nombre de votes dans leur domicile électoral déclaré, que ceux ayant seulement une expérience municipale présentent un schéma de vote cohérent avec l’effet “amis et voisins” et qu’il existe une coordination partisane dans la formation des listes. personnel localisés contextuelle vivent 201 2018 lhypothèse l hypothèse dun d lespace, lespace espace, espace l’espace déclaré leffet effet amis voisins quil qu il listes 20 2

Resumo Enquanto os primeiros estudos sobre estratégias eleitorais argumentam que o sistema adotado no Brasil incentiva o “voto pessoal” e a criação de redutos eleitorais geograficamente localizados, estudos mais recentes demonstram que a estratégia eleitoral mais efetiva é a dispersão dos votos. Segundo a perspectiva contextual, as pessoas votam nos candidatos a cujas mensagens políticas têm acesso e que correspondem às demandas dos lugares onde vivem. A partir da construção de um banco de dados sobre as eleições legislativas de 2010 a 2018, buscamos interpretar os resultados encontrados utilizando essa perspectiva. Partindo da hipótese de uma votação regida pela forma como as informações são difundidas no espaço, encontramos que a maioria dos candidatos tem sua maior votação no seu domicílio eleitoral declarado, que os com apenas experiência municipal apresentam um padrão de votação condizente com o efeito de “amigos e vizinhos” e que existe uma coordenação partidária na formação das listas. voto pessoal localizados votos contextual vivem 201 2018 espaço declarado amigos vizinhos listas 20 2

EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha−1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ApH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - iµo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ApH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed. PHYSICAL OXISOL content (LSW Oxisols Oxisol s Cerrado 0, 0 (0 50 150 450 60 ha−1 ha1 ha 1 00.20 0020 0.20 20 0-0.2 replicates 30day day 30 mineralogical CDW, CDW , CDW) sodium SAR CEC V%, V V% V%) pH HO H O KCl ApH PZSE iµo EC analyses Ca K Mg Na dose ψo ( 5 15 45 6 ha− 00 00.2 002 020 0.2 2 0-0. 3 4 00. 02 0. 0-0 0-

The present work reports the in situ fabrication of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) in polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) over pre-patterned hydrophobic stripes on a hydrophilic glass surface. Microcontact printing (μCP) using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as “ink” was used to obtain these chemically modified substrates. A comparison of the results of the PS-b-P2VP self-assembly over a bare glass substrate and a pre-patterned glass substrate demonstrated the influence of the pattern on the film morphology. Polymeric films of Ag+ and PS-b-P2VP were prepared on a pre-patterned substrate and heated at 150 °C to enable the self-reconstruction of the polymeric matrix and the in situ formation of AgNPs (average particle size of approximately 100 nm). The AgNP/PS-b-P2VP thin films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results demonstrate that the concentration of the solutions of Ag+/PS-b-P2VP used to prepare the films strongly influences the morphologies and dispersion of AgNPs. Moreover, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) activity of the fabricated polymer nanocomposites using Nile Blue as a molecular probe shows the importance of the chemical modification of the substrate in the enhancement of the SERS signal. (AgNPs polystyrenebpoly2vinylpyridine polystyrenebpolyvinylpyridine polystyrene b poly 2 vinylpyridine polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine PSbP2VP PSbPVP PS P2VP P VP (PS-b-P2VP prepatterned pre patterned surface μCP (μCP OTS (OTS ink “ink substrates selfassembly self assembly morphology 15 C selfreconstruction reconstruction average 10 nm. nm . nm) AgNP/PSbP2VP AgNPPSbP2VP AgNPPSbPVP AgNP/PS AgNP UVVis UV Vis microscopy Ag+/PSbP2VP AgPSbP2VP AgPSbPVP Ag+/PS Moreover surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS signal polystyrenebpoly PSbP PVP 1 AgNPPSbP AgNPPS AgPSbP AgPS

Resumo A expansão desordenada das cidades é um desafio global que afeta o desenvolvimento urbano. Neste estudo, é analisado o crescimento urbano em uma cidade média durante cinco décadas, com enfoque na forma urbana e aplicação de mais de 20 métricas espaciais associadas à mensuração da geometria da expansão físico-territorial no ambiente construído. Os padrões de crescimento são analisados à luz do fenômeno espraiamento urbano e sob a perspectiva da teoria de Difusão-Coalescência. São discutidas as limitações inerentes às métricas existentes, assim como elencadas alternativas que as superam por mensuração das propriedades de Compacidade, Fragmentação, Complexidade e Dispersão concomitantemente. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de fases distintas no crescimento urbano ao longo das décadas: Difusão de uma forma inicialmente compacta em partes menores nas periferias; e Transição para crescimento com agrupamento dessas partes, elevando a compacidade. Essa oscilação sugere aderência à teoria da Difusão-Coalescência, com ocorrência de espraiamento urbano (entre 1966 e 1976) seguida de aumento da compacidade nas décadas subsequentes (1976-2006). Após 2006 os resultados são ambíguos, possivelmente associados a fatores intervenientes de planejamento. A discussão dos resultados destaca a relevância da quantificação do crescimento urbano por meio de métricas, e traz conceitos importantes atualmente limitados à literatura internacional. estudo 2 físicoterritorial físico territorial construído DifusãoCoalescência. DifusãoCoalescência Coalescência. Coalescência Difusão-Coalescência existentes Compacidade Fragmentação concomitantemente periferias DifusãoCoalescência, Coalescência, entre 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 . (1976-2006) 200 ambíguos planejamento internacional 19 197 1976200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract The disorderly expansion of cities is a global challenge that impacts urban development. In this paper, we analyse the urban growth in a medium-sized city over five decades, focusing on urban form and employing more than 20 spatial metrics associated with the geometry of physical-territorial expansion in the built environment. We examine the growth patterns in the context of the urban sprawl phenomenon and the Diffusion-Coalescence theory perspective. We discuss the inherent limitations of existing metrics and raise alternatives that simultaneously address the properties of Compactness, Fragmentation, Complexity, and Dispersion. The results reveal distinct phases in urban growth over the decades, from diffusion of an initially compact form into smaller parts on the periphery; to a transition towards more compact growth. This oscillation suggests adherence to the Diffusion-Coalescence theory, with urban sprawl occurring between 1966 and 1976, followed by increased compactness in subsequent decades (1976-2006). After 2006, the results became ambiguous, possibly due to intervening planning factors. The discussion of the findings underscores the importance of quantifying urban growth using metrics and introduces concepts that have been hitherto limited to international literature. development paper mediumsized medium sized 2 physicalterritorial physical territorial environment DiffusionCoalescence Diffusion Coalescence perspective Compactness Fragmentation Complexity Dispersion periphery 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 2006 . (1976-2006) ambiguous factors literature 19 197 1976200 200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Resumen Introducción. La apicultura en Honduras es una actividad importante para el sector pecuario, amenazada por la presencia de plagas y enfermedades que afectan su desarrollo y producción. Objetivo. Determinar la carga parasitaria de Varroa destructor y Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. asociadas al comportamiento higiénico, productividad y presencia de otras plagas en colmenas de Apis mellifera en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio en 57 muestras de colmenas de 19 apiarios, para determinar la tasa de infestación de V. destructor. La tasa media de infección de Vairimorpha spp., se determinó mediante el método de Cantwell. Además, se determinó la asociación entre las cargas parasitarias y la productividad, comportamiento higiénico y presencia de otras plagas, mediante un análisis estratificado según el uso o no de tratamiento contra Varroa spp. La determinación de asociaciones se realizó mediante las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados. Las tasas de infestación para V. destructor en fase de dispersión y larval fueron de un 3,48 % y un 6,82 %, respectivamente, el uso de tratamiento químico no mostró asociación con la tasa de infestación de V. destructor en larvas ni en adultos (p≥0,05), la presencia del pequeño escarabajo de las colmenas (PEC), se asoció con una mayor infestación de V. destructor en larvas (p<0,007) en las colmenas sin tratamiento. El rango de infección de Vairimorpha spp. se encontró dentro de la clasificación muy ligera con 5×104 esporas por muestra, la carga de Vairimorpha spp. no mostró asociación con las variables mencionadas (p≥0,05). Conclusión. Los resultados indican que varroasis es una enfermedad de importancia en el municipio de Tomalá, departamento de Lempira, Honduras, asociada con el comportamiento higiénico y la presencia de PEC en las colmenas. Nosemosis presentó una infección muy ligera.

Abstract Introduction. Beekeeping in Honduras is an important activity for the livestock sector, threatened by the presence of pests and diseases that affect its development and production. Objective. To determine the parasitic load of Varroa destructor and Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. associated with hygienic behavior, productivity, and the presence of other pests in Apis mellifera hives in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras. Materials and Methods. A study was carried out on 57 samples from hives in 19 apiaries to determine the infestation rate of V. destructor. The average infection rate of Vairimorpha spp. was determined using the Cantwell method. Additionally, the association between parasitic loads and productivity, hygienic behavior, and the presence of other pests was determined through a stratified analysis based on whether or not treatment against Varroa spp. was used. Associations were determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results. The infestation rates for V. destructor in dispersal and larval stages were 3.48 % and 6.82 %, respectively. The use of chemical treatment showed no association with the infestation rate of V. destructor in either larvae or a dults (p≥0.05). The presence of the small hive beetle (SHB) was associated with a higher infestation of V. destructor in larvae (p<0.007) in untreated hives. The infection range of Vairimorpha spp. was classified as very light with 5×104 spores per sample. The Vairimorpha spp. load showed no association with the mentioned variables (p≥0.05). Conclusion. The results indicate that varroosis is a disease of importance in the municipality of Tomalá, Lempira department, Honduras, associated with hygienic behavior and the presence of SHB in the hives. Nosemosis showed a very light infection.

Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Abstract Introduction: Spills of flammable liquids can lead to serious accidents, mainly in industrial plants and on roads. To prevent the spread of spills, various forms of collection are used, such as absorption with porous solids. Agroindustrial waste can be used as sorbent materials for flammable liquids. Objective: To determine the sorption capacity of the residual empty-fruit bunch of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) nutshell for four organic flammable liquids. Methods: The residual biomasses of E. guineensis and Acrocomia sp. were assessed as sorbents for spilled fuels (diesel, jet fuel, commercial kerosene, and gasoline). Volumetric measurement of liquid-fuel absorption at 24 ºC was taken during a week. Desorption was measured at 50 ºC as the drying kinetics, by using moisture scales. Results: The sorption capacity of the Acrocomia sp. material was not satisfactory, compared to the E. guineensis residual material, due to differences in the residual architecture of the organic material. This last can absorb 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 at 24 ºC, during a one-week period. Diatomite absorbs greater quantities of the organic liquids but, the fluids diffusion at 50 ºC is 0.26 ± 0.09 times more slowly in the mineral matrix, because of the greater pore tortuosity in this mineral matrix. Conclusions: The oil-palm empty fruit bunch of E. guineensis, showed lesser but adequate performance than the sorbing behavior for fire hazard mitigation of diatomite. The nutshell of macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) did not prove to be useful for this recovery operation.

Resumen Introducción: Los vertidos de líquidos inflamables pueden producir accidentes graves, principalmente en plantas industriales y en carretera. Para prevenir la dispersión de derrames, se utilizan diversas formas de recolecta, como la absorción con sólidos porosos. Residuos agroindustriales pueden ser aprovechados como materiales sorbentes de líquidos inflamables. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad de absorción de las biomasas residuales del pedúnculo de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) y del endocarpio del fruto de coyol (Acrocomia sp.) para cuatro líquidos orgánicos inflamables. Métodos: Las biomasas residuales de E. guineensis y de Acrocomia sp. se evaluaron como sorbentes para combustibles derramados (diésel, queroseno de aviación, queroseno comercial y gasolina). Se midió la cantidad de líquido absorbida por las biomasas a 24 ºC durante una semana, y su cinética de desorción a 50 ºC, usando balanzas de secado. Resultados: La propiedad sorbente del material de Acrocomia sp. no fue satisfactoria, comparada con el pedúnculo de E. guineensis, debido a diferencias en arquitectura residual del material orgánico. Esta última biomasa muestra una capacidad de absorción para los combustibles de 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 a 24 ºC. La diatomita absorbe mayor cantidad de los combustibles estudiados, pero la difusión de estos fluidos a 50 ºC por la matriz mineral es solo 0.26 ± 0.09 veces lo observado para el material de E. guineensis, como resultado del mayor grado de tortuosidad de los poros de la diatomita. Conclusiones: El pedúnculo de palma aceitera (E. guineensis) mostró un adecuado potencial desempeño para la aplicación pasiva en la mitigación de los riesgos de incendio, con respecto a la diatomita. El endocarpio del fruto de Acrocomia sp. no resultó útil para esta operación de recuperación.

RESUMO Neste artigo nos propomos a pensar a implantação do SIAT II Acolher Helvétia, durante a chamada Operação Caronte, como parte de uma lógica de atuação governamental na Cracolândia explicitada pela primeira vez na operação Dor e Sofrimento. Ancorados na experiência pregressa dos autores em pesquisas de campo na região, realizamos uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que nos permitiu verificar que as ações dos governos estadual e municipal passaram a assumir um caráter militarizado de dispersão e concentração dos usuários de crack. No intuito inicial de ocupar serviços públicos subutilizados, essas ações acabaram por estabelecer ali uma situação de guerra generalizada. Concluímos que as ações do município e do governo do estado em torno da Operação Caronte mantiveram a principal tendência da atuação governamental na Cracolândia: a de tornar insuportáveis as condições de vida nas ruas e, ao provocar dor e sofrimento, expulsar os usuários de crack pela imposição do tratamento baseado na abstinência. Helvétia Sofrimento região subutilizados generalizada sofrimento abstinência

ABSTRACT In this article, we propose to think about the implementation of SIAT II Acolher Helvétia, during the so-called Operation Caronte, as part of a logic of government action in Cracolândia explained by the first time in Operation Dor e Sofrimento. Anchored in the authors’ previous experience in field research in the region, we carried out an extensive bibliographical and documentary research that allowed us to verify that the actions of state and municipal governments began to assume a militarized character of dispersion and concentration of crack users. With the initial intention of occupying underutilized public services, these actions ended up establishing a situation of generalized war there. We conclude that the actions of the municipality and state government around Operation Caronte maintained the main tendency of government action in Cracolândia: to make living conditions on the streets unbearable and, by causing pain and suffering, expel crack users by imposing abstinence-based treatment. article Helvétia socalled so called Sofrimento authors region services there suffering abstinencebased abstinence based treatment

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene en cuenta la aplicación del análisis discriminante en el ámbito educativo en época de confinamiento por el Covid19, enfocado en evaluar los factores que influyeron en el proceso de aprendizaje virtual de los estudiantes de la Universidad Agraria del Ecuador (UAE). Se realizó el levantamiento de datos mediante encuestas dirigidas a estudiantes de la Facultad de Economía Agrícola en sus diferentes sedes. Los estudiantes fueron clasificados en dos grupos de interés, aquellos con nivel de aprendizaje bajo y aquellos con nivel de aprendizaje alto, los datos obtenidos se analizaron bajo la suposición de normalidad multivalente de los discriminadores. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre las matrices de varianza-covarianza, evidenciando que los niveles de aprendizaje poseen patrones de variabilidad atípicos entre sí. Asimismo, se evidenció que las variables Semestre matriculado (S) y Relación docente-estudiante (RDE) presentan alta dispersión entre los grupos, mientras las variables que poseen una dispersión relativamente menor son Conocimiento de plataformas virtuales (CUP) y Preferencia a la modalidad virtual (MV). La función discriminante obtenida justifica en su totalidad la varianza en los datos originales, demostrando ser de ayuda en el proceso de clasificación de los nuevos estudiantes pudiendo predecir su nivel de aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT This article keeps in mind the application of the discriminating against analysis in the educational environment in confinamiento time for Covid19, focused in evaluating the factors that influenced in the process of the students' of the Agrarian University of Ecuador (UAE) virtual learning. He/she was carried out the rising of data by means of surveys directed to students of the Ability of Agricultural Economy in their different headquarters. The students were classified in two groups of interest, those with level of low learning and those with level of high learning, the obtained data were analyzed under the supposition of normality multivalente of the discriminadores. The results showed significant differences among the variance-covariance wombs, evidencing that the learning levels possess atypical patterns of variability to each other. Also, it was evidenced that the registered variable Semester (S) and Relationship educational-student (RDE) presents high dispersion among the groups, while the variables that possess a relatively smaller dispersion are Knowledge of virtual (CUP) platforms and Preference to the virtual (MV) modality. The discriminating against obtained function justifies in its entirety the variance in the original data, demonstrating to be of help in the process of the new students' classification being able to predict its learning level.

Abstract Objective: To build a model based on cardiometabolic indicators that allow the identification of overweight adolescents at higher risk of subclinical atherosclerotic disease (SAD). Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 161 adolescents with a body mass index ≥ + 1 z-Score, aged 10 to 19 years. Carotid intima-media complex thickness (IMT) was evaluated using ultrasound to assess subclinical atherosclerotic disease. Cardiometabolic indicators evaluated included nutritional status, central adiposity, blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemic profile, as well as age and sex. Data was presented using measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as absolute and relative frequency. The relationship between IMT measurement (outcome variable) and other variables (independent variables) was assessed using Pearson or Spearman correlation, followed by multiple regression modeling with Gamma distribution to analyze predictors of IMT. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and R software, considering a significance level of 5 %. Results: It was observed that 23.7 % had Carotid thickening, and the prevalence of abnormal fasting glucose was the lowest. Age and fasting glucose were identified as predictors of IMT increase, with IMT decreasing with age by approximately 1 % per year and increasing with glucose by around 0.24 % per mg/dL. Conclusion: The adolescent at higher risk is younger with higher fasting glycemia levels. Objective SAD. SAD . (SAD) Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional 16 zScore, zScore z Score, Score z-Score years intimamedia intima media (IMT status adiposity pressure profile sex dispersion frequency outcome variable independent correlation software Results 237 23 7 23. thickening lowest increase 024 0 24 0.2 mgdL mg dL mg/dL Conclusion levels (SAD 2 02 0.

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MP) pose a major environmental problem for estuaries areas, as they are exposed to multiple sources of plastic waste. In this study, the spatiotemporal influence of environmental variables on the abundance, distribution and types of MP in surface waters of Tumaco Bay were assessed. The samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of 2020, in the inner and outer estuary, and were processed by density separation. MP abundance was higher in dry season (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) and in the inner estuary (8.42 ± 4.91 items/m³). Fibers were the most abundant type of MP (53.89 %). Salinity and TDS were significantly correlated with fibers, and precipitation with fragments, films and total MP. These results demonstrate high contamination (8.13 items/m³) and an increase in MP concentration in Bay. This could be related to the exposure of waste carried by the rivers. On the other hand, the higher abundance of MP in the dry season could be due to a decrease in dispersion for an entrance fewer of water to system and an increase in density of water, related to the increase in salinity, which favors the buoyancy of MP.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos (MP) suponen una gran problemática ambiental para las zonas estuarinas, al estar expuestas a múltiples fuentes de desechos plásticos. En este estudio, se evaluó la influencia espacio-temporal de variables ambientales sobre la abundancia, distribución y tipos de MP en la bahía de Tumaco. Las muestras se recolectaron en épocas de lluvia y seca de 2020, en el estuario interno y externo, y se procesaron mediante separación por densidad. La abundancia de MP fue mayor en época seca (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) y en el estuario interno (8.42 ± 4.91 ítems/m³). Las fibras fueron el tipo de MP más abundante (53.89 %). Se correlacionaron significativamente la salinidad y solidos totales disueltos (TDS) con fibras, y la precipitación con fragmentos, láminas y MP totales. Estos resultados demuestran alta contaminación (8.13 ítems/m³) y un aumento de la concentración de MP en la bahía. Esto podría estar relacionado con la exposición a los residuos transportados por los ríos. Por otra parte, la mayor abundancia de MP en la época seca podría deberse a una disminución en la dispersión por una menor entrada de agua al sistema, y al aumento de la densidad del agua, relacionado con el incremento en la salinidad, que favorece la flotabilidad de MP.

Abstract. This article aims to explore the ways in which illness is interpreted among the Rarámuri. Through interviews and observation during various fieldwork periods, we seek to illustrate that diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, or hypertension are accompanied by bodily and emotional symptoms - including those caused by el susto (frightness)- which, for the Rarámuri, constitute an illness of the soul that severely affects the body, disrupting its stability and physical balance. We attempt to demonstrate that the effects of COVID-19 had less impact on the Rarámuri due to the dispersion of settlements, and simultaneously, we find that the diverse interpretations of illness and its effects among the Rarámuri were linked to their own worldview, as they still employ traditional methods of disease prevention and healing.

Resumen. El presente artículo tiene como propósito explorar las formas de interpretación de la enfermedad entre los rarámuri. Mediante entrevistas y observación en distintos periodos de trabajo de campo intentamos dar cuenta de que, a padecimientos como la tuberculosis, la diabetes o la hipertensión, se suman sintomatologías corpóreas y anímicas -entre otras, las producidas por el susto- que, para los rarámuri, son una enfermedad del alma, que afecta gravemente al cuerpo, perturbando su estabilidad y equilibrio físico. Intentamos mostrar que para los rarámuri los efectos de la COVID-19 tuvieron menor impacto, debido a la dispersión de los asentamientos y, al mismo tiempo, encontramos que para los rarámuri las diversas interpretaciones de la enfermedad y sus efectos estuvieron ligados a su propia imagen del mundo, debido a que aún emplean métodos tradicionales de prevención y de curación de las enfermedades.

RESUMEN Se evalúa la influencia de la variables meteorológicas y los tipos de situaciones sinópticas (TSS) en condiciones de poca dispersión sobre las concentraciones de los contaminantes atmosféricos (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 y PM2.5 ) en el Campus del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC) de la Universidad de La Habana y en la localidad de San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) durante el periodo de 2015 al 2017 a través de las mediciones realizadas en las estaciones automáticas de monitoreo de la calidad del aire. La situación sinóptica que contribuyo de forma predominante a la ocurrencia de condiciones de poca dispersión fue la TSS VIII (Anticiclón Continental Migratorio) y el segundo lugar la TSS I (Anticiclón del Atlántico). Las muestras horarias que estuvieron por encima de la concentración máxima admisible (CMA) según la NC 1020:2014 fueron 59 y 31 veces para el PM10 y PM2,5 respectivamente, en la localidad de SMP. Por otro lado, en el InSTEC, el PM10 sobrepaso la CMA diaria en 21 ocasiones. Para el caso del PM2,5 fueron sobrepasadas la CMA en 17 veces. El único evento catalogado como episodio extremo de altas concentraciones (SMOG) se desarrolló en la estación de monitoreo de la calidad del aire de SMP durante el día 15 de marzo de 2016. Los demás contaminantes gaseosos sobrepasaron sus respectivas CMA en pocas ocasiones para muestras horarias y diarias y coincidieron en tiempo con las ocurridas para el material particulado. Estas situaciones sinópticas que producen poca dispersión también pueden provocar efectos nocivos sobre la salud humana.

ABSTRACT The influence of the meteorological variables and the types of synoptic situations (TSS) in low dispersion conditions on the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) in the Campus of the Higher Institute of Sciences Applied (InSTEC) of Havana University and in the town of San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) is evaluated during the period from 2015 to 2017 through the measurements made in the automatic air quality monitoring stations. The synoptic situation that contributed predominantly to the occurrence of low dispersion conditions was TSS VIII (Migratory Continental Anticyclone) and the second place was TSS I (Atlantic Anticyclone). The hourly samples that were above the maximum admissible concentration (CMA) according to NC 1020:2014 were 59 and 31 times for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively, in the SMP locality. On the other hand, in InSTEC, PM10 exceeded the daily CMA on 21 occasions. In the case of PM2.5, the CMA was exceeded 17 times. The only event classified as an extreme episode of high concentrations (SMOG) took place at the SMP air quality monitoring station on March 15, 2016. The other gaseous pollutants exceeded their respective CMA on a few occasions for hourly and daily samples and coincided in time with those that occurred for particulate matter. These synoptic situations that produce low dispersion can also cause harmful effects on human health.

Resumo O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi realizar uma análise espacial das precipitações no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), através de técnicas geoestatísticas, comparando a média histórica com anos padrão chuvoso e seco. Para análise geoestatística, foram utilizados três indicadores denominados Índice Global de Moran, Moran Map e Diagrama de Espalhamento de Moran. Os resultados mostraram que as precipitações seguem um padrão mais evidente na mesorregião Leste potiguar. Tanto no ano considerado chuvoso, quanto no ano considerado seco, a maior parte dessa mesorregião apresentou um padrão Alto-Alto (HH), indicando que os municípios formam um agrupamento que representa autocorrelação espacial associada a valores mais elevados de precipitação no estado. Por outro lado, as regiões do Agreste e Central potiguar foram as mais secas.

Abstract The main goal of this research was to perform a spatial analysis of precipitation in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) through geostatistical techniques, comparing the historical average data with rainy and dry standard years. Three indicators called Moran’s Global Index, Moran Map, and Moran’s Scattering Diagram were used for geostatistical analysis. The results showed that precipitation has a more evident pattern in the Eastern Potiguar mesoregion since both in the year considered rainy and, in a year considered dry, most of this mesoregion presented a (HH) pattern, that is, the municipalities form a cluster that represents spatial autocorrelation associated with higher values of precipitation in the state. The regions of Agreste and Central Potiguar were the driest.

Resumen El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis espacial de la precipitación en el Estado de Rio Grande do Norte (RN), a través de técnicas geoestadísticas, comparando el promedio histórico con años patrones lluviosos y secos. Para el análisis geoestadístico se utilizaron tres indicadores denominados Índice Global de Moran, Mapa de Moran y Diagrama de Dispersión de Moran. Los resultados mostraron que la precipitación sigue un patrón más evidente en la mesoregión oriental de Potiguar, ya que, tanto en el año considerado lluvioso, como en un año considerado seco, la mayor parte de esta mesoregión mostró un patrón Alto, Alto (HH), es decir, los municipios forman un conglomerado que representa la autocorrelación espacial asociada a los valores más altos de precipitación en el estado. Las regiones de Agreste y Potiguar Central fueron las más secas.

Resumen Se analizan 21 elementos de concha procedentes de distintos contextos arqueológicos del interior de la provincia de Santa Cruz, lo cual incrementa considerablemente la muestra existente para el sur de Patagonia. Se discuten sus características y distribución en relación con la información disponible respecto de las formas de aprovechamiento y circulación de valvas de moluscos a escala regional. En términos espaciales, los resultados refuerzan el patrón definido para el Holoceno tardío en la región, que indica una dispersión más acotada para los restos de volutas respecto de las cuentas y otras clases de moluscos. Se aporta nueva información para la caracterización tecnomorfológica de artefactos elaborados sobre conchas de Volutidae y se reporta el hallazgo más austral registrado hasta el momento para cuentas elaboradas sobre el gasterópodo terrestre Megalobulimus sp.

Abstract Twenty-one shell elements from different archaeological contexts in the interior of Santa Cruz province are analyzed in this paper, considerably increasing the existing sample for Southern Patagonia. Their characteristics and distribution are discussed in relation to the information available regarding the forms of exploitation and circulation of mollusk shells on a regional scale. In spatial terms, the results reinforce the pattern defined for the Late Holocene in the region which indicates a more limited dispersion for the remains of volutes with respect to beads and other mollusk classes. New information is provided for the technomorphological characterization of artifacts made from Volutidae shells, and the southernmost finding recorded to date for beads made from the terrestrial gastropod Megalobulimus sp. is reported.