Abstract — The hydrocarbons that contaminate water are difficult to remove, among other things, due to their hydrophobic nature. A surfactant is one way to facilitate contact between the treatment agents. This research prepared a biological surfactant from whey fermentation through Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria. To optimize its production, a complete factorial design was carried out, varying the factors temperature (38, 40, and 42 °C) and time (24, 48, and 72 hours), and the response variable is the amount of surfactant produced. It was found that the highest performance was obtained at 40ºC and 48 hours. The biosurfactant was characterized to determine hemolytic activity, Parafilm, oil dispersion, emulsification index (63.64 %), and surface tension (52.7 mN/m). The ecotoxicity test with Daphnia magna confirmed that the biosurfactant is environmentally friendly. Finally, a bioremediation process was applied during the 45 days when more than 50 % engine oil removal was achieved.

Resumen — Los hidrocarburos que contaminan el agua son difíciles de remover entre otras cosas por su naturaleza hidrofóbica. Una forma de facilitar el contacto entre el agente del tratamiento es usando un surfactante. En esta investigación se preparó un surfactante biológico a partir de la fermentación de lactosuero a través de las bacterias Streptococcus thermophilus. Para optimizar su producción se realizó un diseño factorial completo variando los factores la temperatura (38, 40 y 42 °C) y el tiempo (24, 48 y 72 horas) y siendo la variable respuesta la cantidad de surfactante producido. Se encontró que el mayor rendimiento se obtuvo a 40 ºC y 48 horas. Se caracterizó el biosurfactante para determinar actividad hemolítica, Parafilm, dispersión del aceite, índice de emulsificación (63.64 %) y tensión superficial (52.7 mN/m). La prueba de ecotoxicidad con Daphnia magna corroboró que el biosurfactantes es amigable con el ambiente. Finalmente, aplicando un proceso de biorremediación durante los 45 días donde se alcanzó más del 50 % de remoción de aceite de motor.

Resumo Enquanto os primeiros estudos sobre estratégias eleitorais argumentam que o sistema adotado no Brasil incentiva o “voto pessoal” e a criação de redutos eleitorais geograficamente localizados, estudos mais recentes demonstram que a estratégia eleitoral mais efetiva é a dispersão dos votos. Segundo a perspectiva contextual, as pessoas votam nos candidatos a cujas mensagens políticas têm acesso e que correspondem às demandas dos lugares onde vivem. A partir da construção de um banco de dados sobre as eleições legislativas de 2010 a 2018, buscamos interpretar os resultados encontrados utilizando essa perspectiva. Partindo da hipótese de uma votação regida pela forma como as informações são difundidas no espaço, encontramos que a maioria dos candidatos tem sua maior votação no seu domicílio eleitoral declarado, que os com apenas experiência municipal apresentam um padrão de votação condizente com o efeito de “amigos e vizinhos” e que existe uma coordenação partidária na formação das listas. voto pessoal localizados votos contextual vivem 201 2018 espaço declarado amigos vizinhos listas 20 2

Resumen Mientras que los primeros estudios sobre estrategias electorales sostenían que el sistema adoptado en Brasil fomenta el “voto personal” y la creación de bastiones electorales geográficamente localizados, estudios más recientes demuestran que la estrategia electoral más eficaz es la dispersión de los votos. Según la perspectiva contextual, las personas votan a candidatos a cuyos mensajes políticos tienen acceso y que corresponden a las exigencias de los lugares donde viven. A partir de la construcción de una base de datos sobre las elecciones legislativas de 2010 a 2018, tratamos de interpretar los resultados encontrados desde esta perspectiva. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el voto se rige por la forma en que se difunde la información en el espacio, comprobamos que la mayoría de los candidatos obtienen el mayor número de votos en su domicilio electoral declarado, que los que sólo tienen experiencia municipal muestran un patrón de voto coherente con el efecto “amigos y vecinos” y que existe una coordinación partidista en la formación de las listas. personal localizados contextual viven 201 2018 espacio declarado amigos vecinos listas 20 2

Abstract While early studies on electoral strategies argue that Brazilian system encourages “personal vote” and the creation of geographically located electoral strongholds, latest studies show that the most effective electoral strategy is vote dispersion. According to the contextual perspective, people vote for candidates whose political messages they have access to and who correspond to the demands of the places where they live. Based on the construction of a database regarding the legislative elections from 2010 to 2018 we seek to interpret the results found using this perspective. Starting from the hypothesis of a vote ruled by the way information is diffused in space, we find that most candidates have their strongest vote in their municipality’s electoral domicile, that those with only municipal experience show a voting pattern consistent with the “friends and neighbors” effect, and that there is a party coordination in the formation of candidate lists.Keywords: localism; electoral concentration; electoral strategies; electoral behaviour; electoral geography. personal strongholds dispersion perspective live 201 space municipalitys municipality s domicile friends neighbors effect lists.Keywords listsKeywords lists Keywords localism concentration behaviour geography 20 2

Résumé Alors que les premières études sur les stratégies électorales soutiennent que le système adopté au Brésil encourage le “vote personnel” et la création de bastions électoraux géographiquement localisés, des études plus récentes montrent que la stratégie électorale la plus efficace est la dispersion des votes. Selon la perspective contextuelle, les électeurs votent pour les candidats dont ils ont accès aux messages politiques et qui correspondent aux demandes des lieux où ils vivent. En construisant une base de données sur les élections législatives de 2010 à 2018, nous cherchons à interpréter les résultats trouvés en utilisant cette perspective. Partant de l’hypothèse d’un vote régi par la manière dont les informations sont diffusées dans l’espace, nous constatons que la plupart des candidats obtiennent leur plus grand nombre de votes dans leur domicile électoral déclaré, que ceux ayant seulement une expérience municipale présentent un schéma de vote cohérent avec l’effet “amis et voisins” et qu’il existe une coordination partisane dans la formation des listes. personnel localisés contextuelle vivent 201 2018 lhypothèse l hypothèse dun d lespace, lespace espace, espace l’espace déclaré leffet effet amis voisins quil qu il listes 20 2

Abstract Rifampicin (RFP) is used for the treatment of chronic bone tuberculosis owing to its powerful and wide spectrum antibacterial activities. However, effective concentrations of RFP required to treat bone tuberculosis are maintained for a short time in vivo, and adverse reactions and bone defects may occur after surgery. Therefore, the construction of a new drug delivery system to overcome these problems is required. In this study, we designed, constructed, and demonstrated the applicability of a calcium phosphate cement scaffold loaded with RFP liposomes for the treatment of bone tuberculosis. RFP liposomes were prepared using a film dispersion method. The preparation method was optimized using the encapsulation rate as an indicator and the morphology, mean particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation rate, and drug loading of RFP liposomes were characterized. Calcium phosphate cement scaffolds were constructed using 3D printing technology and used as RFP liposome carriers for sustained-release drug delivery. Finally, some of the properties were verified in vivo through experiments in rabbits. The results indicated that composite scaffolds can provide sustained drug release and are a promising treatment option for bone tuberculosis.

Abstract Composite based on PP/CaCO3 contained micro and nanoparticles were investigated in relation its activation volume, mechanical, thermal and transport properties. The additives were initially dispersed in homopolymer polypropylene (hPP) blended with compatibilizer maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) in twin-screw extruder, producing CaCO3 masterbatches, that were subsequently diluted in hPP. To optimize fillers dispersion in the polymer matrix, a Design of Experiment (DOE) was used, that combined Extruder screw rotation (N: 250 and 500 rpm); Extruder feed flow (Q:10 and 15 kg/h) and Average particle size (ϕ: 40 nm and 1.7 μm) at four different filler concentrations. Based on mechanical characterization results, the best process found was 500 rpm@10 kg/h, which provided suitable Specific Mechanical Energy (SME), increasing the nanocomposites strength. Finally, improvements of Impact Resistance up to 7.8% and Young's Modulus up to 9.3% related to microcomposite and Tensile Strength (Fmax), up to 7.9%, related to hPP, with higher strain.

Resumo Uma rápida verticalização para acomodar os cidadãos da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo está alterando o balanço de radiação e calor atmosférico, destacando a necessidade de entender o impacto que a infraestrutura verde e construída têm no fenômeno da ilha de calor urbana de dossel. Esse fenômeno meteorológico ocorre principalmente devido à diferença na paisagem entre áreas urbanas e rurais. Cenários hipotéticos com diferentes perfis verdes foram simulados usando o modelo WRF acoplado ao SLUCM, e seus resultados foram comparados ao cenário atual usando dados numéricos para observar o impacto da infraestrutura verde. A comparação usando os dados de saída mostrou que a área total de infraestrutura verde tem grande potencial para reduzir a intensidade da ilha de calor urbana de dossel. O cenário com a maior área total e maior dispersão de infraestrutura verde registrou temperaturas urbanas médias entre 1,2 °C e 1,9 °C mais baixas do que o cenário atual. Compreender o comportamento da infraestrutura verde e seus benefícios é importante para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas municipais alinhadas aos objetivos sustentáveis, e destaca explicitamente a relevância de parques e praças urbanas para a regulação térmica local.

Abstract A rapid verticalization to accommodate the citizens of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo is altering the balance of radiation and atmospheric heat, highlighting the need to understand the impact that green and built infrastructure have on the canopy urban heat island phenomenon. This meteorological phenomenon occurs mainly due to the difference in landscape between urban and rural areas. Hypothetical scenarios with different green profiles were simulated using the WRF model coupled with SLUCM, and their results were compared to the current scenario using numerical data in order to observe the impact of green infrastructure. Comparison using output data showed that the total area of green infrastructure has great potential in reducing the intensity of the canopy urban heat island. The scenario with the largest total area and highest dispersion of green infrastructure recorded average urban temperatures 1.2 °C to 1.9 °C lower than the current scenario. Understanding the behavior of green infrastructure and its benefits is important for the development of municipal public policies that are in line with sustainable goals, and explicitly the relevance of urban parks and squares for local thermal regulation.

ABSTRACT The Zirconium Di- Boride (ZrB2) reinforced AZ64 magnesium metal matrix composite’s (MMMCs) tribological performance was studied for potential use in engineering applications. The composite was developed using the stir-casting method with the help of ultrasonic vibrations for mixing molten AZ64 and preheated ZrB2 particles as it achieves uniform dispersion and better wettability. The physical characteristics was studied through density measurement and the result showed that 3% ZrB2 reinforced composites had an increase in 1.275% of density when related to 0% reinforced MMMCs. The absorbed energy values from charpys impact test of reinforced composites showed an increase of around 85% from the as-cast alloy. The micro hardness of the ZrB2 particles reinforced composite was significantly improved after ultrasonic dispersion. From XRD and EDX it is evident that inclusion of the ZrB2 increased beta-phase precipitation in the Mg alloy, which in turn enhances the strength of the composites. Sliding wear tests were conducted in dry conditions utilizing pin-on-disc (POD) tribometer at standard loads (20–60N) and speeds (1.2–2.4 m/s). Improved wear resistance was seen in the 3% ZrB2 reinforced composites as a result of its finer grain and relatively uniform distribution of ZrB2 particles. Increasing the load resulted in a higher wear rate of the composite at all sliding speeds. Increased capacity of the reinforcement and other characteristics of the produced composite proved to be superior to the AZ64 as cast alloy in all wear test situations.

Abstract: The homogeneity of wood growth ring width is associated with greater rigidity and mechanical strength of the material. Therefore, understanding ring width homogeneity would be useful for visually grading sawn wood for structural applications. However, the effect of homogeneity on mechanical performance of wood has not been quantified. In this study, the dispersion of the ring width was analyzed to assess its predictive value for elasticity and axial bending strength in Quercus robur (european oak) wood beams. To carry out the study, 26 adult oak trees were felled in Galicia (northwestern Spain). The stems obtained were cut and sawn to produce planks, which were air-dried and subsequently planned to produce beams with target dimensions 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. For a sample of 52 of these beams, we measured the axial bending strength, the elastic modulus in axial bending, the wood density and moisture content, as well as the percentage of sapwood and the width of each growth ring in the cross section. The descriptive variables of the ring homogeneity, calculated using data from all rings in each beam (standard deviation, variance, interquartile range), were more closely related to mechanical properties. Beams with more homogeneous rings exhibited significantly higher elastic modulus and axial bending strength, with the strongest correlation observed between ring width variance and axial bending elastic modulus (R = -0,41**). However, the correlations observed do not justify developing a predictive model for elasticity or mechanical strength based solely on ring width homogeneity, although mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by ring homogeneity. Consequently, this characteristic could be incorporated into visual strength grading standards for oak wood.

Resumen: La homogeneidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento de la madera se asocia a una mayor rigidez y resistencia mecánica del material. Por ello, conocer la homogeneidad de la anchura de los anillos sería útil en la clasificación visual de la madera aserrada con fines resistentes. Sin embargo, no está cuantificada la influencia de la homogeneidad en el comportamiento resistente de la madera. En este trabajo se analizó la dispersión de la variable anchura de anillos para determinar su valor predictivo sobre la resistencia y la elasticidad a flexión axial en vigas de madera de Quercus robur (roble europeo). Para realizar el estudio se talaron 26 robles adultos en Galicia (noroeste de España). Los fustes obtenidos fueron aserrados para obtener tablones, que fueron secados al aire y posteriormente fueron cepillados hasta obtener vigas de dimensiones nominales 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. En una muestra de 52 de dichas vigas se obtuvo el módulo resistente a flexión axial, el módulo elástico a flexión axial, la densidad y la humedad de la madera, así como el porcentaje de albura y la anchura de cada anillo de crecimiento en la sección transversal de cada viga. Las variables descriptivas de la homogeneidad de anillos en cuyo cálculo intervienen los datos de todos los anillos de la viga (desviación típica, varianza, rango intercuartílico) estaban más relacionadas con las propiedades mecánicas. Las piezas con anillos homogéneos presentaban un módulo elástico y una resistencia a flexión estática significativamente mayores, siendo la correlación más destacada la existente entre la varianza de la anchura de anillos y el módulo elástico a flexión (R = -0,41**). No obstante, el valor de las correlaciones obtenidas no justifica la construcción de un modelo predictivo de la elasticidad o de la resistencia mecánica usando solo la homogeneidad de la anchura de anillos como variable predictora. Sin embargo, dado que el comportamiento mecánico se ve significativamente influenciado por la homogeneidad de los anillos, esta característica podría incorporarse en las normas de clasificación visual de la madera de roble con fines resistentes.

EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTEWATER DOSES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A CERRADO OXISOL. The addition of organic residues enhances soil and plant organic matter and nutrient content. To gauge the impact of varying liquid swine waste (LSW) levels on soil, we studied changes in a clayey Oxisol’s physical, chemical, and electrochemical traits from the Cerrado. LSW doses (0, 50, 150, 450, 600 m3 ha−1) were applied to the 0-0.20 m layer in a randomized design with three replicates. Post a 30-day incubation at 60% field capacity, the soil underwent mineralogical, physical (clay dispersed in water - CDW), chemical (sodium adsorption ratio - SAR, cation exchange capacity - CEC, base saturation - V%), and electrochemical (pH in H2O and KCl, ApH, point of zero charge - PZC, point of zero salt effect - PZSE, surface electric potential - iµo, and electrical conductivity - EC) analyses. The levels of exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, and available P increased with increasing LSW doses. Increasing LSW doses in the soil led to an increase in EC, but soil salinization was not observed at the highest dose. With the application of LSW doses, there was a decrease in pH, ApH, PZSE, and an increase in CEC, PZC and ψo. Despite the increase in ψo, low clay dispersibility was observed. PHYSICAL OXISOL content (LSW Oxisols Oxisol s Cerrado 0, 0 (0 50 150 450 60 ha−1 ha1 ha 1 00.20 0020 0.20 20 0-0.2 replicates 30day day 30 mineralogical CDW, CDW , CDW) sodium SAR CEC V%, V V% V%) pH HO H O KCl ApH PZSE iµo EC analyses Ca K Mg Na dose ψo ( 5 15 45 6 ha− 00 00.2 002 020 0.2 2 0-0. 3 4 00. 02 0. 0-0 0-

The present work reports the in situ fabrication of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) in polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) over pre-patterned hydrophobic stripes on a hydrophilic glass surface. Microcontact printing (μCP) using octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) as “ink” was used to obtain these chemically modified substrates. A comparison of the results of the PS-b-P2VP self-assembly over a bare glass substrate and a pre-patterned glass substrate demonstrated the influence of the pattern on the film morphology. Polymeric films of Ag+ and PS-b-P2VP were prepared on a pre-patterned substrate and heated at 150 °C to enable the self-reconstruction of the polymeric matrix and the in situ formation of AgNPs (average particle size of approximately 100 nm). The AgNP/PS-b-P2VP thin films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results demonstrate that the concentration of the solutions of Ag+/PS-b-P2VP used to prepare the films strongly influences the morphologies and dispersion of AgNPs. Moreover, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) activity of the fabricated polymer nanocomposites using Nile Blue as a molecular probe shows the importance of the chemical modification of the substrate in the enhancement of the SERS signal. (AgNPs polystyrenebpoly2vinylpyridine polystyrenebpolyvinylpyridine polystyrene b poly 2 vinylpyridine polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine PSbP2VP PSbPVP PS P2VP P VP (PS-b-P2VP prepatterned pre patterned surface μCP (μCP OTS (OTS ink “ink substrates selfassembly self assembly morphology 15 C selfreconstruction reconstruction average 10 nm. nm . nm) AgNP/PSbP2VP AgNPPSbP2VP AgNPPSbPVP AgNP/PS AgNP UVVis UV Vis microscopy Ag+/PSbP2VP AgPSbP2VP AgPSbPVP Ag+/PS Moreover surfaceenhanced enhanced (SERS signal polystyrenebpoly PSbP PVP 1 AgNPPSbP AgNPPS AgPSbP AgPS

Resumen: El presente estudio investigó los efectos de la visualización de imágenes de equipos favoritos y rivales en los indicadores de valencia y activación emocional para averiguar la interacción con los niveles de fanatismo de los hinchas de fútbol. Veintisiete voluntarios (M= 22 años; DE= 3.25) participaron en este experimento, quienes evaluaron la agradabilidad (valencia hedónica) y la excitación emocional (activación) desencadenada por un conjunto de imágenes neutrales, positivas y negativas del International System of Affective Pictures (IAPS), con más de 30 imágenes experimentales del equipo favorito y el rival. Las evaluaciones se realizaron utilizando la escala Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) y la Escala de Fanatismo en Hinchas de Fútbol (EFHF). Análisis comparativos demostraron que el nivel de fanatismo no influyó en la atribución de la valencia hedónica de las imágenes. Sin embargo, las personas con niveles más altos de fanatismo presentaron una excitación superior ante imágenes neutras (p< .01; d = 0.914), imágenes del equipo favorito (p< .01; d= 1.49) e imágenes del equipo rival (p< .01; d= 0.83). El análisis de dispersión sugirió la implicación de los sistemas motivacionales apetitivos y aversivos en respuesta a las imágenes del equipo favorito y rival, respectivamente. Los resultados del estudio ayudan a comprender el fanatismo en el fútbol.

Resumo: O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da visualização de imagens de times favoritos e rivais nos indicadores de valência e ativação emocional, averiguando possíveis interações com os níveis de fanatismo em torcedores de futebol. Participaram deste experimento 27 voluntários (M= 22 anos; DP= 3,25), que avaliaram a agradabilidade (valência hedônica) e a excitação emocional (ativação) desencadeada por um conjunto de imagens neutras, positivas e negativas do Sistema Internacional de Figuras Afetivas (IAPS), acrescido de 30 imagens experimentais pareadas, sendo 15 do time favorito e 15 do time rival. As avaliações foram realizadas através da escala Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) e da Escala de Fanatismo em Torcedores de Futebol (EFTF). Análises comparativas demonstraram que o nível de fanatismo não influenciou na atribuição da valência hedônica às imagens. Contudo, o grupo com níveis mais altos de fanatismo apresentou maior excitação emocional em resposta a imagens neutras (p< 0,01; d= 0,914), do time favorito (p< 0,01; d= 1,49) e do time rival (p< 0,01; d= 0,83). A análise de dispersão sugeriu o envolvimento dos sistemas motivacionais apetitivo e aversivo em reação às imagens do time favorito e rival, respectivamente. Os resultados do estudo auxiliam na compreensão do fenômeno do fanatismo no futebol.

Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of the favorite and rival team visualization on valence and emotional arousal indicators, verifying for possible interactions with the fanaticism level in soccer fans. Twenty-seven volunteers (Mage = 22; SD= 3.25) participated in this experiment, who evaluated the pleasantness (hedonic valence) and the emotional arousal (activation) triggered by a set of neutral, positive and negative images of the International System of Affective Pictures (IAPS) plus 30 experimental images of the favorite and rival team. Evaluations were performed using the Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale and the Football Supporter Fanatism Scale (FSFS). Comparative analysis revealed that fanaticism did not influence the assignment of hedonic valence to the images. However, individuals with higher levels of fanaticism exhibited greater arousal in response to neutral (p< .01; d= 0.914), favorite (p< .01; d= 1.49), and rival images (p< .01; d= 0.83). The dispersion analysis suggested the involvement of appetitive and aversive motivational systems in response to images of the favorite and rival teams, respectively. The study findings lead to a better understanding of the fanaticism in soccer.

Several tailings dam failures have been reported over the past few decades, raising questions about the stability of these structures. Over the past 30 years, there have been more severe failures of tailings dams, which have resulted in damage to the environment, fatalities and severe socio-economic issues. It is often impossible to predict when tailings dams could fail, so there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective methods for monitoring their stability and preventing such catastrophic events. Recent advancements in techniques related to ambient seismic noise have the potential to introduce new approaches to subsurface imaging and monitoring. In this study, we investigated the potential of using ambient seismic noise to monitor the interior wall of a tailings dam. We used 20 3C short-period geophones to record ambient noise over 3 days continuously. We set up the geophones at the Harmony Gold Mine tailings dam in Welkom, South Africa, along a survey profile approximately 100 m long. Seismic interferometry was used from the recorded data to retrieve empirical Green's functions. We computed the dispersion curves' inversion to determine the dam wall's shear wave velocity at different depths. The calculated shear wave velocity cross-sections revealed a region of reduced velocity within the dam wall, situated between 2 m and 10 m beneath the surface. This zone of low velocity can be a sign of water-saturated material or other subsurface anomalies, which might jeopardise the dam's structure. SIGNIFICANCE: Tailings dams have a long history of ruptures and collapse. The results from this study indicate that passive seismic interferometry can be a cost-effective tool for imaging and identifying minor changes within the interior of the tailings dam wall. This technique could prove valuable in detecting potential instabilities before they reach a critical stage. This can allow for early intervention and remedial measures, such as reinforcing the dam wall or adjusting the water levels in the tailings dam.

Resumen El audiovisual como fuente presenta características que requieren de un correcto procesamiento y actualización de los profesionales de la información y la comunicación. La literatura científica muestra una dispersión en el enfoque teórico y metodológico sobre los factores que afectan el procesamiento de la información y la comunicación audiovisual. Se planteó como objetivos del estudio: i) identificar las concepciones construidas en torno al procesamiento de la información y la comunicación audiovisual, y ii) examinar los metadatos, formatos y estándares presentes en el audiovisual como fuente. El abordaje de esta temática permite sistematizar y actualizar el conocimiento sobre los procesos técnico-formales asociados al audiovisual y las demandas/usos de los usuarios en un entorno transmediático. La investigación es descriptiva, se centra en la identificación de los principios relacionados con el procesamiento de la información audiovisual, y utiliza métodos teóricos y empíricos para obtener los resultados. Se utilizan métodos como el analítico-sintético, el histórico-lógico y el inductivo-deductivo en el nivel teórico, mientras que en el nivel empírico se aplica el análisis documental clásico mediante la revisión de fuentes y bases de datos especializadas en las temáticas relevantes. Se identifican resultados relevantes tales como el rol del Audiovisual Production Researcher, concepción novedosa que integra funciones de gestión, búsqueda y almacenamiento, y abarca todo el ciclo de vida de la información. Por otra parte, la metodología Visual Metric constituye un elemento clave en el análisis y comprensión de documentos audiovisuales.

Abstract Audiovisual media as a source presents characteristics that require proper processing and updating by information and communication professionals. Scientific literature shows a dispersion in the theoretical and methodological approach to the factors that affect the processing of audiovisual information and communication. This study aimed to: (a) identify the conceptions built around the processing of audiovisual information and communication, and (b) examine the metadata, formats, and standards present in audiovisual media as a source. Addressing this topic allows for the systematization and updating of knowledge about the technical-formal processes associated with audiovisual media and the demands/uses of users in a transmedia environment. The research is descriptive, focusing on identifying the principles related to the processing of audiovisual information, and it uses both theoretical and empirical methods to obtain results. Methods such as analytical-synthetic, historical-logical, and inductive-deductive are used at the theoretical level, while at the empirical level, classical document analysis is applied through the review of sources and specialized databases on relevant topics. Relevant results are identified, such as the role of the Audiovisual Production Researcher, a novel conception that integrates functions of management, search, and storage, covering the entire information life cycle. Additionally, the Visual Metric methodology is a key element in the analysis and understanding of audiovisual documents.

Resumo A mídia audiovisual como fonte apresenta características que exigem processamento e atualização adequados por parte dos profissionais de informação e comunicação. A literatura científica mostra uma dispersão na abordagem teórica e metodológica dos fatores que afetam o processamento da informação e da comunicação audiovisual. Este estudo visou a: a) identificar as concepções construídas em torno do processamento da informação e a comunicação audiovisual e b) examinar os metadados, formatos e padrões presentes na mídia audiovisual como fonte. A abordagem desse tópico permite a sistematização e a atualização do conhecimento sobre os processos técnicoformais associados à mídia audiovisual e às demandas e usos dos usuários em um ambiente transmídia. A pesquisa é descritiva, com foco na identificação dos princípios relacionados ao processamento de informações audiovisuais, e utiliza métodos teóricos e empíricos para obter resultados. Métodos como o analítico-sintético, histórico-lógico e indutivo-dedutivo são usados no nível teórico, enquanto no nível empírico, a análise clássica de documentos é aplicada por meio da revisão de fontes e bancos de dados especializados em tópicos relevantes. São identificados resultados relevantes, como o papel do Pesquisador de Produção Audiovisual, uma nova concepção que integra funções de gerenciamento, pesquisa e armazenamento, abrangendo todo o ciclo de vida da informação. Além disso, a metodologia Visual Metric é um elemento fundamental para a análise e a compreensão de documentos audiovisuais.

Resumen La regeneración ósea guiada (GBR) es el tratamiento de elección para mejorar el volumen óseo horizontal y vertical mediante injertos óseos. Las membranas GBR funcionan según el principio de prevenir la migración epitelial hacia el espacio del defecto. La hidroxiapatita se ha utilizado habitualmente como injerto óseo para defectos infraóseos. El estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Biomateriales del Saveetha Dental College. Se preparó un scaffold o andamio, el cual se caracterizó mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM), análisis de rayos X de dispersión de energía (EDAX), radiación infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y análisis confocal. El andamio desarrollado reveló propiedades propicias para la unión celular. Los análisis EDAX y FTIR mostraron el desarrollo exitoso de la membrana de colágeno-gelatina-hidroxiapatita. El cultivo celular y el análisis confocal revelaron una excelente biocompatibilidad con una capa homogénea de células viables. El andamio desarrollado es una membrana biogénica con un potencial de biomineralización relevante que puede utilizarse para aplicaciones GBR.

Abstract Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is the choice of treatment for improving the horizontal and vertical bone volume through bone grafting. GBR membranes work on the principle of preventing epithelial migration into the defect space while maintaining the space for cell migration and differentiation at the defect site. Hydroxyapatite has been commonly used as a bone graft for infrabony defects. The study was conducted at the Department of Biomaterials at Saveetha Dental College. GBR membrane was prepared and its material characterization was done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR), and Confocal Analysis. The developed GBR membrane revealed SEM properties conducive to cell attachment. EDX and FTIR analysis showed the successful development of the collagen-gelatin-hydroxyapatite membrane. Cell culture and confocal analysis revealed excellent biocompatibility with a homogenous layer of viable cells. The developed composite GBR membrane is a biogenic membrane with relevant biomineralization potential that should be applied for GBR applications.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Los vertidos de líquidos inflamables pueden producir accidentes graves, principalmente en plantas industriales y en carretera. Para prevenir la dispersión de derrames, se utilizan diversas formas de recolecta, como la absorción con sólidos porosos. Residuos agroindustriales pueden ser aprovechados como materiales sorbentes de líquidos inflamables. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad de absorción de las biomasas residuales del pedúnculo de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) y del endocarpio del fruto de coyol (Acrocomia sp.) para cuatro líquidos orgánicos inflamables. Métodos: Las biomasas residuales de E. guineensis y de Acrocomia sp. se evaluaron como sorbentes para combustibles derramados (diésel, queroseno de aviación, queroseno comercial y gasolina). Se midió la cantidad de líquido absorbida por las biomasas a 24 ºC durante una semana, y su cinética de desorción a 50 ºC, usando balanzas de secado. Resultados: La propiedad sorbente del material de Acrocomia sp. no fue satisfactoria, comparada con el pedúnculo de E. guineensis, debido a diferencias en arquitectura residual del material orgánico. Esta última biomasa muestra una capacidad de absorción para los combustibles de 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 a 24 ºC. La diatomita absorbe mayor cantidad de los combustibles estudiados, pero la difusión de estos fluidos a 50 ºC por la matriz mineral es solo 0.26 ± 0.09 veces lo observado para el material de E. guineensis, como resultado del mayor grado de tortuosidad de los poros de la diatomita. Conclusiones: El pedúnculo de palma aceitera (E. guineensis) mostró un adecuado potencial desempeño para la aplicación pasiva en la mitigación de los riesgos de incendio, con respecto a la diatomita. El endocarpio del fruto de Acrocomia sp. no resultó útil para esta operación de recuperación.

Abstract Introduction: Spills of flammable liquids can lead to serious accidents, mainly in industrial plants and on roads. To prevent the spread of spills, various forms of collection are used, such as absorption with porous solids. Agroindustrial waste can be used as sorbent materials for flammable liquids. Objective: To determine the sorption capacity of the residual empty-fruit bunch of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) nutshell for four organic flammable liquids. Methods: The residual biomasses of E. guineensis and Acrocomia sp. were assessed as sorbents for spilled fuels (diesel, jet fuel, commercial kerosene, and gasoline). Volumetric measurement of liquid-fuel absorption at 24 ºC was taken during a week. Desorption was measured at 50 ºC as the drying kinetics, by using moisture scales. Results: The sorption capacity of the Acrocomia sp. material was not satisfactory, compared to the E. guineensis residual material, due to differences in the residual architecture of the organic material. This last can absorb 2.4 ± 0.2 cm3 g-1 at 24 ºC, during a one-week period. Diatomite absorbs greater quantities of the organic liquids but, the fluids diffusion at 50 ºC is 0.26 ± 0.09 times more slowly in the mineral matrix, because of the greater pore tortuosity in this mineral matrix. Conclusions: The oil-palm empty fruit bunch of E. guineensis, showed lesser but adequate performance than the sorbing behavior for fire hazard mitigation of diatomite. The nutshell of macaw palm (Acrocomia sp.) did not prove to be useful for this recovery operation.