Chemometrics is gaining more and more space in universities and industry. To contribute to the development and expansion of principal component analysis (PCA) teaching proposals, this work evaluated the answers of the students to a questionnaire and presented a didactic-pedagogical proposal that can contribute to solving the principal doubts achieved by students in the PCA interpretation. Based on data collected in a semi-open questionnaire, the proposal was developed based on methodological principles of historical-critical pedagogy, containing the objectives, the problems surrounding the topic, and the cultural instruments necessary for understanding and interpreting PCA in the discipline of chemometrics by using new resources and instruments, especially free software, Chemostat. This proposal covers topics related to the concept of chemometrics and PCA, the explanation of the data set, pre-processing, use of Chemostat software, and analysis of principal components. It is hoped that this proposal can promote a better understanding concerning PCA on the part of students, as well as effective incorporation of the phenomena that involve this tool and its applications, and interpretation. Likewise, it is expected that this didactic-pedagogical proposal can support new teaching practices in chemometrics subjects in higher education. industry (PCA proposals didacticpedagogical didactic pedagogical interpretation semiopen semi open historicalcritical historical critical pedagogy objectives topic software set preprocessing, preprocessing pre processing, processing pre-processing components applications Likewise education

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to contribute some ideas to the debate on the origin of the International Relations discipline. The argumentative line of the essay is that, due to the enormous impact of the First World War, the discipline of International Relations emerged formally, independently, and with its own identity, starting in 1919. In this sense, the essay states that the revisionists have not taken into account, with the necessary depth, the effect that this conflict had on establishing that date as the official appearance of this discipline. The text is divided into four parts. The first seeks to clarify the difference between the terms international relations and International Relations. The second part discusses the first studies linked to global affairs before 1919. The third part discusses the formal emergence of the discipline. The last section of the text explains the development and consolidation of the discipline after the Second World War.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es aportar algunas reflexiones en torno al debate sobre el origen de las Relaciones Internacionales. La línea argumentativa del texto es que, debido al enorme impacto que tuvo la Primera Guerra Mundial, la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales surgió de manera formal, independiente y con identidad propia, a partir de 1919. En este sentido, el ensayo plantea que los revisionistas no han considerado, con la debida profundidad, el efecto que tuvo ese conflicto para su aparición oficial. El texto está dividido en cuatro partes. La primera busca aclarar la diferencia de los términos relaciones internacionales y Relaciones Internacionales. La segunda parte abona sobre los primeros estudios vinculados a los asuntos globales antes de 1919. La tercera parte discute el surgimiento formal de la disciplina. La última sección del texto explica el desarrollo y consolidación de las Relaciones Internacionales después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Abstract Forty years after the beginning of the transition in Argentina and 50 years after the Chilean coup d'état, this article analyzes the sexual violence against women implemented in clandestine detention centers (CDCs) as political, terrorist, and genocidal violence. Through a qualitative approach to the testimonies of former political prisoners, this paper aims to understand sexual violence against women in the experiences of concentration camps as a specific form of violence within the framework of conservative reconstructions of the civil-military dictatorships in Argentina and Chile. This violence, which was a total patriarchal act, not only sought to punish and discipline “deviant” female militants, but also to harm militant men. Likewise, it was established as a permanent threat against female detainees and a way of suppressing change and subjective, cultural, and social subversions, which, in parallel or as part of the political experience, developed in the countries of the Latin American Southern Cone. It is argued that sexual violence is a form of terrorism and genocide, since it projects terror into a specific group of the population and seeks to annul the possibility of being a woman when she breaks with the sacralized mandates of the patriarchal order.

Resumen A raíz de que se cumplen 40 años del inicio de la transición en Argentina y 50 del golpe de Estado en Chile, en este artículo se aborda la violencia sexual cometida contra las mujeres en los centros clandestinos de detención para argumentar que se trata de una violencia política, terrorista y genocida. A través de un acercamiento cualitativo a los testimonios de expresas políticas, el objetivo del texto es comprender la violencia sexual contra las mujeres en las experiencias concentracionarias en cuanto violencia específica en el marco de la reconstrucción conservadora de las dictaduras cívico-militares de Argentina y Chile. Con esa violencia, que fue un acto patriarcal total, no solo se buscó castigar y disciplinar a las militantes “desviadas”, sino que también se pretendía dañar a los hombres militantes. Asimismo, se instaló como una amenaza permanente contra las detenidas y una forma de suprimir los cambios y las subversiones subjetivas, culturales y sociales, que en paralelo o formando parte de la experiencia política, se desarrollaron en los países del Cono Sur latinoamericano. Se plantea que la violencia sexual es una forma de terrorismo y genocidio, toda vez que instala el terror en un grupo específico de la población y busca anular la posibilidad de ser mujer cuando se rompe con los mandatos sacralizados del orden patriarcal.

Abstract The birth of the liberal system of education in the Roman Empire and its expansion, after the French revolution through pedagogical naturalism along the paths of Western education, its diversification through the new school movement means the installation from the conjunctural to the structural of a soft pedagogy that, with the emergence of emotional intelligences, infantilises education from the devaluation of discipline, effort and study as an arduous and slow process. To this, after the pandemic, online education intensifies and algorithms appear as agile solutions to accelerate and simplify the teaching-learning processes. The desire to make education profitable means the viralisation and hegemony of neoliberal budgets at all levels of education systems, progressively transforming higher education into theme parks at the service of transnationals where gamification replaces pedagogy and didactics replaces epistemologies, emptying universities of knowledge to turn them into higher institutions of entertainment. Re-reading memory not in order to commune with the past, but to analyse the intentions that founded universities as institutions that hosted slow pedagogies, based on study and discipline to dissolve the discourses ascribed to power and to be sources of contextualised and problematic truths, capable of disputing authoritarianisms' status quo through a dialogue of knowledge necessary for the construction of the imaginary of the community.

Resumen El nacimiento del sistema liberal de enseñanza en el imperio romano y su expansión, tras la revolución francesa, a través del naturalismo pedagógico, por las sendas de la educación occidental, su diversificación mediante el movimiento de la escuela nueva, significa la instalación desde lo coyuntural a lo estructural de una pedagogía blanda que, con la emergencia de las inteligencias emocionales, infantiliza la educación desde la devaluación de la disciplina, el esfuerzo y el estudio como un proceso arduo y lento. A ello, tras la pandemia, se intensifica la educación online y aparecen los algoritmos como soluciones ágiles para acelerar y simplificar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje (la educación se vuelve sólo aprendizaje). Los deseos de rentabilizar la educación significan la viralización y hegemonía de los presupuestos neoliberales en todos los niveles de los sistemas educativos, transformando las instituciones de educación superior, progresivamente, en parques temáticos al servicio de las transnacionales donde la gamificación sustituye a la pedagogía y las didácticas a las epistemologías, vaciando las universidades de saberes para convertirlas en instituciones de entretenimiento. Releer el pasado, no para comulgar con él, sino para recuperar las intenciones que fundaron las universidades como instituciones que hospedaron unas pedagogías lentas, basadas en el estudio y la disciplina, capaces de educar sujetos capaces de disolver los discursos adscritos al poder y, ser fuentes de verdades contextualizadas y problemáticas; capaces, en suma, de disputar a los autoritarismos su estatus quo mediante un diálogo de saberes necesario para la construcción del imaginario de lo comunitario.

Resumo:Embora a maioria das obras de arte tenha uma componente física incontornável, o estudo da cultura material na história da arte tem sido menos desenvolvido do que o de outros tipos de objectos, como os das artes conhecidas como "artes menores" ou "artes aplicadas". No caso das obras artísticas, a primazia do fator estético/visual tem muitas vezes obscurecido a materialidade. No entanto, não podemos perder de vista que as obras de arte são, antes de mais, objectos e que a materialidade precede as imagens que transmitem. Este artigo primeiro reflete sobre o estado da arte dos estudos da cultura material como fonte de pesquisa histórica tanto no mundo anglófono quanto na América Latina, e depois explora alguns de seus escopos, oportunidades e possíveis projeções para os campos da história da arte e da história da arte. Para essa última disciplina, identificamos três abordagens para o objeto de estudo a partir da perspectiva da cultura material: o estudo da obra de arte como artefato, o estudo dos objetos representados e o estudo do ambiente material do artista (seu estúdio). Ilustraremos essas três abordagens com exemplos da literatura acadêmica revisada.

Abstract:Although most artworks have an inescapable physical component, the study of material culture in the history of art has been less developed than that of other types of objects such as those known as “minor arts” or “applied arts”. In the case of artistic works, the primacy of the aesthetic/visual factor has often obscured materiality. However, we cannot lose sight of the fact that artworks are objects in the first place, and that the materiality precedes the images they convey. This article first reflects on the state of the art of material culture studies as a source for historical research both in the English-speaking world and in Latin America, and then explores some of its scope, opportunities and possible projections for the fields of art history and art history. For the latter discipline we identify three approaches to the object of study from the perspective of material culture: the study of the work of art as artefact, the study of the objects represented and the study of the artist's material environment (his studio). We will illustrate these three approaches with examples from the reviewed academic literature.

Resumen:Aunque la mayoría de las obras de arte tienen un componente físico ineludible, el estudio de la cultura material en la historia del arte ha estado menos desarrollado que el de otro tipo de objetos como los de las llamadas artes "artes menores" o "artes aplicadas". En el caso de las obras artísticas, la primacía del factor estético/visual ha oscurecido a menudo la materialidad. Sin embargo, no podemos perder de vista que las obras de arte son objetos en primer lugar, y que la materialidad precede a las imágenes que transmiten. Este artículo quiere reflexionar primero sobre el estado de la cuestión respecto a los estudios de la cultura material como fuente para la investigación histórica tanto en el ámbito anglosajón como latinoamericano, para luego explorar algunos de sus alcances, oportunidades y posibles proyecciones para los campos de la historia y la historia del arte. Para esta última disciplina identificamos tres aproximaciones al objeto de estudio desde la perspectiva de la cultura material: el estudio de la obra de arte como artefacto, el estudio de los objetos representados y el estudio del entorno material del artista (su taller). Ilustraremos estos tres enfoques con ejemplos desde la literatura académica revisada.

Abstract This paper analyzes the reform of the secular clergy in the archbishopric of Mexico between 1764 and 1810 in two major regards: the excessive number of priests and their indiscipline. During the eighteenth century various royal and ecclesiastical authorities tried to solve these long-standing problems because, in their view, these issues affected Spanish economic progress and the spiritual work of the Church. This article studies the different criticisms of the secular clergy in the Bourbon era, the strategies of the archbishopric to solve these problems, and the trends in priestly ordination of the diocesan clergy. The purpose is to contrast the objectives and practicality of this reform in the most important American diocese at the end of the colonial era.

Resumen En este artículo se exploran los alcances de la reforma al estado eclesiástico en el arzobispado de México durante los años 1764-1810 en dos cuestiones particulares que aspiraba revertir: el excesivo número de sacerdotes y la indisciplina del clero. Durante el siglo XVIII, diversas autoridades regias y eclesiásticas pretendieron solucionar estos problemas arcaicos porque consideraban que afectaban el progreso económico de los reinos y la labor espiritual de la Iglesia. Para su estudio, se someten a análisis las diferentes críticas al clero secular en la época borbónica, los mecanismos implementados por el arzobispado de México para su resolución y las tendencias de ordenación sacerdotal del clero diocesano, con el fin de contrastar el ideal y las posibilidades reales de aplicación de esta reforma en la diócesis americana más importante de finales de la época colonial.

The Portuguese Language (LP) is identified as one of the areas in which nursing students in Secondary Technical Professional Education (EPTNM) present difficulties, mainly in grammatical and spelling aspects. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge of LP among EPTNM nursing students. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study, with a quantitative approach, carried out between March and September 2022 with 184 participants from two private educational institutions, located in the Northeast and Southeast Regions of Brazil. Furthermore, grammatical knowledge of the LP standard norm was assessed using the categories phonology, morphology, semantics and syntax, using an online questionnaire. The results showed that, regarding their approach to LP, 65.22% (n= 120) considered themselves to have an aptitude for the discipline. Less than half (42.39%; n= 78) attested that learning in PL was completely effective/sufficient in Basic Education and less than ¼ believed they had fully mastered basic knowledge (17.93%; n= 33). The average correct answers in the assessment of grammatical knowledge of the standard norm were 48.37% for phonology, 50.44% for morphology, 58.91% for syntax and 59.45% for semantics. The main weaknesses identified were: use of plural; accentuation; verbal tense identification; adequacy of whys; connotation/denotation recognition; use of crasis and verbal agreement. It is concluded, therefore, that although the participants claim to have a certain affinity for LP, the existence of gaps in knowledge of the discipline is noticeable, thus highlighting weaknesses in the training process of this professional category of nursing.

La Lengua Portuguesa (LP) es identificada como una de las áreas en las que los estudiantes de enfermería de la Educación Secundaria Técnico Profesional (EPTNM) presentan dificultades, principalmente en aspectos gramaticales y ortográficos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el conocimiento sobre PL entre estudiantes de enfermería de la EPTNM. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado entre marzo y septiembre de 2022 con 184 participantes de dos instituciones educativas privadas, ubicadas en las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste de Brasil. Además, se evaluó el conocimiento gramatical de la norma estándar LP mediante las categorías fonología, morfología, semántica y sintaxis, mediante un cuestionario virtual. Los resultados mostraron que, en cuanto a su abordaje de la LP, el 65,22% (n= 120) consideraron tener aptitud para la disciplina. Menos de la mitad (42,39%; n= 78) afirmó que el aprendizaje en PL fue completamente efectivo/suficiente en Educación Básica y menos de ¼ creía que había dominado completamente los conocimientos básicos (17,93%; n= 33). El promedio de aciertos en la evaluación del conocimiento gramatical de la norma estándar fue del 48,37% en fonología, del 50,44% en morfología, del 58,91% en sintaxis y del 59,45% en semántica. Las principales debilidades identificadas fueron: uso del plural; acentuación; identificación del tiempo verbal; adecuación de los porqués; reconocimiento de connotación/denotación; Uso de crasis y acuerdo verbal. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que aunque los participantes afirman tener cierta afinidad por la LP, se nota la existencia de lagunas en el conocimiento de la disciplina, destacando debilidades en el proceso de formación de esta categoría profesional de enfermería.

A Língua Portuguesa (LP) é identificada como uma das áreas em que estudantes de enfermagem da Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio (EPTNM) apresentam dificuldades, principalmente, em aspectos gramaticais e ortográficos. Por conseguinte, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o conhecimento de LP entre estudantes da EPTNM em enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e observacional, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado entre março e setembro de 2022 com 184 participantes de duas instituições de ensino privadas, localizadas nas Regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Ademais, os conhecimentos gramaticais da norma-padrão da LP foram avaliados com base nas categorias fonologia, morfologia, semântica e sintaxe, por meio de questionário on-line. Os resultados evidenciaram que, quanto à aproximação com a LP, 65,22% (n= 120) consideraram possuir aptidão com a disciplina. Menos da metade (42,39%; n= 78) atestou que a aprendizagem em LP foi totalmente eficaz/suficiente na Educação Básica e menos de ¼ acreditou dominar totalmente os conhecimentos básicos (17,93%; n= 33). As médias de respostas corretas na avaliação dos conhecimentos gramaticais da norma-padrão foram de 48,37% para fonologia, 50,44% para morfologia, 58,91% para sintaxe e 59,45% para semântica. As principais fragilidades identificadas foram: uso de plural; acentuação; identificação de tempo verbal; adequação dos porquês; reconhecimento de conotação/denotação; uso da crase e a concordância verbal. Conclui-se, portanto, que embora os participantes afirmem ter certa afinidade pela LP, é perceptível a existência de lacunas nos conhecimentos da disciplina, evidenciando, assim, fragilidades no processo formativo desta categoria profissional da enfermagem.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to describe the motivation of university students through their willingness and interest in research from the perspective of university social responsibility (RSU) in Peru. An instrument is provided to 390 university students from various universities in Peru. An exploratory factor analysis is applied and statistically significant differences are examined according to sociodemographic characteristics. The results show statistically differences in some variables that comprise motivation in agreement research: years of study, study discipline, and participation in RSU projects. In conclusion, the management of research during university education must consider academic, sociodemographic, and personal aspects for the design of strategies that develop in students the will and interest in the development of studies that allow them to respond to the needs and demands of society.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la motivación de los estudiantes universitarios a través de la voluntad e interés sobre la investigación desde el enfoque de la responsabilidad social universitaria (RSU) en Perú. Se suministra un instrumento a 390 estudiantes universitarios de diversas universidades de Perú. Se aplica un análisis factorial exploratorio y se examinan diferencias estadísticamente significativas según características sociodemográficas. Los resultados señalan diferencias estadísticamente en algunas variables que integran la motivación en la investigación de acuerdo: años de estudio, disciplina de estudio y participación en proyectos de RSU. En conclusión, la gestión de la investigación durante la formación universitaria debe considerar aspectos académicos, sociodemográficos y personales para el diseño de estrategias que desarrollen en los estudiantes la voluntad e interés por el desarrollo de estudios que permitan responder a las necesidades y demandas de la sociedad.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had widespread disruptive consequences on various sectors including tertiary education. Universities were shut down and forced to introduce emergency remote teaching and learning. This coincided with the period where the authors of this article started advanced professorial training through the Future Professors Programme Phase 2, Cohort 1 (FPP). Like other educators, the authors experienced COVID-19-linked challenges and opportunities and decided to report on this through a review of the literature and reflective writing. While most publications between 2020 and now focused on the challenges and opportunities caused by the pandemic within the teaching and learning environment, challenges and opportunities experienced in the research environment were less reported on. Often, the findings presented also focused on one discipline or in single institutions. This meant that the responses to address pandemic-associated disruptions would be limited in its view and weighted to teaching and learning and specific discipline(s). Set against the background of the South African higher education (HE) system, the authors review how COVID-19 augmented existing challenges as well as how it presented opportunities for improved teaching, learning and research. This is done by providing context to the challenges and opportunities of not only teaching and learning but of the research environment whilst focusing on several disciplines and institutions. While there is an overlap in the COVID-19 experience within the five Institutions (UCT, UWC, UJ, NWU and TUT) in terms of challenges and opportunities, the impact on research was as devastating as it was on teaching and learning with unique scenarios applicable to the respective disciplines/institutions. The supplemental FPP training and teachings placed the authors in a unique position compared to our peers, in our approach to dealing with the academic disruption. While the pandemic had a general negative outlook for most academics, the FPPs programme better prepared the authors to reimagine and reshape our teaching, learning and research practices to face future pandemics.

The concept of digital transformation (DT) has revolutionized different facets of society including institutions of learning, where it has continued to influence teaching, learning and research. Over time and with the continued technological advancements in biological science disciplines, it has become clear that the increased convergence between these disciplines and digital systems application will become more apparent. For example, the advent and application of next-generation sequencing (NGS), machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI) and other automated biological processes have afforded unique huge data sets with high societal impact. As such, digitalization of the bioeconomy remains necessary. The digitalization of the biosciences has birthed emerging concepts like "digital biology", "engineered biology" and "bio-revolution" and involve computer-centered biosciences. These are built around the integration of scientific data, modeling at several levels, as well as networked science. Nonetheless, it is still plagued by information derivation policies and technicality issues. Although, digital biology has seen a major boost in recent years with the emergence of new and updated digital biology databases and platforms for advanced computational modelling, and connection and visualization of bio-data at a molecular level, more efforts are needed from governmental stakeholders (policy makers), industry and academia to enhance the impact of computational automation and digital transformation in bioscience activities. Hence, a steady upscale in digitalization of the biosciences would ensure bioprocess development, increase teaching, research efficiency and productivity, birth more innovative future applications for various industries, and thereby impact several aspects of life. This article presents how selected biological science disciplines have been digitally transformed through data analytics and how the concept could be further explored in advancing teaching, learning and research.

Studies offering curriculum framework for institutional internalisation of criminology and forensics studies and Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) are scarce. This article gives a scoping review of these concepts, which are currently presented separately, as they are from distant study fields. As a result, the objective of this article is to establish the current link between criminology and forensic studies to enhance the South African CJS and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) curriculum frameworks, while integrating theory and practice. This qualitative scoping review was supported by the adapted version of methodology framework by Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa of 2005 to search for approximately 9 031 relevant studies from fundamental databases and 139 000 internet sources focusing on South African context and other international countries. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for data analysis, coupled with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). This article confirmed that combining forensic criminology features could transform the South African CJS and HEIs offerings. For recommendations, the Qualifications Board should expedite the registration of forensic criminology as a profession consisting of professional qualification, guided by ethical and disciplinary rules. Overall, limited prioritisations, slow registration process to a "Scientific Board" and advancement of this discipline negatively affect immediate responses to achieve the WIL. The knowledge, attitudes, skills and values gained during participating in the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023 offered contributions to the field of professorship thereof.

Although widely acknowledged for their significance, contemporary Teacher Professional Development (TPD) initiatives have faced growing criticism due to their failure to effectively foster the seamless incorporation of technology into educators' pedagogical practices. Educators depend on their informal Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than TPD programmes to acquire the knowledge they need to both competently and meaningfully integrate technology into their pedagogical practices. This study investigates the innovative approaches educators employ in three (n=3) Western Cape public primary schools to create a hybrid CoP in their school to improve their collective technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). The criticism of TPD efforts extends beyond primary and secondary school contexts. This challenge substantially impacts teacher education and highlights the increasing necessity for developing digital literacy among the professoriate in this discipline. The theoretical basis for this study was Wenger's (1998) CoP social learning theory and Mishra and Koehler's (2006) TPACK model. The study employed a qualitative research approach involving a cohort of 12 educators who engaged in open-ended survey questionnaires, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and observational sessions. Additionally, the research incorporated one (n=1) school principal and two (n=2) deputy principals who actively contributed to all data collection modalities except for the survey questionnaires. Document analysis, specifically from WhatsApp group chat screenshots, was conducted across all three (n=3) schools as part of the research approach. While the data set used in this study originates from a study involving school educators, it aims to extend the findings to determine their significance for teacher education. The results revealed that the sampled educators had established an informal hybrid CoP at their respective schools through innovative approaches, such as joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. These educators gained TPACK from one another throughout this process. Universities and provincial governments might profit from the findings, the knowledge gained from which could assist in their structuring of TPD programmes in ways which would foster their organic development in educators' particular employment contexts.

Abstract: This work explores managerialism's influence on social sciences in Latin American universities. It looks at how management structures and practices impact academic work in this area of knowledge. It is proposed that managerialism, emphasizing efficiency and effectiveness, restricts the development of theoretical and methodological diversity in the discipline, endorsing easily measurable approaches that are more aligned with academic productivity indicators. Through Niklas Luhmann’s theory, this work offers an understanding of universities as decision systems. It analyzes how these institutions manage complexity through regulatory programs that organize their decisions around specific purposes determined by principles such as quantification and bureaucratization. Last, it is suggested that current models in the context of social sciences of Latin American universities, where critical thinking, and commitment to social problems should play a central role in academic work, need to be reviewed.

Resumen: En este trabajo se explora la influencia del gerencialismo en las ciencias sociales en las universidades latinoamericanas. En particular, se observa cómo las estructuras y las prácticas de gestión afectan las labores académicas en esta área del conocimiento. Se plantea que el gerencialismo, con su énfasis en la eficiencia y la eficacia, limita el desarrollo de la diversidad teórica y metodológica en la disciplina, favoreciendo enfoques que son fácilmente medibles y, por lo tanto, más alineados con los indicadores de productividad académica. A través de la teoría de Niklas Luhmann, este trabajo ofrece una comprensión de las universidades como sistemas de decisiones. Se analiza cómo estas instituciones gestionan la complejidad a través de programas regulatorios que ordenan sus decisiones en torno a fines específicos determinados por principios como la cuantificación y la burocratización. Finamente, se sugiere la necesidad de revisar los modelos actuales en el contexto de las ciencias sociales de las universidades latinoamericanas donde el pensamiento crítico y el compromiso con las problemáticas sociales deberían jugar un papel central en la definición de su quehacer.

Abstract Introduction: Nursing, as a science and discipline, faces the challenge of missed care and omissions that affect the safety and quality of care. Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence related to missed care in nursing, highlighting its impact on safety and quality of care. Methodology: A systematic review of articles was conducted between 2018 and 2023, with a descriptive design, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flowchart. The study was conducted between September and December 2023, collecting articles related to lost care in nursing from open-access indexed journals in the following repositories: Scielo, Redalyc, PubMed, Wos, Scopus, and CINAHL. Selection and exclusion criteria were applied, and original qualitative and quantitative articles were chosen with a maximum validity of 6 years. The review focused on literature in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Ethical standards were rigorously respected, guaranteeing confidentiality and treating sensitive information ethically. Results: 7 articles were included, which revealed disparities in lost care between public and private hospitals, highlighting the gap in resources, in addition to emphasizing the relationship between lost care and professional burnout, omissions in primary nursing care such as handwashing, along with the importance of planning care through the nursing process, to ensure compliance and recording of this care. Conclusion s: Strategies such as humanizing care, developing plans for resource scarcity, and maintaining an adequate nurse-patient relationship are essential to address the issue of lost care.

Resumen Introducción: la enfermería, como ciencia y disciplina, se enfrenta al desafío de los cuidados perdidos y omisiones que afectan la seguridad y calidad de la atención. Objetivo: analizar las evidencias científicas relacionadas con los cuidados perdidos en enfermería, destacando su impacto en la seguridad y calidad asistencial. Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos entre 2018-2023, con diseño descriptivo, siguiendo el flujograma Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). El estudio se llevó a cabo entre septiembre y diciembre de 2023, recopilando artículos de revistas indexadas de acceso abierto en; Scielo, Redalyc, PubMed, Wos, Scopus y CINAHL, relacionados con los cuidados perdidos en enfermería. Se aplicaron criterios de selección y exclusión, eligiendo artículos originales cualitativos y cuantitativos con una vigencia máxima de 6 años. La revisión se centró en literatura en inglés, español y portugués. Se respetaron rigurosamente las normas éticas, garantizando la confidencialidad y tratando éticamente la información sensible. Resultados: se incluyeron 7 artículos, los que revelaron disparidades en el cuidado perdido entre hospitales públicos y privados, resaltando la brecha en recursos, además de enfatizar en la relación entre el cuidado perdido y el agotamiento profesional, omisiones en cuidados básicos de enfermería como el lavado de manos, junto con la importancia de planificar el cuidado mediante el proceso de enfermería, a fin de garantizar su complimiento y registro de este cuidado. Conclusiones: estrategias como la humanización de la atención, desarrollo de planes ante escasez de recursos y mantener una adecuada relación enfermero-paciente, son esenciales para enfrentar los inconvenientes que representan los cuidados perdidos.

Abstract Many of the doubts, disputes, and misunderstandings surrounding theory in legal research are due to our lack of attention to the fact that there are different types of legal research and that each of them understands, uses, and creates theory in its own way. Therefore, to clarify the different concepts and functions of theory, this article presents and discusses four types of legal research, which reflect different discipline dimensions: Law as a practical discipline, Law as a positivist social science, Law as an interpretivist social science, and Law as a humanity. Understanding these differences can help unmake some of the misunderstandings and anxieties around the use of theory in legal research and allow a more rigorous employment of theory by researchers. It also helps to position the field of legal research in relation to other disciplines and legal practice. doubts disputes understands uses way Therefore dimensions science humanity researchers practice

Resumo Muitas das dúvidas, disputas e incompreensões sobre a teoria na pesquisa em Direito ocorrem porque frequentemente não nos atentamos para o fato de que a teoria pode ter diversas definições e usos a depender do tipo de pesquisa em Direito que se produz. Portanto, para esclarecer os diferentes conceitos de teoria e as suas funções, o presente artigo apresenta e discute quatro tipos de pesquisa no Direito, que refletem dimensões diferentes dessa disciplina: Direito como disciplina prática, como ciência social positivista, como ciência social interpretativista e como humanidade. Compreender essas diferenças desfaz algumas confusões e angústia em torno do uso teoria na pesquisa em Direito e permite que se trabalhe com a teoria de forma mais rigorosa, além de ajudar a posicionar o campo da pesquisa em Direito em relação a outras disciplinas e à prática jurídica. dúvidas produz Portanto funções positivista humanidade rigorosa jurídica