RESUMEN La superación profesional es el proceso continuo de incorporación de saberes con un fin determinado. En cuanto a ello, el profesional de la salud, en específico el enfermero comunitario integral, debe ser instruido en lo relativo a la atención a la discapacidad intelectual. El presente texto tiene como objetivo exponer elementos de una estrategia para la superación profesional del enfermero comunitario integral en la atención a la discapacidad intelectual. Se estructuró en cuatro etapas que incluyen el diagnóstico, sensibilización y caracterización de las necesidades y potencialidades de los profesionales implicados; la planeación y organización de las acciones; su implementación y por último la evaluación de los resultados. Con lo anterior gana el carácter de sistema que la distingue. Se ejecutó durante el período de enero a diciembre de 2023.

ABSTRACT Professional improvement is the continuous process of incorporating knowledge for a specific purpose. In this regard, the health professional, specifically the comprehensive community nurse, must be instructed regarding the care of intellectual disability. The objective of this text is to present significant elements of a strategy for the improvement of comprehensive community nursing in the care of intellectual disabilities. It was structured in four stages that include diagnosis, awareness and characterization of the needs and potential of the professionals involved; the planning and organization of actions; its implementation and finally the evaluation of the results. With the above, it gains the system character that distinguishes it. It was carried out during the period from January to December 2023.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the phenomenon of corpolatry in Physical Education, focusing on the challenges faced by teachers with physical disabilities. This study is a theoretical essay that uses a critical approach, investigating how social markers of difference generate oppression and exclusion, based on intersectionality. The essay reflects the theme based on the theoretical conceptualization of intersectionality and results of recent research. Stigmas and prejudices against these professionals are evident. It is concluded that valuing body diversity and professional competence is crucial to promoting an inclusive and equitable environment in Physical Education.

RESUMO O artigo analisa o fenômeno da corpolatria na Educação Física, focando nos desafios enfrentados por professores com deficiência física. Este estudo é um ensaio teórico que utiliza uma abordagem crítica, investigando como os marcadores sociais de diferença geram opressão e exclusão, a partir da interseccionalidade. O ensaio reflete a temática com base na conceituação teórica da interseccionalidade e em resultados de pesquisas recentes. Evidenciam-se estigmas e preconceitos contra esses profissionais. Conclui-se que valorizar a diversidade corporal e a competência profissional é crucial para promover um ambiente inclusivo e equitativo na Educação Física.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza el fenómeno de la corpolatría en Educación Física, centrándose en los desafíos que enfrentan los docentes con discapacidad física. Este estudio es un ensayo teórico que utiliza un enfoque crítico, investigando cómo los marcadores sociales de diferencia generan opresión y exclusión, a partir de la interseccionalidad. El ensayo refleja la temática a partir de la conceptualización teórica de la interseccionalidad y resultados de investigaciones recientes. Los estigmas y prejuicios contra estos profesionales son evidentes. Se concluye que valorar la diversidad corporal y la competencia profesional es crucial para promover un ambiente inclusivo y equitativo en la Educación Física.

RESUMEN La presente investigación responde a la necesidad de perfeccionar la formación continua de los docentes de la Educación Básica Primaria para contribuir a la inclusión educativa de estudiantes con Discapacidad Intelectual en el contexto colombiano. Para ello se proponen requerimientos metodológicos donde se tiene en cuenta las experiencias formativas, las necesidades de los docentes y la realidad de la institución caracterizada por el aprendizaje situado en estrecho vínculo con el Proyecto Educativo Institucional.

ABSTRACT This research responds to the need to improve the continuous training of Primary Basic Education teachers to contribute to the educational inclusion of students with Intellectual Disabilities in the Colombian context. For this, methodological requirements are proposed that take into account training experiences, the needs of teachers and the reality of the institution characterized by learning located in close connection with the Institutional Educational Project.

RESUMEN El síndrome de Noonan es una enfermedad congénita, de particular interés para el anestesiólogo por ser considerado probable vía aérea difícil.Se presentó un paciente masculino de 13 años con antecedentes patológicos personales de síndrome de Noonan genotipo PTPN11, hipotiroidismo, discapacidad intelectual ligeraque acudió a Cuerpo de Guardia de Cirugía por presentar dolor abdominal de 16 horas de evolución. Fue diagnosticado con apendicitis aguda y se anunció para apendicectomía de urgencia.La presencia del síndrome de Noonan en el paciente requirió un enfoque anestésico personalizado para manejar las posibles complicaciones transoperatorias. La planificación preoperatoria meticulosa, la elección de la secuencia rápida para la inducción anestésica y la monitorización rigurosa fueron clave para el éxito de la cirugía.

RESUMO A síndrome de Noonan é uma doença congênita causada por uma mutação autossômica dominante. Essa síndrome é de particular interesse para o anestesiologista por ser considerada uma provável via aérea difícil. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, apresentou história patológica pessoal de síndrome de Noonan, genótipo PTPN11, hipotireoidismo e deficiência intelectual leve, que compareceu ao Corpo de Guardas Cirúrgicos devido a dor abdominal com duração de 16 horas. Ele foi diagnosticado com apendicite aguda e foi agendado para apendicectomia de emergência. A presença da síndrome de Noonan no paciente exigiu abordagem anestésica personalizada para manejo de possíveis complicações intraoperatórias. O planejamento pré-operatório meticuloso, a escolha da sequência rápida para indução anestésica e o acompanhamento rigoroso foram fundamentais para o sucesso da cirurgia.

ABSTRACT Noonan syndrome is a congenital of particular interest to the anesthesiologist because it is considered a probable difficult airway. A 13-year-old male patient was presented with a personal pathological history of Noonan syndrome genotype PTPN11, hypothyroidism, mild intellectual disability who attended the Surgical Guard Corps due to abdominal pain of 16 hours duration. He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and was scheduled for emergency appendectomy. The presence of Noonan syndrome in the patient required a personalized anesthetic approach to manage potential intraoperative complications. Meticulous preoperative planning, the choice of rapid sequence for anesthetic induction, and rigorous monitoring were key to the success of the surgery.

Resumen: Actualmente, la discapacidad es un tema relevante en el área de educación. Profundizar en la visión de quienes son formadores de profesores y tienen la responsabilidad de propiciar la inclusión en la educación superior se torna importante. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las percepciones y actitudes que poseen los docentes de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Diferencial hacia las personas con discapacidad en una universidad privada de Chile. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a 12 académicos y se realizó un análisis de contenido del discurso con apoyo del software cualitativo Nvivo 12. Los resultados principales indican que la percepción y actitud de los docentes hacia la discapacidad es positiva y coinciden en el respeto de los derechos fundamentales de los sujetos como un ciudadano típico, comprenden que su desempeño no está limitado por su discapacidad y asocian los apoyos a enfoques ecológicos funcionales. Por tanto, los formadores de profesores podrían estar generando un efecto positivo en los futuros docentes. Este estudio contribuye a la profundización de la visión del profesorado de educación superior desde una mirada inclusiva

Resumo: Atualmente, a deficiência é um tema relevante na área da educação. Aprofundar a visão daqueles que são formadores de professores e têm a responsabilidade de promover a inclusão na Educação Superior se torna importante. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as percepções e atitudes dos docentes do curso de Pedagogia em Educação Diferencial em relação às pessoas com deficiência em uma universidade privada do Chile. Foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 acadêmicos e realizada uma análise de conteúdo do discurso com o apoio do software qualitativo Nvivo 12. Os principais resultados indicam que a percepção e a atitude dos docentes em relação à deficiência são positivas, e eles concordam com o respeito aos direitos fundamentais dos sujeitos como cidadãos típicos, compreendem que seu desempenho não está limitado pela deficiência e associam os apoios a enfoques ecológicos funcionais. Portanto, os formadores de professores poderiam estar gerando um efeito positivo nos futuros docentes. Este estudo contribui para o aprofundamento da visão dos docentes da Educação Superior sob uma perspectiva inclusiva

Abstract: Disability is currently a significant topic within the field of education. Exploring the perspectives of those responsible for training future teachers and fostering inclusion in higher education is increasingly important. This study aimed to analyze the perceptions and attitudes of faculty members in the Special Education Teaching program at a private university in Chile toward individuals with disabilities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 faculty members, and content analysis was carried out using the qualitative software NVivo 12. The main findings indicate that faculty members have a positive perception of and attitude toward disability. They agree on respecting the fundamental rights of individuals as typical citizens, recognize that a person's abilities are not inherently limited by their disability, and associate necessary support with functional ecological approaches. Consequently, teacher educators may be contributing positively to the mindset of future teachers. This study provides valuable insights into faculty perspectives in higher education from an inclusive lens

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a tendência temporal da incidência de acidentes do trabalho (AT) no Brasil, entre suas unidades federativas (UF) e por setor de atividade econômica, de 2009 a 2019. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico de séries temporais, com dados do Anuário Estatístico de Acidentes do Trabalho (AEAT InfoLogo) e do Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social (AEPS InfoLogo). A variação percentual anual (VPA) das taxas de incidência de AT e os intervalos de confiança 95% foram estimados através de regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. A taxa média de AT por 1.000 vínculos de trabalho diminuiu de 21,64 para 13,72, com VPA de -4,45%. A redução foi observada em todas as faixas etárias, ambos os sexos e em 26 UF. As taxas de AT que necessitaram de assistência médica ou que implicaram incapacidade também apresentaram tendência decrescente. Houve também variação no indicador entre as diferentes classes da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas, com algumas categorias apresentando tendência decrescente mais expressiva do que outras. A queda nas taxas de AT e a tendência decrescente nas UF podem ser efeito de políticas públicas e estratégias adotadas nos últimos anos para enfrentamento dos AT.

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la tendencia temporal de la incidencia de accidentes laborales (AL) en Brasil, entre sus unidades federativas (UF) y por sector de actividad económica, de 2009 a 2019. Se realizó un estudio de series temporales ecológicas, con datos del Anuario Estadístico de Accidentes Laborales (AEAT InfoLogo) y del Anuario estadístico de la Seguridad Social (AEPS InfoLogo). El cambio porcentual anual (CPA) de las tasas de incidencia de AL y los intervalos de confianza del 95 % se estimaron mediante la regresión lineal de Prais-Winsten. La tasa media de AL por cada 1.000 contratos de trabajo disminuyó de 21,64 a 13,72, con un CPA del -4,45%. La reducción se observó en todos los grupos de edad, ambos sexos y en las 26 UFs. Las tasas de AL que requirieron asistencia médica o resultaron en discapacidad también mostraron una tendencia a la baja. También hubo variación en el indicador entre las distintas clases de la Clasificación Nacional de Actividades Económicas, mostrando algunas categorías una tendencia decreciente más significativa que otras. La caída de las tasas de AL y la tendencia a la baja de las UFs pueden ser el efecto de políticas públicas y estrategias adoptadas en los últimos años para enfrentar los AL.

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the temporal trend of workplace accidents (WA) incidence in Brazil, across its federative units (FU) and by economic activity sector, from 2009 to 2019. An ecological study of time series was conducted using data from the Statistical Yearbook of Occupational Accidents (AEAT InfoLogo) and the Statistical Yearbook of Social Security (AEPS InfoLogo). The annual percent change (APC) of WA incidence rates and the 95% confidence intervals were estimated through Prais-Winsten linear regression. The average WA rate per 1,000 work contracts decreased from 21.64 to 13.72, with an APC of -4.45%. The reduction was observed across all age groups, both genders, and in 26 FU. Incidence rates of WA requiring medical assistance or resulting in disability also showed a declining trend. There was also variation in the indicator among different categories of the National Classification of Economic Activities, with some categories exhibiting a more pronounced declining trend than others. The decrease in WA rates and the declining trend in FU may be the result of public policies and strategies adopted in recent years to address workplace accidents.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a sobrevivência e o risco de morte em um período de 10 anos de acordo com a funcionalidade física e a frequência do sentimento de felicidade em pessoas idosas, além de realizar uma análise do possível efeito mediador da felicidade na associação entre funcionalidade física e mortalidade. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com 1.519 pessoas idosas (≥ 60 anos) entrevistadas para o Inquérito de Saúde de Campinas de 2008-2009. Foi realizado um linkage entre o banco de dados da pesquisa e o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade de Campinas, com busca ativa para a confirmação de óbitos e não óbitos de 2008 a 2018. As variáveis de interesse foram a funcionalidade física (ausência/presença de limitações) e a frequência do sentimento de felicidade. Foram traçadas curvas de sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier e realizada a análise de regressão de Cox para o cálculo das razões de risco (RR). Também foi realizada uma análise de mediação utilizando o método Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB). Na análise ajustada, a limitação funcional grave (RR = 2,8; IC95%: 2,0-3,8) e baixa frequência de felicidade (RR = 1,6; IC95%: 1,3-2,0) aumentaram o risco de óbito no período. A baixa frequência de felicidade mediou a associação entre funcionalidade física e mortalidade em 14%. Os resultados destacam a importância de estratégias voltadas para a manutenção da funcionalidade física durante o processo de envelhecimento. Além disso, uma maior frequência do sentimento de felicidade aumentou a sobrevivência da população. Os resultados também mostram que a felicidade desempenha um papel importante de mediação na associação entre capacidade funcional e mortalidade em pessoas idosas.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la supervivencia y el riesgo de muerte en un período de 10 años según la funcionalidad física y la frecuencia del sentimiento de felicidad en personas mayores, además de realizar un análisis del posible efecto mediador de la felicidad sobre la asociación entre la funcionalidad física y la mortalidad. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal retrospectivo con 1.519 personas mayores (≥ 60 años) participantes en la Encuesta de Salud de Campinas de 2008-2009. Se realizó una vinculación entre la base de datos de investigación y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad de Campinas, con una búsqueda activa de la confirmación de defunciones y no defunciones de 2008 a 2018. Las variables de interés fueron la funcionalidad física (ausencia/presencia de limitaciones) y la frecuencia del sentimiento de felicidad. Se trazaron curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier, y se realizó un análisis de regresión de Cox para calcular las razones de riesgo (RR). También se realizó un análisis de mediación utilizando el método Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB). En el análisis ajustado, la limitación funcional severa (RR = 2,8; IC95%: 2,0-3,8) y la baja frecuencia de felicidad (RR = 1,6; IC95%: 1,3-2,0) aumentaron el riesgo de muerte en el período. La baja frecuencia de felicidad favoreció la asociación entre la funcionalidad física y la mortalidad en un 14%. Los resultados destacan la importancia de las estrategias dirigidas a mantener la funcionalidad física durante el proceso de envejecimiento. Además, una mayor frecuencia del sentimiento de felicidad aumentó la supervivencia de la población. Los resultados también muestran que la felicidad juega un importante papel mediador en la asociación entre la capacidad funcional y la mortalidad en las personas mayores.

The aim was to investigate survival and risk of death within a ten-year period according to physical functioning and frequency of the feeling of happiness in older people, conducting an analysis of the possible mediating effect of happiness on the association between physical functioning and mortality. A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted with 1,519 older people (≥ 60 years) interviewed for the 2008/2009 Health Survey in Campinas. A linkage was made between the databank of the survey and the Campinas Mortality Information System, with active search for confirmation of deaths and non-deaths from 2008 to 2018. Variables of interest were physical functioning (absence/presence of limitations) and frequency of feeling happiness. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR). A mediation analysis was also conducted using the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method. In the adjusted analysis, severe functional limitation (HR = 2.8; 95%CI: 2.0-3.8) and low frequency of happiness (HR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.3-2.0) increased the risk of death in the period. Low frequency of happiness mediated the association between functioning and mortality by 14%. The results underscore the importance of strategies to maintain physical functioning during aging. Moreover, a greater frequency of the feeling of happiness increased the survival of the population. The findings also show that happiness plays an important mediating role in the association between functioning and mortality in older people.

Resumo A Rede de Cuidado à Pessoa com Deficiência (RCPD) propõe a ampliação do acesso e qualificação da atenção à saúde das pessoas com deficiência (PcD) com participação da atenção básica (AB). O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação entre o modelo de organização da AB e as práticas de saúde voltadas às PcD nesse nível de atenção. Estudo transversal com 1.377 profissionais de nível superior da AB em oito estados brasileiros, recorte da pesquisa REDECIN-BRASIL. Foi realizada uma regressão logística para estimar a associação entre os modelos AB tradicional e Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) e a frequência das práticas voltadas às PcD. O modelo AB tradicional apresentou associação positiva e estatisticamente significante com menor frequência de práticas voltadas à PcD na AB, em comparação com o modelo da ESF, com ajuste da regressão para o conhecimento sobre a RCPD. Acompanhamento pré-natal, atendimento domiciliar e educação em saúde são práticas mais frequentes no modelo ESF, porém, criação de linhas de cuidado, protocolos clínicos, ações intersetoriais e articulação com recursos comunitários ainda são desafios para ambos os modelos.

Resumen La Red de Atención a Personas con Discapacidad (RCPD) propone ampliar el acceso y la calificación de la atención en salud para personas con discapacidad (PcD) con la participación de la atención primaria (AP). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la asociación entre el modelo de organización de AP y las prácticas de salud dirigidas a las personas con discapacidad en este nivel de atención. Estudio transversal con 1.377 profesionales de AP de educación superior en ocho estados brasileños, parte de la encuesta REDECIN-BRASIL. Se realizó una regresión logística para estimar la asociación entre el Modelo AP tradicional y la ESF y la frecuencia de prácticas dirigidas a personas con discapacidad. El modelo AP Tradicional presentó asociación positiva y estadísticamente significativa con una menor frecuencia de prácticas dirigidas a PcD en AP, en comparación con el modelo de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF), con ajuste de regresión por conocimientos sobre RCPD. La atención prenatal, la atención domiciliaria y la educación en salud son prácticas más frecuentes en el modelo ESF. Sin embargo, la creación de líneas de atención, protocolos clínicos, acciones intersectoriales y la articulación con recursos comunitarios aún son desafíos para ambos modelos.

Abstract The scope of the Care Network for People with Disabilities in Brazil is to enhance access to, and improve health care for, people with disabilities (PwD) with the participation of primary health care (PHC). The objective of this study was to estimate the association between the PHC organization model and health practices aimed at PwD at this level of care. It involved a cross-sectional study with 1,377 qualified PHC professionals in 8 Brazilian states, part of the REDECIN-BRASIL survey. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between the PHC model and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) Model and the frequency of care aimed at PwDs. The Traditional PHC Model revealed a positive and statistically significant association with a lower frequency of practices aimed at PwD in PHC, compared to the FHS model, with regression adjustment for knowledge about the care network for PwD. Prenatal care, home care and health education are more frequent practices in the FHS model, however, creating lines of care, clinical protocols, intersectoral actions and articulation with community resources are still challenges for both models.

Resumo O artigo investigou concepções de deficiência de 30 profissionais em formação ou em exercício, de 14 profissões da saúde, por meio de entrevistas individuais. Foram elaboradas, por um comitê de especialistas, 34 afirmativas representativas de perspectivas religiosa/moral, médica, social e afirmativa da deficiência. Os entrevistados justificaram seu posicionamento diante de cada afirmativa, revelando a coexistência de compreensões referentes tanto às perspectivas médicas quanto sociais da deficiência. Foi frequente o argumento de que impedimentos corporais são determinantes de desigualdades sociais e que práticas de saúde devem buscar a normalização do indivíduo, e também apontada a necessidade de mudança social para remoção de barreiras, inclusão e garantia de direitos. Emergiram, em poucas justificativas, críticas a ideologias individualizantes e processos sociais produtores de desigualdade. Foram frequentes as interpretações morais e/ou religiosas. A compreensão da deficiência como fenômeno complexo e multidimensional permanece limitada, revelando a necessidade de atenção à formação profissional.

Resumen Este artículo investigó las concepciones sobre discapacidad de 30 profesionales en formación o en ejercicio, de 14 profesiones de la salud, a través de entrevistas individuales. Un comité de expertos preparó 34 declaraciones que representaban perspectivas religiosas/morales, médicas, sociales y afirmativas de la discapacidad. Los entrevistados justificaron su posición en relación a cada afirmación, revelando la coexistencia de interpretaciones que se refieren tanto a la perspectiva médica como a la social de la discapacidad. Hubo a menudo un argumento de que las deficiencias corporales son determinantes de las desigualdades sociales y que las prácticas de salud deberían buscar normalizar al individuo, y también se destacó la necesidad de un cambio social para eliminar barreras, incluir y garantizar derechos. En algunas justificaciones surgieron críticas a ideologías individualizadoras y procesos sociales que producen desigualdad. Las interpretaciones morales y/o religiosas fueron frecuentes. La comprensión de la discapacidad como fenómeno complejo y multidimensional sigue siendo limitada, lo que revela la necesidad de prestar atención a la formación profesional.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the conceptions of disability among 30 professionals in training or practice, representing 14 distinct health professions, through individual interviews. A committee of experts developed thirty-four representative statements encompassing religious-moral, medical, social, and affirmative perspectives on disability. The participants provided justifications for their positions on each statement, unveiling a coexistence of understandings that encompassed both medical and social perspectives on disability. A recurring argument emphasized bodily impairments as the origin of social inequalities, advocating for health practices that aim to normalize individuals. Simultaneously, the need for societal transformation to dismantle barriers, foster inclusion, and ensure rights was also acknowledged. Some justifications critically addressed ideologies that individualize disability and social processes that contribute to inequality. Moral and/or religious interpretations were frequently used by the participants. However, the study highlighted the limited comprehension of disability as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, indicating a pressing need for enhanced attention to professional training in this area.

Resumo: Este estudo analisa as experiências de 17 docentes colombianos do ensino primário no atendimento a alunos com deficiência, matriculados em 17 instituições de ensino em 11 municípios entre 2018 e 2022. Por meio de um desenho narrativo e de um questionário de perguntas abertas, foram exploradas as interações destes professores com o ambiente educacional. Foram identificados 12 fatores psicológicos e 13 pedagógicos e o seu impacto foi examinado em função dos tipos de deficiência e das características específicas dos estudantes e dos contextos educativos. Os resultados revelam alta variabilidade e subjetividade nesses fatores, o que pode favorecer ou dificultar práticas educativas inclusivas. Além disso, o estudo examina o Plano Individual de Ajustes Razoáveis, destacando falhas significativas na sua implementação e resistência por parte de alguns setores escolares, o que salienta desafios na adoção do modelo de educação inclusiva promovido pelo Estado colombiano. Esta análise fornece insights valiosos para a melhoria contínua das práticas inclusivas no sistema educacional colombiano

Abstract: This study analyzes the experiences of 17 Colombian primary education teachers in caring for students with disabilities, registered in 17 educational institutions in 11 municipalities between 2018 and 2022. Through a narrative design and a questionnaire with open-ended questions, the interactions of these teachers with the educational environment were explored. Twelve psychological and thirteen pedagogical factors were identified, and their impact was examined depending on the types of disabilities and the specific characteristics of the students and educational contexts. The results reveal high variability and subjectivity in these factors, which can both favor and hinder inclusive educational practices. Additionally, the study examines the Individual Plan for Reasonable Adjustments, highlighting significant deficiencies in its implementation and resistance from some school sectors. This underscores challenges in adopting the inclusive education model promoted by the Colombian State. This analysis provides valuable insights for the continuous improvement of inclusive practices in the Colombian educational system

Resumen: Este estudio analiza las experiencias de 17 docentes colombianos de educación primaria en la atención a estudiantes con discapacidad, registradas en 17 instituciones educativas de 11 municipios entre 2018 y 2022. Mediante un diseño narrativo y un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, se exploraron las interacciones de estos docentes con el entorno educativo. Se identificaron 12 factores psicológicos y 13 pedagógicos y se examinó su impacto en función de los tipos de discapacidad y las características específicas de los estudiantes y contextos educativos. Los resultados revelan una alta variabilidad y subjetividad en estos factores, los cuales pueden ser tanto favorecedores como obstaculizadores de las prácticas educativas inclusivas. Adicionalmente, el estudio examina el Plan Individual de Ajustes Razonables, destacando deficiencias significativas en su implementación y resistencia por parte de algunos sectores escolares, lo cual subraya desafíos en la adopción del modelo de educación inclusiva promovido por el Estado colombiano. Este análisis proporciona insights valiosos para la mejora continua de las prácticas inclusivas en el sistema educativo colombiano

Resumen En 2017 se expidió en Colombia el decreto 1421, según el cual todas las escuelas del país debían acoger estudiantes con discapacidad y ofrecerles oportunidades de calidad para su ingreso, permanencia y egreso. El Ministerio de Educación dio un plazo de cinco años, contados a partir de su aprobación, para que esta política se implementara en todo el territorio nacional. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar las prácticas pedagógicas, los conocimientos y las condiciones institucionales (de tipo pedagógico-administrativo), en las que labora una muestra de docentes colombianos, seis años después de expedido el decreto. Para ello, se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental transeccional y la aplicación de una escala a 249 maestros y maestras de distintos niveles educativos. Con base en los hallazgos obtenidos, puede concluirse que hay un cambio positivo en las prácticas pedagógicas y los conocimientos de aquellos docentes que cuentan con formación en inclusión y que laboran en colegios que acogen alumnado con estas trayectorias de vida. Aun así, las condiciones institucionales del profesorado encuestado todavía no responden a proyectos inclusivos. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de los retos que enfrenta el sistema educativo colombiano en pro de atender alumnado con discapacidad.

Abstract In 2017, Decree 1421 was issued in Colombia, according to which all schools in the country were to welcome students with disabilities and offer them quality opportunities for their entry, permanence and graduation. The Ministry of Education (MEN, 2017a) gave a deadline of five years for this policy to be implemented in the national territory, counted from its approval. The objective of this research is to characterize the pedagogical practices, knowledge and institutional conditions (pedagogical and administrative type) in which a sample of Colombian teachers work, six years after the decree was issued. For this purpose, a transectional non-experimental quantitative design was used and a scale was applied to 249 teachers of early childhood education, elementary school, junior high school and vocational middle school. Based on the findings obtained, it can be concluded that there is a positive change in the pedagogical practices and knowledge of those teachers who have training in inclusion and who work in private schools that receive students with these life trajectories. Even so, the institutional conditions of the teachers surveyed still do not respond to inclusive institutional projects. Since, at the time of writing this paper, we did not find other similar studies in the country, these results are discussed in the light of international research on the subject and in the framework of national policy, and allow extrapolating the challenges faced by the Colombian educational system in welcoming students with disabilities.

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ABSTRACT In recent years, the change in the design of video games has become evident, one of them is accessibility for people with different disabilities, despite the laws, which are very limited, there are no standards that require companies, industries and producers from different sectors implement this resource in their projects. From this research, the objective is to investigate the importance that these inclusion games comply with the response to stimuli provided by the industry, in this field, and that the support that the country is giving to this need to be felt is also felt. this visually impaired population. Based on the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity model that. The lack of laws and resources that promote this industry is evidenced. The project made it possible to describe the main strategies and resources that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, and in this way conclude with the impact of these development methods, in the visually impaired population. An important impact has been the technological evolution that other countries have managed to develop for this type of population. As a conclusion, a disparity was found in the development of this project, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, because beyond the interaction that exists with some, much more access is required. And above all more investment and enactment of laws that support this resource. Using the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity pattern that gives as shows the lack of laws and resources that promote this industry. From this type of research, it was concluded that the lack of resources has been a legible mark that passes through these industries that have the panorama quite compromised by the demands of the market, but that due to this lack of economic resources they cannot reach the levels of implementation. to its mission and vision. Observing what was said above, it becomes complex to be able to carry out a research that clearly defines the inclusion processes for this type of people with said disability in Colombia. Each model of each industry is defined in a different way, since not all of them have this offer in their services. Common to this type of population. What, then, allowed us to conclude this research, finding social differences in each production of a video game? The project allowed us to describe the main strategies that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, as mentioned above. Thus, then, different responses were found to this inclusion, not only in entertainment games but also in educational ones, which in the end are also very important in the classroom, because not only should one think about the distraction game, but also about the playful nature of teaching, thus helping teachers in the development of their classes. In this way, we conclude with the impact of these development methods on the visually impaired population. Another important point that could be evidenced is the evolution of technology, which has brought haptic systems, immersive and dynamic audio, as well as braille itself in digital systems, this, of course, has allowed progress towards much more logical and dynamic resources, but they continue to be limited precisely because they cannot be implemented correctly, due to their high purchasing value. We must think not of people who suffer from visual disabilities, but rather we must think of all social strata with this type of disability who can, with their resources, access this type of technology. Each part of the intervention exercise with state and private companies led to results that concluded in the population with visual disabilities that does not have the possibility of accessing this exercise of inclusion, and beyond the common interest in popularizing these video games, the limitation of certain sectors is seen that do not find in this undertaking a great industry, since the majority assures that it is more lucrative to invest in video games for people without no limitation or disability than investing in this other type of video game In conclusion, the disabled population in Colombia is 3,134,037; this number is very high if we also consider the rural populations that live without any type of resource or technological reach; Due to their socioeconomic condition and location, they are people who have a deterioration in services, then what is the extent of the disabled population in these areas that do not have the support and resources to improve their quality of life? It is almost null, there is no possibility that in the most vulnerable places and far from the reach of the government, inclusion exercises will be carried out with the visually disabled population, because simply in the last population census that was carried out in Colombia in 2018, more than 50% of the population They do not access the Internet, this added to governments that waste state money, it could be said that the level exceeds that percentage. If so, it is very possible that the reach of this population to these technological resources is very bad. A lot of economic investment is required on the part of the state, and for the designers of these technologies to expand to cover their creative enterprises, to the entire population, without the right to exclusion. For this reason, in this project a disparity is evident, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, not only from entertainment, but from their spaces in the classroom, which is what many demands. academics for their models and resources to work with this population, because beyond the interaction that exists with some (very few), much more access is still required and above all more investment and enactment of laws that support said resource.

RESUMEN Introducción: lepra (enfermedad de Hansen) es una patología infecciosa desatendida que afecta piel y nervios periféricos, desencadenando neuropatías y complicaciones como deformidades y discapacidades. Objetivos: determinar características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes con lepra en el Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social de Paraguay, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. La gestión y análisis de datos se realizó en planilla electrónica (Excel del programa Microsoft Office 365 versión 2405), luego se realizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 123 casos de lepra, 45 (36,58 %) eran mujeres y 78 (63,42 %) varones; las edades estaban entre 17 y 86 años, el rango más afectado fue de 41 a 50 años. Eran lepra multibacilar 112 casos (91,06%). El signo más frecuente fue la placa infiltrada, presentada en 88 casos (71,54%). 58 pacientes (47,15%) presentaron reacciones lepromatosas, siendo, 31 casos de tipo 1 (53,45 %). 34 casos (27,64%) presentaron discapacidad grado 1 y 10 casos (8,13%) discapacidad grado 2. Conclusión: el perfil del paciente con lepra fue del sexo masculino entre 41 a 50 años, siendo la mayoría casos multibacilares. Es fundamentales el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado para reducir la carga de la enfermedad y las discapacidades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a neglected infectious disease that affects skin and peripheral nerves, triggering neuropathies and complications such as deformities and disabilities. Objective: determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with Leprosy in the Dermatological Specialties Center of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare of Paraguay, from January 2021 to December 2022. Methodology: descriptive, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data management and analysis was carried out in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel from Microsoft Office 365 version 2405), then descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 123 cases of leprosy were diagnosed, 45 (36.58 %) were women and 78 (63.42 %) were men; the ages were between 17 and 86 years, the most affected range was 41 to 50 years. 112 cases (91.06 %) were multibacillary leprosy. The most frequent sign was infiltrated plaque, present in 88 cases (71.54 %). 58 patients (47.15 %) presented lepromatous reactions, 31 cases of type 1 (53.45 %). 34 cases (27.64 %) presented grade 1 disability and 10 cases (8.13 %) grade 2 disability. Conclusion: The profile of the patient with leprosy was male between 41 and 50 years, the majority being multibacillary cases. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to reduce the burden of the disease and disabilities.

Abstract This article presents the comprehensive design and evaluation of a digital storytelling system tailored for Latin American children aged 4 to 6, leveraging generative artificial intelligence. Tests were conducted to assess the system’s functionality, content diversity, generation times, and voice quality, including intonation, speed, and pronunciation. The results substantiate the system’s operational efficacy and user-friendly interface. The stories generated demostrate substantial diversity, as indicated by Jaccard indices calculations, which reveal a maximum value of 0.2 derived from evaluating 30 distinct stories. As expected, there was a proportional increase in story generation times relative to their length. ’Onyx’ from OpenAI’s text-to-speech (TTS) was identified as the most appropriate voice for storytelling. Nonetheless, pronunciation inaccuracies were observed across all tested TTS model voices. The analysis demonstrated that the system generates a variety of stories that foster value formation in Spanish-speaking children, thereby promoting the importance of including individuals with disabilities. Notably, all content within the stories was found to be suitable for children, with no inappropriate material detected in any of the narratives.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta el diseño completo y la evaluación de un sistema cuentacuentos digital destinado a niños de entre 4 y 6 años en Latinoamérica. Este sistema está basado en inteligencia artificial generativa. Se realizaron pruebas que abarcaron el funcionamiento del sistema, la diversidad de contenidos, los tiempos de generación, la evaluación de voz, entonación, velocidad y calidad de pronunciación. Los resultados confirman que el sistema funciona correctamente y es intuitivo. Las historias generadas muestran un alto grado de diversidad, ya que, al calcular los índices de Jaccard, el valor máximo encontrado fue de 0,2 en las evaluaciones de treinta cuentos analizados. Como era de esperarse, los tiempos de generación aumentan conforme se incrementa la longitud de los cuentos. Se identificó que la voz que mejor se adapta para contar los cuentos es Onyx de la TTS de OpenAI. Sin embargo, se observaron errores de pronunciación en todas las voces del modelo TTS. De acuerdo con el análisis realizado, el sistema crea historias diferentes, que promueven valores en los niños de habla hispana, fomentando la importancia de la inclusión de personas con discapacidad. Cabe destacar que en ningúncuento se encontró contenido no apto para niños.

ABSTRACT: This essay explores affective repertoires around Helen Keller, famous deafblind activist and socialist militant. Departing from the popular image in American culture that portrays her as a miracle or a selfless champion for the “cause of disability rights,” I consider the way in which suffering and optimism function as emotional foundations for the “American dream.” Then I focus on the few acts of resistance of a woman who knew that her body was traversed by “public feelings.” Finally, I analyze Her Socialist Smile (2020), a documentary by John Gianvito that conceptually, affectively and sensorially mobilizes Keller's political ideas where anger, sorrow, and joy are socialist. In a novel way, the haptic visuality of this film establishes a connection between sensation and thought, individual and collective body, to tentatively explore into the deaf-blind sensorium as the possibility of a political affect.

RESUMEN: Este ensayo explora los repertorios afectivos que se tejen en torno a Helen Keller, famosa activista sordociega y militante socialista norteamericana. Partiendo de la imagen dominante en la cultura popular, que la vio como objeto de un milagro o abnegada abanderada de la “causa de la discapacidad”, considero al sufrimiento y al optimismo como sustento afectivo para el “sueño americano”. Luego, destaco las pequeñas tácticas de resistencia de una mujer que supo que su cuerpo estaba atravesado por “sentimientos públicos”. Finalmente, me detengo en Her Socialist Smile (2020), documental de John Gianvito que moviliza conceptual, afectiva y sensorialmente las ideas políticas de Keller para rescatar un enojo, una pena y una alegría socialistas. La visualidad háptica de la película establece puentes entre sensación e intelección, entre cuerpo individual y colectivo y bucea en el sensorio sordo-ciego la posibilidad de un afecto político.