RESUMEN La presencia de agrupaciones del crimen organizado transnacional junto a otros aspectos en el contexto penitenciario y las condiciones de infraestructura y de dotación de los centros de rehabilitación social que se conjugan con la sobrepoblación que ocasiona el hacinamiento, se ubican como las principales causas de la crisis del sector penitenciario que ha traído como consecuencia situaciones de extrema violencia. La investigación realizada se enmarca en el estudio de la crisis carcelaria como un problema global, y tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la crisis penitenciaria en el Ecuador y la intervención de la cooperación internacional como un mecanismo para coadyuvar en asuntos de seguridad interna, especialmente mediante el apoyo a la lucha contra el crimen transnacional organizado, el cual se ha infiltrado en los centros de privación de la libertad. Mediante el empleo del método de análisis documental, se ha procurado el estudio de la situación carcelaria, la incidencia del crimen organizado y la necesidad de plantear soluciones en la esfera de la cooperación internacional; particularmente se describen los aspectos más relevantes del Programa de Asistencia contra el Crimen Transnacional Organizado Europa Latinoamérica (EL PAcCTO) procurando mostrar las posibles soluciones a la crisis descrita. Como conclusión, se muestra la relación existente entre distintos flagelos como la corrupción y la vulneración de los derechos humanos como aspectos que deberán ser atendidos.

ABSTRACT The presence of transnational organized crime groups, along with other aspects in the prison context, and the conditions of infrastructure and equipment of social rehabilitation centers, which combine with overcrowding, causing overcrowding, are the main causes of the crisis in the prison sector, which has resulted in situations of extreme violence. The research carried out is framed in the study of the prison crisis as a global problem, with the objective of carrying out an analysis of the prison crisis in Ecuador and the intervention of international cooperation as a mechanism to contribute to matters of internal security, especially by supporting the fight against transnational organized crime, which has infiltrated the centres of deprivation of liberty. Using the documentary analysis method, the study of the prison situation and the incidence of organized crime and the need to propose solutions in the field of international cooperation have been attempted, particularly the most relevant aspects of the Assistance Program against Transnational Organized Crime Europe Latin America (EL PAcCTO) are described, trying to show the possible solutions to the crisis described. In conclusion, the relationship between different scourges such as corruption and the violation of human rights is shown as aspects that must be addressed.

RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales. informales saneamiento comunidad malestar informalidad inequidades conclusión críticas interdisciplinaria ambientales

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics. sanitation workshops community discomfort needs inequalities conclusion conditions dynamics

ABSTRACT This paper undertakes a review and discussion of empirical research on the social psychology of collective memory. It is widely recognized that those individuals with solid ingroup identification tend to deny the harmful actions perpetrated by their group. This tendency poses a significant challenge in promoting discourses acknowledging past suffering and atrocities. However, advances in research highlighting the influence of the source of communication and variability in the social identity of the victim group could provide a basis for overcoming this barrier to recognition. From the perspective of disadvantaged groups, while the impact of collective memories on attitudes and perceptions fundamental to intergroup relations has been noted, this field remains largely unexplored. Therefore, deepening the relationship between historical narratives and behavioral variables, such as collective action, is highly relevant. In this context, the present article discusses research on collective memory in social psychology. It highlights issues that will allow us to delineate future lines of research in this field.

RESUMO Este artigo faz uma revisão e discussão da pesquisa empírica relacionada à psicologia social da memória coletiva. É amplamente reconhecido que os indivíduos com forte identificação com o grupo interno tendem a negar as ações prejudiciais perpetradas por seu próprio grupo. Essa tendência representa um desafio significativo na tentativa de promover discursos de reconhecimento do sofrimento e das atrocidades do passado. No entanto, os avanços na pesquisa que destacam a influência da fonte de comunicação e a variabilidade na identidade social do grupo de vítimas podem fornecer uma base para superar essa barreira ao reconhecimento. Do ponto de vista dos grupos desfavorecidos, embora tenha sido observado o impacto das memórias coletivas sobre as atitudes e percepções fundamentais para as relações intergrupais, esse campo permanece amplamente inexplorado. Portanto, é de extrema relevância explorar a relação entre as narrativas históricas e as variáveis comportamentais, como a ação coletiva. Nesse contexto, este artigo apresenta uma discussão da pesquisa sobre memória coletiva no campo da psicologia social e destaca questões que nos permitem delinear futuras linhas de pesquisa nesse campo.

RESUMEN Este trabajo lleva a cabo una revisión y discusión de la investigación empírica relacionada con la psicología social de la memoria colectiva. Es ampliamente reconocido que aquellos individuos con una fuerte identificación con el endogrupo tienden a negar las acciones perjudiciales perpetradas por su propio grupo. Esta tendencia plantea un desafío significativo al intentar promover discursos de reconocimiento de los sufrimientos y atrocidades del pasado. No obstante, los avances en la investigación que destacan la influencia de la fuente de comunicación y la variabilidad en la identidad social del grupo víctima podrían proporcionar una base para superar esta barrera al reconocimiento. Desde la perspectiva de los grupos desfavorecidos, si bien se ha observado el impacto de las memorias colectivas en actitudes y percepciones fundamentales para las relaciones intergrupales, este campo sigue siendo en gran medida inexplorado. Por tanto, resulta de suma relevancia profundizar en la relación existente entre las narrativas históricas y variables comportamentales, como es el caso de la acción colectiva. En este contexto, el presente artículo establece una discusión de la investigación sobre la memoria colectiva en el ámbito de la psicología social y destaca problemáticas que permitan delinear futuras líneas de investigación en este campo.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las representaciones sociales que engloban la visión de ser mujer en la sociedad contemporánea reflexionando sobre lo que implica el género femenino en las relaciones sociales y culturales. Partiendo de la teoría de las representaciones sociales, se busca comprender cómo las mujeres entienden el significado de “ser mujer” en el entorno donde se encuentran. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo mediante una entrevista semiestructurada, aplicada a un grupo de 25 mujeres de diferentes grupos de edad, socioeconómicos y sociales, enfocándose en preguntas sobre qué significa ser mujer para cada una de ellas y si se sienten en desventaja en alguna situación por pertenecer a este grupo. Los resultados revelan la representación de una dualidad compartida por la mayoría de las participantes, destacándose, por un lado, las características de la mujer tradicional y, por el otro, de la mujer guerrera y las dificultades vividas en una sociedad bajo nociones tradicionales de género. Resumen culturales encuentran semiestructurada 2 edad participantes destacándose lado otro

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma análise das representações sociais que englobam a visão do ser mulher na sociedade contemporânea, acompanhada de reflexões sobre o que o gênero feminino implica nas relações sociais e culturais. Partindo da teoria das representações sociais, buscou-se entender como mulheres compreendem o significado de “ser mulher” no meio em que se encontram. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada a um grupo de 25 mulheres de diferentes classificações etárias, socioeconômicas e sociais, com foco em questões sobre o que é ser mulher para cada uma delas, e se elas sentem-se prejudicadas em alguma situação pelo fato de pertencerem a esse grupo. Foi possível observar, a partir dos resultados, que se formaram dois grupos, representantes de uma dualidade compartilhada pela maioria das participantes, sendo de um lado ressaltadas as características da mulher tradicional, e do outro a mulher guerreira e as dificuldades vivenciadas no cotidiano de uma sociedade ainda regida pelas noções tradicionais de gênero. Resumo contemporânea culturais buscouse buscou encontram semiestruturada 2 etárias delas sentemse sentem observar resultados grupos participantes tradicional

Abstract: This study analyzes the social representations that encompass the vision of being a woman in contemporary society, followed by reflections on what the female gender implies in social and cultural relations. Starting from the theory of social representations, we seek to understand how women understand the meaning of what “being a woman” implies in the environment in which they find themselves. This research was carried out using semi-structured interviews that were applied to 25 women of different age, socioeconomic, and social classifications, focusing on questions about what it means to be a woman for each of them and if they feel disadvantaged in some situation because they belong to this group. Results showed that two groups were formed, representing a duality most participants shared, with the characteristics of the traditional woman being highlighted on the one hand, and the warrior woman and the difficulties experienced in the daily life of a woman on the other in a society still governed by traditional notions of gender. Abstract relations themselves semistructured semi structured 2 age socioeconomic classifications group formed shared hand

RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales.

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics.

Second-generation migrant youth studies are under-researched in South Africa. Often their views are marginalised in social science research. Our article draws on the intersectionality approach to understand the daily experiences of this 'disadvantaged group'. This article explores the complexities of second-generation Mozambican migrant youth's lived experiences when constructing their identities and developing a sense of belonging in post-apartheid South Africa. The study was conducted in a rural area in Bushbuckridge, South Africa approximately 100 km from the Mozambican border. This case study is informed by semi-structured interviews and narratives from 22 second-generation Mozambican migrant youths aged 18 to 34 years. Views of two key informants are also provided. We found that undocumented migrants struggle to integrate into host communities and have to be creative in navigating social challenges in creating an identity and a sense of belonging in South Africa. They shared feelings of living in limbo since childhood and fear of possibly dying in limbo with no clear sense of belonging and identity. There is a strong association between documentation status, feelings of identity, sense of belonging and levels of social integration. We recommend the development of a multilayer comprehensive model to uphold the lives of vulnerable groups in South Africa. TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTION: In exploring the interdependency and interconnectedness of social categories and social systems, the article revealed that participants' experiences of identity formation and sense of belonging were marginalised in complex, intersectional and precarious ways where they constantly (re)negotiated their experiences, shaped by their paradoxical migrant status in South Africa.

Resumé Cet article examine les impacts d'un projet basé sur le sport sur la promotion de l'inclusion sociale et du développement des compétences socio-émotionnelles dans une école d'une communauté défavorisée de la ville de Valbom, district de Porto. Avec un cadre théorique sur l'inclusion sociale et le sport, l'étude a utilisé une méthodologie qualitative complète à travers des entretiens semi-directifs, l'observation participante et des groupes de discussion. Les résultats indiquent que le sport est un outil puissant pour relever les défis éducatifs et sociaux, offrant des opportunités uniques d'apprentissage non formel et de création d'un environnement inclusif. Cela a des implications significatives pour les initiatives futures visant à améliorer la vie des étudiants grâce au sport et à l'éducation, en particulier dans les contextes défavorisés.

Resumen Este artículo examina los impactos de un proyecto deportivo en la promoción de la inclusión social y el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales en una escuela de una comunidad desfavorecida de la ciudad de Valbom, distrito de Oporto. Con un marco teórico en inclusión social y deporte, el estudio utilizó una metodología cualitativa integral a través de entrevistas semidirectivas, observación participante y grupos focales. Los hallazgos indican que los deportes son una herramienta poderosa para abordar los desafíos educativos y sociales, brindando oportunidades únicas para el aprendizaje no formal y la creación de un entorno inclusivo. Esto tiene implicaciones importantes para futuras iniciativas destinadas a mejorar la vida de los estudiantes a través del deporte y la educación, particularmente en contextos desfavorecidos.

Abstract This article examines the impacts of a sport-based project on promoting social inclusion and the development of socio-emotional skills in a school of underprivileged community in the city of Valbom, district of Porto. With a theoretical framework in social inclusion and sports, the study used a comprehensive qualitative methodology through semi-directive interviews, participant observation and focus groups. The findings indicate that sports are a powerful tool for addressing educational and social challenges, providing unique opportunities for non-formal learning and the creation of an inclusive environment. This has significant implications for future initiatives aiming to improve students' lives through sports and education, particularly in disadvantaged contexts.

Resumo Este artigo analisa os impactos de um projeto sócio-desportivo na promoção da inclusão social e no desenvolvimento de competências socioemocionais na Escola EB 2,3 Marques Leitão, na cidade de Valbom, uma comunidade escolar desfavorecida no distrito do Porto. Com um enquadramento teórico sobre a inclusão social e o desporto, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa no estudo através de entrevistas semi-diretivas, observação participante e focus group. As conclusões apontam que o desporto é uma poderosa ferramenta para enfrentar desafios educacionais e sociais, fornecendo oportunidades únicas para a aprendizagem não-formal e a criação de um ambiente inclusivo. Isso tem implicações significativas para futuras iniciativas que busquem melhorar a vida dos alunos por meio do desporto e educação, particularmente em contextos desfavorecidos.

Resumen Los niños de zonas rurales se han enfrentado históricamente a severas desventajas tanto en el ámbito educativo como en el digital. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha sido un recordatorio de las barreras que deben sortear debido a la inestable señal de internet, carencias de dispositivos y habilidades digitales. Por ello este trabajo discute el concepto de nativos digitales, es decir, la creencia de que los menores de edad, independiente de sus circunstancias, gozan de habilidades digitales que les permite hacer uso de internet sin necesidad de guías o instrucción previa. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa se analizan discursos y construcciones sociales sobre el rol de internet en la vida diaria a niños de entre 11 y 12 años, a través de la entrevista en tríadas a los menores, sus madres y profesores jefes, además de los directivos de escuelas en cuatro localidades rurales en Chile durante el segundo año de la pandemia. Los principales hallazgos muestran que, a pesar de ser parte de un grupo desfavorecido y la precariedad de la conexión a internet, todos los participantes tienen acceso a teléfonos inteligentes desde una edad temprana. No obstante, los adultos de su entorno educativo tienden a coincidir que el escaso desarrollo de habilidades digitales obstaculiza su proceso de aprendizaje remoto, a pesar de que los niños presentan confianza en el uso de dispositivos.

Abstract Rural children have historically faced severe disadvantages in both educational and digital settings. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a reminder of the barriers they must overcome due to unstable internet signals, lack of devices, and digital skills. For this reason, this paper discusses the concept of digital natives: the belief that minors, regardless of their circumstances, have digital skills that allow them to use the Internet without the need for guides or prior instruction. From a qualitative perspective, discourses and social constructions on the role of the Internet in daily life are analyzed for children between 11 and 12 years of age through interviews in triads with the minors, their mothers, and head teachers, as well as school directors in four rural localities in Chile. The main findings show that despite being part of a disadvantaged group and the precariousness of the Internet connection, all the participants have access to smartphones from an early age. However, adults in their educational environment tend to agree that the poor development of digital skills hinders their remote learning process, even though children are confident in using devices.

Resumo Historicamente, as crianças rurais enfrentaram graves desvantagens em ambientes educacionais e digitais. A pandemia do COVID-19 tem sido um lembrete das barreiras que devem ser superadas devido ao sinal instável da internet, falta de dispositivos e habilidades digitais. Por isso, este trabalho discute o conceito de nativos digitais, ou seja, a crença de que os menores, independentemente de suas circunstâncias, possuem habilidades digitais que lhes permitem utilizar a Internet sem a necessidade de guias ou instrução prévia. A partir de uma perspectiva qualitativa, são analisados discursos e construções sociais sobre o papel da Internet no cotidiano de crianças de 11 a 12 anos, por meio de entrevistas em tríades com os menores, suas mães e professores chefes, além de diretores de escola em quatro localidades rurais do Chile. Os principais achados mostram que apesar de fazerem parte de um grupo desfavorecido e da precariedade da conexão com a Internet, todos os participantes têm acesso a smartphones desde cedo. No entanto, os adultos em seu ambiente educacional tendem a concordar que o fraco desenvolvimento das habilidades digitais dificulta seu processo de aprendizagem à distância, apesar de as crianças estarem confiantes no uso dos dispositivos.

The study employed a qualitative research approach and emancipatory framework to explore students' experiences with blended learning and emergency remote online learning (EROL). Two data sets were collected from two projects using focus group discussions and semi-structured individual interviews. The findings highlighted that although technological advancement in universities increased access to information, the needs of the disadvantaged students remain overlooked. EROL and/or blended learning adopted by the universities did not address the fundamentals of access to teaching and learning for the disadvantaged, but focused on institutional needs and saving the academic year. The utilisation of blended learning prior to COVID-19 was excluding some students, and it was unclear how EROL was transformed to ensure that all students accessed education during COVID-19 induced lockdowns. There is thus a need for research to focus on opportunities for student technological advancement not only for ensuring access to education but also for meaningful service delivery during practice.

BACKGROUND: People with disabilities are a large, disadvantaged minority, comprising approximately 12% of the population. The South African government has ratified international and regional disability treaties but deals with disability rights within general anti-discrimination legislation. There are no specific frameworks to monitor justice for people with disabilities. The study aims to inform further development of disability inclusive mechanisms relating to crises including pandemics OBJECTIVES: This study explored the perceptions of South Africans with disabilities, to understand their experiences during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), focussing on socioeconomic, well-being and human rights aspects METHOD: An online survey tool generated quantitative and qualitative data. Widespread publicity and broad recruitment were achieved through project partners networks. Participants responded via mobile phone and/or online platforms RESULTS: Nearly 2000 people responded, representing different genders, impairments, races, socio-economic status, education and ages. : (1) negative economic and emotional impacts, (2) a lack of inclusive and accessible information, (3) reduced access to services, (4) uncertainty about government and non-government agencies' support and (5)exacerbation of pre-existing disadvantages. These findings echo international predictions of COVID-19 disproportionally impacting people with disabilities CONCLUSION: The evidence reveals that people with disabilities in South Africa experienced many negative impacts of the pandemic. Strategies to control the virus largely ignored attending to human rights and socioeconomic well-being of this marginalised group CONTRIBUTION: The evidence will inform the development of the national monitoring framework, recognised by the South African Government and emphasised by the United Nations as necessary to ensure the realisation of the rights of people with disabilities during future crises including pandemics

Technology plays a crucial role in education and many other sectors of the economy. The national lockdown caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has made apparent the importance of technology in education, with schools that adopted technologies continuing with teaching and learning using remote means, while other schools had to wait for physical classes to resume. The benefits of technology can only be realised if technology is adopted and accepted by the users. Educators are the key players in the success or failure of technology in education. We used an interpretivist approach to explore educator perceptions on the use of technology in South African public schools. The Motivation-Opportunity-Ability model guided the development of our data collection instruments and data analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select a public high school in an underprivileged Cape Flats community. Participants were randomly selected from the school and focus group discussions and interviews were conducted. A survey was administered to triangulate qualitative data. Results show that educators are interested in using user-friendly and effective technology. This paper comes as part of a broad study on technology in education. CATEGORIES: • Applied Computing ~ Education, E-learning

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los determinantes en la financiación del acceso a la atención médica y el papel de una clase particular de financiación informal propia, denminada tontina, para el acceso a la atención médica en la población de migrantes de origen senegalés. Método: Los datos fueron recogidos mediante técnicas cualitativas, entrevistas semiestructuradas (n=14) y grupo de discusión (n=10) en una población de migrantes senegaleses residentes en Granada, entre octubre y noviembre de 2019. Los participantes clave provenían de una tontina. Resultados: La falta de trabajo o de recursos económicos, así como la condición de migrante indocumentado, constituyen barreras para la adhesión a los seguros de salud públicos y privados. Asimismo, los participantes consideran que la asistencia sanitaria pública no tiene en cuenta la importancia que puede tener para ellos seguir un tratamiento cerca de sus familiares o tener la alternativa de las medicinas tradicionales. La tontina permite proteger a las personas más vulnerables, como las indocumentadas, y financiar las prácticas de importancia cultural para las personas migrantes senegalesas. Conclusiones: Este estudio es el primero en proporcionar una comprensión de un mecanismo de financiación propio de un colectivo de migrantes bastante desconocido por la sociedad española. Las tontinas continúan una larga tradición en la que las comunidades desfavorecidas y vulnerables resisten múltiples fuentes de discriminación y desigualdad mediante la autoayuda, la confianza y la solidaridad.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the determinants of healthcare access financing and the role of a particular class of informal financing known as tontine, a community-based health insurance among Senegalese immigrants. Method: Data were retrieved through qualitative techniques, semi-structured interviews (n=14) and discussion group (n=10) in a population of Senegalese migrants residing in Granada between October and November 2019. Key participants were from a tontine. Results: The lack of work or economic resources, as well as the condition of undocumented immigrant constitute barriers to adherence to public and private health insurance. Participants consider that public health care does not take into account the importance of following treatment close to their relatives in their country of origin or having the alternative of traditional medicines. The tontine helps to protect the most vulnerable people such as undocumented immigrants and allows financing services of cultural importance. Conclusions: This study was the first to provide an understanding of a financing mechanism typical of an immigrant community quite unknown to Spanish society. Tontines continue a long tradition whereby disadvantaged and vulnerable communities resist multiple sources of discrimination and inequality by self-help, trust and solidarity.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los determinantes en la financiación del acceso a la atención médica y el papel de una clase particular de financiación informal propia, denminada tontina, para el acceso a la atención médica en la población de migrantes de origen senegalés. Método: Los datos fueron recogidos mediante técnicas cualitativas, entrevistas semiestructuradas (n=14) y grupo de discusión (n=10) en una población de migrantes senegaleses residentes en Granada, entre octubre y noviembre de 2019. Los participantes clave provenían de una tontina. Resultados: La falta de trabajo o de recursos económicos, así como la condición de migrante indocumentado, constituyen barreras para la adhesión a los seguros de salud públicos y privados. Asimismo, los participantes consideran que la asistencia sanitaria pública no tiene en cuenta la importancia que puede tener para ellos seguir un tratamiento cerca de sus familiares o tener la alternativa de las medicinas tradicionales. La tontina permite proteger a las personas más vulnerables, como las indocumentadas, y financiar las prácticas de importancia cultural para las personas migrantes senegalesas. Conclusiones: Este estudio es el primero en proporcionar una comprensión de un mecanismo de financiación propio de un colectivo de migrantes bastante desconocido por la sociedad española. Las tontinas continúan una larga tradición en la que las comunidades desfavorecidas y vulnerables resisten múltiples fuentes de discriminación y desigualdad mediante la autoayuda, la confianza y la solidaridad.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the determinants of healthcare access financing and the role of a particular class of informal financing known as tontine, a community-based health insurance among Senegalese immigrants. Method: Data were retrieved through qualitative techniques, semi-structured interviews (n=14) and discussion group (n=10) in a population of Senegalese migrants residing in Granada between October and November 2019. Key participants were from a tontine. Results: The lack of work or economic resources, as well as the condition of undocumented immigrant constitute barriers to adherence to public and private health insurance. Participants consider that public health care does not take into account the importance of following treatment close to their relatives in their country of origin or having the alternative of traditional medicines. The tontine helps to protect the most vulnerable people such as undocumented immigrants and allows financing services of cultural importance. Conclusions: This study was the first to provide an understanding of a financing mechanism typical of an immigrant community quite unknown to Spanish society. Tontines continue a long tradition whereby disadvantaged and vulnerable communities resist multiple sources of discrimination and inequality by self-help, trust and solidarity.

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de vida de jóvenes desplazados en una comuna de Medellín. A través del acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo, especialmente brindado desde la infancia, y mediante la cultura urbana, los jóvenes evolucionan desde «el muchacho pandillero» hasta convertirse en referentes comunitarios. El trabajo de campo se realizó empleando la metodología cualitativa mediante la técnica biográfico-narrativa, recogiendo información a través de cinco entrevistas en profundidad, líneas de tiempo y observación al participante. Las conclusiones muestran a un grupo de jóvenes perdidos en contexto de barrio, cuyo cambio comienza con el acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo que les permite movilizar sus potencialidades a través del baile y tomar el control de su vida, logrando que sus individualidades trasciendan y posibilitando su influencia en la comunidad.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as trajetórias de vida dos jovens deslocados numa comunidade em Medellín. Através do acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, as histórias evoluem de "o miúdo da gangue" para referências comunitárias, especialmente na segurança infantil, através da cultura urbana. O trabalho de campo foi realizado utilizando metodologia qualitativa através da técnica biográfico-narrativa, recolhendo informação através de cinco entrevistas aprofundadas, cronogramas e observação dos participantes. As conclusões mostram um grupo de jovens perdidos num contexto de vizinhança, cuja mudança começa com o acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, que lhes permite mobilizar o seu potencial através da dança e assumir o controlo das suas vidas para transcender o indivíduo e tentar influenciar a comunidade.

Abstract (analytical) The aim of this article is to analyse the life trajectories of displaced young people in a community in Medellin. Through psycho-socio-educational accompaniment, the stories go from "being a kid in a gang" to becoming community reference points, especially in the area of childhood safety, through participating in and generating urban culture. Fieldwork was carried out using a qualitative methodology through the biographical-narrative technique, collecting information through five in-depth interviews, timelines and participant observation. The conclusions identify a group of young people who were “lost” in the context of their neighborhood and whose changes began with psycho-socio-educational accompaniment. This allowed them to discover their potential through dance and take control of their lives, resulting in them transcending the individual sphere and trying to influence their community.

Abstract In Argentina, 42% of the population is immersed in poverty, in contexts where health, educational, structural and food resources are scarce. To try to moderate this situation, the Argentine State implements several social plans and programs that seek to provide support to the most disadvantaged populations. Food programs include food provided in soup kitchens, financial assistance and food deliveries. Families living in poverty develop food practices that allow them to survive on the scarce resources they have. This paper describes the food practices and representations of a beneficiary population of the Argentina Plan against Hunger in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, in 2020. This research was conducted from a qualitative perspective. From the results obtained, it can be noted that the Alimentar Card played a fundamental role in the food and economy of these families, since it made it possible for them to buy food that previously meant a greater effort to acquire, and contributed to the fact that the situation of food insecurity in which they found themselves has not deepened even more as a result of the pandemic. The eating pattern of this population is characterized by being monotonous and little varied. During the development of this research, the card was withdrawn when the child turned 7 years old and, from the perspective of the women interviewed, this was one of the most important limitations of this program.

Resumen En Argentina el 42% de la población se encuentra inmersa en la pobreza, en contextos donde los recursos sanitarios, educacionales, estructurales y alimentarios escasean. Para intentar moderar esta situación, el Estado argentino pone en marcha diferentes planes y programas sociales que procuran brindar contención a las poblaciones más desfavorecidas. Los programas alimentarios incluyen la comida que se otorga en comedores comunitarios, ayudas económicas y entregas de alimentos. Las familias que viven en un contexto de pobreza desarrollan prácticas alimentarias que les permiten sobrevivir con los escasos recursos que cuentan. En este trabajo se describen las prácticas y representaciones alimentarias de una población beneficiaria del Plan Argentina contra el Hambre en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19, durante el año 2020. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo desde una perspectiva cualitativa. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede señalar que la Tarjeta Alimentar cobró un papel fundamental en la alimentación y en la economía de estas familias, ya que posibilitó la compra de alimentos que antes les significaban un mayor esfuerzo adquirir, y contribuyó a que la situación de inseguridad alimentaria en la que se encontraban no se haya profundizado aún más como consecuencia de la pandemia. El patrón alimentario de esta población se caracteriza por ser monótono y poco variado. Durante el desarrollo de esta investigación, la tarjeta se retiraba cuando el menor cumplía 7 años, desde la mirada de las mujeres entrevistadas, esta era una de las limitaciones más importante de este programa.