BACKGROUND: Despite the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994, most black schools in the country still embrace coloniality through policies and practices. This leads to disempowerment, loss of identity, inequalities and inferiority in the learners, which are nurtured till their adulthood. It is therefore important to decolonise the inherited curriculum and recognise African identity, culture and system as valuable for Africans. AIM: This article aims to explore coloniality within the primary school education system in South Africa and aims to motivate curriculum transformation that will divest coloniality in Africa. SETTING: This article centres around South African Primary schools. METHODS: This article employs a desktop approach and a systematic literature review. To collect the data, the study selected articles from different search engines such as EBSCO, Science Direct and Google Scholar. This enables the synthetisation of previous works to provide knowledge on the topic. The decoloniality theory underpins the study. RESULTS: Primary school education in South Africa is influenced by coloniality; hence, there is a need for transformation. CONCLUSION: The primary school curriculum in South Africa needs to be revised in a decolonised manner to suit a multi-racial or ethnic South Africa for the realisation of an equitable and just future for Africans. CONTRIBUTION: This article provides knowledge about coloniality within the context of primary schools in South Africa and further recommends curriculum transformation to a truly African manner. It thus aligns with the journal's theme and scope, which is the interrogation of coloniality in South African primary schools.

This study focuses on experimentally validating the performance of XFOIL, a sophisticated software airfoil analysis tool used for approximating lift and drag coefficients. XFOIL output data was incorporated into a theoretical model simulating a variable pitch rotor system operating in a hovering state. The output of the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) rotor model is compared to thrust and power output performance data collected from a constructed rotor test bench and analysed in MATLAB. Using XFOIL as input, the BEMT rotor model was observed to yield good robust results when compared to experimental data, but demonstrated sensitivity to airfoil performance characteristics, laying the groundwork for future empirical validation. In comparing BEMT model performance, it was interesting to find that thrust performance remained within tolerance in contrast to an overprediction of rotor power output resulting from XFOIL drag at high blade pitch angles. Upon further interrogation by means of variable isolation, XFOIL demonstrated instability resulting from sensitivity to variability of model constraints. Modification of rotor geometry definitions or environmental constants beyond the test environment framework showed simulated systems may not necessarily behave reliably nor enhance output performance. This highlights the critical importance and utility of experimentation for understanding theoretical model behaviour or validating simulation output performance.

Resumen El presente artículo se propone analizar conjuntamente una serie de fenómenos de gramaticalización del español originados en preguntas retóricas y que expresan diversos significados ligados con la modalidad y con la periferia izquierda de la oración. Así, nos ocuparemos primero de las “verdaderas” preguntas retóricas, tanto totales (¿Tiene algún sentido que vayas?) como parciales (¿A quién no le gusta el fútbol?), que, si bien se procesan en la sintaxis como verdaderas preguntas, no se decodifican pragmáticamente como pedidos de información, sino como afirmaciones que implican una inversión sistemática en la interpretación de la modalidad, la polaridad y los cuantificadores involucrados (cfr. Escandell Vidal 1984, 1999). Partiendo de las preguntas retóricas, entonces, encontraremos diferentes construcciones gramaticalizadas, tales como el qué “de réplica” reconocido por Di Tullio (2011) (¿Qué vas a ser bueno?), al que sumamos el qué exhortativo (¿Qué mentís?). En ambos casos, se da un rechazo rotundo sea de una hipótesis ajena previa, sea de alguna situación pragmática determinada. También nos centraremos en estructuras derivadas de preguntas totales indirectas (¿Mirá si la voy a dejar?), con un significado epistémico semejante al del qué “de réplica”, y de preguntas totales directas (¿No va y le miente?, ¿No va que lo encuentra?), que dan lugar a una modalidad evaluativa ligada con la sorpresa enfática. Todas estas construcciones tienen en común que suponen una compleja interacción entre aspectos de la periferia izquierda (incluidos la interrogación y el foco), la modalidad y la polaridad. Luego de describir sus propiedades gramaticales básicas, proponemos un análisis desde la gramática generativa y, en particular, desde la cartografía sintáctica (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999).

Abstract The present paper intends to analyze a set of Spanish phenomena of grammaticalization originated in rhetorical questions and expressing different meanings related to modality and the left periphery of the clause. We analyze first “true” rhetorical questions, both total (¿Tiene algún sentido que vayas?) and partial (¿A quién no le gusta el fútbol?); although they are processed in syntax as “true” questions, they are not codified pragmatically as information requests but as assertions involving a systematic semantic inversion in the interpretation of modality, polarity and quantifiers (cf. Escandell Vidal 1984, 1999). Parting on “true” rhetorical questions, we identify different grammaticalized constructions, including the qué “of reply” recognized by Di Tullio (2011) (¿Qué vas a ser bueno?) and the exhortative qué (¿Qué mentís?). In both cases, the qué expresses a clear reject of a previous hypothesis or of some pragmatic situation (or attitude) of an interlocutor. We focus also on structures derived from total indirect rhetorical questions, with an epistemic meaning parallel to the qué “of reply” (e.g., ¿Mirá si la voy a dejar?), and total direct questions, which have an interpretation with an evaluative modality related to emphatic surprise (e.g., ¿No va y le miente?, ¿No va que lo encuentra?). All these constructions have in common a complex interaction among elements in the left periphery (including interrogation and focus), modality and polarity. After describing their basic grammatical properties, we propose a generative analysis, particularly, from the perspective of syntactic cartography (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999).

Voluntary repatriation as the preferred durable solution for refugees has attracted much scholarly attention and the existing literature highlights the complexities of the process. This paper attempts to answer the question of when return can be considered as truly voluntary and preferred. To answer this question, the paper considers reasons offered by refugees themselves. The percentage of voluntary repatriation applications by refugees living in South Africa is low in relation to the number of refugees living in the country. However, reasons why refugees might choose to repatriate are still worthy of interrogation if we are to truly establish whether it is a preferred solution. Refugees' answers illustrate that they are not always completely free to make choices. They may indicate consent, but consent does not necessarily indicate a preference. This paper incorporates a study which reveals that refugees choosing to repatriate from South Africa are indeed very small in number, despite the vigorous attempts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at promoting voluntary repatriation. It further reveals that this can be partly attributed to the fact that in an urban setting such as South Africa with a rights-based framework, refugees are often able to better integrate into their host society without the direct assistance of the UNHCR as they would do in a camp-based setting. As such, assumptions that voluntary repatriation is a preferred durable solution for all refugees, need to be interrogated.

Abstract: Introduction: Ataxia is a sign of different disorders that involve any level of the nervous system, it involves the alteration of the coordination of movement and balance, because it can be originated by multiple, the diagnosis is a challenge. Clinical case: a 14-year-old male with a history of head trauma three years ago, in contact with a patient with varicella for three weeks, with three-day rhinopharyngitis, and direct trauma to the cervical spine, which presents gait disturbances and initial balance sudden. With imaging studies showing asymmetry of cerebral ventricles, rectification of cervical lordosis and C4/C5 anterolisthesis in dynamic radiography of the cervical spine, with absence of nystagmus, without dysarthria or dysphagia, and with dysmetria in pelvic limbs. Conclusion: The exhaustive interrogation and the complete neurological examination allow us to discriminate the site of injury that causes ataxia, which due to its multiple etiologies is always a challenge.

Resumen: Introducción: La ataxia es un signo de diferentes trastornos que involucran cualquier nivel del sistema nervioso, consiste en la alteración de la coordinación del movimiento y el equilibrio; debido a que puede ser originado por múltiples etiologías, el diagnóstico es un reto. Caso clínico: Masculino de 14 años, con antecedentes de traumatismo craneoencefálico tres años atrás, en contacto con paciente con varicela durante tres semanas, padeciendo rinofaringitis de tres días, y traumatismo directo en columna cervical que presenta alteraciones de marcha y equilibrio de inicio súbito. Estudios de imagen muestran asimetría de ventrículos cerebrales, rectificación de lordosis cervical y anterolistesis C4/C5 en radiografía dinámica de columna cervical, con ausencia de nistagmo, sin disartria ni disfagia, y con dismetría en miembros pélvicos. Conclusión: El interrogatorio exhaustivo y la exploración neurológica completa permiten discriminar el sitio de lesión que origina la ataxia, la cual por sus múltiples etiologías resulta siempre un reto.

Rotary kilns are used for a variety of mineral processing operations. Hatch makes use of a kiln model developed from first principles to evaluate designs for its clients. This tool has been applied to a variety of pyrometal-lurgical applications, including ferrovanadium, nickel carbonate, nickel laterite, iron ore reduction, and spodumene (lithium) production. This paper illustrates the application of numerical optimization techniques in combination with the kiln model in the interrogation of a generic iron ore reduction process. The fundamental modelling concepts are explained, followed by a description of the optimization approach. The results show how the combination of the two methods, with modern computing power, can generate a large number of viable design and operating candidates.

This article is an attempt to answering the question of whether flexibility as a cultural model has established itself in Uruguay. We examine flexibility at three levels. Firstly, within labor policies seen as social policies and the legal mechanisms implemented in order to established them. The second level is that of the collective actors linked to production, the use they have made of available legal mechanisms and the direct and indirect consequences they have had over regulating mechanisms. At the third level, the individual actors are examined, along with the way they have taken flexibilization of those regulating mechanisms and the reflectivity they had to take facing the new scenarios posed by these processes of change. The article concludes with an interrogation on the possibilities that Uruguay is in a point of no return in terms of flexibilization of labor relations.

El artículo intenta responder acerca de si la flexibilidad concebida como un modelo cultural se ha instalado en el Uruguay. Para ello se analiza la flexibilidad a tres niveles. Primeramente, a nivel de las políticas laborales concebidas como políticas sociales y los mecanismos legales que se han implementado para instalarla. El segundo nivel es el de los actores colectivos vinculados a la producción, la utilización que han realizado de la oferta de los dispositivos legales y las consecuencias directas e indirectas que han tenido en los mecanismos de regulación. En el tercer nivel se analizan los actores individuales, cómo han asumido las flexibilizaciones de los mecanismos regulatorios y la reflexividad que han debido asumir frente a los nuevos escenarios que le plantean estos procesos de cambio. El artículo concluye con una interrogante sobre las posibilidades de que el Uruguay se encuentre en un camino sin retorno en materia de la flexibilización de las relaciones laborales.

Cet article a l’intention de répondre à la question si la flexibilité conçue comme un modèle culturel s’est installé en Uruguay. Pour ce faire, nous analysons la flexibilité dans trois niveaux. D’abord, au niveau des politiques de travail conçues comme des politiques sociales et les mécanismes légaux qui se sont implantés afin de la mettre en place. Le deuxième niveau est celui des acteurs collectifs liés à la production, l’utilisation que l’on a fait de l’offre des dispositifs légaux et les conséquences directes et indirectes qu’ils ont eus sur les mécanismes de régulation. Dans le troisième niveau, nous analysons les acteurs individuels, comment ils ont assumé les flexibilités des mécanismes régulateurs et la réflexivité face aux nouveaux scénarios proposés par ces processus de changement. L’article conclut par une interrogation sur les possibilités de trouver en Uruguay un chemin sans retour concernant la flexibilité des relations de travail.

To assess, under direct visualization, medical interviews, performed by 48 internists in 96 inpatients, we used a list of 44 deficiencies. Such deficiencies concerning to HEA, types of questions, and general features, classified as mayor, important, and minor. There was a total of 783 deficiencies (media, 8.1 per interview) where 29.6 % corresponded to HEA, 20 % to types of questions, and 50,4 % to general features. 27 % were major, 46.4 % were important, and 26.6 % were minor. It was evident that there is a trend to obtaining information by means of brief and closed questions, inducing to responses and start by personal pathologic backgrounds, as well as serious difficulties in interrogation abilities. Some deficiencies must not arise so frequent in the last year of study. More than third of internists weren´t supervised just when they obtained data for medical record. We conclude that there is the need for increase direct visualization of students as a fundamental measure to improve their clinical abilities in making medical records

Se utilizó una lista de 44 deficiencias para evaluar, bajo observación directa, las entrevistas médicas que 48 internos realizaron a 96 pacientes hospitalizados. Las deficiencias estaban referidas al contenido de la HEA, los tipos de preguntas y aspectos generales y se clasificaron en mayores, importantes y menores. Se presentaron 783 deficiencias, para una media de 8,1 por entrevista; 29,6 % correspondieron a la HEA, 20 % a los tipos de preguntas y 50,4 % a los aspectos generales. El 27 % fueron mayores, 46,4 % importantes y 26,6 % menores. Se evidenció que existe la tendencia a obtener la información por preguntas breves y cerradas, que inducen respuestas y dar inicio por los antecedentes patológicos personales, así como serias dificultades en las habilidades del interrogatorio. Algunas deficiencias no debieran presentarse o ser tan frecuentes en el último año de estudios. Más de la tercera parte de los internos no fueron supervisados nunca a la hora de hacer una historia clínica. Se concluyó que existe necesidad de incrementar la observación directa de los alumnos al hacer historias clínicas como medida fundamental para mejorar sus habilidades clínicas