The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

One advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era is the expedient exchange of goods and services via the Internet. The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECTA) plays a critical role in regulating transactions and communications. However, ECTA excludes the provisions of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 from its ambit. Inevitably, this creates difficulties for the recognition and/or validity of electronic wills in South Africa. If technology is not acknowledged and applied in the space of testate succession, enhanced 4IR innovations threaten the Wills Act with obsolescence. We argue in this contribution that the rapid changes brought about by the 4IR and the exclusion of the Wills Act from the ambit of ECTA mean that testate succession is not responding to the current impact of technology on people. In this contribution we seek to create a synergy between the two statutes with a view to ensuring the relevance of the Wills Act in the 4IR. Ultimately we propose that both statutes be amended to cater for electronic wills. This can be achieved by combining the use of digital signatures and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology. In reaching this conclusion we draw some lessons from the statutory changes in the United States of America (USA).

Resumen En la actualidad, las personas recurren al uso de plataformas o aplicaciones digitales para celebrar diversos actos y negocios jurídicos. La era tecnológica ha obligado a los operadores de justicia a crear nuevas regulaciones que respondan a las nuevas necesidades emergentes, por ejemplo, la vulneración de los derechos en una red social. De ahí surge la necesidad de estudiar el tratamiento probatorio de los mensajes de datos (chats, correos electrónicos, páginas de Internet, redes sociales, etc.) y comparar el contexto legal colombiano y los ordenamientos jurídicos estadounidense, argentino y español. El siguiente artículo tiene un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo. Se halló que las legislaciones de Colombia, Estados Unidos, Argentina y España no cuentan con una noción clara de pruebas digitales o electrónicas y se rigen por la figura de mensajes de datos. En conclusión, se establece que aún existen vacíos normativos que dificultan el tratamiento procesal de las pruebas digitales o electrónicas.

Resumo Na atualidade, as pessoas recorrem ao uso de plataformas ou aplicativos digitais para realizar diversos atos e negócios jurídicos. A era tecnológica obriga os operadores da justiça a criar regulamentações que atendam as novas necessidades emergentes, por exemplo, a violação dos direitos numa rede social. A partir disso, surge a necessidade de estudar o tratamento probatório das mensagens de dados (chats, emails, webpages, redes sociais etc.) e comparar o contexto legal colombiano e os ordenamentos jurídicos estadunidense, argentino e espanhol. Este artigo tem uma abordagem qualitativa, de tipo descritivo. Nele se constatou que as legislações da Colômbia, dos Estados Unidos, da Argentina e da Espanha não contam com uma noção clara de provas digitais ou eletrônicas, e são regidas pela figura de mensagens de dados. Em conclusão, estabelece-se que ainda existem lacunas normativas que dificultam o tratamento processual das provas digitais ou eletrônicas.

Abstract Currently, people use digital platforms or applications to carry out different legal acts and businesses. The technological era has forced the operators of justice to create new regulations that respond to new emerging needs; for example, nowadays, people can use a screenshot to support in front of a judge that there was a violation of their rights in a social network. Hence the need to study-based on a literature review-the evidentiary treatment of data messages (chats, emails, internet pages, social networks, etc.) and compare the Colombian legal context with other legal systems such as those of the United States, Argentina, and Spain. Therefore, the following article uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach, finding that the legislations of Colombia, the United States, Argentina, and Spain do not have a clear notion of digital evidence. On the contrary, these countries are governed by the figure of data message, which perhaps arises in the framework of digital signatures and documents. Conclusively, there are still regulatory gaps regarding this topic that hinder the procedural treatment of digital evidence.

RESUMO Este estudo baseia-se no princípio de que índices de vegetação (IVs), derivados do modelo de cores RGB obtidos de imagens digitais, podem ser usados para caracterizar assinaturas espectrais e classificar pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés segundo o status de nitrogênio (N). A partir de dados colorimétricos obtidos de imagens de lâminas foliares adquiridas em campo, três redes neurais artificiais foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho na classificação do status N: Feedforward Backpropagation (FFBP), Cascade Forward Backpropagation (CFBP) e função de Base Radial (RBFNN). Quatro taxa s de fertilização nitrogenada foram aplicadas para gerar contrastes no teor de N nos tecidos das plantas. As folhas mais jovens completamente expandidas de 60 perfilhos foram destacadas das plantas a cada ciclo de rebrotação de 28 dias, sendo as imagens das folhas e teor de N foliar determinados. As amostras foram classificadas em deficientes (> 17 g N kg-1 de matéria seca (MS)), moderadamente deficientes (de 17,1 a 20,0 g N kg-1 MS) e suficiente (> 20,1 g N kg-1 MS). Os IVs foram selecionados pela análise de componentes principais e o desempenho das redes avaliados pela acurácia. As acurácias nas classificações obtidas pelas redes foram de 88%, 86% e 79% para FFBP, CFBP e RBFNN, respectivamente, indicando que as assinaturas espectrais podem ser determinadas a partir de imagens adquiridas em campo. Assim, o método proposto pode ser utilizado para desenvolver um software de monitoramento do status de N em tempo real, fornecendo uma ferramenta rápida e econômica para definir o momento e quantidade de fertilizantes nitrogenados, conforme demanda da pastagem.

ABSTRACT This study is based on the principle that vegetation indexes (VIs), derived from the RGB color model obtained from digital images, can be used to characterize spectral signatures and classify Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés according to nitrogen status (N). From colorimetric data obtained from leaf blade images acquired in the field, three artificial neural networks were evaluated according to the performance in the classification of N status: Feedforward Backpropagation (FFBP), Cascade Forward Backpropagation (CFBP) and Radial Base function (RBFNN). Four N fertilization rates were applied to generate contrasting N contents in the plants. The youngest completely expanded leaves from 60 tillers were detached at each regrowth cycle of 28 days, thus their images and leaf N content were obtained. Samples were then classified as deficient (>17 g N kg-1 leaf dry matter (DM), moderately deficient (from 17.1 to 20.0 g N kg-1 DM), and sufficient (> 20.1 g N kg-1 DM). The VIs were selected by principal component analysis and the performance of the networks evaluated by the accuracy. The accuracy in classification obtained by the networks were 88%, 86% and 79% for FFBP, CFBP and RBFNN, respectively, indicating that the spectral signatures can be determined from images acquired in the field. So, the proposed method could be used to develop a software that aims to monitor the status of N in real time, providing a fast and inexpensive tool for defining the time and the amount of N fertilizer, according to the pasture demand.

Abstract: Computation paradigms are changing due to the idea of quantum computers. Although today this kind of technology is not available and has not reached its full potential, public-key cryptography is at risk since its security depends on problems that classical computers cannot solve in polynomial time, while quantum computers can. Quantum-resistant cryptography has been developed for years, and this work proposes a new implementation that reduces the processing time of XMSS signature generation of SPHINCS+, a stateless scheme designed for digital signature and is in the process of standardization by the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States. The proposed implementation has a tradeoff between time and memory space. While original documentation is focused on space optimization, this new implementation needs an additional 20 kB of memory for each tree during the signing process in order to generate a signature but optimizes the time the internal process requires in the authentication path generation, from exponential to linear complexity. Digital signatures generated by both ways are the same.

Abstract. This article is part of a research project whose scope ranges from university education to professional training and develops questions related to the incidence of generational diversity, technological advances, and the demands of new organizational realities. Here we are concerned with analyzing the Digital Transformation (DT) that the profession is going through, the effects of identifying the new attitudinal competencies and technological capacities that the current and future labor field requires; redefine the role of the professional in the field of organizations and its link with educational careers. This tour is based on bibliographic research, academic-scientific productions presented at Congresses, and the analysis of digital audio strategies implemented in the dictation of signatures that we have in charge of the Accountant Career. We intend to contribute to theoretical reflection and our teaching practice.

Resumen. Este artículo se inscribe en el marco de un proyecto de investigación cuyo alcance abarca desde la formación universitaria hasta el ejercicio profesional, y desarrolla interrogantes relativos a la incidencia de la diversidad generacional, los avances tecnológicos y los requerimientos de las nuevas realidades organizacionales. Aquí nos ocupamos de analizar la Transformación Digital (TD) que atraviesa la profesión, a los efectos de identificar las nuevas competencias actitudinales y capacidades tecnológicas requeridas por el campo laboral actual y a futuro; redefiniendo el rol del profesional en el ámbito de las organizaciones y su vinculación con las trayectorias educativas. El presente recorrido está basado en investigaciones bibliográficas, producciones académico-científicas presentadas en Congresos, y el análisis de estrategias digitales áulicas implementadas en el dictado de asignaturas que tenemos a cargo en la Carrera de Contador. Pretendemos realizar un aporte a partir de la reflexión teórica y desde nuestra práctica docente.

Abstract: The introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT) brings multiple advantages. On the one hand, there are those advantages that allow optimizing the use of the radioelectric spectrum, such as: (i) the possibility of transmitting in adjacent channels, (ii) transmission of multiple contents through the same radio channel, and (iii) the use of single frequency networks (SFN). On the other hand, another advantage, not fully exploited, is to offer interactive content and value-added services, such as: learning (T-Learnning), voting (T-Voting), commerce (T-Commerce), etc. In ISDB-Tb interactivity, it is possible to use the GINGA middleware, developed in Brazil. In Ecuador, ISDB-Tb was adopted as a DTT standard in 2010. Nowadays, and despite having passed several years, the implementation of ISDB-Tb in Ecuador is still in its early stages. Therefore, none of its most important features has yet been exploited. This article presents the design of an interactive application that allows products to be commercialized through DTT. The application design was developed in Ginga-J to allow security options. In addition, the company's database was developed in MySQL with an APACHE server. The application allows the user to pay by credit card or by PAYPAL. The use of digital certificates and signatures was included to encode the information, protect the data and verify the identity of both parties, making the purchase a safe process. The use of digital signatures prevents the company from storing user financial data or the company making a fraudulent transaction, and vice versa. Through user acceptance tests (UAT), it was determined that the application is useful, the content is organized and understandable, and its handling is like making a purchase online. Finally, the purchase is verified with the discount in the balance of the user's account.

Resumen: La introducción de la televisión digital terrestre (TDT) trae consigo múltiples ventajas. Por un lado, están aquellas ventajas que permiten optimizar el uso del espectro radioeléctrico como son: (i) la posibilidad de transmitir en canales adyacentes, (ii) Transmisión de múltiples contenidos por el mismo canal radioeléctrico y (iii) el uso de redes de frecuencia única (SFN). Por otro lado, otra ventaja no del todo explotada es ofrecer contenido interactivo y servicios de valor añadido, tales como: aprendizaje (T-Learnning), votación (T-Voting), comercio (T-Commerce), etc. En ISDB-Tb la interactividad es posible mediante el uso del middleware GINGA desarrollado en Brasil. En el Ecuador se adoptó ISDB-Tb como estándar de TDT en 2010. Al momento, y a pesar de haber pasado ya varios años, la implementación de ISDB-Tb en Ecuador aún se encuentra en sus primeras etapas. Por lo que ninguna de sus características más importantes ha sido aun explotada. En el presente artículo se presenta el diseño de una aplicación interactiva que permite comercializar productos a través de la TDT. El diseño de la aplicación fue desarrollado en Ginga - J por permitir opciones de seguridad. Además, Se desarrolló la base de datos de la empresa en MySQL con un servidor APACHE. La aplicación permite que el usuario pueda pagar con tarjeta de crédito o mediante PAYPAL. Se incluyó el uso de certificados y firmas digitales para codificar la información, proteger los datos y verificar la identidad de ambas partes, para convertir la compra en un proceso seguro. El uso de firmas digital evita que la empresa almacene datos financieros del usuario o que la empresa realice una transacción fraudulenta, y viceversa. Mediante pruebas de aceptación de usuario (UAT), se determinó que la aplicación es útil, el contenido está organizado y es comprensible, y su manejo es similar a realizar una compra por Internet. Por último, se verifica la compra con el descuento en el saldo de la cuenta del usuario.

Abstract Security warranties of the RSA-type digital signatures are based on two main hypothesis: First, in the assumption that factoring gigantic integer numbers is a computationally unfeasible problem. Second, in the assumption that hash functions produce a unique digest for any digital document. With these two hypothesis in mind, in the last decades in México, and also in other countries, legislation has been enacted to legalize digital signatures. In México, the combination of the RSA algorithm and the SHA-1 hash function can be used to legally validate digital contracts. This selection of algorithms is known as the RSA-SHA-1 digital signature. However, recently the SHA-1 hash function has suffered a falsification attack in which, given an arbitrary document for which the SHA-1 digest was produced, it is possible to generate a second document with the same digest. In other words, this attack permits to find arbitrary pairs of documents that share the same digest. This situation has provoked that the RSA-SHA-1 algorithm used to sign legal contracts is on risk to be broken. In this article, some of the repercussions in the information security of the legal documents signed with this protocol are discussed. We also discuss some countermeasures that can mitigate this vulnerability.

Resumen Las garantías de seguridad de las firmas digitales tipo RSA están basadas en dos hipótesis principales: La primera, en el supuesto de que la factorización de números enteros gigantescos es un problema computacionalmente difícil; La segunda, en el supuesto de que las funciones picadillo producen un digesto único para cualquier documento digital a firmar. Bajo estas hipótesis en las últimas décadas en México y en otros países, se han promulgado leyes que estipulan el uso de firmas digitales conformadas por la combinación del algoritmo RSA y la función picadillo SHA-1. Esta selección de algoritmos es conocida como la firma digital RSA-SHA-1. Dichas firmas digitales pueden utilizarse para validar contratos digitales de manera legal. Sin embargo, recientemente, la función picadillo SHA-1 ha sufrido un ataque de falsificación en el que dado un documento arbitrario y su digesto SHA-1, es posible generar un segundo documento con el mismo digesto. En otras palabras, el ataque permite encontrar parejas arbitrarias de documentos que comparten el mismo digesto. Esta situación ha provocado que el protocolo RSA-SHA-1, este en riesgo. En este artículo, discutimos algunas de las repercusiones en la seguridad de la información de los documentos legales firmados mediante este esquema. También se presentan algunas contramedidas para mitigar esta vulnerabilidad.

Resumen Los estudios multicéntricos sobre cáncer mamario requieren colaboración interinstitucional, recursos y personal especializado. En México, muchas instituciones prestan estos servicios, con información poco accesible; para mitigarlo, la Sociedad Mexicana de Oncología conformó el Grupo Cooperativo de Investigación de México en Oncología. Objetivo: Describir la infraestructura, personal y actividades de hospitales con atención de pacientes con cáncer mamario en México. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta a 30 especialistas en cáncer mamario sobre recursos y servicios de sus instituciones. Resultados: Trece (43.3%) especialistas respondieron la encuesta, siendo el 38.5% de Instituciones con Seguro Popular, 23.1% del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social y el 38.4% de otras afiliaciones, con una mediana de 300 (50-950) casos nuevos por año. Todas cuentan con cirugía oncológica, radiología mamaria, cuidados paliativos, patología, nutrición y sesiones multidisciplinarias. Todas tienen ultrasonido con transductor para mama, el 92.3% mastografía digital y el 53.8% tomosíntesis y/o resonancia magnética. La detección de ganglio centinela se realiza en el 92.3% de los casos con colorante y el 61.5% con radionúclido. El 92.3% dispone de tamoxifeno, inhibidores de la aromatasa y trastuzumab, y < 40% otras terapias blanco. En el 21.3% existen firmas genéticas y en el 61.5% análisis de cáncer hereditario. Conclusiones: La capacidad institucional para participar en estudios multicéntricos es heterogénea; los pocos recursos en varias instituciones limitan su inclusión en estudios de cáncer mamario.

Abstract Multicenter studies on breast cancer require inter-institutional collaboration, resources and specialized personnel. In Mexico, many institutions provide these services, but their information is not accessible; to mitigate it, the Mexican Society of Oncology formed the Mexican Cooperative Research Groups in Oncology. Objective: To describe the infrastructure, personnel and activities of hospitals with care of patients with breast cancer in Mexico. Methods: A survey was conducted to 30 breast cancer specialists about resources and services of their institutions. Results: 13 (43.3%) specialists answered the survey, 38.5% of Seguro Popular, 23.1% of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, and 38.4% of other institutions, with a median of 300 (50-950) new cases per year. All the institutions have oncological surgery, breast radiology, palliative care, pathology, nutrition and multidisciplinary sessions. All have ultrasound with breast transducer, 92.3% digital mammography, and 53.8% tomosynthesis and/or magnetic resonance. They do sentinel lymph node detection with dye (92.3%) or radionuclide (61.5%). Tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors and trastuzumab are available in 92.3%, and other target therapies in < 40%. Genetic signatures are done in 21.3% and 61.5% analysis of hereditary cancer. Conclusions: The institutional capacity to participate in multicenter studies is heterogeneous; the few resources in several institutions limit their inclusion to studies of breast cancer.

Abstract In this work we have developed a digital signature protocol using hash functions that once implemented on mobile devices have demonstrated to be secure and efficient. It has been incorporated a model for a Certification Authority to exchange public keys between users. This work constitutes an experimental research, which bears a certain resemblance to theoretical research, but is not intended to propose a new theory, but to establish the behavior of a system to know its characteristics, in order to improve its knowledge and/or its performance.The hash signature system was tested on mobile communication devices. The experimental results show that the hash signature improves the efficiency to generate the cryptographic keys and the signing and verification processes when compared to ECC. Likewise, when generating 2048 keys, the hash signature is faster than RSA. In addition, the larger RSA keys consume a significative time, while the hash does not require to increase the size of the keys. Although we have not included here a formal analysis about the protocol, we highlight some points that improve the security of the proposed protocol. Finally, this work constitutes a new approach to public key cryptography based on hash functions that could be used to make digital signatures in electronic commerce. This method is suitable for mobile network devices due to the high speed and low hardware requirements of the hash functions. The method described here, which is compatible with hash functions, belongs to the field of post-quantum cryptography. The security of the method is based on the security of the hash cryptography, which is widely known and discussed.

Resumen En este trabajo se ha desarrollado un protocolo de firma digital utilizando funciones hash que demuestra que es seguro, eficiente y adecuado para operar en dispositivos móviles. Además, se desarrolló el modelo de una Autoridad Certificadora para el intercambio seguro y eficiente de llaves públicas. El método que se utilizó fue la investigación experimental, que tiene cierta semejanza con la investigación teórica, pero no tiene por objeto plantear una teoría nueva, sino establecer el comportamiento de un sistema para conocer sus características, a fin de mejorar su conocimiento y su rendimiento. El sistema de firma hash fue implementado en dispositivos móviles. Los resultados experimentales demuestran que la firma hash mejora la eficiencia para generar las claves y los procesos de firma y verificación cuando se compara a ECC. Asimismo, al generar 2048 claves la firma hash es más rápida que RSA. Además, las claves RSA más grandes consumen mucho tiempo, mientras que el sistema hash no requiere aumentar el tamaño de las claves. Aunque no se ha incluido un análisis formal sobre la seguridad del protocolo, se destacan algunos puntos que mejoran la seguridad del protocolo propuesto. Finalmente, este trabajo constituye un nuevo enfoque para la criptografía de llave pública basada en funciones hash que podrían aprovecharse para realizar firmas digitales en comercio electrónico. Este método es adecuado para dispositivos de red móvil debido a la velocidad y los requisitos de hardware de las funciones hash. El método descrito aquí, el cual es compatible con las funciones hash, pertenece al campo de la criptografía post-cuántica. La seguridad del método se basa en la seguridad de la criptografía hash, la cual es ampliamente conocida y discutida.

Abstract: The development of electronic operations is normally carried out in unsafe environments, and therefore requires certain technical mechanisms to identify the signer and to be able to demonstrate the will manifested in a secure environment covered by legality. In this sense, the present research seeks to determine the regulatory aspects that allow the use of electronic signatures and digital signatures in Peru this field also seeks recognize the environments where the above mentioned technologies can be legally admitted by Computer Law.

Resumen: El desarrollo de las operaciones electrónicas normalmente se efectúa en entornos inseguros, por lo que requieren ciertos mecanismos técnicos que permitan identificar al firmante y acreditar la voluntad manifestada en un medio seguro revestido de legalidad. En ese sentido, la presente investigación busca determinar cuáles son los aspectos normativos que permite el uso de las firmas electrónicas y las firmas digitales en el Perú; en ese ámbito también se busca conocer los entornos donde las tecnologías antes mencionadas pueden ser admitidas legalmente por el Derecho Informático.

Author's name usually appears in different ways in articles or databases. The neglect of the authors, the diversity of editorial practices and errors in databases are some of the causes. Therefore it is difficult to rectrieve the entire scientific production of an author. This makes it difficult to know the career and is a common cause of miscalculations productivity, visibility and impact. Faced with this problem in recent years have emerged various initiatives to resolve the variability scientific firm, and we have structured by 3 points; normalized scientific signature Author researcher profiles and Digital Identifier. Among all these proposals, in 2009 was born ORCID (Open Researcher and Contribution). The identifier has gained in popularity in order to ensure not only the clear distinction of researchers, but also as an effective method of linking activities in different information systems.

El nombre de un autor suele aparecer registrado en formas muy diferentes en artículos o bases de datos. El descuido de los autores, la diversidad de prácticas editoriales y los errores en las bases de datos son algunas de las causas. Por eso es difícil recuperar la toda la producción científica de un autor. Esto dificulta conocer la trayectoria profesional y es una causa común de cálculos erróneos de productividad, visibilidad e impacto. Ante este problema han surgido en los últimos años diferentes iniciativas para resolver la llamada variabilidad de la firma científica, y que hemos estructurado en 3 puntos: normalización de la firma científica, los perfiles de investigadores y Digital Author Identifier. Entre todas estas propuestas, en 2009 nació ORCID (Open Researcher and Contribution). El identificador ha ganado en popularidad con vistas a garantizar no solo la distinción inequívoca de investigadores, sino también como un método efectivo para vincular las actividades en diferentes sistemas de información.

Los procesos electorales que utilizan dispositivos electrónicos permiten a los votantes emitir su voto de forma electrónica. Dispositivos tales como las computadoras de escritorio, las máquinas de registro directo (DRE), tarjetas inteligentes, etc., junto con las redes privadas o el Internet han sido las herramientas principales para implementar sistemas electrónicos de votación. Años atrás, los dispositivos móviles no habían sido considerados debido a sus restricciones en almacenamiento y poco poder de procesamiento; sin embargo, en la actualidad, la tecnología en estos dispositivos ha evolucionado, y es posible implementar aplicaciones cada vez más completas, que consideran los servicios de seguridad como son la confidencialidad y la autenticación. En este artículo, un sistema de votación electrónica (e-voting) es implementado para teléfonos inteligentes Android. El sistema está compuesto de tres entidades: Servidor de Autenticación (SA), Servidor de Votación (SV) y el votante (V) el cual se ejecuta en un teléfono inteligente Android. Dos mensajes de longitud corta son necesarios para generar una boleta electrónica entre el V y el SA. Con la finalidad de emitir el voto, la boleta es enviada en un mensaje más, del V al SV. Las funciones de emparejamiento bilineales son usadas para verificar las firmas contenidas en la boleta electrónica, la cual tiene una longitud corta, por tanto, el tiempo de transmisión es muy corto. Adicionalmente, considerando que las operaciones más costosas, como el emparejamiento bilineal, no son ejecutadas en el V, los resultados obtenidos de las pruebas muestran que el sistema de votación electrónica es muy eficiente.

Electoral processes using electronic devices allow voters to cast electronically. Devices such as personal computers, Direct Record Machines (DRE) voting machines, and smartcards, among others, in conjunction with private nets or the Internet have been the main tools to implement electronic voting systems (e-voting). Some years ago, mobile devices had not been considered due to their storage restrictions and low computational power; however, nowadays the technology in these devices has advanced and it is possible to implement complicated applications that offer security services such as confidentiality and authentication. In this paper, a reliable and efficient e-voting system for Android Smartphone is implemented. The e-voting proposed herein is composed of three entities: the authentication server (AS), the voting server (VS) and the voter (V) which runs on an Android Smartphone. Two short messages, between V and AS, are necessary to generate an electronic ballot. In order to cast a vote, one more message containing the ballot is sent from V to VS. Bilinear pairing functions are used to verify the signatures contained in the electronic ballot. Each ballot has short lengths, implying improvements in transmission times. Additionally, considering that the most costly operations such as bilinear pairing are not performed in V, the results obtained in tests show that the e-voting system is efficient.

Amongst the changes the Department of Trade and Industry is considering is an amendment of the definition of "electronic signature". Although the amendment seems to be in line with the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Laws on eCommerce and the 2005 UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, the amendment sets additional and more onerous requirements for all electronic signatures. The note illustrates how this amendment undermines the key principles of functional equivalence, media neutrality and party autonomy, and how this innocuous looking amendment may have very harmful practical consequences. It is suggested that amendments to section 13 would be more appropriate to achieve the objectives of the legislature.

The security of electronic transactions is one of the most controversial aspects in the digital age. From the appearance of the electronic commerce in Cuban Int'l hiring, the interests in safeguarding authenticity and safety has been the Aquilles' heel of legal and trade professionals. The Int'l answer was the promulgation of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce in 1996 and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures in 2001. The states issued different normative provisions on the topic and today, we can speak about a legal framework existing in many countries. The Cuban legislative solution is still to come. It is only a project due to mistakes of fate. This is the legal certainty of the electronic signature in Cuba, under conditions different from those existing in other countries.

La seguridad de las transacciones electrónicas resulta ser uno de los aspectos controversiales en la era digital. A partir de la aparición del comercio electrónico en la contratación internacional cubana, los intereses en cuanto a resguardar su autenticidad y seguridad han sido el talón de Aquiles de los profesionales del derecho y del comercio. La respuesta internacional estuvo en la promulgación de la Ley Modelo de la UNCITRAL sobre Comercio Electrónico en 1996, y en 2001 la Ley Modelo de la UNCITRAL sobre Firma Electrónica. Los Estados, en respuesta, emitieron diferentes disposiciones normativas sobre la temática, aparejadas a tales avances. La solución legislativa cubana aún está por llegar. Constituye ésta la certeza jurídica de la firma electrónica en Cuba con condiciones diferentes a las existentes en otros países.