Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Abstract (Objective) Develop and validate a psychometric scale to assess the general population’s attitude towards older adults as learners and users of Information and Communication Technologies (PAMTIC scale). (Methodology) A preliminary version of the scale was built based on a systematic review of the literature. In Study 1, the initial version was reviewed by experts and by cognitive interviews. In Study 2, PAMTIC and the validation scales were applied in digital format to 196 people aged between 18 and 85 years. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability and validity tests were performed. In studies 3 and 4, the final version of the scale and the validation scales in print and digital formats were applied to 1,041 people aged 18-82 years. In Studies 3 and 4, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability and validity tests were performed. (Results) EFA showed 6 factors with good internal consistency coefficients ranging between .80 and .88. CFA confirmed the 6-factor structure and indicated a good fit of the multidimensional model to the data. Correlations between PAMTIC and validation scales provided evidence of nomological validity. (Conclusions) PAMTIC has satisfactory psychometric properties to measure attitude towards older adults as learners and users of Information and Communication Technologies in a reliable and valid way.

Resumen (Objetivo) Desarrollar y validar una escala psicométrica para evaluar las actitudes de la población general hacia las personas mayores como aprendices y usuarias de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (la escala PAMTIC). (Metodología) Se construyó una versión preliminar de la escala, a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. En el Estudio 1, la versión inicial fue revisada por expertos y mediante entrevistas cognitivas. En el Estudio 2 se aplicó la PAMTIC y las escalas de validación en formato digital a 196 personas con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 85 años. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y pruebas de confiabilidad y validez. En los estudios 3 y 4 se aplicó la versión final de la escala y las escalas de validación en formato impreso y digital a 1041 personas con edades entre 18 y 82 años. En los Estudios 3 y 4 se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios (AFC) y pruebas de confiabilidad y validez. (Resultados) El AFE arrojó 6 factores que mostraron buenos coeficientes de consistencia interna entre .80 y .88. El AFC confirmó la estructura de 6 factores e indicaron un buen ajuste del modelo multidimensional a los datos. Las correlaciones entre el PAMTIC y las escalas de validación proporcionaron evidencia de validez nomológica. (Conclusiones) La PAMTIC tiene propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias para medir las actitudes hacia las personas mayores como aprendices y usuarias de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación de forma fiable y válida.

Resumo (Objetivo) Desenvolver e validar uma escala psicométrica para avaliar as atitudes da população em geral com respeito aos idosos enquanto aprendizes e usuários de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (escala I-TIC). (Metodologia) Uma versão preliminar da escala foi construída com base em uma revisão sistemática da literatura. No Estudo 1, a versão inicial foi revisada por especialistas e por meio de entrevistas cognitivas. No Estudo 2, o I-TIC e as escalas de validação foram aplicados em formato digital a 196 pessoas entre 18 e 85 anos. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (AFE) e testes de confiabilidade e validade. Nos estudos 3 e 4, a versão final da escala e as escalas de validação foram aplicadas em formato impresso e digital a 1041 pessoas com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 82 anos. Foram realizados nos estudos 3 e 4 análises fatoriais confirmatórias (AFC) e testes de confiabilidade e validade. (Resultados) A AFE produziu 6 fatores que apresentaram bons coeficintes de consistência interna entre 0,80 e 0,88. A AFC confirmou a estrutura de 6 fatores e indicou um bom ajuste do modelo multidimensional aos dados. As correlações entre as escalas I-TIC e a de validação forneceram evidências de validade nomológica. (Conclusões) A escala I-TIC possui propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para medir atitudes com respeito aos idosos como aprendizes e usuários de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação de uma forma fiável e válida.

Abstract: Previous studies documented a decline of internal population movements during the COVID-19 pandemic across Global North countries, accompanied by an increase in movements from large cities to less densely populated areas. However, there is no consistent evidence on the effect of the pandemic on population movements across the urban hierarchy in the Global South. We use mobile phone data from Facebook users between April 2020 and May 2022 to analyse how the intensity and patterns of long-distance mobility (>100 km) changed in different population density categories during COVID-19 in Mexico. The results show a drop of 40% in the total number of movements during the period of April-December 2020. Contrary to developed countries, we do not identify an increase of movements away from large cities, but a consistent decrease in both outflows and inflows in all population density categories, except for inter-rural movements. In addition, we observe the largest reduction in movements to and from large cities, which declined by 50%. As in the Global North, the intensity and patterns of internal mobility progressively recovered across 2021 and 2022, returning to pre-pandemic levels. Nonetheless, large cities showed a slower recovery and continued to register slightly lower outflows and inflows still in May 2022.

Resumen: Estudios previos en países del Norte Global han documentado un descenso de los movimientos internos de población durante la pandemia de COVID-19, acompañado de un aumento de los desplazamientos desde las grandes ciudades hacia áreas menos densamente pobladas. Sin embargo, no hay evidencias consistentes sobre el efecto de la pandemia en los movimientos de población a través de la jerarquía urbana en el Sur Global. En esta investigación se utilizan datos de telefonía móvil de usuarios de Facebook entre abril de 2020 y mayo de 2022 para analizar cómo cambiaron las intensidades y los patrones de movilidad de larga distancia (>100 km) entre diferentes categorías de densidad de población durante la COVID-19 en México. Los resultados muestran un descenso del 40% en los movimientos de usuarios en el periodo de abril a diciembre de 2020. Al contrario que en los países desarrollados, no se identificó un aumento en los desplazamientos desde las grandes ciudades, sino un descenso generalizado tanto en los flujos de salida como en los de entrada en todas las categorías de densidad de población, excepto en los movimientos interrurales. Además, la mayor reducción se registró en los desplazamientos desde y hacia las grandes ciudades, que cayeron 50%. Al igual que en el Norte Global, las intensidades y los patrones de movilidad recuperaron progresivamente los valores y tendencias observados con anterioridad a la COVID-19 durante 2021 y 2022, aunque las grandes ciudades mostraron una recuperación más lenta y siguieron registrando movimientos de salida y entrada ligeramente inferiores aún en mayo de 2022.

RESUMO A era da economia digital, iniciada nos anos 1980 e fortalecida a partir da crise mundial de 2008, tem por meio das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, transformado o mundo do trabalho. Neste cenário, sob a falácia do empreendedorismo para todos, o trabalho por aplicativo aparece como alternativa de sobrevivência para 61% dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras informais do mundo. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar esta nova morfologia do mundo do trabalho, a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com motoristas e entregadores de aplicativos. Utilizou-se um questionário desenvolvido a partir do referencial teórico que problematiza a precarização do trabalho. O conteúdo obtido foi analisado pela metodologia de análise do discurso, resultando na matriz temática ‘Precarização do trabalho em plataformas’, desmembrada em cinco eixos de análise: desgaste e sofrimento, gênero, modo de gestão, estratégias de defesa e resistência e futuro do trabalho. As evidências revelaram vivências de dominação, sofrimento e desgaste e apontaram para um futuro desalentador, potencialmente uberizável para toda a classe trabalhadora e demandam alternativas de trabalho pautadas pela agenda do trabalho digno e decente. Devido a pandemia da covid-19, algumas entrevistas ocorreram antes e outras durante a pandemia, com impacto significativo e antagônico no grupo de entrevistados.

ABSTRACT The digital economy, which began in the 1980s and has been strengthened since the global crisis in 2008, has transformed the world of work through information and communication technologies. In this scenario, app-based work appears as a survival alternative for 61% of the world’s informal workers under the fallacy of entrepreneurship for all. This research aimed to analyze the new morphology of work based on in-depth interviews with app drivers and couriers. It used a questionnaire developed from the theoretical framework that problematizes the precariousness of work. The obtained data were analyzed using discourse analysis. The data was analyzed using discourse analysis methodology, resulting in the thematic matrix ‘Precarization of work on platforms’, broken down into five axes of analysis: wear and suffering, gender, management model, defense and resistance strategies, and the future of work. The evidence reveals experiences of domination, suffering, and exhaustion and points to a disheartening future, with the possibility of uberization for the entire working class, which requires work alternatives based on a decent work agenda. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some interviews took place before and others during the pandemic, with a significant and antagonistic impact on the group of interviewees.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of digital mass media on the formation of inflation expecta- tions. In particular, this work evaluates the effects of digital news on the inflation expectation GAP between consumers and forecasting experts. For this purpose, the Colombian economy for the period 2010-2018 is used as a case study. The methodology involves evaluating the effects of inflation news provided by five representative digital newspapers on the expectation GAP. Through econometric regressions, it is found that greater exposure of consumers to mass media. such as digital newspapers, becomes a useful information source for their inflation expectations formation process. Specifically, news with a negative tone exerts greater uncertainty and amplifies the GAP, a positive tone improves forecasts, while neutral-tone news tends to widen the gap.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar los efectos de los medios masivos de comunicación digitales en la formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, este trabajo evalúa los efectos de las noticias digitales sobre la brecha o GAP de expectativas de inflación entre consumidores y expertos en pronóstico. Para ello, como estudio de caso, se utiliza la economía colombiana para el periodo 2010-2018. La metodología empleada consiste en evaluar los efectos de las noticias sobre inflación su- ministrada por cinco periódicos digitales representativos sobre el GAP de expectativas. Por medio de regresiones econométricas se encuentra que una mayor exposición de los consumidores a medios masivos de comunicación como los periódicos digitales, se convierte en un medio de información útil para su proceso de formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, las noticias con un tono negativo ejercen mayor incertidumbre y amplifican el GAP, un tono positivo permite mejorar los pronósticos, mientras que las noticias con tono neutro tienden ampliar la brecha. Clasificación JEL: E37, E58, E61.

RESUMO A era da economia digital, iniciada nos anos 1980 e fortalecida a partir da crise mundial de 2008, tem por meio das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, transformado o mundo do trabalho. Neste cenário, sob a falácia do empreendedorismo para todos, o trabalho por aplicativo aparece como alternativa de sobrevivência para 61% dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras informais do mundo. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar esta nova morfologia do mundo do trabalho, a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com motoristas e entregadores de aplicativos. Utilizou-se um questionário desenvolvido a partir do referencial teórico que problematiza a precarização do trabalho. O conteúdo obtido foi analisado pela metodologia de análise do discurso, resultando na matriz temática ‘Precarização do trabalho em plataformas’, desmembrada em cinco eixos de análise: desgaste e sofrimento, gênero, modo de gestão, estratégias de defesa e resistência e futuro do trabalho. As evidências revelaram vivências de dominação, sofrimento e desgaste e apontaram para um futuro desalentador, potencialmente uberizável para toda a classe trabalhadora e demandam alternativas de trabalho pautadas pela agenda do trabalho digno e decente. Devido a pandemia da covid-19, algumas entrevistas ocorreram antes e outras durante a pandemia, com impacto significativo e antagônico no grupo de entrevistados. digital 198 2008 comunicação cenário todos 61 aplicativos Utilizouse Utilizou se discurso Precarização plataformas, plataformas , plataformas’ gênero gestão dominação desalentador decente covid19, covid19 covid 19, 19 covid-19 entrevistados 200 6 covid1 1 covid-1 20 covid- 2

ABSTRACT The digital economy, which began in the 1980s and has been strengthened since the global crisis in 2008, has transformed the world of work through information and communication technologies. In this scenario, app-based work appears as a survival alternative for 61% of the world’s informal workers under the fallacy of entrepreneurship for all. This research aimed to analyze the new morphology of work based on in-depth interviews with app drivers and couriers. It used a questionnaire developed from the theoretical framework that problematizes the precariousness of work. The obtained data were analyzed using discourse analysis. The data was analyzed using discourse analysis methodology, resulting in the thematic matrix ‘Precarization of work on platforms’, broken down into five axes of analysis: wear and suffering, gender, management model, defense and resistance strategies, and the future of work. The evidence reveals experiences of domination, suffering, and exhaustion and points to a disheartening future, with the possibility of uberization for the entire working class, which requires work alternatives based on a decent work agenda. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some interviews took place before and others during the pandemic, with a significant and antagonistic impact on the group of interviewees. economy s 2008 technologies scenario appbased 61 worlds all indepth depth couriers methodology Precarization platforms, platforms , platforms’ suffering gender model strategies domination class agenda COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic interviewees 200 6 COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

Abstract This article studies the origin of Havana Club, eclipsed by what happened to the brand after 1959, made by a Cuban company and the subject of litigation with Ba-cardí, which in 1993 bought its formula from its owners prior to the nationalization of the company. The rum manufactured since then is not the original and it has been said that it was a minor product, but the evidence shows that it was one of the great insular ones, although it was aged by a firm that was not only a liquor store, late in the ideal moment, after the end of the Dry Law in the United States (1934) and taking advantage of the growth of mass consumption, tourism and cocktails. That is why it was destined for North American consumption and used an elaborate marketing that associated it with the patrimonial values of his country and other goods, also for mass consumption, and it stopped being marketed in 1957 due to the problems of access of the island's liquors to the neighboring country.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el origen de Havana Club, eclipsado por lo ocurrido con la marca después de 1959, elaborada por una empresa cubana y objeto de litigios con Bacardí, que en 1993 compró su fórmula a los propietarios anteriores a la nacionalización de la empresa. El ron fabricado desde entonces no es el original y de este se ha dicho que fue un producto menor, pero la evidencia muestra que se trató de uno de los grandes insulares, aunque lo añejó una firma que no solo era licorera, tardíamente, en el momento idóneo, tras el fin de la ley seca en Estados Unidos (1934) y que aprovechó el crecimiento del consumo de masas, el turismo y la coctelería. Por eso se destinó al consumo norteamericano y empleó un elaborado marketing que lo asoció a los valores patrimoniales de su país y a otros bienes, también de consumo masivo, y dejó de comercializarse en 1957 debido a los problemas de acceso de los licores de la isla al vecino país.

Abstract: Introduction: Heart failure has a high prevalence worldwide, associated with high health costs. Iron deficiency is a frequently identified comorbidity in patients with heart failure, increasing hospitalization and death rates and worsening functionality and quality of life. The objective of this study was to present clinical evidence on the effect and safety of intravenous iron administration in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. Methodology: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials related to intravenous iron therapy in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency was conducted, following the guidelines set forth in the PRISMA statement. The search was performed using digital databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library, using the DeCS/MeSH descriptors: ((iron) AND (intravenous)) AND (heart failure). Results: A total of 856 records were reviewed, of which only 8 were included. Of the 3,584 pooled patients, 1,803 patients were treated with intravenous iron and 1,781 were treated with placebo and/or conventional therapy. Qualitative analysis revealed that the administration of intravenous iron reduced the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to heart failure, improved the clinical, paraclinical and functional characteristics of patients, without producing serious adverse effects. Conclusions: Intravenous iron therapy is effective and safe in the comprehensive approach to patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. Therefore, the use of parenteral iron should be considered in the traditional management of these patients.

Resumen: Introducción: La insuficiencia cardiaca tiene alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, asociada con altos costos en salud. La deficiencia de hierro es una comorbilidad frecuentemente identificada en los pacientes con falla cardiaca, cuya presencia aumenta sus tasas de hospitalización, de muerte, empeora su funcionalidad y su calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue exponer evidencia clínica sobre el efecto y seguridad de la administración de hierro intravenosa en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y deficiencia de hierro. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados relacionados con la terapia de hierro intravenoso en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y deficiencia de hierro, siguiendo las pautas dispuestas en la declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando bases digitales como Pubmed, Science Direct, y Cochrane Library, empleando los descriptores DeCS/MeSH: ((iron) AND (intravenous)) AND (heart failure). Resultados: Se revisaron un total de 856 registros, de los cuales, solo 8 fueron incluidos. De los 3584 pacientes agrupados, 1803 pacientes fueron tratados con hierro intravenoso y 1781 fueron abordados con placebo o terapia convencional. En el análisis cualitativo se encontró que la administración de hierro intravenoso reduce el número de hospitalizaciones y muertes por falla cardiaca, mejora las características clínicas, paraclínicas y funcionales de los pacientes, sin producir efectos adversos graves. Conclusiones: La terapia con hierro endovenoso resulta efectiva y segura en el abordaje integral de pacientes con falla cardiaca y déficit de hierro. Por tanto, el uso de hierro parenteral debería ser considerado en el manejo tradicional de estos pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar dentes supranumerários do tipo mesiodens em radiografias panorâmicas digitais obtidas entre 2019 e 2020 em um centro de radiologia privado em Manizales, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, transversal e observacional. A população consistiu em 1000 radiografias panorâmicas do centro radiológico na Manizales, Colômbia, entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. O banco de dados virtual foi acessado. As variáveis avaliadas foram idade, sexo, presença ou ausência de mesiodens, número de dentes com anomalia, forma do dente, posição, localização e evolução. A análise estatística foi realizada de acordo com a frequência e as porcentagens. Resultados: A frequência de dente supranumerário (DS) mesiodens foi de 3.8% (n = 40), com predileção pelo sexo masculino. A presença de 1 mesiodens foi predominante (n = 38) e o maior número de casos foi encontrado nas faixas etárias de 6 a 11 (n = 13) e 12 a 17 (n = 21) anos, de acordo com a caracterização do tipo rudimentar e da evolução intraóssea. Conclusões: O DS do tipo mesiodens é uma condição não muito frequente na população estudada; no entanto, esse estudo permitiu que fosse feita uma caracterização para a Colômbia, onde não há muitas evidências científicas sobre o assunto, a fim de ter a possibilidade de contrastá-la com outros estudos realizados nacional e internacionalmente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate mesiodens supernumerary teeth in digital panoramic radiographs taken between 2019 and 2020 at a private radiological center in Manizales, Colombia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted. The study population consisted of 1,000 panoramic radiographs from the radiological center in Manizales, Colombia, from 2019-2020. A virtual database was accessed for this purpose. The evaluated variables included age, sex, presence or absence of mesiodens, number of teeth with anomalies, tooth shape, position, location, and evolution. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages. Results: The frequency of mesiodens supernumerary teeth was 3.8% (n=40), with a higher occurrence in males. Most cases involved a single mesiodens (n=38), with the highest number of cases in the age groups of 6 to 11 years (n=13) and 12 to 17 years (n=21), characterized by a rudimentary type and intraosseous evolution. Conclusion: Mesiodens type DS is a condition not very frequently found in the population studied; however, this study allowed us to carry out a characterization for Colombia, where there is not much scientific evidence in this regard, in order to have the possibility of contrasting it with other studies carried out nationally and internationally.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los dientes supernumerarios tipo mesiodens en radiografías panorámicas digitales tomadas entre los años 2019-2020 en un centro radiológico privado de Manizales, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal y observacional. La población estuvo constituida por 1000 radiografías panorámicas del centro radiológico en la ciudad Manizales, Colombia, entre los años 2019-2020. Se accedió a la base de datos virtual. Las variables evaluadas fueron edad, sexo, presencia o ausencia de mesiodens, número de dientes con anomalía, forma del diente, posición, localización y evolución. Se realizó un análisis estadístico según frecuencia y porcentajes. Resultados: La frecuencia de diente supernumerario (DS) mesiodens fue de 3,8 % (n = 40) con una predilección por el sexo masculino. Predominó la presencia de 1 mesiodens (n = 38) y el mayor número de casos se encontró en grupos de 6 a 11 (n = 13) y 12 a 17 (n = 21) años, según el tipo rudimentario y la evolución intraósea. Conclusión: Los DS tipo mesiodens son una condición que no es muy frecuente encontrarla en la población estudiada; sin embargo, este estudio permitió realizar una caracterización para Colombia, en donde no se posee mucha evidencia científica al respecto, y contrastarlo con otros estudios realizados a nivel nacional e internacional.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

Resumen La transformación digital y la integración de la economía mundial como constantes, han sido disruptivos en las empresas sobre como hacer negocios, en este sentido, la cultura ética, se vuelve relevante para su reputación y generación de valor social y económico, y la importancia de conocer ¿Cuáles son los factores que pueden influir en la cultura ética de las organizaciones a través de sus colaboradores? El presente tiene como objetivo identificar desde una perspectiva cuantitativa y proporcionar evidencia si factores como el control interno, el gobierno corporativo, y riesgos psicosociales influyen en la cultura ética de los colaboradores (empleados). Se identificó como brecha teórica el estudio escaso de la relación de los riesgos psicosociales con la cultura ética. La investigación se llevó a cabo desde una perspectiva cuantitativa - deductiva. Los resultados proporcionaron tres hipótesis fundamentadas y comprobadas en la teoría existente y empíricamente en la relación de la cultura ética con las variables control interno, gobierno corporativo y riesgos psicosociales, de esta última variable se pudo encontrar una aportación teórica, de acuerdo a lo mencionado en resultados obtenidos. La investigación puede aportar elementos para nuevas investigaciones y apoyar la creación de estrategias sobre factores organizacionales que dependen de la empresa.

Abstract The digital transformation and integration of the global economy as constants have been disruptive in companies' way of doing business. In this sense, ethical culture becomes relevant to their reputation and generation of social and economic value, and the importance of know, What are the factors that can influence the ethical culture of organizations through their collaborators? The objective of this study is to identify from a quantitative perspective and provide evidence if factors such as internal control, corporate governance, and psychosocial risks influence the ethical culture of collaborators (employees). The scarce study of the relationship between psychosocial risks and ethical culture was identified as a theoretical gap. The research was carried out from a quantitative - deductive perspective. The results provided three hypotheses based and proven in the existing theory and empirically in the relationship of ethical culture with the variables internal control, corporate governance and psychosocial risks, from this last variable a theoretical contribution could be found, according to what was mentioned in results obtained. Research can provide elements for new research and support the creation of strategies on organizational factors that depend on the company.

Resumo Este estudo visa reportar desenvolvimento e validação de materiais educativos digitais baseados nas dimensões de habilidades culinárias domésticas (HCD) avaliadas por escala destinada aos profissionais da APS, nas recomendações do Guia Alimentar Para a População Brasileira e no Marco de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) para Políticas Públicas. Foram desenvolvidos 5 vídeos e materiais gráficos com propostas de atividades para desenvolvimento de HCD e estímulo à sua implementação em ações e orientações junto à comunidade e em atendimentos profissionais. O conteúdo dos materiais foi avaliado por especialistas utilizando técnica Delphi de 2 rounds e análises estatísticas para evidência de consenso. Especialistas proferiram comentários para aprimoramento dos produtos e sua aplicabilidade. Os materiais apresentaram linguagem decodificada, ilustrações lúdicas, com personagens representativos da população-alvo. Apresentaram evidência de validade de conteúdo satisfatória e podem ser utilizados em ações de educação permanente, visando a qualificação da força de trabalho, e em ações de EAN junto aos sujeitos de direito. Os materiais gráficos possibilitam associar o conteúdo dos vídeos à prática, em contextos condizentes com a realidade dos sujeitos.

Abstract This study aims to report on the development and validation of digital educational materials based on the dimensions of home cooking skills (HCS) assessed on a scale destined for PHC professionals, following the recommendations of The Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population and on The Food and Nutrition Education Framework (FNE) for Public Policies. Five videos and graphic materials were developed with proposals for activities to develop HCS and encourage its implementation in actions and guidelines in the community and in professional care. The content of the materials was evaluated by experts using the Two-Round Delphi-based technique and statistical analyses for evidence of consensus. Specialists presented comments to improve the products and their applicability. The materials presented decoded language and playful illustrations with characters representative of the target population. Evidence of satisfactory content validity was presented and can be used in permanent education actions, seeking the qualification of the workforce and in FNE actions within the scope of the law. The graphic materials make it possible to associate the content of the videos with practice in contexts consistent with the reality of the individuals.

This study delves into the dynamic interplay between GeoGebra, a prominent interactive digital tool, and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) cognition, focusing on teachers. Anchored by the objective to unravel how GeoGebra influences conceptual understanding and visualisation, the research hypothesises that GeoGebra significantly influences cognitive outcomes in STEM cognition. Thus, aiming to assess the hypothesis that GeoGebra significantly influences cognitive outcomes, a Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed. Data was collected through a survey designed to capture the experiences and interactions of 71 teachers with GeoGebra. The significant direct pathways (Analogical Comparison Principle (ACP) and Error and Misconceptions Reflection Principle (EMR) and between Mathematical and Computational Algorithms (MCA) and Analogical Comparison Principle (ACP)) established empirical evidence to the theory that GeoGebra can facilitate conceptual understanding as well as cognitive development. Additionally, the indirect pathways with no significant effects such as Mathematical Cognition (MAS) to ACP to EMR was indicative of the fact that influence of GeoGebra operates more through direct interactions with the software as opposed to through mediated learning processes. The conclusion is that influence of GeoGebra is not uniform across all contexts, indicative of the fact that factors such as geographical location play a critical role in shaping the software's effectiveness in enhancing STEM education. In sum, while GeoGebra is a potent interactive digital tool for enhancing STEM cognition, the results call for tailored strategies in integrating digital tools like GeoGebra, by considering the specific needs of different learning context, particularly paying attention to the contrast between urban and rural educational settings.

Abstract: File systems, being one of the core components of any computational device, contain the most important information which makes them pivotal to any digital forensics investigation. However, file system parsing is a complex process. Existing file system forensic software are capable of processing large datasets but often at the cost of either performance or resource utilisation. Slow evidence processing has a direct impact on investigation time, while higher resource requirements have a monetary impact. Digital Forensics labs are often on a constrained budget in terms of both time and money. So, they often need to define priorities on a case-by-case basis. Another major concern for forensic investigators is correctness. Tools that suffer from memory management issues may generate inconsistent reports or worse yet, increase overall attack surface for malware that may pollute investigator’s workstation. This research proposes a novel open-source exFAT file system parsing library. It has been validated against the current open-source state-of-the-art: The Sleuth Kit (TSK), on a dataset of disk images ranging from 1MiB to 1TiB. Experimental results indicate that the proposed tool is 40 times faster and 17 times more memory efficient than TSK.

Abstract Introduction: The study of intergroup emotions has been the focus of attention in recent decades to explain their incidence in the phenomena of political participation, electoral decision, social protest and collective actions, among others. However, there is still contradictory evidence on the role of emotions in political attitudes and behaviors, so reliable measures are required for their investigation. Currently, there are multiple measurement tools that are linked to innovative digital strategies for political communication, including specialized dictionaries for the detection of emotional language and its different valences (Garzón et al., 2020). However, it is required to expand the evidence of validity of new linguistic corpora that expand the existing dictionaries in Spanish to classify the narratives of political discourses. This study aims to validate a tool that allows linguistic analysis in political contexts. Method: An instrumental study was carried out and narratives of governors from 14 Latin American countries were analyzed, which were chosen by the Spanish language of the dictionary to establish measures of construct validity and convergence. Results: Existence of four factorial components (two positive and two negative) that group intergroup emotions, increasing the number of existing ones and delimiting them in the political context. Conclusions: Although the study provides elements to carry out studies based on intergroup emotions related specifically in political context, it is important to point out that it can be approached from different dimensions for a more holistic vision and in the understanding that socio-cultural and political juncture variables can determine errors, if they are approached only from a single methodological perspective.

Resumen Introducción: el estudio de las emociones intergrupales ha sido foco de atención en las últimas décadas para explicar su incidencia en los fenómenos de participación política, decisión electoral, protesta social y acciones colectivas, entre otros. No obstante, aún existe evidencia contradictoria sobre el papel de las emociones en las actitudes y los comportamientos políticos, por lo que se requieren medidas fiables para su investigación. En la actualidad se cuenta con múltiples herramientas de medición que se vinculan a las innovadoras estrategias digitales de comunicación política, entre las que están los diccionarios especializados para la detección del lenguaje emocional y sus diferentes valencias (Garzón et al., 2020). No obstante, se requiere ampliar la evidencia de validez de nuevos corpus lingüísticos que amplíen los diccionarios existentes en español para clasificar las narrativas de los discursos políticos. Este estudio se propone validar una herramienta que permita hacer análisis lingüísticos en contextos políticos. Método: se realizó un estudio instrumental y se analizaron narrativas de gobernantes de 14 países latinoamericanos, los cuales se escogieron por el idioma español del diccionario para establecer medidas de validez de constructo y convergencia. Resultados: existencia de cuatro componentes factoriales (dos positivos y dos negativos) que agrupan las emociones intergrupales, aumentando el número de las existentes y delimitándolas en el contexto político. Conclusiones: si bien se aportan elementos para hacer estudios a partir de emociones intergrupales relacionadas específicamente con un contexto político, es importante señalar que pueden abordarse en diferentes dimensiones para una visión más holística, en el entendido de que las variables socioculturales y de coyuntura política pueden determinar errores, de ser abordadas desde una sola perspectiva metodológica