Resumen La democracia en la era digital trae consigo nuevas preocupaciones en medio de la atmósfera de desconfianza, la crisis de la representación y la fatiga democrática que contribuye a elevar los zumbidos y profundiza la confusión, especialmente en época electoral. En tal sentido, la aldea digital introduce nuevas prácticas que deben ser entendidas y debatidas al girar en torno a un individualismo hiperinformado manipulado que afecta la democracia liberal. El debate público en clave con la comunicación pública virtual y, al mismo momento, los colaterales para el proyecto democrático debe ser objeto de reflexión ante la abierta manipulación buscando la frontera entre el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión y la censura previa.

Resumo A democracia na era digital traz consigo novas preocupações no meio da atmosfera de desconfiança, da crise de representação e da fadiga democrática que contribui para aumentar o burburinho e aprofundar a confusão, especialmente em tempo de eleições. Neste sentido, a aldeia digital introduz novas práticas que devem ser compreendidas e debatidas, uma vez que gira em torno de um individualismo manipulado e hiper-informado que afecta a democracia liberal. O debate público em termos de comunicação pública virtual e, ao mesmo tempo, os danos colaterais ao projeto democrático devem ser objeto de reflexão face à manipulação aberta, procurando a fronteira entre o exercício da liberdade de expressão e a censura prévia.

Abstract Democracy in the digital age brings with it new concerns amid the atmosphere of mistrust, the crisis of representation and democratic fatigue that contributes to heightened buzz and deepens confusion, especially in electoral times. In this sense, the digital village introduces new practices that must be understood and debated as they revolve around a manipulated hyper-informed individualism that affects liberal democracy. The public debate in key with virtual public communication and, at the same time, the collaterals for the democratic project must be the object of reflection before the open manipulation seeking the border between the exercise of freedom of expression and prior censorship.

Resumen Se ha cuestionado cómo los periodistas deportivos ecuatorianos perciben la influencia de su preparación académica, o la ausencia de esta, en su capacidad para innovar y adaptarse a nuevas formas de comunicación y tecnología en la presente era digital. Por esta razón, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las percepciones de los periodistas deportivos sobre el rol de la preparación académica frente a los desafíos y oportunidades de la era digital en Ecuador. Se realizó una investigación con un enfoque mixto, exploratorio, descriptivo y explicativo, su diseño fue transeccional y no experimental. Se realizó una revisión documental y se aplicaron de encuestas por medio de un cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron los principales factores que están cambiando la producción de contenidos deportivos y cómo estos se relacionan con habilidades que deben ser adquiridas mediante la preparación académica. Se determinaron las competencias que se consideran esenciales para los periodistas deportivos en el contexto actual, resaltando la importancia de la adaptabilidad y la preparación para enfrentar los retos de la era digital.

Abstract It has been questioned how Ecuadorian sports journalists perceive the influence of their academic preparation, or lack thereof, on their ability to innovate and adapt to new forms of communication and technology in the present digital age. For this reason, this research aimed to analyze the perceptions of sports journalists about the role of academic preparation in the face of the challenges and opportunities of the digital era in Ecuador. Research was carried out with a mixed, exploratory, descriptive and explanatory approach, its design was transectional and non-experimental. A documentary review was carried out and surveys were applied through a questionnaire. The results showed the main factors that are changing the production of sports content and how these are related to skills that must be acquired through academic preparation. The competencies that are considered essential for sports journalists in the current context were determined, highlighting the importance of adaptability and preparation to face the challenges of the digital era.

Resumen: Introducción: En Uruguay el cáncer de próstata ocupa el primer lugar en incidencia y el tercer lugar en mortalidad en el hombre. La mayoría de estos cánceres se diagnostican en estadios precoces. Hoy en día, para pacientes con adenocarcinoma de muy bajo riesgo, bajo riesgo o riesgo intermedio favorable, la vigilancia activa es una opción adecuada. Objetivos: Describir una población de pacientes con cáncer de próstata de muy bajo riesgo, bajo riesgo o riesgo intermedio favorable, en vigilancia activa en COMERI. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con cáncer de próstata de muy bajo riesgo, bajo riesgo o riesgo intermedio favorable, tratados entre 2010 y 2018 en COMERI. Se recopilaron datos en el sistema de registro clínico electrónico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 33 pacientes, la mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 74 años. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a controles clínicos y determinación de PSA cada 3 meses. El tacto rectal se realizó en forma anual. El tiempo mediano de vigilancia activa fue de 33 meses. Durante el seguimiento, se observaron pocas variaciones en los valores de PSA. El 21% de los pacientes fue sometido a una nueva biopsia durante el seguimiento activo, y en todos los casos, el Gleason se mantuvo incambiado. Ningún paciente abandonó la modalidad de vigilancia activa. Conclusión: En nuestro entorno, la vigilancia activa se considera una opción terapéutica válida para pacientes altamente seleccionados con cáncer de próstata de muy bajo riesgo, bajo riesgo o riesgo intermedio favorable, y es bien aceptada por ellos.

Abstract: Introduction: In Uruguay, prostate cancer ranks first in incidence and third in mortality among men. The majority of these cancers are diagnosed at early stages. Nowadays, active surveillance is an appropriate option for patients with adenocarcinoma of very low risk, low risk, or favorable intermediate risk. Objectives: To describe a population of patients with prostate cancer of very low risk, low risk, or favorable intermediate risk under active surveillance at COMERI. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, observational, retrospective study. Patients with prostate cancer of very low risk, low risk, or favorable intermediate risk treated between 2010 and 2018 at COMERI were included. Data were collected from the electronic clinical registry system. Results: Thirty-three patients were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 74 years. All patients underwent clinical monitoring and PSA determination every 3 months. Digital rectal examination was performed annually. The median time of active surveillance was 33 months. During follow-up, there were few variations in PSA values. 21% of patients underwent a repeat biopsy during active surveillance, and in all cases, the Gleason score remained unchanged. No patient discontinued active surveillance. Conclusion: In our setting, active surveillance is considered a valid therapeutic option for highly selected patients with prostate cancer of very low risk, low risk, or favorable intermediate risk, and it is well accepted by them.

Resumo: Introdução: No Uruguai, o câncer de próstata ocupa o primeiro lugar em incidência e o terceiro lugar em mortalidade entre os homens. A maioria desses cânceres é diagnosticada em estágios precoces. Atualmente, para pacientes com adenocarcinoma de risco muito baixo, baixo risco ou risco intermediário favorável, a vigilância ativa é uma opção adequada. Objetivos: Descrever uma população de pacientes com câncer de próstata de risco muito baixo, baixo risco ou risco intermediário favorável sob vigilância ativa em COMERI. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes com câncer de próstata de risco muito baixo, baixo risco ou risco intermediário favorável, tratados entre 2010 e 2018 em COMERI. Os dados foram coletados no sistema de registro clínico eletrônico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 33 pacientes, com mediana de idade no diagnóstico de 74 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a controles clínicos e determinação de PSA a cada 3 meses. O toque retal foi realizado anualmente. O tempo médio de vigilância ativa foi de 33 meses. Durante o acompanhamento, houve poucas variações nos valores de PSA. 21% dos pacientes foram submetidos a uma nova biópsia durante a vigilância ativa, e em todos os casos, o Gleason permaneceu inalterado. Nenhum paciente abandonou a modalidade de vigilância ativa. Conclusão: Em nosso ambiente, a vigilância ativa é considerada uma opção terapêutica válida para pacientes altamente selecionados com câncer de próstata de risco muito baixo, baixo risco ou risco intermediário favorável, e é bem aceita por eles.

Resumen El acceso a la información a partir de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) se ha colocado como uno de los procesos nodales para la comprensión del desarrollo contemporáneo. El uso de TIC y el manejo de competencias tecnológicas se han vuelto una medida del bienestar de la población. Este artículo analiza el acceso y el uso de TIC en Uruguay durante la última década a partir de tres dimensiones de interés: la edad de las personas, la cohorte de nacimiento y la combinación de ambas variables. Se analizan brechas de un primer nivel acceso a partir de tres indicadores construidos a partir de las Encuestas Continuas de Hogares del período 2009-2019. El trabajo concluye sobre cómo el uso de TIC varía en función de la edad de las personas y reflexiona sobre las complejidades que supone el análisis de brechas digitales a partir de la edad.

Resumo O acesso à informação a partir das tecnologias de comunicação tem se colocado como um dos processos nodais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento contemporâneo. O acesso às TIC e a gestão das competências tecnológicas tornaram-se uma medida do bem-estar da população. O artigo analisa o acesso e uso das TIC no Uruguai na última década a partir de três dimensões de interesse: a idade das pessoas, a coorte de nascimento e a combinação de ambas variáveis. As lacunas de acesso de primeiro nível são analisadas com base em três indicadores construídos com Pesquisas Domiciliares Contínuas 2009-2019. O artigo conclui sobre como o uso das TIC varia em função da idade das pessoas e reflete sobre as complexidades que implica a análise das lacunas digitais por idade.

Abstract Access to information with communication technologies has been placed as one of the nodal processes for contemporary development’s understanding. Access to ICTs and the management of technological skills have become a measure of population well-being. The article analyzes the access and use of ICTs in Uruguay during the last decade considering three dimensions of interest: people’s age, birth cohort, and the combination of both variables. First-level access gaps are analyzed based on three measures built with Continuous Household Surveys 2009-2019. The paper concludes on how the use of ICTs varies depending on people’s age and reflects on the complexities that the analysis of the digital divide implies.

RESUMO Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad alimentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la educación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

ABSTRACT Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

This article explores the religious interpretation of play philosophy across different historical periods and contexts, from ancient Greek thought to contemporary digital media. Drawing on the works of prominent philosophers such as Heraclitus, Plato, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Huizinga, as well as recent scholarship on digital media and religion, the article examines the role of play in shaping religious thought, practice and experience. It consists of three main sections, focusing on divine play in ancient Greek philosophy, the religious connotations of the 'playful order' in the works of Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Huizinga, and the transformative potential of video games as a medium for religious expression and exploration. CONTRIBUTION: By synthesising diverse perspectives and examining the religious implications of play philosophy in various contexts, this study offers new insights into the relationship between the divine and humanity, and the significance of play in religious life. It also highlights the potential of digital media to provide innovative avenues for religious exploration, fostering a deeper understanding of the role of play in both historical and contemporary religious contexts.

Social media has the potential to provide enhanced and faster measures of disseminating agricultural information to smallholder farmers. This study investigated socioeconomic characteristics encompassing demographic factors affecting smallholder farmers' adoption of social media. The study focused on varying livestock and crop smallholder farmers, including cattle, goats, maize, sugarcane, and leguminous crop producers. A cross-sectional survey was employed to collect the data using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a Binary Logistic Regression was used to analyse the data. The sample size was 217 smallholder farmers. The results revealed that age, level of education, annual farming income, and cooperative membership were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in social media adoption. The study findings show that skills and training in ICT increase the probability of adopting social media, and the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder farmers influence its adoption. The study concludes that stakeholders such as local government must improve smallholder farmers' basic literacy and skills in digital technology. It further recommends that policymakers formulate policies that provide the necessary infrastructure and supporting inputs such as open access internet, cell towers, and cooperative social media platforms that allow for interactive interactions with relevant stakeholders that provide advisory services.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Abstract: This article aims, in general, to identify the impacts of new information and communication technologies on access to justice and the exercise of jurisdiction, with the following specific objectives: (i) examining the digital transformation through the use of ICTs as a factor for promoting access to justice and due process; and (ii) identify possible limits to the use of technological innovations, such as Artificial Intelligence, within the scope of the Judiciary, without forgetting the limiting situation of the digitally excluded; and (iii) evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the expansion of teleworking in the Judiciary as a corollary of technological progress. ICTs help the Judiciary in exercising its typical activity of judging and atypical of administering. However, it is necessary to protect the personality rights of the digitally excluded, that is, of the population that does not have access to some of the technologies that allow the virtualization of the justice system. As a research problem, we intend to discuss the impacts of new information and communication technologies on access to justice and the exercise of jurisdiction. The procedure method used is hypothetical-deductive. The research technique is bibliographical. It is suggested, as a hypothesis, that the Judiciary, as an instrument for the protection of fundamental rights and personality, when exercising decision-making, whether judicial or administrative, based on instruments of information and communication technologies, promotes the expansion of access to justice and optimization of the public service of justice, as long as the legal position of the digitally excluded is respected.

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva, de modo geral, identificar os impactos das novas tecnologias de informação e de comunicação no acesso à justiça e no exercício da jurisdição, tendo como objetivos específicos: (i) examinar a transformação digital via utilização das TICs como fator de promoção do acesso à justiça e do devido processo legal; (ii) identificar eventuais limites à utilização das inovações tecnológicas, a exemplo da Inteligência Artificial, no âmbito do Poder Judiciário, sem olvidar a situação limitante dos excluídos digitais; e (iii) avaliar os aspectos positivos e negativos da ampliação do teletrabalho no Poder Judiciário como corolário do avanço tecnológico. As TICs auxiliam o Poder Judiciário no exercício da sua atividade típica de julgar e atípica de administrar. Todavia, é preciso resguardar os direitos da personalidade dos excluídos digitais, isto é, de parcela da população que não detém acesso a algumas das tecnologias que permitem a virtualização do sistema de justiça. Como problema de pesquisa, pretende-se discutir quais são os impactos das novas tecnologias da informação e de comunicação no acesso à justiça e no exercício da jurisdição. O método de procedimento utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo. A técnica de pesquisa é a bibliográfica. Aventa-se, como hipótese, que o Poder Judiciário, enquanto instrumento de tutela de direitos fundamentais e da personalidade, ao exercer a tomada de decisão, com base em instrumentos de tecnologias de informação e de comunicação, promove a ampliação do acesso à justiça e a otimização do serviço público da justiça, desde que respeitada a posição jurídica dos excluídos digitais.

RESUMEN: La reputación como valor intrínseco de una empresa es fundamental para su éxito, especialmente en la era digital, donde los consumidores tienen acceso a la información de manera instantánea. El e-branding se ha convertido en una herramienta importante no solo para la gestión sino también para la reputación en línea, permitiendo a las empresas controlar y moldear la percepción de su marca. El presente escrito se enfoca en dilucidar cómo las empresas utilizan esta herramienta para gestionar su reputación en línea, y cómo esto puede impactar en la confianza del consumidor y la imagen de marca. Se exploran y sugieren las estrategias empleadas por las empresas, incluyendo la creación de contenidos positivos, la respuesta a las críticas en línea y la activa participación en las redes sociales. También se examina cómo los consumidores perciben la gestión de la reputación en línea de las empresas, incluyendo la influencia de la autenticidad, la transparencia y la honestidad. Finalmente, se analiza cómo el e-branding puede afectar la confianza del consumidor y la imagen de marca, y cómo las empresas pueden utilizarla de manera efectiva para gestionar su reputación.

ABSTRACT: Reputation as an intrinsic value of a company is essential for its success, especially in the digital age where consumers have instant access to information. E-branding has become an important tool not only for management but also for online reputation, allowing companies to control and shape their brand perception. This paper focuses on elucidating how companies use this tool to manage their online reputation and how this can impact consumer trust and brand image. Strategies employed by companies are explored and suggested, including creating positive content, responding to criticism online, and actively engaging in social media. It also examines how consumers perceive companies' online reputation management, including the influence of authenticity, transparency, and honesty. Finally, it analyzes how e-branding can affect consumer trust and brand image, and how companies can use it effectively to manage their reputation.

ABSTRACT Telematic violence against women is a problem that with the rise of social networks and the pandemic has gained notoriety, according to Law 5777/16 of Integral Protection of Women is a crime. The objective of the research was to characterize the telematic violence suffered by women and its emotional consequences, in Paraguay 2022, through a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design, with a sample of 459 women, participants in a survey with a Google digital form distributed in social networks, using the Event Impact Scale-EIE. The results were: 18.3% (84) suffered from telematic violence, the average age was 36 years, marital status single (60%), salary higher than the minimum wage (61.9%), from Central (43%) and Capital (39%), with university education (85.7%). The frequency was "sometimes" (54.8%) and the main one via WhatsApp (71.4%) as messages (47.6%). The EIE evidenced severe affectation (50%), consequences in the couple relationship (21.4%) and work (14.3%) were referred. The actions taken were blocking the aggressor (52.3%), not reporting (34.5%) and ignoring the message (30.9%). They also suffered psychological (65.4%), physical (21.4%) and sexual (17.8%) violence; knowledge of Law 5777/16 was low. It is concluded that the phenomenon occurs in approximately 2/10 women, in frequency "sometimes", perpetrated by strangers or contacts, severely affecting the woman, there are those who do not report or ignore the fact, so they also suffer other forms of violence concomitantly and ignorance of Law 5777/16 predominates.

RESUMEN La violencia telemática contra la mujer es un problema que con el auge de las redes sociales y la pandemia ha ganado notoriedad, según la Ley 5777/16 de Protección Integral a las Mujeres es un delito. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar la violencia telemática sufrida por mujeres y sus consecuencias emocionales, en Paraguay año 2022, mediante un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo, trasversal, con una muestra de 459 mujeres, participantes en una encuesta con un formulario digital de Google distribuido en redes sociales, utilizando la Escala de impacto del evento-EIE. Los resultados fueron: 18,3% (84) padecieron de violencia telemática, de ellas la edad promedio fue 36 años, estado civil solteras (60%), salario mayor al mínimo (61,9%), provenientes de Central (43%) y Capital (39%), con nivel de formación universitario (85,7%). La frecuencia fue “a veces” (54,8%) y la principal vía WhatsApp (71,4%) como mensajes (47,6%). La EIE evidenció afectación severa (50%), consecuencias en la relación de pareja (21,4%) y laborales (14,3%) fueron referidas. Las acciones tomadas fueron el bloqueo del agresor (52,3%), no denunciar (34,5%) e ignorar el mensaje (30,9%). También sufrieron violencia psicológica (65,4%), física (21,4%) y sexual (17,8%); el conocimiento de la Ley 5777/16 fue escaso. Se concluye que el fenómeno se presenta en aproximadamente 2/10 mujeres, en frecuencia “a veces”, perpetrada por desconocidos o contactos, afectando severamente a la mujer, hay quienes no denuncian o ignoran el hecho, así también sufren otras formas de violencia concomitantemente y predomina el desconocimiento de la Ley 5777/16.

Resumen El liderazgo digital es crucial en el entorno actual, donde la tecnología desempeña un papel fundamental. Estudiar el liderazgo digital en estudiantes universitarios es de gran importancia, ya que representan una generación inmersa en la era digital y se espera que sean líderes en el futuro. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el liderazgo digital de estudiantes universitarios en un programa de licenciatura en administración en una universidad pública ubicada en el noroeste de México, a través de un cuestionario que mide habilidades digitales, confianza, libertad de expresión, discusión en equipo y planeación organizacional. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal en estudiantes de licenciatura en administración de una universidad pública en México. Se adaptó y utilizó un cuestionario propuesto por Nurabadi et al. (2022), que consta de 18 ítems agrupados en 5 dimensiones. Los resultados revelaron habilidades digitales promedio de 3.49, confianza de 3.79, libertad de opinión de 3.63, discusión en equipo de 3.93 y planeación organizacional de 2.60. En conclusión, es necesario desarrollar habilidades digitales, fomentar la confianza, promover la colaboración, libertad de expresión en el liderazgo digital de los estudiantes universitarios, así como mejorar la planeación estratégica en el entorno digital. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información valiosa para instituciones educativas y responsables de formación de líderes digitales, con el objetivo de preparar a los estudiantes para un mundo digitalizado y competitivo.

Abstract Digital leadership is crucial in today's environment, where technology plays a critical role. Studying digital leadership in university students is of great importance, since they represent a generation immersed in the digital age and are expected to be leaders in the future. The objective of the study was to evaluate the digital leadership of university students in a degree program in administration at a public university located in northwestern Mexico, through a questionnaire that measures digital skills, confidence, freedom of expression, team discussion and organizational planning. A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in administration undergraduate students from a public university in Mexico. A questionnaire proposed by Nurabadi et al. (2022), which consists of 18 items grouped into 5 dimensions. The results revealed average digital skills of 3.49, confidence of 3.79, freedom of opinion of 3.63, team discussion of 3.93, and organizational planning of 2.60. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop digital skills, build trust, promote collaboration, freedom of expression in the digital leadership of university students, as well as improve strategic planning in the digital environment. These findings provide valuable information for educational institutions and those responsible for training digital leaders, with the aim of preparing students for a digitalized and competitive world.

COVID-19-related alcohol sales bans and stay-at-home orders prompted the alcohol industry in South Africa to increase their online alcohol sales promotions. We investigated changes in alcohol-related behaviour and the drivers of illegal alcohol sales through a self-reported Facebook survey that ran from July to November 2020. Questions included socio-demographics and comparison of alcohol purchasing behaviour and intake during 2019 and 2020. Statistical tests were applied to find associations between illegal alcohol purchasing and alcohol-related behaviours. A total of 792 participants took part in the survey, 69.7% of whom were female. During lockdown periods, most participants (55.3%) bought alcohol illegally from illegal outlets or friends. Online alcohol-delivery marketing increased by 20 percentage points from 2019 to 2020, with participants stating that they saw a lot of advertisements per day and 80% of persons under 25 years were not asked to verify their age in 2020 upon delivery. Home-brewed beer and vodka intake increased in 2020 during the alcohol sales bans. Men from the Western Cape who engaged in daily or weekly heavy episodic drinking were more prone to purchase alcohol illegally. The Western Cape, which is South Africa's most prolific wine-producing region, had the highest odds of people buying alcohol illegally, with wine being found to be the most frequently bought alcohol online and consumed by these participants. There is a need for further research into the differences in alcohol-related behaviour affecting illegal alcohol purchasing according to income group, proximity to alcohol producers and underage alcohol sales and marketing through online applications. SIGNIFICANCE: • Alcohol sales bans have the potential to reduce and stop the alcohol intake of moderate drinkers, but may make heavy episodic drinkers drink more than usual. • During COVID-19 lockdown, illegal alcohol sales were taking place through unlicenced alcohol outlets and friends, and not through licenced online applications. • Unlicenced alcohol outlets need to be addressed to prevent future illegal alcohol sales. • Stricter regulations aimed at legal online alcohol sales applications should be put in place to prevent alcohol sales to minors and those who have already consumed too much alcohol. • There should be a ban on marketing of addictive substances, such as alcohol.

Resumen: El área de Ciencias de la Información recomienda e incorpora la formación de personas para facilitar el acceso y uso inteligente, ético y legal de la información para construir conocimiento y promover la intervención asertiva en la realidad social. En medio del escenario de transformaciones y cambios, existe la necesidad de un diferencial que contribuya al proceso de evaluación y uso crítico de la información en ambientes y en diferentes soportes - Alfabetización Informacional (CoInfo), Alfabetización Mediática y Alfabetización Digital. El propósito de este artículo es presentar una sesión informativa sobre estas habilidades con reflexiones teóricas desde los orígenes hasta las tendencias en los espacios: económico, educativo y cultural. Se busca conducir a la comprensión en este sentido y su interrelación interdisciplinar con temas de importancia para la contemporaneidad. Esta es una contribución de carácter teórico con referencias construidas a través de una revisión bibliográfica selectiva sobre estos temas. Las conclusiones presentan algunas de las principales tendencias que involucran estas competencias y demuestran que los estudios teóricos y prácticos con este enfoque aún están en expansión, especialmente en lo que respecta a los diferentes espacios para su promoción y el alcance de las prioridades enumeradas: personas, información, conocimiento, tecnologías, educación, ciudadanía, aprendizaje permanente y desarrollo humano y social.

Abstract: The area of Information Science recommends and incorporates the training of people to facilitate access and intelligent, ethical and legal use of information to build knowledge and promote assertive intervention in social reality. Amidst the scenario of transformations and changes, there is a need for a differential that contributes to the process of evaluation and critical use of information in environments and in different supports - Information Literacy (IL), Media Literay and Digital Literacy. The purpose of this article is to present a briefing on these competencies with theoretical reflections from origins to trends in spaces: economic, educational and cultural. It seeks to lead to understanding in this regard and its interdisciplinary interrelationship with themes of importance for contemporaneity. This is a contribution of a theoretical nature with references built through a selective bibliographical review on these themes. The conclusions present some of the main trends involving these competencies and demonstrate that theoretical and practical studies with this focus are still expanding, especially with regard to the different spaces for their promotion and the scope of the listed priorities. : people, information, knowledge, technologies, education, citizenship, lifelong learning and human and social development.

Resumo: A área da Ciência da Informação recomenda e incorpora a formação de pessoas para facilitar o acesso e uso inteligente, ético e legal da informação para construir conhecimento e promover a intervenção assertiva na realidade social. Em meio ao cenário de transformações e mudanças, surge a necessidade de diferencial que contribua com o processo de avaliação e uso crítico da informação em ambientes e em diferentes suportes - a Competência em Informação, a Competência Midiática e a Competência Digital. O propósito deste artigo é apresentar um briefing sobre essas competências com reflexões teóricas das origens às tendências em espaços: econômicos, educacionais e culturais. Busca-se levar à compreensão a esse respeito e sua inter-relação interdisciplinar com temas de importância para a contemporaneidade. Trata-se de contribuição de natureza teórica com referenciais construídos por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica seletiva sobre essas temáticas. As conclusões apresentam algumas das principais tendências que envolvem essas competências e demonstram que os estudos teóricos e práticos com esse enfoque cias ainda estão em processo de expansão, em especial, no que diz respeito aos diferentes espaços para a sua promoção e o alcance das prioridades elencadas: pessoas, informação, conhecimento, tecnologias, educação, cidadania, aprendizagem ao longo da vida e o desenvolvimento humano e social.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Examination by digital rectal examination is a way to early find prostate cancer. Although this examination is utmost important in the investigations, it has little acceptance due to the taboos rooted in society. In this sense, it is necessary to educate the male population. Objective: To raise the level of knowledge about prostate examination and self-examination in patients older than 45 years of age. Methods: A quasi-experimental study of educational intervention was carried out in a universe consisting of 62 patients older than 45 years of age from Área Este Teaching Polyclinic, in the city of Camagüey. The sample was made up of 55 patients who met the study selection criteria. The variables were analyzed age group, educational level; as well as knowledge about the general characteristics of prostate cancer, prevention and control of risk factors, prostate examination and self-examination before and after the educational intervention is applied. Results: In the studied sample, patients between 45-49 years of age (30.9%) and the average technical educational level (43.6%) predominated, while knowledge was raised in relation to the general characteristics of prostate cancer (40.0/94.6%), prevention and control of risk factors (20.0/92.7%), and 7.3/87.3% regarding prostate examination and self-examination. Conclusions: Statistically significant values were reached, so that the level of knowledge was raised in the sample studied.

RESUMEN Introducción: El examen físico mediante el tacto rectal es una manera de encontrar temprano el cáncer de próstata. Aunque este resulta de suma importancia en las pesquisas, tiene poca aceptación debido a los tabúes arraigados en la sociedad. Por tanto, es necesario educar a la población masculina. Objetivo: Elevar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el examen y autoexamen de próstata en pacientes mayores de 45 años. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención educativa en un universo constituido por 62 pacientes mayores de 45 años pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente “Área Este”, de la ciudad de Camagüey. La muestra quedó conformada por 55 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de selección del estudio. Se analizaron las variables grupo de edades, nivel educacional; así como los conocimientos sobre las características generales del cáncer de próstata, prevención y control de los factores de riesgo, examen y autoexamen de próstata, antes y después de aplicada la intervención educativa. Resultados: En la muestra analizada predominaron los pacientes de entre 45-49 años (30,9 %) y el nivel educacional técnico medio (43,6 %), mientras se logró elevar el conocimiento en relación a las características generales del cáncer de próstata (40,0/94,6 %), prevención y control de los factores de riesgo (20,0/92,7 %), y de 7,3/87,3 % en lo concerniente al examen y autoexamen de próstata. Conclusiones: Se alcanzaron valores estadísticamente significativos, de manera que se logró elevar el nivel de conocimientos en la muestra estudiada.