Abstract Introduction: The brackish lagoons are ecosystems with great diversity and possibilities for human use. Therefore, the knowledge about phytoplankton needs to be improved to understand its real impact. Objective: To relate the Mandinga’s Lagoon phytoplankton to the limnological conditions during the dry and wet seasons. Methods: The material was collected in three stations: Isla Conchas (ICO), Mandinga Chica (MCH) and Isla del Amor (IA) during the dry (March 2018) and wet (September 2017 and 2018) seasons. The limnological analysis included ten abiotic variables, and the phytoplankton was analyzed by the Utermöhl method. Data was analyzed with the Shannon index (H') and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results: 136 species were identified: 68.4 % Heterokontophyta, 22.8 % Dinoflagellata, and 5.9 % Cyanobacteria; with 40 euryhaline and 96 stenohaline. The most abundant species were: Bacillaria paxillifera, Chaetoceros compressus, Coscinodiscus rothii, and Chaetoceros atlanticus. The highest abundance was in ICO (dry) and the lowest in MCH (wet), with 307 x 103 and 76 x 103 cells/ml, respectively; the H' ranged from 1.31 to 0.70 bits/ind. The CCA showed a relationship between salinity and dissolved oxygen with C. rothii and Ceratoneis closterium. The phosphates were associated with B. paxillifera, C. atlanticus, and Podosira stelligera. The nitrate, water temperature and pH were related to Tripos hircus, T. furca, Diploneis bombus, and Merismopedia elegans. In contrast, Skeletonema costatum, Cocconeis scutelum, and Nitzschia bicapitata did not correlate with the limnological variables. Conclusions: The Mandinga’s Lagoon is a shallow, euryhaline and well-oxygenated ecosystem. The dominance of diatoms and dinoflagellates was evidenced by their ability to survive in different salinities and temperatures. It is recommended monitor phytoplankton, in particular Microcystis wesenbergii, B. quinquecornis, Pseudo-nitzschia cf. pungens, and P. cf. pseudodelicatissima as they are harmful algae.

Resumen Introducción: Las lagunas salobres son ecosistemas de alta diversidad y con posibilidades para uso humano. Por lo que es necesario mejorar el conocimiento del fitoplancton para entender su impacto real. Objetivo: Relacionar el fitoplancton de la Laguna Mandinga con las condiciones limnológicas durante épocas de secas y lluvias. Métodos: El material se recolectó en tres estaciones: Isla Conchas (ICO), Mandinga Chica (MCH) e Isla del Amor (IA) en secas (marzo 2018) y lluvias (septiembre 2017 y 2018). El análisis limnológico incluyó diez variables abióticas, además del fitoplancton mediante el método de Utermöhl. Los datos fueron analizados por el índice de Shannon (H') y Correspondencia Canónica (ACC). Resultados: Análisis de 136 especies; 68.4 % Heterokontophyta, 22.8 % Dinoflagellata, 5.9 % Cyanobacteria; con 40 eurihalinas y 96 estenohalinas. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Bacillaria paxillifera, Chaetoceros compressus, Coscinodiscus rothii y Chaetoceros atlanticus. La mayor abundancia se registró en ICO (secas) y la menor en MCH (lluvias) con 307 x 103 y 76 x 103 cell/ml, respectivamente. El H' osciló entre 1.31 y 0.70 bits/ind. El CCA mostró una relación entre salinidad y oxígeno disuelto con C. rothii y Ceratoneis closterium. Los fosfatos se asociaron con B. paxillifera, C. atlanticus y Podosira stelligera. Los nitratos, temperatura y pH se correlacionaron con Tripos hircus, T. furca, Diploneis bombus y Merismopedia elegans. Mientras, Skeletonema costatum, Cocconeis scutelum y Nitzschia bicapitata no presentaron correlación con las variables limnológicas. Conclusiones: La Laguna Mandinga es un ecosistema somero, eurihalino y bien oxigenado. La dominancia de diatomeas y dinoflagelados se evidenció por su capacidad para sobrevivir en diferentes concentraciones de salinidad y temperatura. Sugerimos monitorear al fitoplancton por la presencia de Microcystis wesenbergii, B. quinquecornis, Pseudo-nitzschia cf. pungens y P. cf. pseudodelicatissima ya que pueden formar proliferaciones dañinas.

ABSTRACT. This work aims to report the phytoplankton species composition and cell density in the Mazatlán coastal region (eastern entrance of the Gulf of California (GC), Mexico) during the strong El Niño event of 2023. Surface water samples (at 2 m depth) for phytoplankton cell determinations were collected in December of 2023, a month in which the numerical value of the Oceanic Niño Index was 2.0. The results showed a total of 197 species, including 113 diatoms (with a total cell density of 51,444 cells L-1), 76 dinoflagellates (with a total cell density of 31,260 cells L-1), four silicoflagellates (with a total cell density of 420 cells L-1), two cyanobacteria (with a total cell density of 2,020 cells L-1), one Euglenophyta (with a total cell density of 900 cells L-1) and one ciliate (with a total cell density of 7,820 cells L-1). The diatom Dactyliosolen phuketensis (B.G. Sundström) G.R. Hasle, 1996 and the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium fusiforme (Kofoid & Swezy, 1921) presented the highest cell densities with 4,100 and 5,900 cells L-1, respectively, species that have been previously reported in high abundances in Mexican waters in years of warming events, including El Niño. The results presented here contribute to understanding the effects of strong El Niño events on the phytoplankton community structure of the southeastern GC. This topic still needs to be fully addressed. This study also provides an update on the taxonomic lists available for the region of a group of organisms whose nomenclature has been constantly changing in recent years.

ABSTRACT The marine phytoplankton community responds to latitudinal, longitudinal (coast to ocean), and vertical environmental gradients, an important subject in Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The phytoplankton structure and the effect of environmental gradients along the central Mexican Pacific, an area within an OMZ, were studied, especially the importance of size fractions and taxonomic groups. A combination of various methods and protocols, such as microscopic analysis, flow cytometer, and pigment analysis, were followed in this study. Oceanographic conditions included thermal gradients along the study area and unreported evidence of a weak upwelling in the southern zone (Acapulco). Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a showed subsurface maxima (SCM, 15-45 m depth) in all stations, and deeper chlorophyll-a maxima (DCM, 85-95 m depth) in more oceanic stations. Chain-forming diatoms dominated in the northern zone stations. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes abundances ranged between 0.01 to 21.7 cells×104 mL−1, although most samples showed the highest contribution to biomass (47.95 µg C L−1) by picoeukaryotes. Expected tendencies of Prochlorococcus distribution were observed: highest densities coincided with the DCM and divinyl chlorophyll-a distribution at oceanic stations. Fucoxanthin had the highest concentrations, whereas fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher at SCM depths. We documented the co-dominance of the pico- and microplankton: picoplankton was important at the DCM, related to oligotrophic and more stratified water column, whereas microplankton prevailed in coastal stations, with mixed water column, high nutrient concentrations, and diatoms as the dominant group. Picoeukaryotes abundances were related to the concentration of prasinoxanthin, which suggests an important mamiellophyte component not previously revealed.

ABSTRACT Marine diatoms are important part of the diet of mollusks, crustaceans and fish because of their nutritional profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of eight strains of microalgae of the genera Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, dominant in the central coast of Peru, in order to rate their potential as an ingredient for aquaculture. For this, 7 L cultures were carried out at a pH of 7.5-8.5, at 17 °C, illumination of 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 and a photoperiod of 12:12 hours. After 15 days of culture, the dry biomass was obtained by lyophilization and the nutritional profile analyzes were performed. The results show values of moisture from 5 to 14 %, ash from 19 to 57 %, carbohydrates from 2 to 23 %, lipids from 3 to 9 %, and proteins from 12 to 30 %. The strain with the highest percentage of the last two compounds was that corresponding to S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Likewise, all the strains presented high relative percentages of the essential fatty acid, eicopentaenoic acid (EPA), from 13 to 30 % and the essential amino acid leucine from 1 to 3 % (% w/w). However, as this strain presents low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arginine, histidine and lysine, it is necessary to supplement it with other sources for the formulation of balanced diets.

RESUMEN Las diatomeas marinas forman parte importante de la dieta de moluscos, crustáceos y peces debido a su perfil nutricional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el perfil nutricional de ocho cepas de microalgas de los géneros Chaetoceros y Skeletonema, dominantes en la costa central del Perú, y valorar su potencial como ingrediente para acuicultura. Se realizaron cultivos de 7 L a pH de 7.5-8.5, a 17 °C, iluminación de 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 y fotoperiodo 12:12 horas. Luego de 15 días de cultivo, se obtuvo la biomasa seca mediante liofilización y se realizaron los análisis de perfil nutricional. Los resultados indican valores de humedad de 5 a 14 %, cenizas de 19 a 57 %, carbohidratos de 2 a 23 %, lípidos de 3 a 9 % y proteínas de 12 a 30 %. La cepa con mayor porcentaje de estos dos últimos compuestos fue la correspondiente a la especie S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Así mismo, todas las cepas presentaron altos porcentajes relativos del ácido graso esencial, ácido eicopentaenoico (EPA), de 13 a 30 % y el aminoácido esencial leucina de 1 a 3 % (% p/p). Sin embargo, al presentar bajas concentraciones del ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), arginina, histidina y lisina, es necesario complementar su utilización con otras fuentes para la formulación de dietas equilibradas.

Abstract Biofouling is generated by the biochemical condition of the substrate to form complex communities; this could be negative at an ecological and industrial level. To inhibit this process, coatings based on heavy metals are used. Microorganisms are promising sources of antifouling compounds that are non-toxic or less toxic than the commercial chemicals in use today. In order to evaluate the antifouling effectiveness of bacterial extracts, seven crude extracts from cultures of bacteria isolated from marine organisms were obtained. They were subjected to a toxicity test with Artemia nauplii, at different concentrations. Non-toxic extracts were incorporated into a gelling agent (Phytagel™) and exposed to the sea for 30 days to evaluate the inhibition of diatoms and macroorganisms adhesion. Sixty-seven diatoms’ taxa were identified, belonging to 45 genera, besides four groups of non-photosynthetic macroorganisms were identified; these are sea squirts, barnacles, bryozoans, and polychaetes. Toxicity test showed that only Bacillus safensis (C2) extract was toxic, and it was excluded from subsequent tests. There are significant differences between treatments, the extracts with the best activity are Shewanella algae (18) and Staphylococcus aureus (28). These extracts contain different organic compounds such as saponins, terpenes, sterols, and proteins, which could be responsible for their activity. These results suggest that microorganisms are an effective alternative to replace harmful chemical substances currently used in antifouling coatings. The extracts, being less toxic, are potential inhibitors or retardants of the epibiotic colonization process.

Resumen El bioincrustamiento es generado por un acondicionamiento bioquímico del sustrato para formar comunidades complejas; esto podría tener un impacto negativo a nivel ecológico e industrial. Para inhibir este proceso se utilizan recubrimientos a base de metales pesados. Los microorganismos son fuentes prometedoras de compuestos antiincrustantes que no son tóxicos o son menos tóxicos que los productos químicos comerciales que se utilizan en la actualidad. Para evaluar la eficacia antiincrustante de los extractos bacterianos, se obtuvieron siete extractos crudos de cultivos de bacterias aisladas de organismos marinos. Se sometieron a una prueba de toxicidad con nauplios de Artemia, a diferentes concentraciones. Los extractos no tóxicos se incorporaron a un agente gelificante (Phytagel™) y se expusieron al mar durante 30 días para evaluar la inhibición en la adhesión de diatomeas y macroorganismos. Se identificaron 67 taxones de diatomeas, pertenecientes a 45 géneros, además se identificaron cuatro grupos de macroorganismos no fotosintéticos; estos son ascidias, balanos, briozoos y poliquetos. La prueba de toxicidad mostró que solo el extracto de Bacillus safensis (C2) era tóxico y se excluyó de las pruebas posteriores. Existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, los extractos con mejor actividad son los de Shewanella algae (18) y Staphylococcus aureus (28). Estos extractos contienen diferentes compuestos orgánicos como saponinas, terpenos, esteroles y proteínas, los cuales podrían ser responsables de su actividad. Con estos resultados se concluye que los microorganismos son una alternativa eficaz para sustituir las sustancias químicas nocivas para la biota que actualmente se utilizan en los recubrimientos, ya que los extractos, además de ser menos tóxicos, son potenciales inhibidores o letárgicos del proceso de colonización epibiótica.

ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively affect coastal water quality, aquatic fauna, and human health from the consumption of toxin-contaminated seafood. Estuaries are especially prone to the incidence of these noxious events and sensitive to the associated damage. This study represents a comprehensive overview of previous investigations reporting the occurrence of harmful algae and/or phycotoxins in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (CEP), in Southern Brazil. Secondary data from 2002 to 2021 were combined with new results obtained from widely spaced sampling campaigns performed from 2018 to 2019 to assess the periods and estuarine sectors at greater risk for the incidence of HABs. In total, about 600 water/sediment samples containing harmful microalgae and 675 tissue samples of phycotoxin-contaminated fauna were analyzed. The most frequent and abundant species of potentially toxic microalgae were dinoflagellates belonging to the species complexes Dinophysis acuminata and Prorocentrum lima, producers of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), and diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, producers of amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs). Okadaic acid, a DST, was by far the most common toxin in the fauna, reaching higher levels in primary consumers such as bivalve mollusks (mussels, oysters, and clams), zooplankton, and suspension-feeding crustaceans (ghost shrimps), and moderate to low levels in cephalopods, fishes, gastropods, echinoderms, sea turtles, seabirds, and cetaceans. Less rainy periods (winter-early spring) were associated with the highest incidence of DSTs and blooms of their producing algae P. lima and Dinophysis spp., mainly in the middle region of Paranaguá Bay and on the shallow continental platform adjacent to the estuarine mouth. However, certain HAB-forming species may be more successful in inner estuarine areas ( Prorocentrum cordatum) and during different periods, such as late summer—early fall ( Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Continuous monitoring of harmful algae and toxins is therefore highly recommended to mitigate the effects of HABs in the entire estuary. (HABs quality toxincontaminated contaminated seafood damage andor or CEP, CEP , (CEP) Brazil 200 202 201 total 60 watersediment sediment 67 phycotoxincontaminated phycotoxin analyzed DSTs, (DSTs) Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia Pseudo nitzschia, nitzschia ASTs. ASTs . (ASTs) acid DST mussels, mussels (mussels oysters clams, clams clams) zooplankton suspensionfeeding suspension feeding ghost shrimps, shrimps shrimps) cephalopods fishes gastropods echinoderms turtles seabirds cetaceans winterearly winter early spring P spp spp. mouth However HABforming HAB forming cordatum summerearly summer spp.. spp.) estuary (CEP 20 6 (DSTs (ASTs 2

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the application of the Phytoplankton Community Index-PCI and Functional Groups-FG in determining the water quality of the Guamá River (Pará, Amazônia, Brazil). Samplings occurred monthly for analyses of phytoplankton and physical and chemical parameters, for two years, at the station where water was collected for human supply consumption. Seasonality influenced electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, winds, true color, and N-ammoniacal. The ebb tide showed high turbidity and suspended solids. The density varied seasonally with the highest values occurring in September and December (61.1 ind mL-1 and 60.2 ind mL-1, respectively). Chlorophyll-a was more elevated in December (21.0 ± 4.7 µg L-1) and chlorophyll-c higher in relation to clorophyll- b indicated the dominance of diatoms. Functional Group P prevailed in the study months. Through the PCI índex the waters of Guamá River varied from reasonable to excellent and the TSI ranged from oligo to mesotrophic. The use of Functional Groups proved to be a promising tool in the determination of water quality since it covered the most abundant species in the Environment, but the PCI is not adequate to characterize Amazonian white-waters rivers, which have diatoms as the leading dominant group. IndexPCI Index GroupsFG FG Pará, Pará (Pará Amazônia Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) parameters years consumption conductivity solids oxygen transparency winds color Nammoniacal. Nammoniacal N ammoniacal. ammoniacal N-ammoniacal 61.1 611 61 1 (61. mL1 mL mL- 602 60 2 60. mL1, 1, respectively. respectively respectively) Chlorophylla Chlorophyll 21.0 210 21 0 (21. 47 4 7 4. L1 L L-1 chlorophyllc chlorophyll c clorophyll months mesotrophic Environment whitewaters white rivers group 61. 6 (61 21. (21 L- (6 (2 (

Abstract Jacobsite is a relatively rare mineral of composition MnFe2O4, found in Urandi (Bahia State) in Brazil. It is also a common species in the deep-sea manganese nodules, attracting the interest of many mineral-extracting companies. Because of its spinel constitution similar to magnetite, Jacobsite is commonly called a manganese-ferrite. However, the manganese/iron content may vary substantially according to its origin, demanding specific studies in each case. The Jacobsite mineral inspired our laboratory synthesis of the analogous manganese ferrite nanoparticles. The direct synthesis by the coprecipitation method has not been successful; however, it can be carried in the presence of citrate ions, yielding strongly magnetic nanoparticles, with a maximum magnetization of 45.6 emu.g1. Although they were structurally identical to Jacobsite, the mineral from Bahia exhibited a rather weak magnetism, because it involves a ferrimagnetic coupling. For this reason, the synthetic method seems to provide a better way of obtaining strongly magnetic manganese ferrites. These magnetic nanoparticles have been investigated in detail, including their interaction with diatoms, providing interesting magnetic bio-silicate carriers in drug delivery. MnFe2O4 MnFeO MnFe O State Brazil deepsea deep sea nodules mineralextracting extracting companies magnetite manganeseferrite. manganeseferrite ferrite. manganese-ferrite However manganeseiron iron origin case successful however ions 456 45 6 45. emug1 emug emu g1 g emu.g1 magnetism coupling reason ferrites detail diatoms biosilicate bio silicate delivery MnFe2O 4 emu.g

ABSTRACT Background: Diatom assemblages in sediments are frequently used as water quality and paleoenvironmental indicators. However, sedimentary diatom assemblages may present taphonomic biases due to processes occurring in the water column and water-sediment interface. Objective: The present study aimed to determine if in tropical deep lakes, the differences between water column, sediment trap and surface sediment samplings were large enough to provide antagonistic interpretations. It also aimed to determine if diversity metrics would be statistically different between the three kinds of samples. Methods: This study was performed in Lake Alberca de Tacámbaro, Michoacan, Mexico, and involved the comparison of diatom species composition and diversity between phytoplankton, sediment trap and surface sediment samplings. Results: Nearly 80% of the diatom species, including the five most abundant taxa, were present in the three kinds of samples. Phytoplankton and sediment trap samplings documented the seasonal dynamics and indicated that the changes in species composition and diversity metrics were associated with the mixing and stratification processes of the water column. Unexpectedly, phytoplankton and sediment trap samples had relatively high percentages (ca. 20%) of benthic taxa (Achnanthidium minutissimum and Brachysira vitrea), which behaved as tychoplanktonic. Surface sediment samples showed a higher species richness and Simpson’s diversity, but the three kinds of samples had similar Shannon diversities. Conclusions: In spite of the differences between the sampling methods, they did not provide antagonistic results on the condition of the lake. Surface sediment samples showed richer and more equitable assemblages, including diatoms from different habits, with an average-time window of about two years. The discrepancies between the phytoplankton and surface sediment diatom assemblages are an indication of recent changes in the diatom flora of this lake.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La composición de diatomeas en sedimentos es una herramienta para evaluar calidad del agua y en la reconstrucción paleoambiental. Sin embargo, puede presentar sesgos tafonómicos debido a procesos en la interfaz agua-sedimentos. Objetivo: Determinar si en lagos tropicales profundos las diferencias entre muestreos de columna de agua, sedimentos de trampas y superficiales serían lo suficientemente grandes para aportar interpretaciones contradictorias sobre la condición del ecosistema y establecer si existen diferencias significativas en las métricas de diversidad. Métodos: En la Alberca de Tacámbaro, Michoacán, México, se comparó de la composición y métricas de diversidad de diatomeas en muestras provenientes de los tres tipos de muestreo. Resultados: Casi el 80% de las especies, incluyendo las cinco más abundantes, estuvieron presentes en los tres tipos de muestreo. El fitoplancton y trampas de sedimentos documentaron la dinámica estacional, con cambios asociados con la mezcla y estratificación de la columna de agua. Las muestras de fitoplancton y de trampas de sedimento tuvieron un porcentaje elevado (~20%) de especies de bentónicas (Achnanthidium minutissimum y Brachysira vitrea), que se comportan como ticoplanctónicas. Los sedimentos superficiales mostraron una mayor riqueza de especies y diversidad de Simpson, los tres métodos tuvieron valores similares de diversidad de Shannon. Conclusiones: Los tres tipos de muestreo no aportaron interpretaciones antagonistas sobre la condición del lago. Los sedimentos superficiales mostraron una riqueza de especies mayor y más equitativa con diatomeas de varios hábitos y zonas del lago, integrando una ventana de tiempo promedio de aproximadamente dos años. Las discrepancias entre las muestras del fitoplancton y los sedimentos superficiales parecen ser una indicación de cambios recientes en la flora de diatomeas de este lago.

Abstract In order to determine the structure and biomass of phytoplankton (picophytoplankton, nanodiatoms, and microdiatoms) under oligotrophic conditions, a study was carried out in the surface layer of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, during the late summer of 2016. This study included the measurement of hydrographic, chemical, and biological variables in the surface layer of the study area. Our results showed a warm, strongly stratified, and nutrient-depleted water column associated with reduced phytoplankton biomass (<1 mg Chla·m-3). The average ratios of N:P (0.55 ± 1.34), N:Si (0.13 ± 0.18), and Fe:N (52.70 ± 29.70) indicate N-limiting conditions. The biomass contribution of phytoplankton groups fluctuated widely by depth level, with predominance of picophytoplankton (85.0 ± 2.7%) at the surface (5 m) and nano-microdiatoms (91.5 ± 5.9%) at the deepest level (35-40 m), adjacent to the thermocline. Diatoms dominated the integrated biomass between the surface and 50-m depth, with an average contribution ~6 times greater than that of picophytoplankton. Despite the ideal conditions for the proliferation of diazotrophs, the presence of Trichodesmium spp. and Richelia intracellularis was very irregular and in relatively low abundances (2,220 ± 1,575 cell·L-1). Our results are especially relevant as they suggest that, under N-limiting conditions, the paradigm of high biomass and large cell dominance in the Gulf of California may be challenged during the summer season.

Resumen Con el propósito de determinar la biomasa y la composición del fitoplancton (picofitoplancton, nanodiatomeas y microdiatomeas) bajo condiciones oligotróficas, se realizó un estudio en la capa superficial de la cuenca de Guaymas, golfo de California, durante el verano tardío de 2016. El estudio contempló la medición de variables hidrográficas, químicas y biológicas en la capa superficial del área de estudio. Nuestros resultados mostraron una columna de agua cálida, fuertemente estratificada, empobrecida en nutrientes y con biomasas fitoplanctónicas reducidas (<1 mg Cla·m-3). Los cocientes promedio de N:P (0.55 ± 1.34), N:Si (0.13 ± 0.18) y Fe:N (52.70 ± 29.70) indicaron condiciones de limitación por N. La contribución de los grupos fitoplanctónicos a la biomasa fluctuó ampliamente por nivel de profundidad, y se observó el predominio del picofitoplancton (85.0 ± 2.7%) en superficie (5 m) y de las nano-microdiatomeas (91.5 ± 5.9%) en el nivel más profundo (35-40 m), adyacente a la termoclina. Las diatomeas dominaron la biomasa integrada entre la superficie y 50 m de profundidad, con una contribución promedio ~6 veces mayor que la del picofitoplancton. A pesar de que se registraron condiciones ideales para la proliferación de cianobacterias diazótrofas, la presencia de Trichodesmium spp. y Richelia intracellularis fue muy irregular y en abundancias relativamente bajas (2,220 ± 1,575 célula·L-1). Nuestros resultados son especialmente relevantes, ya que sugieren que, bajo condiciones de limitación por N, el paradigma de la alta biomasa y dominancia de células grandes en el golfo de California puede verse desafiado durante la temporada de verano.

Abstract Introduction: Costa Rica has hundreds of lakes, many of which have never been scientifically studied. Objective: To carry out a first, basic limnological study of Laguna Pozo Verde in Juan Castro Blanco National Park, Costa Rica (~1935m elevation), to provide baseline data for studying future changes. Methods: We measured water depths and temperatures, and Secchi depth; analyzed surface sediments; and examined maps and satellite imagery. Results: Though described by some as formed by volcanic processes, Laguna Pozo Verde likely formed in a landslide, which occur frequently in this rainy area on the steep south slope of the inactive Porvenir Volcano. Our soundings showed a maximum depth of 9,25m near the center of the lake. The water was moderately transparent (Secchi depth 2,6m), with circumneutral pH, and temperatures from 15,9-18,1°C, with weak stratification at 0,5m. Surface sediments contained 27% organic matter, and had C/N ratios and stable carbon isotope values consistent with lacustrine algae and C3 plants; Surirella angusta composed over 90% of the diatoms. Conclusion: The lake is significantly shallower than reported, and surface sediments have a diatom assemblage unique among 88 lakes examined in Costs Rica.

Resumen Introducción: Costa Rica tiene cientos de lagos, muchos nunca estudiados científicamente. Objetivo: Conocer la limnología de Laguna Pozo Verde en el Parque Nacional Juan Castro Blanco, Costa Rica (~1935m de elevación), como referencia para estudiar futuros cambios. Métodos: Medimos la profundidad y temperatura del agua y la profundidad de Secchi; analizamos sedimentos superficiales; y examinamos mapas e imágenes satelitales. Resultados: Aunque algunos la describen como formado por procesos volcánicos, es probable que Laguna Pozo Verde se haya formado en un deslizamiento de tierra, algo común en esta zona lluviosa de la empinada ladera sur del Volcán Porvenir (inactivo). Hallamos una profundidad máxima de 9,25m cerca del centro. El agua era moderadamente transparente (profundidad de Secchi 2,6m), con un pH cercano a neutral y temperaturas de 15,9-18,1°C, y una débil estratificación a 0,5m. Los sedimentos superficiales contenían un 27% de materia orgánica y tenían cocientes C/N y valores de isótopos de carbono estables, coherentes con algas lacustres y plantas C3; más del 90% de las diatomeas eran Surirella angusta. Conclusión: La laguna es significativamente más somera de lo informado y los sedimentos superficiales albergan una combinación de diatomeas única entre los 88 lagos examinados en Costa Rica.

Resumen El objetivo es determinar cuál biopolímero presenta las mejores características de impresión 3D y propiedades mecánicas para la fabricación de un bioandamiaje, utilizando la técnica de impresión por deposición fundida, con modelos generados a partir de un archivo en formato STL que se obtuvo de un Micro-CT Scan de una estructura osea de cresta iliaca bovina. Mediante un estudio exploratorio, se realizaron 3 grupos de estudio con trece estructuras impresas de cada uno. El primero, se compone 100% de PLA. El segundo, 90B, se le agrega 1g de extracto de diatomea, y el tercero, 88C, se diferencia del anterior ya que contiene además, 1g de fosfato de calcio. A las 39 estructuras impresas se les realizó una prueba de inspección visual, por lo que se requirió la confección de un patrón de oro en resina, con mayor detalle y similitud a la estructura ósea escaneada. Finalmente, las estructuras fueron sometidas a una fuerza compresiva (N) para la obtención del módulo de elasticidad (MPa) y de la resistencia compresiva (MPa) de cada una de ellas. Se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,001) en las propiedades de impresión del biomaterial 88C, con respecto al 90B y al PLA puro, presentando las mejores características de impresión 3D. Además, obtuvo las mejores propiedades mecánicas en comparación con los otros grupos de materiales. Aunque la diferencia entre estos no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,388), en las estructuras del biomaterial 88C, se pudieron observar valores de resistencia compresiva (8,84692 MPa) y módulo de elasticidad (43,23615 MPa) que son semejantes a los del hueso esponjoso de los maxilares. A razón de este resultado, el biomaterial 88C cuenta con el potencial para ser utilizado en la fabricación de bioandamiajes en la ingeniería tisular.

Abstract: The objective is to determine which biopolymer has the best 3D printing characteristics and mechanical properties for the manufacture of a bioscaffold, using the fused deposition printing technique, with models generated from an STL file obtained from a Micro-CT scan taken from a bovine iliac crest bone structure. Through an experimental exploratory study, three study groups of the analyzed biopolymers were carried out with thirteen printed structures of each one. The first is made of 100% PLA. The second, 90B, we added 1g of diatom extract, and the third, 88C, differs from the previous one in that it also contains 1g of calcium phosphate. The 39 printed structures underwent a visual inspection test, which required the fabrication of a gold standard scaffold in resin, with greater detail and similarity to the scanned bone structure. Finally, the structures were subjected to a compressive force (N) to obtain the modulus of elasticity (MPa) and compressive strength (MPa) of each one of them. A statistically significant difference (p=0.001) was obtained in the printing properties of the biomaterial 88C, compared to 90B and pure PLA and the 88C presented the best 3D printing characteristics. In addition, it also presented the best mechanical properties compared to the other groups of materials. Although the difference between these was not statistically significant (p=0.388), in the structures of the 88C biomaterial, values of compressive strength (8,84692 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (43,23615 MPa) were similar to those of cancellous bone in the jaws could be observed. Because of this result, the 88C biomaterial has the potential to be used in the manufacture of bioscaffolds in tissue engineering.

RESUMEN Se estudió la remoción del fitoplancton mediante pretratamiento con ozono en una planta piloto que capta agua de un embalse subtropical del noroeste argentino. Se analizó la variación estacional de las abundancias por grupos algales a la entrada y salida de la planta en el período 2019-2020, y la eficiencia de remoción del tratamiento en función de dos categorías de tamaños (MDL máxima dimensión lineal) y biovolumen en especies seleccionadas. La abundancia de algas al ingreso mostró diferencias estacionales con predominio de diatomeas en invierno, Criptofíceas, Clorofíceas, Dinofíceas y Trebouxiofíceas en primavera y Cianobacterias en verano. El flujo de salida de algas también fue mayor en invierno, con predominio de diatomeas, y de cianobacterias en otoño y verano. El tratamiento produjo una reducción significativa de la densidad de algas (media del 26,94%), que aumentó aún más en algunos grupos particulares: Zygnematophyceae (68,21%), Euglenophyceae (59,80%), Cianobacterias (57,87%), Cryptophyceae (53,84%), Dinophyceae (38,59%) y Chlorophyceae (28,66%). En el seguimiento se registraron un total de 326 spp, aunque sólo 126 spp tuvieron una frecuencia de aparición en al menos el 10% de los muestreos, en su mayoría con bajas densidades. La eliminación de microalgas en la planta piloto no mostró correlaciones significativas con las dimensiones celulares de las especies seleccionadas. Las medias de la clase III de MDL =31,62 ±8,79 μm y biovolumen =4019,69 ±2711,49 μm3 tuvieron las mayores eliminaciones por tratamiento (72,97% y 72,74%, respectivamente), aunque no fueron estadísticamente diferentes de las clases restantes. Conclusión: la capacidad de eliminación de algas por el proceso de ozonización de la planta piloto produjo una reducción significativa de la densidad algal, especialmente de Cianobacterias, Zygnematoficeae, Euglenophyceae y Cryptophyceae, que en todos los casos superó el 50%.

ABSTRACT Phytoplankton removal by ozone pretreatment was studied in a pilot plant that collects water from a subtropical reservoir in northwestern Argentina. The seasonal variation of abundances by algal groups at the inlet and outlet of the plant in the period 20192020, and the removal efficiency of the treatment were analyzed as a function of two size categories (MDL maximum linear dimension) and biovolume in selected species. At the inflow, algal abundance showed seasonal differences with predominance of diatoms in winter, Cryptophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae in spring and Cyanobacteria in summer. Algae outflow was also higher in winter, with a predominance of diatoms, and of cyanobacteria in au tumn and summer. The treatment produced a significant reduction in algal density (mean 26.94%), which increased even more in some particular groups: Zygnemato phyceae (68.21%), Euglenophyceae (59.80%), Cyanobacteria (57.87%), Cryptophyceae (53.84%), Dinophyceae (38.59%) and Chlorophyceae (28.66%). A total of 326 spp were recorded in the monitoring, although only 126 spp had a frequency of occurrence in at least 10% of the samplings, mostly with low densities. Microalgae removal in the pilot plant showed no significant correlations with cell dimensions for selected species. Class III averages of MLD =31.62 ±8.79 μm and biovolume =4019.69 ±2711.49 μm3 had the highest removals per treatment (72.97% and 72.74%, respec tively), although they were not statistically different from the remaining classes. Conclusion: the algae removal capacity by the ozonation process of the pilot plant produced a significant reduction in algal density, especially of Cyanobacteria, Zygnematoficeae, Euglenophyceae and Cryptophyceae, which in all cases exceeded 50%.

Resumen: La cuenca Salí-Dulce es una de las principales del Noroeste de Argentina y en su recorrido se ve afectada debido a la incorporación de sustancias contaminantes. En los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales las diatomeas constituyen un grupo destacado. Su biología y taxonomía son adecuadas para su uso en el biomonitoreo. El objetivo fue caracterizar la dinámica y la composición de las taxocenosis de diatomeas y su relación con variables ambientales en los arroyos Mista y Calimayo, pertenecientes a la cuenca del río Salí-Dulce (Tucumán-Argentina). Para esto se seleccionaron tres sitios en cada arroyo y se tomaron datos de variables ambientales y biológicas según metodologías convencionales. La calidad del agua fue variable según el aporte de contaminantes y la estacionalidad climática. El ensamble de diatomeas resultó ser una taxocenosis bioindicadora sensible a las características ambientales de los arroyos. En este trabajo se registraron 61 especies de las cuales 11 serían buenas indicadoras del estado de contaminación. El uso de dos índices bióticos permitió afirmar que el Índice de Diatomeas Pampeano modificado según datos propios, resultó más sensible y eficaz en la determinación de la calidad del agua, por lo que se podría considerar como una herramienta diagnóstica, de seguimiento de la calidad del agua y de planificación que serviría para brindar información válida y de fácil aplicación en cuencas del Noroeste de Argentina.

Summary: The Salí-Dulce basin is one of the main in the Northwest of Argentina and is affected by significant ecological changes due to the presence of polluting substances along its way. Diatoms are a prominent algal group in aquatic ecosystems. Their biology and taxonomy are suitable for their use in biomonitoring based on their specific responses to environmental changes. The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamic and composition of the taxocenosis of diatoms and their relationship with environmental variables in the Mista and Calimayo streams, belonging to the Salí-Dulce river basin (Tucumán-Argentina). For this, three sites were selected in each stream, and data on environmental and biological variables were collected according to conventional methodologies. Water quality was variable depending on the presence of pollutants and climatic seasonality. The diatom assemblage resulted as a sensitive taxocenosis bioindicator of the stream status. In this work, a total of 61 species were recorded, of which 11 could be good indicators for stream contamination. The use of two biotic indices makes it possible to affirm that the Pampean Diatom Index, modified on the basis of our data, resulted to be more sensitive and effective in determining water quality, which is why it could be considered as a tool for diagnosis, water quality monitoring and water planning that could provide valid information of easy application in basins of the Northwest of Argentina.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic composition in the surface waters of Todos Santos Bay, a semi-enclosed bay within the upwelling zone of the Baja California peninsula (México). Two methodological approaches (microscopy and chemotaxonomy [CHEMTAX]) were used to describe the variability of some genera and species (observed under the microscope) and the importance of those groups that cannot be observed microscopically. Phytoplankton biomarker pigments were measured with high-resolution liquid chromatography and used as input to run the CHEMTAX software to determine the contribution of the main phytoplankton groups to chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The microscopic analyses showed that diatoms and dinoflagellates comprised 65 and 33% of the total cells, respectively. Dinoflagellates were most abundant in the inner bay and during cold months; the most frequent and abundant genera were Tripos, Protoperidinium, and Prorocentrum. Among diatoms, the most frequent genera were Cylindrotheca, Guinardia, Navicula, Pseudo-nitzschia, and Chaetoceros. CHEMTAX indicated that, together with diatoms, the flagellates prymnesiophytes and chlorophytes contributed a median of 80% to Chl-a, with chlorophytes as the most important group (29.9%). The high contribution of these flagellates suggests that they are represented by small-sized cells not visible by the light microscopy used. However, CHEMTAX largely underestimated the contribution of dinoflagellates (due to the presence of many mixotrophic species). Hence, our results emphasize the importance of using both techniques for a more detailed evaluation of the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in this and other coastal regions.