BACKGROUND: Studies on inter-examiner repeatability of measurements from retinoscopy without cycloplegia are quite limited within and across individuals. AIM: To investigate the inter-examiner repeatability and validity of static retinoscopy to autorefraction in young adults. SETTING: The study took place within a South African university. METHODS: Convenience, non-random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 68 adult participants, predominantly male (51.5%) of African descent (60.3%). The age range was from 18 years to 25 years with the mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) of 22.5 ± 0.71 years. The right eyes of participants underwent autorefraction, and static retinoscopy was done by two different student examiners. Bland-Altman plots and multivariate analysis were applied to assess inter-examiner repeatability and validity of retinoscopy to autorefraction of sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent refraction (SER = M), and vector components J0 and J45. RESULTS: Stereo-pair scatter plots for the three refractive samples from both student examiners obtained for the right eye clustered within the same region, which suggested minimal variation in refractive error between the different samples. Bland-Altman plots for mean differences <img align="absmiddle" data-src-orig="/img/revistas/aveh/v84n1/07ii1.jpg" src="/img/revistas/aveh/v84n1/07ii1.jpg"> were less than or equal to one clinical step (0.25 dioptre [D]) for all refractive error variables although 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) widths were larger for the spherical equivalent coefficients (M). CONCLUSION: Clinically, inter-examiner retinoscopy is repeatable and comparable to autorefraction as results differed only by approximately 0.25 D. CONTRIBUTION: This study will be the first in Africa to provide multivariate analysis for inter-examiner repeatability of retinoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Presbyopia is often overlooked in refractive error distribution analysis. This article employs multivariate analysis to address this gap, enhancing understanding of means, outliers and variations through graphical data presentation. AIM: To analyse the distribution of near-corrective optical additions for presbyopic patients over 2 years at a rural optometry clinic. SETTING: The study was conducted at Sekororo District Hospital, South Africa. METHODS: Non-cycloplegic near-refractive error data for presbyopic patients who visited the clinic at the district hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were extracted from the hospital's records. The records were randomly divided into two groups for 2018 and 2019. Meridional plots and stereo-pair scatter plots were used to analyse the refractive states for the right (OD) and left (OS) eyes. RESULTS: In the 2018 sample, the clinical means for OD and OS were +1.33 ‒0.32 × 90 and +2.01 ‒0.37 × 77, respectively. Similarly, for the 2019 sample, the clinical means for OD and OS were +2.01 ‒0.32 × 82 and +1.82 ‒0.18 × 95, respectively. The data were not normally distributed, and outliers were present. Sample variances were spherical rather than astigmatic. CONCLUSION: Deviation from the normality showed that the data for OD and OS were mainly mildly positively skewed. Much of the variation in the refractive state was spherical (the stigmatic) irrespective of the laterality. CONTRIBUTION: The article makes a valuable contribution to the current understanding of multivariate analysis, in academic training including optometry fraternity, as it pertains to the refractive state of the eyes in a rural optometry clinic.

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology, based on frequency response models, to estimate the minimum or maximum value -nadir- that the frequency reaches when a generation - load unbalance occurs in the power system. To this end, the 1st order reduced equivalent model of the generator’s power-frequency control system is determined using the "Parameter Estimator" of Matlab/Simulink. Then, a set of equations coming from the reduced equivalent model is established to estimate the value of the maximum transient frequency deviation and its occurrence time. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, the IEEE New England test system has been chosen. Once this is done, the proposed methodology is applied to the Ecuadorian Interconnected Power System. The results of time domain simulations using the PowerFactory software are presented and compared with the results calculated using the developed reduced and analytical models. It is concluded that the proposed methodology estimates with high accuracy the maximum transient frequency deviation and its time of occurrence.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se presenta una metodología, basada en modelos de repuesta de la frecuencia, para estimar el valor mínimo o máximo -nadir- que alcanza la frecuencia cuando en el sistema eléctrico de potencia se presenta un desbalance generación - carga. Con este fin, se determina el modelo reducido de 1er orden del sistema de control potencia - frecuencia del generador usando el “Estimador de Parámetros” de Matlab/Simulink. Luego, se establecen ecuaciones que provienen del modelo equivalente reducido para estimar el valor de la máxima desviación transitoria de la frecuencia y su tiempo de ocurrencia. Para ilustrar la aplicación de la metodología presentada se ha elegido el sistema de prueba IEEE New England de 39 barras y 10 generadores. Hecho esto, la metodología propuesta se aplica al Sistema Nacional Interconectado ecuatoriano. Se presentan resultados de simulaciones en el dominio del tiempo usando el programa PowerFactory, mismos que son comparados con los resultados calculados mediante el modelo equivalente reducido y el modelo analítico. Se concluye que la metodología propuesta estima con alta precisión la máxima desviación transitoria de la frecuencia y su tiempo de ocurrencia.

Abstract Installing wind farms in isolated power systems can cause issues regarding frequency control. These issues are due to the variable nature of wind and the characteristics of the grid itself. This research analyzed how frequency deviation is affected by distributing multiple wind farms and how to reduce those deviations by leaving active power reserves in the wind farms. Monte Carlo simulations were used, considering various scenarios where wind penetration was gradually increased while leaving fixed and variable power reserves, using fuzzy control for the latter. The results obtained demonstrate that as wind penetration increases, frequency deviations also increase until they violate the Cuban grid code. These deviations were reduced by implementing reserves in the wind farms, with the best results achieved when using variable reserves.

Resumen Instalar parques eólicos en los sistemas eléctricos de potencia aislados puede ocasionar problemas en cuanto al control de frecuencia. Estos se deben a la naturaleza variable del viento y de las características propias de la red. En esta investigación se analizó cómo se afecta la desviación de frecuencia al distribuir varios parques eólicos y cómo reducir esta, dejando reserva de potencia activa en los mismos. Para ello se utilizaron simulaciones Monte Carlo teniendo en cuenta varios escenarios en los que se fue aumentando la penetración eólica mientras se dejaban reservas de potencia fija y variable, utilizando para esta última un control difuso. Los resultados obtenidos muestran cómo a medida que se aumenta la penetración eólica aumentan las desviaciones de frecuencia hasta que se incumple con el código de red cubano. Estas desviaciones fueron reducidas dejando reserva en los parques, obteniendo los mejores resultados cuando se implementaba la reserva variable.

Resumo: Buscou-se, com este estudo, verificar a associação entre valores do produto interno bruto em paridade do poder de compra (PIB PPC) e escores da ferramenta World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi). Estudo ecológico realizado com 98 países de renda baixa (n = 43), média (n = 27) e alta (n = 28). A avaliação das ações pró-aleitamento materno foram obtidas da WBTi e o PIB PPC do Banco Mundial. Foram estimados média e desvio padrão (DP) das pontuações total e de cada item da WBTi. Foram usados o teste ANOVA e o teste de Tukey para comparar as médias da ferramenta WBTi segundo o PIB PPC dos países. A associação entre PIB PPC e as pontuações total e de cada item da WBTi foi analisada por regressão linear. Maiores pontuações da WBTi foram identificadas para os itens de sistemas de cuidado de saúde e nutrição (item 5: média = 6,4; DP: ±2,0) e suporte de informações válidas (item 7: média = 6,4; DP: ±2,5). As médias da pontuação total e dos itens 3 (implementação do código), 7 (suporte de informações válidas), 9 (aleitamento materno em emergências) e 10 (monitoramento e avaliação) foram superiores nos países de baixa e média renda e do item 4 (licença maternidade) nos países de alta renda (p < 0,05). Observamos associação negativa entre PIB PPC e pontuação total da ferramenta (β = -2,67; IC95%: -5,06; -0,29), item 3 (β = -0,50; IC95%: -0,91; -0,08), item 7 (β = -0,67; IC95%: -1,07; -0,27), item 8 (aleitamento materno e HIV; β = -0,59; IC95%: -1,07; -0,11) e item 9 (β = -0,91; IC95%: -1,34; -0,48). Observamos associação positiva entre PIB PPC e o item 4 (proteção à maternidade; β = 0,63; IC95%: 0,24; 1,02). Países com menor PIB PPC apresentaram maiores pontuações da ferramenta, com exceção da proteção à maternidade que apresentou maior pontuação em países com maior PIB PPC.

Resumen: El objetivo fue verificar la asociación entre los valores del producto interno bruto, paridad del poder adquisitivo (PIB PPA) y los puntajes de la herramienta World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi). Se trata de un estudio ecológico realizado con 98 países de ingresos bajos (n = 43), medios (n = 27) y altos (n = 28). La evaluación de las acciones a favor de la lactancia materna se obtuvo de la WBTi y del PIB PPP del Banco Mundial. Se estimaron la media y la desviación estándar (DE) de las puntuaciones totales y de cada ítem de la WBTi. Se utilizó ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey para comparar las medias de la herramienta WBTi según el PIB PPA de los países. La asociación entre el PIB PPA y las puntuaciones totales e individuales de los ítems WBTi se analizó mediante regresión lineal. Se identificaron puntuaciones más altas de WBTi para los ítems sistemas de cuidado de salud y nutrición (ítem 5: media = 6,4; DE: ±2,0) y soporte de información válida (ítem 7: media = 6,4; DE: ±2,5). Los promedios de la puntuación total y de los ítems 3 (implementación del código), 7 (soporte de información válida), 9 (lactancia materna en emergencias) y 10 (seguimiento y evaluación) fueron mayores en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y en el ítem 4 (licencia por maternidad) en países de altos ingresos (p < 0,05). Observamos una asociación negativa entre el PIB PPA y la puntuación total de la herramienta (β = -2,67; IC95%: -5,06; -0,29), ítem 3 (β = -0,50; IC95%: -0,91; -0,08), ítem 7 (β = -0,67; IC95%: -1,07; -0,27), ítem 8 (lactancia materna y VIH; β = -0,59; IC95%: -1,07; -0,11) y ítem 9 (β = -0,91; IC95%: -1,34; -0,48). Observamos una asociación positiva entre el PIB PPA y el ítem 4 (protección de la maternidad; β = 0,63; IC95%: 0,24; 1,02). Los países con un PIB PPA más bajo obtuvieron puntuaciones de herramientas más altas, con la excepción de la protección de la maternidad, que tuvo puntuaciones más altas en los países con un PIB PPA más alto.

Abstract: This study aimed to verify the association between gross domestic product values - purchasing power parity (GDP PPP) and scores of the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi) tool. This is an ecological study carried out with 98 low-income (n = 43), middle-income (n = 27), and high-income (n = 28) countries. The evaluation of pro-breastfeeding actions was obtained from the WBTi and the GDP PPP from the World Bank. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the total and each item WBTi scores were estimated. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to compare the means of the WBTi tool according to the countries’ GDP PPP. The association between GDP PPP and total and individual WBTi scores was analyzed by linear regression. Higher WBTi scores were identified for the items health and nutrition care system (item 5: mean = 6.4; SD: ±2.0) and Information Support (item 7: mean = 6.4; SD: ±2.5). The means of the total score and of items 3 (implementation of the code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes), 7 (information support), 9 (infant feeding during emergencies) and 10 (mechanisms of monitoring and evaluating systems) were higher in low- and middle-income countries, while item 4 (maternity protection in the workplace) presented a high mean in high-income countries (p < 0.05). We observed a negative association between GDP PPP and the total tool score (β = -2.67; 95%CI: -5.06; -0.29), item 3 (β = -0.50; 95%CI: -0.91; -0.08), item 7 (β = -0.67; 95%CI: -1.07; -0.27), item 8 (infant feeding and HIV; β = -0.59; 95%CI: -1.07; -0.11), and item 9 (β = -0.91; 95%CI: -1.34; -0.48). We observed a positive association between GDP PPP and item 4 (maternity protection in the workplace; β = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.24; 1.02). Countries with lower GDP PPP presented higher scores of the tool, with the exception of item 4, which had higher scores in countries with higher GDP PPP.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os cálculos de potência da lente intraocular e os erros refrativos pós-operatórios em pacientes com alta miopia submetidos à cirurgia de catarata, comparando a refração-alvo prevista e a refração pós-operatória real medida 30 dias após a cirurgia com a fórmula SRK/T. Métodos Esta análise retrospectiva incluiu 39 olhos de 31 pacientes com cirurgia de catarata de facoemulsificação não complicada com implantação de lente intraocular na bolsa. Os comprimentos axiais foram medidos por biometria de coerência óptica ou ultrassônica (imersão), com medidas de axial length (AL) maiores que 26 mm em pacientes com miopia maior que -6.0 D. A refração manifesta foi realizada na consulta pós-operatória de 1 mês, e o equivalente esférico foi analisado. Resultados Após análise de 39 olhos de 31 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata com AL médio de 30,4 (desvio-padrão de 2,2) mm, o equivalente esférico refrativo médio pré-operatório foi de -15,6 (desvio-padrão de 7,6) D, variando de -24,0 a -13,4 D. Aos 30 dias de pós-operatório, o equivalente esférico médio foi de -0,35 (desvio-padrão de 1,1) D, variando de -2,4 a 2,50 D. Conclusão Encontramos uma correlação entre o erro refrativo absoluto e o poder dióptrico da lente intraocular. Contrariando as expectativas, em nosso estudo, a biometria ultrassônica apresentou melhores resultados que o biômetro óptico, provavelmente devido ao pequeno número de pacientes submetidos à biometria óptica, sugerindo que a biometria de imersão bem executada ainda pode produzir resultados satisfatórios. pósoperatórios pós operatórios refraçãoalvo alvo pósoperatória operatória 3 SRKT SRK T SRK/T bolsa imersão, , (imersão) (AL 2 6.0 60 6 0 -6. D mês analisado 304 4 30, desviopadrão desvio padrão 2,2 22 préoperatório pré operatório 15,6 156 15 -15, 7,6 76 7 24,0 240 24 -24, 13,4 134 13 -13, pósoperatório, pósoperatório operatório, pós-operatório 0,35 035 35 -0,3 1,1 11 2,4 -2, 250 50 2,5 expectativas estudo óptico satisfatórios (imersão 6. -6 2, 15, -15 7, 24, -24 13, -13 0,3 03 -0, 1, -2 25 5 - -1 0, -0

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate intraocular lens power calculation and postoperative refractive errors in patients with high myopia undergoing cataract surgery, comparing predicted target refraction and actual postoperative refraction measured 30 days after surgery with SRK/T formula. Methods This retrospective analysis comprised 39 eyes of 31 patients undergoing cataract surgery through phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation. Axial length was measured by partial coherence interferometry or immersion ultrasound biometry, with measurements greater than 26 mm and preoperative myopia greater than -6.0 D Manifest refraction was performed at the 1-month postoperative visit, and the spherical equivalent was analyzed. Results After analysis of 39 eyes of 31 patients undergoing cataract surgery with a mean axial length of 30.4 (standard deviation of 2.2) mm, the mean preoperative refractive spherical equivalent was -15.6 (standard deviation of 7.6) D, ranging from -24.0 to -13.4 D. At 30 days postoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent was -0.35 (standard deviation of 1.1) D, ranging from -2.4 to 2.50 D. Conclusion We encountered a correlation between the absolute refractive error and the dioptric power of the intraocular lens. Against expectations, in our study, ultrasound biometry yielded better results than the optical biometer device, probably due to the small number of patients undergoing optical biometry, suggesting that well-performed immersion biometry can still produce satisfactory results. 3 SRKT SRK T formula inthebag bag implantation 2 6.0 60 6 0 -6. 1month month 1 visit analyzed 304 4 30. standard 2.2 22 15.6 156 15 -15. 7.6 76 7 24.0 240 24 -24. 13.4 134 13 -13. postoperatively 0.35 035 35 -0.3 1.1 11 2.4 -2. 250 50 2.5 expectations study device wellperformed well 6. -6 2. 15. -15 7. 24. -24 13. -13 0.3 03 -0. 1. -2 25 5 - -1 0. -0

Abstract: This study aimed to verify the association between gross domestic product values - purchasing power parity (GDP PPP) and scores of the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi) tool. This is an ecological study carried out with 98 low-income (n = 43), middle-income (n = 27), and high-income (n = 28) countries. The evaluation of pro-breastfeeding actions was obtained from the WBTi and the GDP PPP from the World Bank. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the total and each item WBTi scores were estimated. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to compare the means of the WBTi tool according to the countries’ GDP PPP. The association between GDP PPP and total and individual WBTi scores was analyzed by linear regression. Higher WBTi scores were identified for the items health and nutrition care system (item 5: mean = 6.4; SD: ±2.0) and Information Support (item 7: mean = 6.4; SD: ±2.5). The means of the total score and of items 3 (implementation of the code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes), 7 (information support), 9 (infant feeding during emergencies) and 10 (mechanisms of monitoring and evaluating systems) were higher in low- and middle-income countries, while item 4 (maternity protection in the workplace) presented a high mean in high-income countries (p < 0.05). We observed a negative association between GDP PPP and the total tool score (β = -2.67; 95%CI: -5.06; -0.29), item 3 (β = -0.50; 95%CI: -0.91; -0.08), item 7 (β = -0.67; 95%CI: -1.07; -0.27), item 8 (infant feeding and HIV; β = -0.59; 95%CI: -1.07; -0.11), and item 9 (β = -0.91; 95%CI: -1.34; -0.48). We observed a positive association between GDP PPP and item 4 (maternity protection in the workplace; β = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.24; 1.02). Countries with lower GDP PPP presented higher scores of the tool, with the exception of item 4, which had higher scores in countries with higher GDP PPP. Abstract (WBTi lowincome low income n 43, 43 , 43) middleincome middle 27, 27 27) highincome 28 probreastfeeding pro breastfeeding Bank SD (SD estimated Tukeys Tukey s regression 5 6.4 64 6 ±2.0 20 2 0 ±2.5. 25 ±2.5 . ±2.5) implementation breastmilk breast milk substitutes, substitutes substitutes) information support, support support) infant emergencies 1 mechanisms systems maternity workplace p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 2.67 267 67 -2.67 95%CI 95CI CI 95 5.06 506 06 -5.06 0.29, 029 0.29 29 -0.29) 0.50 050 50 -0.50 0.91 091 91 -0.91 0.08, 008 0.08 08 -0.08) 0.67 067 -0.67 1.07 107 07 -1.07 0.27, 027 0.27 -0.27) HIV 0.59 059 59 -0.59 0.11, 011 0.11 11 -0.11) 1.34 134 34 -1.34 0.48. 048 0.48 48 -0.48) 0.63 063 63 0.24 024 24 1.02. 102 1.02 02 1.02) 6. ±2. 00 0.0 2.6 26 -2.6 5.0 -5.0 0.2 -0.29 0.5 -0.5 0.9 09 -0.9 -0.08 0.6 -0.6 1.0 -1.0 -0.27 01 0.1 -0.11 1.3 13 -1.3 04 0.4 -0.48 ±2 0. 2. -2. 5. -5. -0.2 -0. -0.0 1. -1. -0.1 -0.4 ± -2 -5 -0 -1

Resumo: Buscou-se, com este estudo, verificar a associação entre valores do produto interno bruto em paridade do poder de compra (PIB PPC) e escores da ferramenta World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi). Estudo ecológico realizado com 98 países de renda baixa (n = 43), média (n = 27) e alta (n = 28). A avaliação das ações pró-aleitamento materno foram obtidas da WBTi e o PIB PPC do Banco Mundial. Foram estimados média e desvio padrão (DP) das pontuações total e de cada item da WBTi. Foram usados o teste ANOVA e o teste de Tukey para comparar as médias da ferramenta WBTi segundo o PIB PPC dos países. A associação entre PIB PPC e as pontuações total e de cada item da WBTi foi analisada por regressão linear. Maiores pontuações da WBTi foram identificadas para os itens de sistemas de cuidado de saúde e nutrição (item 5: média = 6,4; DP: ±2,0) e suporte de informações válidas (item 7: média = 6,4; DP: ±2,5). As médias da pontuação total e dos itens 3 (implementação do código), 7 (suporte de informações válidas), 9 (aleitamento materno em emergências) e 10 (monitoramento e avaliação) foram superiores nos países de baixa e média renda e do item 4 (licença maternidade) nos países de alta renda (p < 0,05). Observamos associação negativa entre PIB PPC e pontuação total da ferramenta (β = -2,67; IC95%: -5,06; -0,29), item 3 (β = -0,50; IC95%: -0,91; -0,08), item 7 (β = -0,67; IC95%: -1,07; -0,27), item 8 (aleitamento materno e HIV; β = -0,59; IC95%: -1,07; -0,11) e item 9 (β = -0,91; IC95%: -1,34; -0,48). Observamos associação positiva entre PIB PPC e o item 4 (proteção à maternidade; β = 0,63; IC95%: 0,24; 1,02). Países com menor PIB PPC apresentaram maiores pontuações da ferramenta, com exceção da proteção à maternidade que apresentou maior pontuação em países com maior PIB PPC. Resumo Buscouse, Buscouse Buscou se, se Buscou-se estudo . (WBTi) n 43, 43 , 43) 27 28. 28 28) próaleitamento pró aleitamento Mundial DP (DP linear 5 6,4 64 6 ±2,0 20 2 0 ±2,5. 25 ±2,5 ±2,5) implementação código, código código) válidas, válidas) emergências 1 monitoramento licença p 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 2,67 267 67 -2,67 IC95% IC95 IC 5,06 506 06 -5,06 0,29, 029 0,29 29 -0,29) 0,50 050 50 -0,50 0,91 091 91 -0,91 0,08, 008 0,08 08 -0,08) 0,67 067 -0,67 1,07 107 07 -1,07 0,27, 027 0,27 -0,27) HIV 0,59 059 59 -0,59 0,11 011 11 -0,11 1,34 134 34 -1,34 0,48. 048 0,48 48 -0,48) 0,63 063 63 0,24 024 24 1,02. 102 1,02 02 1,02) (WBTi 6, ±2, 00 0,0 2,6 26 -2,6 IC9 5,0 -5,0 0,2 -0,29 0,5 -0,5 0,9 09 -0,9 -0,08 0,6 -0,6 1,0 -1,0 -0,27 0,1 01 -0,1 1,3 13 -1,3 04 0,4 -0,48 ±2 0, 2, -2, 5, -5, -0,2 -0, -0,0 1, -1, -0,4 ± -2 -5 -0 -1 -

Resumen: El objetivo fue verificar la asociación entre los valores del producto interno bruto, paridad del poder adquisitivo (PIB PPA) y los puntajes de la herramienta World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi). Se trata de un estudio ecológico realizado con 98 países de ingresos bajos (n = 43), medios (n = 27) y altos (n = 28). La evaluación de las acciones a favor de la lactancia materna se obtuvo de la WBTi y del PIB PPP del Banco Mundial. Se estimaron la media y la desviación estándar (DE) de las puntuaciones totales y de cada ítem de la WBTi. Se utilizó ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey para comparar las medias de la herramienta WBTi según el PIB PPA de los países. La asociación entre el PIB PPA y las puntuaciones totales e individuales de los ítems WBTi se analizó mediante regresión lineal. Se identificaron puntuaciones más altas de WBTi para los ítems sistemas de cuidado de salud y nutrición (ítem 5: media = 6,4; DE: ±2,0) y soporte de información válida (ítem 7: media = 6,4; DE: ±2,5). Los promedios de la puntuación total y de los ítems 3 (implementación del código), 7 (soporte de información válida), 9 (lactancia materna en emergencias) y 10 (seguimiento y evaluación) fueron mayores en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y en el ítem 4 (licencia por maternidad) en países de altos ingresos (p < 0,05). Observamos una asociación negativa entre el PIB PPA y la puntuación total de la herramienta (β = -2,67; IC95%: -5,06; -0,29), ítem 3 (β = -0,50; IC95%: -0,91; -0,08), ítem 7 (β = -0,67; IC95%: -1,07; -0,27), ítem 8 (lactancia materna y VIH; β = -0,59; IC95%: -1,07; -0,11) y ítem 9 (β = -0,91; IC95%: -1,34; -0,48). Observamos una asociación positiva entre el PIB PPA y el ítem 4 (protección de la maternidad; β = 0,63; IC95%: 0,24; 1,02). Los países con un PIB PPA más bajo obtuvieron puntuaciones de herramientas más altas, con la excepción de la protección de la maternidad, que tuvo puntuaciones más altas en los países con un PIB PPA más alto. Resumen bruto . (WBTi) n 43, 43 , 43) 27 28. 28 28) Mundial DE (DE lineal 5 6,4 64 6 ±2,0 20 2 0 ±2,5. 25 ±2,5 ±2,5) implementación código, código código) válida, válida) emergencias 1 seguimiento licencia maternidad p 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 2,67 267 67 -2,67 IC95% IC95 IC 5,06 506 06 -5,06 0,29, 029 0,29 29 -0,29) 0,50 050 50 -0,50 0,91 091 91 -0,91 0,08, 008 0,08 08 -0,08) 0,67 067 -0,67 1,07 107 07 -1,07 0,27, 027 0,27 -0,27) VIH 0,59 059 59 -0,59 0,11 011 11 -0,11 1,34 134 34 -1,34 0,48. 048 0,48 48 -0,48) 0,63 063 63 0,24 024 24 1,02. 102 1,02 02 1,02) alto (WBTi 6, ±2, 00 0,0 2,6 26 -2,6 IC9 5,0 -5,0 0,2 -0,29 0,5 -0,5 0,9 09 -0,9 -0,08 0,6 -0,6 1,0 -1,0 -0,27 0,1 01 -0,1 1,3 13 -1,3 04 0,4 -0,48 ±2 0, 2, -2, 5, -5, -0,2 -0, -0,0 1, -1, -0,4 ± -2 -5 -0 -1 -

Abstract Background Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may be a specific modifiable contributor to body composition-related autonomic impairment. Objectives To compare heart rate variability (HRV) between groups stratified by visceral fat rating (VFR) and compare associations between HRV and body composition metrics. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on healthy men (n=99,age=37.8±13.4 years, body mass index [BMI]=26.9±4.6 kg/m2). HRV was derived from 5-minute electrocardiographic recordings. Body composition (body fat percentage, VFR, and muscle mass to visceral fat ratio [MMVFR]) was estimated using tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Participants were categorized into groups according to VFR: G1 (VFR=1-8); G2(VFR=9-12); and G3(VFR>12). Age-adjusted comparisons were made between groups. Independent associations were quantified with multiple linear regressions. P <0.05 was significant. Results Root-mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) were higher for G1 vs. G2 and G3 (p<0.05). Low-frequency power (LF) was higher in G1 than in G2 (p<0.05). VFR and MMVFR were negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, BMI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, VFR was significantly predictive of RMSSD, SDNN, and HF (p=0.002,–0.027), and MMVFR was significantly predictive of RMSSD and SDNN (p=0.020,–0.023). Conclusions Men in the lowest VFR category had the highest HRV. VFR was more strongly associated with HRV than body fat percentage and MMVR. Time domain parameters were more sensitive to VAT than frequency domain parameters. HRV parameters could be the primary parameters of interest in tracking cardiac-autonomic status in response to interventions targeting VAT reduction. (VAT compositionrelated related impairment (HRV (VFR metrics crosssectional cross sectional n=99,age=37.8±13.4 n99age378134 nage n 99 age 37 8 13 4 (n=99,age=37.8±13. years BMI=26.9±4.6 BMI26946 BMI =26.9±4.6 26 9 6 [BMI]=26.9±4. kg/m2. kgm2 kgm kg/m2 . kg m2 m kg/m2) 5minute minute 5 recordings [MMVFR] analysis G VFR=18 VFR18 VFR=1 1 (VFR=1-8) G2VFR=912 G2VFR912 GVFR VFR=9 12 G2(VFR=9-12) G3VFR>12. G3VFR12 VFR>12 G3(VFR>12) Ageadjusted Age adjusted regressions 005 0 05 <0.0 significant Rootmean Root mean (RMSSD (SDNN vs p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 (p<0.05) Lowfrequency Low LF (LF pressure p=0.002,–0.027, p00020027 p=0.002,–0.027 , 002 027 (p=0.002,–0.027) p=0.020,–0.023. p00200023 p=0.020,–0.023 020 023 (p=0.020,–0.023) MMVR cardiacautonomic cardiac reduction n=99,age=37.8±13. n99age37813 3 (n=99,age=37.8±13 BMI=26.9±4. BMI2694 26946 =26.9±4. 2 [BMI]=26.9±4 kg/m [MMVFR 18 VFR1 VFR= (VFR=1-8 G2VFR 912 G2VFR=91 G2VFR91 VFR9 G2(VFR=9-12 G3VFR G3VFR>12 G3VFR1 VFR12 VFR>1 G3(VFR>12 00 <0. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0002002 p=0.002,–0.02 02 (p=0.002,–0.027 p0020002 p=0.020,–0.02 (p=0.020,–0.023 n=99,age=37.8±13 n99age3781 (n=99,age=37.8±1 BMI=26.9±4 BMI269 2694 =26.9±4 [BMI]=26.9± (VFR=1- 91 G2VFR=9 G2VFR9 G2(VFR=9-1 G3VFR>1 VFR> G3(VFR>1 <0 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p000200 p=0.002,–0.0 (p=0.002,–0.02 p002000 p=0.020,–0.0 (p=0.020,–0.02 n=99,age=37.8±1 n99age378 (n=99,age=37.8± BMI=26.9± BMI26 269 =26.9± [BMI]=26.9 (VFR=1 G2VFR= G2(VFR=9- G3VFR> G3(VFR> < p<0 (p<0. p00020 p=0.002,–0. (p=0.002,–0.0 p00200 p=0.020,–0. (p=0.020,–0.0 n=99,age=37.8± n99age37 (n=99,age=37.8 BMI=26.9 BMI2 =26.9 [BMI]=26. (VFR= G2(VFR=9 G3(VFR p< (p<0 p0002 p=0.002,–0 (p=0.002,–0. p0020 p=0.020,–0 (p=0.020,–0. n=99,age=37.8 n99age3 (n=99,age=37. BMI=26. =26. [BMI]=26 G2(VFR= (p< p000 p=0.002,– (p=0.002,–0 p002 p=0.020,– (p=0.020,–0 n=99,age=37. n99age (n=99,age=37 BMI=26 =26 [BMI]=2 G2(VFR (p p=0.002, (p=0.002,– p=0.020, (p=0.020,– n=99,age=37 (n=99,age=3 BMI=2 =2 [BMI]= p=0.002 (p=0.002, p=0.020 (p=0.020, n=99,age=3 (n=99,age= BMI= = [BMI] p=0.00 (p=0.002 p=0.02 (p=0.020 n=99,age= (n=99,age [BMI p=0.0 (p=0.00 (p=0.02 n=99,age p=0. (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p=

Resumo Fundamento O tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) pode ser um contribuinte modificável específico para o comprometimento autonômico relacionado à composição corporal. Objetivos Comparar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) entre grupos estratificados pela classificação de gordura visceral (CGC) e comparar associações entre VFC e métricas de composição corporal. Métodos Um estudo transversal foi realizado em homens saudáveis (n=99, idade=37,8±13,4 anos, índice de massa corporal [IMC]=26,9±4,6 kg/m2). A VFC foi derivada de registros eletrocardiográficos de 5 minutos. A composição corporal (percentual de gordura corporal, CGC e relação entre massa muscular e gordura visceral [RMMCGC]) foi estimada por meio de análise de impedância bioelétrica tetrapolar. Os participantes foram categorizados em grupos de acordo com a CGC: G1 (CGC=1-8); G2 (CGC=9-12); e G3 (CGC>12). Comparações ajustadas por idade foram feitas entre os grupos. Associações independentes foram quantificadas com regressões lineares múltiplas. P <0,05 foi significativo. Resultados Raiz quadrada média de diferenças sucessivas (RMSSD) e desvio padrão dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN) foram maiores para G1 vs. G2 e G3 (p<0,05). A potência de baixa frequência (BF) foi maior no G1 que no G2 (p<0,05). CGC e RMMCGC foram associados negativamente com SDNN, RMSSD, BF e AF (p<0,05). Depois de ajustar para idade, IMC e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, a CGC foi significativamente preditiva de RMSSD, SDNN e AF (p = 0,002, –0,027), e a RMMCGC foi significativamente preditiva de RMSSD e SDNN (p = 0,020, –0,023). Conclusões Os homens na categoria de CGC mais baixa tiveram a VFC mais alta. A CGC foi mais fortemente associada à VFC do que ao percentual de gordura corporal e à RMMCGC. Os parâmetros no domínio do tempo foram mais sensíveis ao TAV do que os parâmetros no domínio da frequência. Os parâmetros da VFC podem ser os principais parâmetros de interesse no rastreamento do estado autonômico cardíaco em resposta a intervenções que visam a redução do TAV. (TAV (VFC (CGC n=99, n99 n 99 (n=99 idade378134 37 8 13 4 idade=37,8±13, anos IMC=26,9±4,6 IMC26946 =26,9±4,6 26 9 6 [IMC]=26,9±4, kg/m2. kgm2 kgm kg/m2 . kg m2 m kg/m2) minutos [RMMCGC] tetrapolar G CGC=18 CGC18 CGC=1 1 (CGC=1-8) CGC=912 CGC912 CGC=9 12 (CGC=9-12) CGC>12. CGC12 CGC>12 (CGC>12) múltiplas 005 0 05 <0,0 significativo (RMSSD (SDNN vs p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 (p<0,05) (BF diastólica 0002 002 0,002 –0,027, 0027 –0,027 , 027 –0,027) 0020 020 0,020 –0,023. 0023 –0,023 023 –0,023) alta n=99 n9 (n=9 idade37813 3 idade=37,8±13 IMC=26,9±4, IMC2694 26946 =26,9±4, 2 [IMC]=26,9±4 kg/m [RMMCGC 18 CGC1 CGC= (CGC=1-8 912 CGC=91 CGC91 CGC9 (CGC=9-12 CGC>1 (CGC>12 00 <0, p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 000 0,00 –0,02 02 0,02 n=9 (n= idade3781 idade=37,8±1 IMC=26,9±4 IMC269 2694 =26,9±4 [IMC]=26,9± (CGC=1- 91 (CGC=9-1 CGC> (CGC>1 <0 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 0,0 –0,0 n= (n idade378 idade=37,8± IMC=26,9± IMC26 269 =26,9± [IMC]=26,9 (CGC=1 (CGC=9- (CGC> < p<0 (p<0, 0, –0, idade37 idade=37,8 IMC=26,9 IMC2 =26,9 [IMC]=26, (CGC= (CGC=9 p< (p<0 –0 idade3 idade=37, IMC=26, =26, [IMC]=26 (p< – idade=37 IMC=26 =26 [IMC]=2 idade=3 IMC=2 =2 [IMC]= idade= IMC= [IMC] [IMC

ABSTRACT In this study, some transformation methods that are applied when the assumptions of analysis of variance are not met are evaluated in terms of type I error rate and the test power, under circumstances with different distributions, number of groups, number of observations, variance ratios, and different standard deviation differences. The data set used in the study consisted of random numbers generated from N (0,1), and χ2(3) distributions using the random function of the Numpy library in the Python programming language. The logarithmic, square root and root transformations were evaluated on ANOVA based on simulation combinations. It was observed that the transformation techniques of taking the square root after adding 0.5 and 0.375 to the data were relatively more reliable compared to other transformations in terms of type I error rate. However, in every case, type I error rate determined at the beginning of the experiment increased both before and after the transformation was applied. In particular, interestingly, the third and fourth degree root transformations gave better results of test power in the right skewed distribution. In addition, we compared the transformation techniques in question to determine the normality of the data and the homogeneity of variances by a real data.

RESUMO Neste estudo, alguns métodos de transformação, aplicados quando as premissas da análise de variância não são cumpridas, são avaliados em termos de taxa de erro tipo I e poder de teste, em circunstâncias com diferentes distribuições, número de grupos, número de observações, razões de variância e diferenças de desvio-padrão. O conjunto de dados utilizados no estudo consistiu em números aleatórios gerados a partir das distribuições N(0,1) e χ2(3), utilizando a função aleatória da biblioteca Numpy, na linguagem de programação Python. As técnicas de transformação logarítmica, raiz quadrada e raiz foram avaliadas na ANOVA, com base em combinações de simulação. Observou-se que as técnicas de transformação de tomar a raiz quadrada após adicionar 0,5 e 0,375 aos dados foram relativamente mais confiáveis em comparação com outras transformações em termos de taxa de erro tipo I. No entanto, em todos os casos, a taxa de erro tipo I determinada no início do experimento aumentou tanto antes quanto depois da aplicação da transformação. Em particular, curiosamente, as transformações de raiz de terceiro e de quarto grau deram melhores resultados de poder de teste na distribuição assimétrica à direita. Além disso, foram comparadas as técnicas de transformação em questão para determinar a normalidade dos dados e a homogeneidade das variâncias por meio de dados reais.

RESUMEN El estudio de la eficiencia de los módulos fotovoltaicos en condiciones exteriores permite determinar su correcto funcionamiento y detectar comportamientos anómalos. Los modelos de eficiencia que están disponibles en la literatura utilizan medidas ad-hoc que son poco prácticas ya que requieren equipos especializados y un largo tiempo de medición usualmente en condiciones de laboratorio para identificar o ajustar los parámetros del modelo. En este artículo, proponemos una ecuación lineal que estima la eficiencia de los módulos fotovoltaicos, usando las mediciones de temperatura del panel y la irradiancia como variables de entrada. La principal contribución es que los parámetros del modelo propuesto se pueden obtener directamente de la información de referencia, en nuestro caso usando la matriz de potencia de según la norma IEC61853-1, con la ventaja que no se requiere ninguna regresión con los datos. El modelo propuesto se validó utilizando datos experimentales obtenidos de tres zonas climáticas diferentes durante todo un año. El modelo muestra el mejor ajuste a los datos de cuatro modelos analizados, y su desviación cuadrática media normalizada para todos los módulos fotovoltaicos es inferior al 3.6%; esta dispersión podría explicarse por el hecho de que los datos del exterior tienen una incertidumbre de alrededor de 3.0%.

ABSTRACT The study of the efficiency of photovoltaic modules in outdoor conditions allows determining their correct operation and to detect abnormal behavior. Most efficiency models developed use experimental data that are difficult to obtain as they require specialized equipment and a long measurement time under laboratory conditions to identify or adjust the model parameters. In this article, we propose a linear equation that estimates the efficiency of photovoltaic modules using irradiance and back panel temperature measurements as input variables. The main contribution is that the parameters of the proposed model can be obtained directly from the reference information (IEC61853-1 power values) without any data regression. The proposed model was validated using experimental data obtained from three different climatic zones during a whole year. The model shows the best fit to the data of four analyzed models, and its normalized root mean square deviation for all photovoltaic modules is less than 3.6%; this dispersion could be explained by the fact that the outdoor data have an uncertainty of around 3.0%.

Abstract Purpose: The theoretical debate of corruption's impact on economic growth remains unsettled, making it an empirical question. This study aims to investigate corruption's effect on BRICS countries' economic growth. Design/methodology/approach: A panel dataset on BRICS countries spanning 1996 to 2020 was used. Bias-corrected estimators in small dynamic panels were employed to estimate a growth model as a linear-quadratic function of corruption that accounts for cross-sectional dependence, endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity due to country and time-specific characteristics. Findings: The results indicate that corruption is detrimental to economic growth in BRICS countries; the quadratic relationship implies corruption is less prevalent in some countries than others. Thus, governments of BRICS countries are encouraged to embark on anti-corruption policies to boost their economic performance. Originality/value: An important limitation of corruption studies is the difficulty in measuring real corruption experiences due to the secretive nature of corruption and the fact that corruption is known not to leave a paper trail. For the uncertainty of the index estimates, the analysis used a continuous corruption composite score measuring the standard deviation of the extent to which public power is exercised for public gain. Furthermore, estimation and inference are robust to small dynamic panels with a general form of cross-sectional dependence.

Abstract In this work, the mathematical formulation of the "Inertial Power Flow" is presented, which allows finding a new equilibrium point in a power system that is subjected to a disturbance, starting from a given initial condition. The solution method is based on the modification of the Newton-Raphson algorithm for the solution of the power flow problem, incorporating the equations that characterize the action of the generator control systems (speed governor and voltage regulator), and the voltage and frequency dependent load modeling equations. In this way, the frequency deviation of the system, the redistribution of power flows in the network (Distributed Slack), as well as the changes in nodal voltages can be calculated. The software tool is developed in Python language and applied to the IEEE New England system. The results using the software tool are compared with those obtained from the DIgSILENT Power Factory program, where the relative errors are calculated in order to validate the developed tool.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta la formulación matemática del denominado “Flujo de Potencia Inercial”, que permite encontrar un nuevo punto de equilibrio en un sistema de potencia que es sometido a una perturbación, a partir de una condición inicial dada. El método de solución se basa en la modificación del algoritmo de Newton - Raphson para la solución de flujos de potencia, incorporando las ecuaciones que caracterizan la acción de los sistemas de control de los generadores (gobernador de velocidad y regulador de voltaje), y las ecuaciones de modelación de la carga dependiente del voltaje y frecuencia. De esta manera se puedan calcular la desviación de frecuencia del sistema, la redistribución de los flujos de potencia en la red (Slack Distribuida), así como, los cambios en los voltajes nodales. La herramienta de software es desarrollada en lenguaje Python y aplicada al sistema IEEE New England de 39 barras y 10 generadores. Los resultados obtenidos son comparados con los obtenidos del programa Power Factory de DIgSILENT, calculando los errores relativos que permiten la validación de la herramienta desarrollada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The project of biomass power plants (EC) in Cuba has as limitation the access to water required by the condensation facilities. Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) is the most widely used solution worldwide to reduce the high rates of water consumption in condensation systems and make the location of the power plant more flexible. In the ACC the working agent pressure is affected by environmental conditions, which produces losses of performance and power. There is currently no method available to estimate the influence of pressure on the heat transfer coefficient in ACC. The objective of the research was to determine which would be the range of operation more adequate regarding pressures and to determine analytically the cause of this problem. Methods: A thematic method of superposition of crossed variables (Breshnetzov) is used to establish a correlation that is capable of predicting the influence of pressure on the heat transfer coefficient in ACC. Results and discussion: By means of crossed superposition is defined the dependence between pressure, heat transfer coefficient and environmental conditions. The combinations of these variables generate two non-homogeneous expressions, which allow us to predict this relationship with adequate fit. As some conclusions, the ACC pressure is inversely proportional to heat transfer coefficient in potency 0,176; decreasing this in 0,95 % for each kPa of increment in the back pressure of steam turbine. The proposal model was correlated with data of 714 ACC facilities, was verified that the mean deviation is ± 35,2 % in 92,4 % of available data.

RESUMEN Introducción: El proyecto de centrales eléctricas (CE) de biomasa en Cuba enfrenta una limitante en la disponibilidad de agua para condensación. El aerocondensador (ACC) es la solución más difundida para reducir los índices de consumo de aguapara condensación y flexibilizar la ubicación de la CE. En el ACC la presión de agente de trabajo depende de variables ambientales, generando pérdidas de rendimiento y potencia. En la actualidad no se dispone de un método para estimar la relación entre la presión y el coeficiente de traspaso de calor. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar cuál sería el rango de operación más adecuado de presiones y determinar analíticamente la causa de esta problemática. Métodos: Se hace uso de métodos matemáticos de superposición de variables cruzadas (Breshnetzov), para crear una correlación que sea capaz de predecir la influencia de la presión sobre el coeficiente de transferencia de calor en un ACC. Resultados y discusión: Mediante la superposición cruzada se establece la dependencia entre la presión, el coeficiente medio de transferencia de calor y las variables ambientales. La combinación de estas variables generadas expresiones no homogéneas, que permiten predecir con una precisión adecuada esta relación. Como conclusiones, se concluye que en el ACC la presión es inversamente proporcional al coeficiente de transferencia de calor en una potencia 0,176; reduciéndose este último en un 0,95 % por cada kPa incrementado en la presión de salida de turbina. El modelo propuesto fue correlacionado con 714 datos de instalaciones reales, obteniéndose una desviación media de ± 35,2 % en el 92,4 % de los datos.

Resumen El feminismo es un movimiento que busca transformar el orden social imperante, establecido a partir de la jerarquización de la diferencia surgida de una concepción binaria sexo-génerica, y que ha situado a las mujeres en una situación histórica de opresión y explotación. A pesar de la vigencia del feminismo y el aporte de este en las democracias actuales, no todas las personas y, en particular, las mujeres, se identifican con este movimiento social. El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar los predictores de la identificación feminista en mujeres en Chile. Con base en los resultados de un cuestionario online respondido por 389 mujeres, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (R. = .53, F (3,385) = 107.1, p < .001) en el que se utilizó como variable dependiente la identificación feminista. Las variables con mayor poder predictivo fueron: la predisposición a la participación feminista (. = .54); el sexismo hostil (. = -.20), y la orientación política (. = -.16). Lo anterior indicaría que aquellas mujeres dispuestas a participar en actividades feministas, que rechazan las formas de sexismo hostil y que adhieren a posiciones políticas de izquierda, son quienes mayormente se identifican con el feminismo en Chile. Este modelo relacionaría procesos identitarios que involucran una toma de consciencia de la ilegitimidad que implica que un grupo domine a otro o se encuentre en una situación de privilegio injustificados respecto de otros, y el consecuente reconocimiento de la puesta en acción para la transformación social. Esta relación entre toma de conciencia y acción, a su vez, permitiría explicar la imbricación de las luchas sociales durante el estallido social de octubre 2019 y el movimiento feminista chileno. Finalmente, se discute sobre las limitaciones del presente estudio y lineamientos para futuros.

Abstract The data obtained were subjected to a descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and test score reliability (Cronbach´s Alpha). Then, Pearson´s partial correlations were calculated in order to contrast with the dependent variable feminist identification. From the total sample, 74.8 % self-identified with feminism to various degrees (from a form of private acceptance, but not public; up to activism); while 6 % self-declared as not feminist, and 19 %, well in-line with the objectives, did not self-identify as feminist. Feminism is a movement that looks to transform the current social order, established from the hierarchization based on the difference suggested of a binary sex/gender conception. This order has historically situated women in a position of oppression and exploitation. In spite of the relevance and support for feminism in current democracies, not everyone, in particular women, identify with this social movement. Considering this, the main objective of this study is to identify the predictors of feminist identification in women in Chile. This study, of quantitative type, has a sample size made up of 389 women. The type of sample was not probabilistic, rather self-selected. The participants answered an online survey that explored the variables: feminist identification, political orientation (left-right), support of the movement and feminist objectives, predisposition to feminist action, ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism) (Glick & Fiske, 1996), social orientation domination SDO (Prato et al., 1994), right wing authoritarianism RWA (Altemeyer, 1996), and socio-demographic variables as well. Also, the participants signed an informed consent form, endorsed by the corresponding ethics committee. The ages of the participants fluctuated between 18 and 72 (M = 27.4; DT = 11.52). The data obtained were subjected to a descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and test score reliability (Cronbach´s Alpha). Then, Pearson´s partial correlations were calculated in order to contrast with the dependent variable feminist identification. From the total sample, 74.8 % self-identified with feminism to various degrees (from a form of private acceptance, but not public; up to activism); while 6 % self-declared as not feminist, and 19 %, well in-line with the objectives, did not self-identify as feminist. Later on, the variables that showed a significant relationship with the dependent variable were subjected to a multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = .53, F (3,385) = 107.1 p < .001). The variables with the highest predictive power were predisposition to feminist participation (β = .54), hostile sexism (β = -.20), and political orientation (β = -.16). This would indicate that those women willing to participate in feminist activities, who reject hostile forms of sexism and adhere to leftist political positions are those who mostly identify with feminism in Chile. This model would relate identarian processes that involve an awareness of the legitimacy that implies that one group dominates another or finds itself in a position of unjustified privilege with respect to others, and the acknowledgement of the need for transformational social action. This relationship between awareness and action, likewise, would explain the overlapping social struggles during the social outbreak of October 2019 and the feminist movement in Chile. Finally, limitations of the present study are discussed with respect to the difficulty to generalize the results due to the type of sample (self-selected); and the characteristics of the sample, referring to the difficult access to women older than 50. These women presented difficulty in forms of access and in completing the survey online. Furthermore, it is considered that due to the bias of explicit attitude studies with regards to social desirability at the moment of response, it would be of great importance to complete this work with implicit attitude measures. Also, the study proposes that as future line of research a study that investigates what do women themselves understand about feminism in order to make realizations of the plurality of this social movement.

Abstract Background Use of endolaser for chronic venous disease involves choosing the laser wavelength and optical fiber to use and the quantity of energy to be administered. Efficacy is assessed by the venous occlusion rate and safety is evaluated in terms of side effects. Objectives To determine the incidence of total post-endolaser saphenous vein occlusion at 1-year follow-up. To describe side effects and their incidence and rates of reintervention or supplementary treatment during the postoperative period. Methods A retrospective, observational cohort study with a quantitative approach, enrolling patients with saphenous vein incompetence treated with intravenous 1,470 nm laser ablation. Data were input to an MS Excel 2019 spreadsheet, calculating means and standard deviations with the software’s Power Query supplement. Results 38 patients and 104 venous segments were eligible for the study. 100% were occluded at 30 days and 99.04% were still occluded at 1 year after the procedure. Mean Linear Endovenous Energy Density administered to the internal saphenous vein was 2,040.52 W/cm/s with standard deviation of ± 1,510.06 W/cm/s and 1,168.4 W/cm/s with standard deviation of ± 665.011 W/cm/s was administered to the external saphenous vein. Pain along the saphenous path was the most common side effect, with eight cases (21.05%), followed by one case of paresthesia (2.63%). Conclusions The total occlusion rate at 1-year follow-up suggests the technique is promising and is currently applicable in this sample. The incidence of pain and paresthesia may be caused by the high mean energy delivered in some cases. It is recommended that multicenter studies be conducted with larger and more uniform samples in terms of their Clinical-Etiological-Anatomical-Pathological classifications.

Resumo Contexto O uso do endolaser para doença venosa crônica envolve a escolha do comprimento de onda, fibra óptica e energia dispensada. Sua eficácia é avaliada pela taxa de oclusão venosa e, a segurança, pelos efeitos colaterais. Objetivos Demonstrar a incidência de oclusões venosas totais de veias safenas pós-endolaser no seguimento de 1 ano. Descrever a incidência e os efeitos colaterais e a necessidade de reintervenção ou complemento da terapêutica no pós-operatório. Métodos Estudo observacional retrospectivo de uma coorte com abordagem quantitativa de pacientes com insuficiência das veias safenas tratados com laser ablação endovenosa de 1.470 nm. Dados cadastrados em planilha MS Excel 2019, com cálculos de médias e desvios padrão pelo suplemento Power Query do Software. Resultados Foram elegíveis para o estudo 38 pacientes e 104 segmentos venosos, dos quais 100% estavam ocluídos em 30 dias e 99,04% em 1 ano pós-procedimento. O Linear Endovenous Energy Density médio para safena interna foi de 2.040,52 W/cm/s com desvio padrão ± 1.510,06 W/cm/s e 1.168,4 W/cm/s com desvio padrão de ± 665,011 W/cm/s para safena externa. Dor no trajeto da safena foi o principal efeito colateral, com oito casos (21,05%), seguido de parestesia, com um caso (2,63%). Conclusões Taxa de oclusão total no seguimento de 1 ano sugerindo técnica promissora e com atual aplicabilidade na amostra. A incidência da dor e parestesia podem ser justificadas pela alta média de energia utilizada em alguns casos. Recomenda-se a realização de estudos multicêntricos, com amostras maiores e mais homogêneas em relação à classificação Clínica-Etiológica-Anatômica-Patológica.