Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

This paper presents the stages of an acceleration program focused on chemical technologies. We demonstrate how this initiative contributes to the creation of new businesses, startups, and technology licensing from research developed at Brazilian universities. The case of the program Escale-se is discussed. There were 66 technologies submitted, and 14 were selected for the pre-acceleration phase. In this phase, various contents were worked on, such as creating a business model and aspects of scaling hard-science technologies. Teams were evaluated by panels with market specialists, and 6 were selected for the second phase: pre-scaling/proof of concept. Here, proponents were encouraged to validate the business model by connecting with potential clients and partners, as well as planning the development and testing of the product in a relevant environment. Finally, one team was classified for the last stage: scaling/go-to-market - where they received R$ 100,000.00 to scale up their technology and create strategies for raising investments. Four of the fourteen technologies selected for the program opened National Register of Legal Entities (CNPJ) and raised approximately R$ 4.5 M in investments from different sources. These results demonstrate that the methodology contributed to the entrepreneurial development of participating researchers and the raising of funds for the businesses created. startups universities Escalese Escale se discussed submitted 1 preacceleration pre phase hardscience hard science specialists prescaling/proof prescalingproof scaling/proof proof concept Here partners environment Finally stage scaling/gotomarket scalinggotomarket scaling/go go R 10000000 100 000 00 100,000.0 CNPJ (CNPJ 45 4 5 4. sources created prescaling scalingproof gotomarket scalinggo 1000000 10 0 100,000. 100000 100,000 10000 100,00 1000 100,0 100,

The rapid advance of nanotechnology has led to the proliferation of a wide range of water-soluble nanomaterials and therefore, a profound impact on the environment, underscoring the need to devise effective methods for isolating and confining these nanomaterials. This study presents the development of a highly effective system capable of removing and storing gold nanoparticles in solution using modified resins with different linking groups, such as tris(2-aminoethyl) amine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and L-cysteine. The catalytic properties of the resins functionalized with the thiol group containing gold nanoparticles were evaluated, using the reduction of the nitro compounds (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 4-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitroaniline) as model reaction. Solid-phase organic synthesis was employed to prepare the modified resins and their interaction with gold nanoparticles was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The removal capacity of the resins was evaluated using ultraviolet-visible optical emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma techniques. Ultraviolet-visible technique was suitable to assess the catalytic properties of the functionalized resins containing gold nanoparticles. It was determined that the functionalized resins showed remarkable capacity for complex gold nanoparticles, removing them from the solution. The most significant removal was with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. watersoluble water soluble therefore environment groups tris2aminoethyl trisaminoethyl tris 2 aminoethyl tris(2-aminoethyl amine 3mercaptopropionic mercaptopropionic 3 acid 11mercaptoundecanoic mercaptoundecanoic 11 Lcysteine. Lcysteine L cysteine. cysteine L-cysteine 3,5dinitrosalicylic 35dinitrosalicylic dinitrosalicylic 3,5 5 4nitroguaiacol nitroguaiacol 4 4nitroaniline nitroaniline 4-nitroaniline reaction Solidphase Solid phase analysis microscopyenergy microscopy energy Xray X ray ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible techniques Ultravioletvisible Ultraviolet 1 5dinitrosalicylic 35 3,

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

ABSTRACT The field capacity of Oxisol was evaluated using the flux density in the field, Arya-Paris model, and Richards pressure chamber with non-deformed samples, and the water retention curve and soil moisture were determined using the Arya-Paris model at a pressure of 10 kPa. The research was conducted at the Federal University of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The soil evaluated was Oxisol at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Using the flux density method, at a water flux density q = 0.10 mm per day and 1.0 mm per day, soil moisture values at field capacity were 0.30 and 0.32 m3 m-3, respectively, at a depth of 0-10 cm and 0.28 and 0.31 m3 m-3, respectively, at a depth of 10-20 cm. Comparing the results obtained with the pressure chamber with those of the field capacity obtained for q = 0.1 mm per day, the mean absolute error and bias were 0.880 and -0.218, respectively, for the 0-10 cm depth and 2.57 and -2.57, respectively, for the 10-20 cm depth. Field capacity of Oxisol can be obtained by subjecting undeformed 50 cm3 samples to a pressure of 10 kPa. The Arya-Paris model is an alternative for determining the soil water retention curve and the field capacity of Oxisol. AryaParis Arya Paris nondeformed non deformed 1 kPa Rondonópolis state Brazil 010 0 0-1 1020 20 10-2 method 1. 030 30 0.3 032 32 m m3, 3, 3 m-3 respectively 028 28 0.2 031 31 01 0. 0880 880 0.88 0.218, 0218 218 -0.218 257 2 57 2.5 2.57, -2.57 5 0- 102 10- 03 m- 02 088 88 0.8 0.218 021 21 -0.21 25 2. -2.5 08 8 0.21 -0.2 -2. -0. -2 -0 -

RESUMO A capacidade de campo do Latossolo foi avaliada usando os métodos de densidade de fluxo de água em campo, modelo Arya-Paris e câmara de pressão de Richards com amostras não deformadas, e a curva de retenção de água e a umidade do solo foram determinadas usando o modelo de Arya-Paris a uma pressão de 10 kPa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. O solo avaliado foi Latossolo nas camadas 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Usando o método da densidade de fluxo, a uma densidade de fluxo de água q = 0,10 mm por dia e 1,0 mm por dia, os valores de umidade do solo na capacidade de campo foram de 0,30 e 0,32 m3 m-3, respectivamente, para uma profundidade de 0-10 cm, e 0,28 e 0,31 m3 m-3, respectivamente, para uma profundidade de 10-20 cm. Comparando os resultados obtidos com a câmara de pressão com os da capacidade de campo obtidos para q = 0,1 mm por dia, o erro absoluto médio e o viés foram 0,880 e -0,218, respectivamente, para a profundidade de 0-10 cm, e 2,57 e -2,57, respectivamente, para a profundidade de 10-20 cm. A capacidade de campo do Latossolo pode ser obtida submetendo amostras não deformadas de 50 cm3 a uma pressão de 10 kPa. O modelo Arya-Paris é uma alternativa para determinar a curva de retenção de água do solo e a capacidade de campo do Latossolo. AryaParis Arya Paris 1 kPa Rondonópolis Grosso 010 0 0-1 1020 20 10-2 cm 1, 030 30 0,3 032 32 m m3, 3, 3 m-3 respectivamente 028 28 0,2 031 31 01 0, 0880 880 0,88 0,218, 0218 218 -0,218 257 2 57 2,5 2,57, -2,57 5 0- 102 10- 03 m- 02 088 88 0,8 0,218 021 21 -0,21 25 2, -2,5 08 8 0,21 -0,2 -2, -0, -2 -0 -

Resumen Marco contextual: Los estudiantes de enfermería informan de factores asociados a altos niveles de estrés en la enseñanza clínica (EC) y que se experimentan habitualmente en este proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia científica sobre factores inductores de estrés en estudiantes de enfermería en la enseñanza clínica. Metodología: Scoping review basada en el método del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI). Se utilizó la nemotecnia PCC para dimensionar la población, el concepto y el contexto. Dos revisores independientes participaron en el proceso de selección, extracción y análisis de los artículos. Resultados: De la búsqueda se incluyeron 17 estudios. Se identificaron factores que incluyen aspectos personales y profesionales, factores relacionados con el entorno/estructura de la EC y su organización, así como factores asociados a los sistemas de apoyo, concretamente al modelo de supervisión que acompaña a este proceso. Conclusión: Los factores de estrés influyen en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudiantes de EC, por lo que deben desarrollarse estrategias docentes que garanticen el desarrollo eficaz de las competencias de los estudiantes de EC.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os estudantes de Enfermagem relatam fatores associados a elevados níveis de stress em ensino clínico (EC) e que são comumente experienciados neste processo de ensino aprendizagem. Objetivo: Mapear a evidência científica sobre os fatores indutores de stress nos estudantes de enfermagem em ensino clínico. Metodologia: Scoping review baseada no método de Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Utilizada a mnemónica PCC para dimensionar a população, conceito e contexto. No processo de seleção, extração e análise dos artigos, estiveram envolvidos dois revisores independentes. Resultados: Da pesquisa efetuada foram incluídos 17 estudos. Foram identificados fatores que integram aspetos pessoais e profissionais, fatores relacionados com o ambiente/estrutura do EC e a sua organização, bem como fatores associados aos sistemas de apoio, nomeadamente ao modelo de supervisão que acompanha este processo. Conclusão: Os fatores de stress influenciam o processo de ensino aprendizagem dos estudantes em EC, por isso, devem ser desenvolvidas estratégias de ensino que permitam assegurar a efetividade no desenvolvimento de competências dos estudantes em EC.

Abstract Background: Nursing students report factors associated with high levels of stress in clinical practice, which are frequently experienced in this teaching-learning process. Objective: To map the scientific evidence available on factors causing stress among nursing students in clinical practice. Methodology: Scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. The PCC (population, concept, and context) mnemonic was used. Two independent reviewers were involved in the process of selection, extraction, and analysis of articles. Results: Seventeen studies were included. The analysis revealed factors related to personal and professional aspects, to the clinical practice environment/structure and organization, as well as to support systems, namely the supervisory model used in this process. Conclusion: Stress-inducing factors influence the teaching-learning process of students in clinical practice. Therefore, teaching strategies should be designed to ensure the development of students’ skills during clinical practice.

Abstract The competitiveness of SMEs is relevant to analyze their development in the market, which increasingly requires better performance to remain relevant. Competitiveness must be analyzed comprehensively to have a better overview of these companies and know how they interact with their competitors. The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the level of competitiveness of SMEs in the municipality of Umán, Yucatán. The present work is with a quantitative and cross-sectional approach. In this research, the systemic competitiveness model was used, the study population was 95 companies with a sample of 77. The main findings of the work indicate that the companies studied have a high competitiveness index, where the quality assurance factor is one of the best evaluated, while the environmental management factor is one of those that obtained the lowest score.

Resumen La competitividad de las PyMEs resulta relevante para analizar su desarrollo en el mercado, el cual cada vez exige un mejor desempeño para que se mantengan vigentes. La competitividad debe ser analizada de forma integral para tener un mejor panorama de estas empresas y conocer cómo interactúan con sus competidores. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar un análisis del nivel de competitividad de las PyMEs del municipio de Umán, Yucatán. El presente trabajo es con enfoque cuantitativo y de corte transversal. En esta investigación se empleó el modelo de la competitividad sistémica, la población de estudio fueron 95 empresas con una muestra de 77. Los principales hallazgos del trabajo indican que las empresas estudiadas presentan un alto índice de competitividad, donde el factor de aseguramiento de la calidad es uno de los mejores evaluados, mientras que el factor de la gestión ambiental es uno de los que obtuvieron menor puntaje

Resumen Se propone un nuevo modelo para la educación transfronteriza que promueve la internacionalización inclusiva y sostenible, así como el desarrollo de habilidades de comunicación intercultural que facilitan la colaboración transfronteriza. Se presentan resultados cualitativos de un estudio de caso basado en las experiencias de estudiantes que cursaron una materia universitaria en la que se implementó el Modelo Virtual de Educación Transfronteriza (MVET). Los resultados confirmaron que las y los participantes desarrollaron conocimientos y habilidades que les permitieron desenvolverse en entornos biculturales y binacionales. Este estudio hace importantes aportes tanto al campo de la educación internacional como a la docencia virtual, ya que detalla un modelo fácil de adaptar a las áreas de especialidad de los docentes, así como a los intereses de los estudiantes participantes. Por consiguiente, el modelo posibilita la implementación de proyectos académicos binacionales en diversos contextos institucionales y geográficos.

Abstract The objectives of this study include the proposal of a new transnational education model that promotes inclusive and sustainable internationalization opportunities, as well as the development of intercultural communication skills that facilitate transborder collaboration. The article presents qualitative results from a case study based on students’ experiences with binational courses that implemented the Virtual Model for Transborder Education (MVET, for its acronym in Spanish). The results confirmed that the participants developed knowledge and abilities that prepared them to be able to succeed in bicultural and binational environments. This study makes significant contributions to the fields of international education and virtual teaching as it provides a virtual exchange model that can easily be adjusted to professors’ areas of expertise, as well as students’ interests. Moreover, the model makes possible the implementation of academic collaborations in diverse institutional and geographical contexts.

Abstract: The approach to the urban development plan by Brazilian architect Lucio Costa for the Alagados neighborhood (1972) emphasizes the dimension of social housing in its urban planning, highlighting the incorporations carried out in response to the revisions of the modern movement. The study contextualizes revisionist approaches in urban plans, focusing on housing clusters in superblocks and their relationship with public facilities, bringing out the organicist paradigm, aiming for flexibility in urban planning. An approach is taken that includes a specific architectural historiography and design theory, reviewing Lucio Costa's proposal through the analysis of documents, plans, and works. Given the disagreement between social housing policy based on utopian ideals and real estate interests, Lucio Costa's superblock proposal presents its adaptable morphology, concluding that the implementation of Lucio Costa's proposal could possibly have provided substantial positive results to Alagados.

Resumen: El enfoque del plan de desarrollo urbano del arquitecto brasileño Lucio Costa para el vecindario de Alagados (1972) enfatiza la dimensión de la vivienda social en su planificación urbana, destacando las incorporaciones llevadas a cabo en respuesta a las revisiones del movimiento moderno. El estudio contextualiza los enfoques revisionistas en los planes urbanos, centrándose en los grupos de viviendas en los superbloques y su relación con las instalaciones públicas, lo que resalta el paradigma orgánico, con el objetivo de flexibilidad en la planificación urbana. Se adopta un enfoque que incluye una teoría de historiografía y diseño arquitectónica específica, revisando la propuesta de Lucio Costa a través del análisis de documentos, planes y trabajos. Dado el desacuerdo entre la política de vivienda social basada en ideales utópicos e intereses inmobiliarios, la propuesta de superbloque de Lucio Costa presenta su morfología adaptable, concluyendo que posiblemente la implementación de la propuesta de Lucio Costa podría haber proporcionado resultados positivos sustanciales a los Alagados.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a experiência de aprendizagem implementada em uma Plataforma de Experiências de Aprendizagem nos processos de formação continuada de pessoas incorporadas ao Colégio de Profissionais de Orientação, a partir do enfoque de aprendizagem ativa. Uma metodologia sócio-crítica e um design de investigação-ação participativa foram utilizados em um grupo de 13 colegiados. Foi realizado um design técnico-pedagógico através de suas etapas de diagnóstico, design, implementação e avaliação da expe- riência, é desenvolvido através de um curso incorporado à oferta do Programa de Desenvolvimento Profissional, que fortalece o tema na atenção socioemocional em ambientes educativos. Os resultados mostram que através da plataforma Perusall® são integradas características do enfoque de aprendizagem ativa. Dentre as conclusões, destacase a necessidade de desenvolver propostas focadas em ambientes de aprendizagem personalizados, verificando-se que a Plataforma de Experiências de Aprendizagem (LXP) é uma ferramenta inovadora no campo pedagógico e integradora de tecnologias recentes, bem como que o design de Conhecimento Técnico Pedagógico do Conteúdo (TPACK) favorece o planejamento estratégico e ágil no desenvolvimento de propostas didáticas, são identificadas características desejáveis para futuros processos de capacitação a partir do enfoque proposto como maiores espaços sócio-colaborativos, articulação teórico-prática com ambientes de trabalho e aprofundamento do pensamento crítico .

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la experiencia de aprendizaje implementada en una plataforma de experiencias de aprendizaje en los procesos de capacitación continua de personas incorporadas al Colegio de Profesionales de Orientación, desde el enfoque de aprendizaje activo. Se utilizó una metodología sociocrítica y un diseño de investigación-acción participativa en un grupo de 13 personas colegiadas. Además, se llevó a cabo un diseño tecnopedagógico a través de sus etapas de diagnóstico, diseño, implementación y evaluaciónde la experiencia; el cual se desarrolla por medio de un curso incorporado a la oferta del Programa de Desarrollo Profesional, que fortalece el tema en atención socioemocional en entornos educativos. Los resultados muestran que, por medio de la plataforma Perusall®, se alcanza a integrar características del enfoque de aprendizaje activo. Entre las conclusiones, destacan la necesidad de elaborar propuestas centradas en los ambientes personalizados de aprendizaje; se encuentra que la plataforma de experiencias de aprendizaje (LXP) es una herramienta innovadora en el ámbito pedagógico e integradora de tecnologías recientes, así como que el diseño de conocimiento técnico pedagógico del contenido (TPACK) favorece una planificación estratégica y ágil en la elaboración de propuestas didácticas. Así mismo, se identifican características deseables para futuros procesos de capacitación a partir del enfoque propuesto, como mayores espacios sociocolaborativos, vinculación teórico- práctica con ambientes laborales y profundización del pensamiento crítico.

Abstract: This article analyzes the learning experience through the use of a learning experience platform for continuous training processes among members of the Association of Orientation Professionals. The study was conducted with 13 members of the association using a socio-critical methodology and a participatory re- search design. A technopedagogical design was elaborated based on the diagnostic, design, implementation and evaluation phases of the experience, and was developed through a course incorporated in the Professional Development Program that strengthens socioemotional attention in educational environments. The results show that the Perusall® platform is able to integrate characteristics of the active learning approach. The conclusions highlight the need to develop proposals focused on personalized learning environments, and the Learning Experiences Platform (LXP) is an innovative pedagogical tool that combines recent technologies. The design of Technical Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) favors strategic and agile planning in the elaboration of didactic proposals and identifies desirable characteristics for future training processes based on the proposed approach, such as greater socio-collaborative spaces, theoretical-practical link with work environments and deepening of critical thinking.

Resumen El Gobierno federal mexicano ha publicado durante la última década distintos instrumentos de planificación para promover el ordenamiento del territorio y desarrollo regional. Su elaboración, a cargo de varias instancias administrativas, revelaría una gestión fragmentada y desarticulada. Este artículo indaga si la Estrategia Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial (ENOT) 2020-2040, instrumento vigente en esta materia, logra restituirle al Estado mexicano la rectoría en la gobernanza territorial. Luego de una revisión de las herramientas normativas que constan en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, los hallazgos sugieren que la ENOT privilegia una gobernanza basada en proyectos prioritarios. El Tren Maya, el Programa de Desarrollo para el Istmo de Tehuantepec y el Programa Zona Libre de las Fronteras Norte y Sur son indicios de que otro modelo de gobernanza territorial ha surgido en México.

Abstract Over the last decade, the Mexican federal government has published several planning instruments promoting land-use planning and regional development. Various administrative agencies participate in developing these instruments, which suggest a fragmented and disarticulated management. This article examines whether the National Strategy for National Strategy for Spatial Planning (ENOT) 2020-2040, the current operating instrument, restores the steering role in territorial governance to the national State. After a review of the normative tools contained in the Official Journal of the Federation, the findings suggest that the ENOT favours governance based on essential projects. The Mayan Train, the Development Programme for the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the Free Zone Programme for the Northern and Southern Borders suggest that another model of territorial governance has emerged in Mexico.

Resumen El desarrollo de proyectos mineros en etapas de exploración y prefactibilidad conlleva desafíos relacionados a la heterogeneidad e incertidumbre geológica y de procesamiento debido a la variabilidad en sus atributos primarios y de respuesta. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación radica en elaborar el modelo geometalúrgico del índice de trabajo de Bond. Para esto se desarrollaron modelos de regresión lineal en Jupyter Notebook considerando 790 muestras de resistencia a la compresión uniaxial de la roca (UCS), litologías, zonas minerales e índice de trabajo de Bond (BWi) en un depósito pórfido cuprífero. Los resultados indican relación directamente proporcional de tipo lineal entre el BWi y UCS, generando modelamientos con desempeños aceptables de R2 entre 0,76 a 0,90. Además, las litologías y zonas mineralizadas en el depósito estudiado son características relevantes relacionadas a la conminución. Finalmente, de acuerdo a la competencia de la roca, esta se clasifica como tipo media a dura, dura y muy dura en las zonas de óxidos, mixtos y sulfuros primarios respectivamente.

Abstract The development of mining projects in the exploration and pre-feasibility stages involves challenges related to geological and processing heterogeneity and uncertainty due to variability in their primary and response attributes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop the geometallurgical model of the Bond work index. For this purpose, linear regression models were developed in Jupyter Notebook considering 790 samples of uniaxial compressive strength of rock (UCS), lithologies, mineral zones and Bond work index (BWi) in a porphyry copper deposit. The results indicate a directly proportional linear relationship between BWi and UCS, generating modeling with acceptable R2 performances between 0,76 and 0,90. In addition, the lithologies and ore zones in the deposit studied are relevant characteristics related to comminution. Finally, according to rock competence, the rock is classified as medium to hard, hard and very hard in the oxide, mixed and primary sulfide zones, respectively.

Resumen El mapeo geológico es una herramienta fundamental en la exploración y el aprovechamiento de recursos minerales. Desde escalas regionales hasta locales, es usado en proyectos mineros para identificar el recurso mineral, modelar el depósito, orientar perforaciones, planificar la extracción del mineral, en el diseño de mina y, en la evaluación de riesgos e impactos ambientales. Es decir, está presente en todo el ciclo de vida del proyecto minero. Para entender las relaciones que existen entre los datos obtenidos de diversas disciplinas asociadas a la geología como geofísica, geoquímica, petrografía, geología estructural, etc., es adecuado que estos sean tratados como un sistema de folios. Mediante una investigación bibliográfica se presenta la importancia del uso de esta metodología. En particular, el sistema de folios Anaconda, cuyos procedimientos estandarizados han permitido obtener buenos resultados en la exploración o explotación de minerales en Yerington-EEUU, La Costanaza-España, Ferrobamba-Perú, Guanajuato-México, Imbabura-Ecuador y Atacama-Chile.

Abstract Geological mapping is a fundamental tool in the exploration and development of mineral resources. From regional to local scales, it is used in mining projects to identify the mineral resource, to model the deposit, to guide drilling, to plan mineral extraction, in mine design, and in the evaluation of risks and environmental impacts. In other words, it is present throughout the life cycle of the mining project. To understand the relationships that exist between the data obtained from various disciplines associated with geology, such as geophysics, geochemistry, petrography, structural geology, etc., it is appropriate that these be treated as a layers’ system. The importance of the use of this methodology is presented by means of bibliographic research. In particular, the Anaconda system, whose standardized procedures have allowed to obtain good results in the exploration or exploitation of minerals in Yerington-USA, La Costanaza-Spain, Ferrobamba-Peru, Guanajuato-Mexico, Imbabura-Ecuador, Atacama-Chile.

Abstract Neoliberalism goes beyond a simple economic program or political ideology; it is a global civilizing project of a practical normative logic that defines the norms of life and social relations. But perhaps the greatest novelty offered by neoliberalism with respect to classical liberalism is the general principle of generalized competition that forces the rejection of cooperation as a basic principle of coexistence, equality and social development. This principle of generalized competition has been incorporated in all social organizations, including academia, as a reference of scientific knowledge. In the last 20 years, Higher Education Institutions have undergone a change of model under the protection of a deep economic and ethical crisis in Spain and the influence of globalization. In this sense, this paper focuses mainly on two issues: generalized competition and changes in higher education institutions in Spain. On the one hand, generalized competition has replaced cooperation as a basic principle in coexistence and social development and, on the other hand, higher education institutions in Spain have undergone changes that have increased inequality and the gender gap, leading to the consolidation of an elitist and patriarchal university.

Resumen El neoliberalismo va más allá de un simple programa económico o una ideología política, se trata de un proyecto civilizatorio global de una lógica normativa práctica que define las normas de vida y las relaciones sociales. Pero quizás, la mayor novedad que ofrece el neoliberalismo con respecto al liberalismo clásico es el principio general de la competencia generalizada que obliga a rechazar la cooperación como principio básico de la convivencia, la igualdad y el desarrollo social. Ese principio de la competencia generalizada se ha incorporado en todas las organizaciones sociales, incluida la Academia como referente del conocimiento científico. Y es que, en estos últimos 20 años, las Instituciones de Educación Superior, han sufrido un cambio de modelo al amparo de una profunda crisis económica y ética en España y la influencia de la globalización. En este sentido desde este trabajo se centran principalmente dos temas: la competencia generalizada y los cambios en las instituciones de educación superior en España. Por un lado, que la competencia generalizada ha reemplazado a la cooperación como principio básico en la convivencia y desarrollo social y, por otro, que las instituciones de educación superior en España han experimentado cambios que han incrementado la desigualdad y la brecha de género, llevando a la consolidación de una universidad elitista y patriarcal.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.