In order to extract hesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. through green and efficient ways, a novel method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) assisted extraction has been developed. Compared to known alkali extraction and acid precipitation or organic solvent (ethanol, methanol) extraction, this new DES system of choline chloride/diethanolamine (DES-14) method exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for hesperidin. Under optimal conditions, the extraction yield of hesperidin reached 6.26 ± 0.05%. Further studies with infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory showed the DES-14 was formed mainly through the interaction of H-bond and van der Waals forces. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory revealed the strong dissolving capacity, and the H-bond formation between DES-14 and hesperidin, as well as van der Waals forces all contributed to efficient extraction of hesperidin. The results provide a new strategy for efficient extraction and utilization of hesperidin in Citrus. L ways (DES developed ethanol, ethanol (ethanol methanol chloridediethanolamine chloride diethanolamine DES14 14 (DES-14 conditions 626 6 26 6.2 005 0 05 0.05% spectroscopy H resonance DES-1 Hbond bond addition capacity DES1 1 (DES-1 62 2 6. 00 0.05 DES- (DES- 0.0 0.

RESUMEN Paraguay ha aumentado la inversión en educación en la última década por medio del Fondo Nacional de Inversión Pública y Desarrollo (FONACIDE) cuya finalidad consiste en abordar las carencias que afectan a la educación paraguaya. Entonces, considerando la creciente preocupación por la gestión de los recursos públicos dada la escasa infraestructura y el deficiente servicio del almuerzo escolar, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la eficiencia de la gestión de los gastos públicos en educación del FONACIDE de los departamentos de Paraguay durante el período 2015 a 2017, a través de la aplicación de la técnica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) con análisis de ventana y retornos variables de escala con orientación producto. La técnica DEA con análisis de ventana consiste en medir el nivel de eficiencia de varias Decision Making Units (DMUs) en diferentes períodos de tiempo basado en el principio de promedios móviles. Los resultados muestran que la ineficiencia técnica pura media nacional es del 11,04%, por tanto, los departamentos en general podrían mejorar sus indicadores educativos utilizando los mismos niveles de financiamiento. Además, el mayor acceso a recursos no está vinculado a mejores rendimientos educativos. Por tanto, para potenciar el rendimiento educativo es necesario establecer otros criterios de redistribución presupuestaria del FONACIDE, considerando la necesidad de infraestructura y número de alumnos matriculados por departamento.

ABSTRACT Paraguay has increased investment in education over the past decade through the National Fund for Public Investment and Development (FONACIDE), whose goal is to address the deficiencies affecting Paraguayan education. Considering the growing concern over the management of public resources given the inadequate infrastructure and poor school lunch service, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of public spending management in education by FONACIDE in the departments of Paraguay during the period 2015 to 2017. This is achieved through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique with window analysis and variable returns to scale with product orientation. The DEA technique with window analysis measures the efficiency level of several Decision-Making Units (DMUs) over different periods based on the moving averages principle. The results show that the average national pure technical inefficiency is 11.04%, meaning that the departments, in general, could improve their educational indicators using the same funding levels. Additionally, greater access to resources is not linked to better educational outcomes. Therefore, to enhance educational performance, it is necessary to establish other budget redistribution criteria for FONACIDE, considering the need for infrastructure and the number of enrolled students per department

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the National Regional Development Fund (Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional – FNDR), the main instrument for territorial development and compensation in Chile. It identifies three design issues that hinder its purpose. Firstly, it is shown that the distribution criteria result in investment centralization in regions with higher demographic concentration. Secondly, the evidence suggests that the FNDR promotes regional fragmentation, as it increases the relative percentage in the allocation of the original territory following the division of territories. Finally, it is demonstrated that discretion in fund allocation at the intra-regional level generates additional incentives for fragmentation, as it favors distribution in the larger municipalities of each territory. This study offers suggestions for improving the instrument’s design to increase its consistency and confront the incentives for territorial fragmentation.

RESUMEN Este trabajo analiza el Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (FNDR), principal instrumento de la política de desarrollo y compensación territorial en Chile. Se identifican tres problemas de diseño que dificultan el cumplimiento de su propósito. Primero, los criterios de distribución centralizan la inversión en regiones con mayor concentración demográfica. Segundo, el FNDR promueve la fragmentación regional, en cuanto aumenta el porcentaje relativo en la asignación del territorio original posterior a la división de los territorios. Y tercero, la discrecionalidad en la asignación de fondos a nivel intrarregional genera incentivos adicionales a la fragmentación, en cuanto privilegia la distribución en las comunas más grandes de cada territorio. Este trabajo ofrece orientaciones de mejoras en el diseño del instrumento que apuntan a una mayor consistencia y a enfrentar los incentivos a la fragmentación territorial.

Abstract Current evidence suggests an inverse or neutral association between dairy consumption and obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HT) prevalence. However, there are no studies investigating this relationship in the adult Chilean population. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between dairy product consumption and the prevalence of these diseases in Chilean adults. This cross-sectional study includes data from the latest Chilean National Health Survey (2016-2017), a nationally representative sample of the Chilean population. The outcomes were the prevalence of obesity, T2D, and HT. Dairy consumption was assessed by frequency (categorized as “low”, “medium,” and “high”, according to frequency of consumption), and types of dairy products consumed (i.e., “skimmed” and “whole-fat”) all of which were self-reported. Adjusted Poisson regression models were performed to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was no association between the frequency of dairy consumption and the prevalence of obesity, T2D or HT. The preference for whole-fat dairy products was associated with a 47% lower prevalence of T2D in women (PR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35-0.80), 29% lower prevalence of abdominal obesity in men (PR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.97), and 27% lower prevalence of HT in men (PR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.92), after adjusting for potential covariates. Our study suggests that the frequency of dairy consumption is not associated with the prevalence of obesity, T2D, or HT in Chilean adults.

Resumen La evidencia actual sugiere una asociación inversa o neutra entre el consumo de lácteos y la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) e hipertensión (HT). Sin embargo, no existen estudios que investiguen esta relación en la población adulta chilena. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y la prevalencia de estas enfermedades en adultos chilenos. Este estudio transversal incluye datos de la última Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile (2016-2017), una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de la población chilena. Los resultados fueron la prevalencia de obesidad, T2D y HT. El consumo de lácteos se midió según la frecuencia (categorías de “bajo”, “medio” y “alto” basadas en la frecuencia de consumo) y los tipos de productos lácteos consumidos (es decir, “descremados” y “enteros”) fueron autoinformados. Se realizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson ajustados para determinar la razón de prevalencia (RP) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC). No se encontró ninguna asociación entre la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y la prevalencia de obesidad, T2D o HT. La preferencia por productos lácteos enteros se asoció con una prevalencia un 47% menor de T2D en mujeres (RP: 0,53; IC 95%: 0,35-0,80), un 29% menor de obesidad abdominal en hombres (RP: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,97) y un 27% menor de HT en hombres (RP: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,57-0,92), después de ajustar por posibles covariables. Nuestro estudio sugiere que la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos no está asociada con la prevalencia de obesidad, T2D o HT en adultos chilenos.

ABSTRACT The article examines Nicaragua’s transformation towards a sultanistic regime. Describing the Nicaraguan developments in 2023 through the sultanistic perspective is useful for understanding the type of repression unleashed by the regime, the political strategy of the Ortega-Murillo governing couple, as well as for understanding the possible future fate of the regime which faces succession dilemmas due to its evident dynasticization. The article focuses on the modes of repression carried out by the regime, including the proscription of the remaining opposition parties as well as the intensified harassment of the Catholic Church, leading opposition figures and the business community. Demonstrating that the current political context satisfies the core attributes of sultanism, the article suggests that these features solidified in 2023. The article elucidates potential future trajectories for Nicaragua based on a comparison with similar regimes.

RESUMEN El artículo examina la transformación de Nicaragua hacia un régimen sultanista. Describir los desarrollos nicaragüenses en 2023 desde la perspectiva sultanista es útil para entender el tipo de represión desatada por el régimen, la estrategia política de la pareja gobernante Ortega-Murillo, así como para comprender el posible destino futuro del régimen, que enfrenta dilemas de sucesión debido a su evidente dinasticización. El artículo se centra en los modos de represión llevados a cabo por el régimen, incluyendo la proscripción de los partidos de oposición restantes, así como el acoso intensificado a la Iglesia Católica, a los principales líderes de la oposición y a la comunidad empresarial. Al demostrar que el contexto político actual satisface los atributos centrales del sultanismo, el artículo sugiere que estas características se solidificaron en 2023. El artículo elucida trayectorias potenciales futuras para Nicaragua basándose en una comparación con regímenes similares.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a well-researched and evidence-based psychotherapy that is underutilised in Africa. CBT presents opportunities for occupational therapists to expand their practice, for example by promoting engagement in meaningful and purposeful activity (behavioural activation), engaging with a mental health care user's thoughts during and after participation in activity (cognitive restructuring), and grading exposure to traumatic activities (exposure therapy). However, it is also critical that occupational therapists using CBT techniques culturally adapt these for their practice context and engage in professional development activities to develop their competencies as CBT practitioners. This commentary highlights recent advances in CBT practice and calls for CBT and associated techniques to be made more accessible to mental health care users in Africa. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • The relationship between participation and mental health is gaining prominence within the field of CBT. Occupational therapists should position themselves as experts in the therapeutic use of activity. • Occupational therapists using CBT techniques should culturally adapt their practice to meet the mental health needs of people living in Africa. • Occupational therapists using CBT techniques should follow internationally recognised pathways to CBT professional development, and register as Affiliated Members of the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Association of South Africa

Abstract. The objective of the article is to analyze some scientific research training experiences of indigenous women from Oaxaca, an entity in southern Mexico, as well as understand the methodological and epistemic complexity involved in the scientific training of indigenous women in a context of inequalities. The experiences of the participating indigenous women are collected within a research project that was developed in the period 2020-2023, with financing from the Sectoral Development and Research Fund of the National Women's Institute and the National Council of Humanities, Science and Technology. The analysis of some training experiences in scientific research, as well as the methodological journeys and epistemic challenges detailed in the following sections, are framed in the confinement situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the results obtained, we can see the ways in which the pandemic generated new aspects of the concurrent inequalities experienced by indigenous Oaxacan women, but also the ways in which this situation motivated a different experience of inquiry to rethink the meanings and ways of doing research. The agency capacity of the women themselves was strengthened to overcome their adverse circumstances due to ethnic and gender status, and the social impact in their community environments with other women.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo es analizar experiencias formativas en investigación científica de mujeres indígenas de Oaxaca, entidad del sur de México, para comprender la complejidad metodológica y epistémica que implica su formación en un contexto situado de desigualdades concurrentes. Se retoman experiencias de mujeres indígenas participantes en un proyecto desarrollado en 2020-2023 con financiamiento del Fondo Sectorial de Desarrollo e Investigación del Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres y del Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología. El análisis de algunas experiencias formativas en investigación científica de mujeres indígenas, así como las rutas metodológicas y los desafíos epistémicos trazados, se enmarcan en el confinamiento provocado por la pandemia del COVID-19. En los resultados se observan las formas en que la pandemia generó nuevas aristas de las desigualdades concurrentes que viven las mujeres indígenas oaxaqueñas, pero también la manera en que esta conyuntura motivó una experiencia distinta de indagación para repensar los sentidos y los modos de hacer investigación científica al fortalecer la capacidad de agencia de las propias mujeres para remontar sus circunstancias adversas por condición étnica y de género, y la incidencia social en sus entornos comunitarios con otras mujeres.

Resumo O desenvolvimento de projetos de desenvolvimento agrícola é de grande importância atualmente, pois atende às prioridades nacionais. Isso exige a diversificação e a eficiência dos produtos financeiros para cobrir as necessidades de investimento e de capital de giro desses projetos. Entretanto, mesmo quando existem fundos para a promoção da atividade agrícola, há limitações em sua gestão, o que limita a implementação de ideias de projetos de desenvolvimento nos setores estatais e não estatais. Em vista desse problema, o principal objetivo deste artigo é elaborar um procedimento para a gestão da Banca de Fomento Agrícola que contribua para a implementação de projetos associados à produção agrícola. O principal método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de indução-dedução, que é aplicado ao projeto do procedimento proposto e à formulação de ações para facilitar sua implementação. O procedimento proposto representa uma ferramenta de apoio na gestão do Fundo de Desenvolvimento Agrícola das instituições financeiras em nível municipal e tem um conjunto de sugestões que facilitarão sua aplicação, que são variáveis de acordo com os critérios dos atores que o implementam.

Abstract The development of projects to promote agricultural activity is of great importance today, as it responds to national priorities. To this end, it is necessary to diversify and make financial products more efficient in order to cover the investment and working capital needs of such projects. However, even when there are funds for the promotion of agricultural activity, there are limitations in their management, which limits the implementation of development project ideas in the state and non-state sectors. In view of this problem, the main objective of this article is to design a procedure for the management of the Agricultural Development Bank that will contribute to the implementation of projects associated with agricultural production. The main research method used was the induction-deduction, which is applied for the design of the proposed procedure and the formulation of actions to facilitate its implementation. The proposed procedure represents a support tool in the management of the Agricultural Development Fund from the financial institutions at the municipal level and has a set of suggestions that will facilitate its application, which are variable according to the criteria of the actors who implement it.

Resumen El desarrollo de proyectos de fomento de la actividad agrícola reviste gran importancia en la actualidad, ya que responde a prioridades nacionales. Para ello, se hacen necesarias la diversificación y eficiencia de los productos financieros en función de cubrir las necesidades de inversión y capital de trabajo de dichos proyectos. Sin embargo, aun cuando existen fondos para el fomento de la actividad agrícola, se evidencian limitaciones en su gestión, lo que limita la ejecución de las ideas de proyectos de desarrollo en los sectores estatal y no estatal. En función de esta problemática, el artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental diseñar un procedimiento para la gestión de la Banca de Fomento Agrícola que contribuya a la implementación de proyectos asociados a las producciones agrícolas. El principal método de investigación utilizado fue el de inducción-deducción, el que se aplica para el diseño del procedimiento propuesto y la formulación de las acciones para facilitar su implementación. La propuesta de procedimiento representa una herramienta de apoyo en la gestión del Fondo de Fomento Agrícola desde las instituciones financieras a escala municipal y cuenta con un conjunto de sugerencias que facilitarán su aplicación, los cuales son variables de acuerdo con el criterio de los actores que lo implementan.

Abstract In Spain, part of the anti-trafficking system relies on programs for the detection and protection of victims of sex trafficking in prostitution contexts. In this research paper, we seek to critically analyse the practices and obstacles faced by professionals from social organizations that develop these social interventions aimed at human trafficking victims in Madrid, Spain. We explore their relations with some of the main approaches underlying the human trafficking protection system, such as the crime prosecution approach and the focus on sex trafficking. The analysis of 25 interviews with social intervention workers indicates that they consider essential to establish horizontal relationships and individualized treatment to attend the demands of women, mainly linked to their migration status. However, the efforts on the prosecution of crime, focus on sex trafficking and broader prostitution interpretations within the anti-trafficking system seem to enable experiences of greater vulnerability for those women who access the system and to promote discrimination for those women who do not adjust to the established protection processes. Our research points to the need to decouple the criminal process from the contexts of social intervention and calls for a critical interpretation of human trafficking within public policies that goes beyond the current approach.

Resumen En España, parte del sistema contra la trata consiste en programas de detección y protección de víctimas de trata sexual en contextos de prostitución. En esta investigación buscamos analizar críticamente las prácticas y obstáculos que enfrentan los profesionales de organizaciones sociales que desarrollan estas intervenciones sociales con víctimas de trata en Madrid, España. Exploramos sus relaciones con algunos de los principales enfoques que subyacen al sistema de protección contra la trata, como el foco en la persecución del delito y en la trata sexual. El análisis de 25 entrevistas a trabajadoras de la intervención social indica que consideran fundamental establecer relaciones horizontales e individualizadas para atender las demandas de las mujeres, principalmente vinculadas a su condición migratoria. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos en la persecución del delito, el enfoque en la trata sexual e interpretaciones más amplias sobre la prostitución en el sistema antitrata parecen permitir experiencias de mayor vulnerabilidad para aquellas mujeres que acceden al sistema y discriminación para aquellas que no se ajustan a los procesos de protección establecidos. Nuestra investigación apunta a la necesidad de desvincular el proceso penal de los contextos de intervención social y reclama una interpretación crítica de la trata en las políticas públicas que vaya más allá del enfoque actual.

This research objective is to analyze educational inequalities across Brazilian major regions and municipalities according to the results of the Basic Education Development Index (Ideb) conditioned by funding from the Basic Education Maintenance and Development Fund (Fundeb). The main research hypothesis is that the result of educational funding policy is influenced by institutional quality. The analysis employed a conditional income convergence model adapted for the Ideb’s initial years of Basic Education. The relationship between educational funding and the growth of Ideb was estimated using Two-Stage Least Squares (MQ2E) to instrumentalize Fundeb through variables of the quality of municipal institutions. The research results confirm the hypothesis that institutional quality is statistically relevant to explain the growth of Ideb and its inequalities. With this endogenous specification, the effect of funding on Ideb is strongly increased, which demonstrates the importance of valuing teachers and improving institutions for the development of Basic Education.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las desigualdades educativas en grandes regiones y municipios brasileños según los resultados del Índice de Desarrollo de la Educación Básica (Ideb) condicionado al financiamiento del Fondo de Mantenimiento y Desarrollo de la Educación Básica (Fundeb). La principal hipótesis de la investigación es que el resultado de la política de financiamiento educativo está influenciado por la calidad institucional. Para ello se utilizó un modelo de convergencia de ingresos condicional adaptado para el Ideb para los primeros años de Educación Básica. La relación entre el financiamiento educativo y el crecimiento del Ideb se estimó utilizando Mínimos Cuadrados de Dos Etapas (MQ2E), para instrumentar el Fundeb a través de variables de calidad de las instituciones municipales. Los resultados de la investigación confirman la hipótesis de que la calidad institucional es estadísticamente relevante para explicar el crecimiento del Ideb y sus desigualdades. Con esta especificación endógena, el efecto del financiamiento sobre el Ideb se incrementa fuertemente, demostrando la importancia de valorar a los docentes y mejorar las instituciones para el desarrollo de la Educación Básica.

O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em analisar as desigualdades educacionais por grandes regiões e municípios brasileiros segundo os resultados do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Ideb) condicionado ao financiamento do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Fundeb). A principal hipótese de investigação é de que o resultado da política de financiamento educacional seja influenciado pela qualidade institucional. Para isso, foi empregado um modelo de convergência condicional de renda adaptado para o Ideb dos anos iniciais da Educação Básica. A relação do financiamento educacional com o crescimento do Ideb foi estimada por Mínimos Quadrados em Dois Estágios (MQ2E), para instrumentalizar o Fundeb através de variáveis da qualidade das instituições municipais. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmam a hipótese de que a qualidade institucional é estatisticamente relevante para explicar o crescimento do Ideb e as suas desigualdades. Com essa especificação endógena, o efeito do financiamento sobre o Ideb é fortemente aumentado, demonstrando a importância da valorização docente e do aprimoramento das instituições para o desenvolvimento da Educação Básica. 

RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es investigar la representación paradigmática y sintagmática de los lexemas en la lengua alemana. Este trabajo está dedicado al estudio del grupo léxico-semántico de lexemas en alemán como herramienta para implementar un enfoque sistemático en el estudio del sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua. Se consideran los detalles de la semántica verbal, varios enfoques para la interpretación de los verbos de memoria, la identificación de la estructura de la organización interna de unidades paradigmáticas dadas y la descripción de sus relaciones paradigmáticas. El establecimiento de relaciones sistémicas atestigua la integración completa de palabras con nuevos significados en el sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua alemana. La entrada de la descripción sintagmática en el sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua determina la transformación cualitativa y cuantitativa del vocabulario en su conjunto, mientras que la aparición de nuevas variantes léxico-semánticas conduce a cambios significativos dentro del fondo léxico. Se encontró que cualitativamente, la composición de los grupos léxico-semánticos se vuelve más complicada a medida que se desarrollan nuevas relaciones sinónimas y antonímicas y se diferencian las conexiones derivativas de palabras existentes. En términos cuantitativos, la aparición de neologismos semánticos es un factor poderoso en el desarrollo del vocabulario, ya que las raíces de las palabras con nuevos significados se utilizan ampliamente en la formación de palabras para crear nuevos nombres.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the article is to investigate the paradigmatic and syntagmatic representation of lexemes in the German language. This work is devoted to the study of the lexico-semantic group of lexems in German as a tool for implementing a systematic approach in the study of the lexico-semantic system of the language, considering the specifics of verbal semantics, various approaches to the interpretation of memory verbs, identifying structure of the internal organization of a given paradigmatic units and describing their paradigmatic relationships. The establishment of systemic relationships testifies to the completed integration of words in new meanings into the lexico-semantic system of the german language. The entry of syntagmatic description into the lexico-semantic system of the language determines the qualitative and quantitative transformation of the vocabulary as a whole. The emergence of new lexico-semantic variants leads to significant changes within the lexical fund. The dynamics of the semantic structure of a single word determines the development of the German vocabulary as a whole, its qualitative and quantitative transformation. Qualitatively, the composition of lexico-semantic groups becomes more complicated, new synonymic and antonymic relations develop, and the existing derivational connections of words are differentiated. In quantitative terms, the emergence of semantic neologisms is a powerful factor in the development of vocabulary, since the stems of words in new meanings are widely used in word formation to create new names.

Abstract Currently, sweet corn is considered an important crop due to its high sugar content and low starch content. Important sugars in sweet corn include sucrose, fructose, glucose, and maltose. The purpose of the present study was to use the yield indices of the eight examined sweet corn hybrids and the correlation of the yield indices together. Concentration is important for consumers in terms of yield indices. The research site was located at the Látókép Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen. The small plot experiment had a strip plot design with four replications. The previous crop was sweet corn; the plant density was 64 thousand/ha. The obtained result indicates that Biplot AMMI based on IPCA1 showed that the DB, NO, GS, and GB hybrids had stability and high performance in terms of yield indices. At the same time, fructose and glucose had stable parameters for the hybrids involved in the study. IPCA1 AMMI biplot showed that the ME hybrid had stability and high performance in terms of iron and zinc as well. IPCA2 AMMI biplot showed that DE, GB, and GS hybrids had stability and the highest performance on yield parameters in the scope of the research. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose had stable parameters on hybrids based on IPCA2. The DB and SE hybrids had desirable performance in Lutein and Zeaxanthin based on the biplot. The DE hybrid had a maximum performance on iron and zinc parameters. Currently maltose together Debrecen replications 6 thousandha thousand ha thousand/ha IPCA NO time well Fructose

Resumo Atualmente, o milho-doce é considerado uma cultura importante devido ao alto teor de açúcar e baixo teor de amido. Açúcares importantes no milho-doce incluem sacarose, frutose, glicose e maltose. O objetivo do presente estudo foi utilizar os índices de rendimento dos 8 híbridos de milho-doce examinados e a correlação dos índices de rendimento juntos. A concentração é importante para os consumidores com relação aos índices de rendimento. O local da pesquisa foi localizado na Estação Experimental Látókép da Universidade de Debrecen, Hungria. O experimento realizado em pequenas parcelas teve um desenho de parcela de tiras com quatro repetições. A safra anterior era de milho-doce; a densidade de plantas foi de 64 mil/ha. O resultado obtido indica que o Biplot AMMI baseado no IPCA1 mostrou que os híbridos DB, NO, GS e GB apresentaram estabilidade e alto desempenho em termos de índices de produtividade. Ao mesmo tempo, frutose e glicose apresentaram parâmetros estáveis para os híbridos envolvidos no estudo. O biplot IPCA1 AMMI mostrou que o híbrido ME apresentou estabilidade e alto desempenho também quanto ao ferro e zinco. Já o biplot IPCA2 AMMI mostrou que os híbridos DE, GB e GS tiveram estabilidade e o melhor desempenho nos parâmetros de rendimento no escopo da pesquisa. Frutose, glicose e sacarose tiveram parâmetros estáveis em híbridos baseados em IPCA2. Os híbridos DB e SE tiveram desempenho desejável em luteína e zeaxantina com base no biplot. O híbrido DE teve desempenho máximo nos parâmetros de ferro e zinco. Atualmente milhodoce milho doce amido maltose juntos Debrecen Hungria repetições 6 milha mil ha mil/ha IPCA NO produtividade tempo zinco Frutose

Resumo Hoje, o milho doce é considerado uma hortaliça importante devido ao seu alto teor de açúcar e baixo teor de amido. A análise de agrupamento e a análise de variância mostraram que os híbridos apresentaram variações nos índices de produtividade. Os híbridos GB, DE e GS tiveram desempenho semelhante nos índices. Híbrido SE que apresenta desempenho significativo sobre a zeaxantina. Biplot mostrou que frutose, glicose, sacarose e potássio apresentaram valor de estabilidade em híbridos. Todos os híbridos tiveram o melhor desempenho nos fatores frutose, glicose, sacarose e potássio. O fator biplot correlacionou-se positivamente com os índices de rendimento, incluindo cálcio, ferro, zinco, magnésio, α-caroteno, 9Z-β-caroteno, fósforo e β-caroteno. Por outro lado, há correlação positiva com frutose, glicose, potássio, luteína, sacarose, β-criptoxantina e zeaxantina. Assim, para avaliar ou aumentar a luteína e a zeaxantina, outros parâmetros como o teor de açúcares (frutose, glicose e sacarose) são fatores importantes e atuam em conjunto. A análise fatorial e o biplot mostraram que o híbrido ME apresentou desempenho máximo no primeiro fator de índices de produtividade. Além disso, o segundo fator de índices de produtividade teve um efeito máximo nos híbridos de NO. Os híbridos SE tiveram desempenho máximo em zeaxantina e o híbrido GS teve desempenho máximo em zinco, fósforo e ferro. A matéria seca apresentou estabilidade no híbrido DB.

Abstract Today, sweet corn is considered an important vegetable due to its high sugar content and low starch content. Cluster analysis and variance analysis showed that hybrids had variations in yield indices. GB, DE and GS hybrids had similar performance on indices. SE hybrid that has significant performance on zeaxanthin. Biplot showed that fructose, glucose, sucrose and potassium had stability value on hybrids. All the hybrids had the best performance on fructose, glucose, sucrose and potassium factors. Factor biplot positively correlated with yield indices, including calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, α-Carotene, 9Z-β-Carotene, phosphorus, and β-carotene. On the other hand, there is a positive correlation with fructose, glucose, potassium, lutein, sucrose, β-Cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. So, to evaluate or increase lutein and zeaxanthin, the other parameters like sugar content (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) are important factors and have an effect together. Factor analysis and biplot showed that ME hybrid had a maximum performance on the first factor of yield indices. Also, the second factor of yield indices had a maxi-mum effect on NO hybrids. SE hybrids had maximum performance in zeaxanthin and GS hybrid had maximum performance in zinc, phosphorus, and iron. The dry matter had stability on DB hybrid.

Resumo A mancha bacteriana das folhas (BLB) é uma das principais doenças do arroz na Malásia. Essa doença causa perdas substanciais de rendimento de até 70%. O desenvolvimento de variedades de arroz que herdaram características de resistência ao BLB é uma abordagem crucial para promover e sustentar a indústria do arroz na Malásia. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi aumentar os caracteres BLB resistentes a doenças da variedade comercial MR219 de alto rendimento por meio de uma abordagem de cruzamento retrocruzamento com ferramenta de apoio de seleção assistida por marcador (MAS). O gene de resistência a BLB de amplo espectro, Xa7 do pai doador IRBB7, foi introgressado no MR219 suscetível (pai recorrente) usando dois marcadores flanqueadores ID7 e ID15. No BC3F4, conseguimos gerar 19 linhagens introgressadas com o gene Xa7 homozigoto e apresentamos características de resistência como genitor doador quando desafiado com Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae por inoculação artificial. O pai recorrente MR219 e a variedade controle, MR263, estavam gravemente infectados pela doença. As linhas melhoradas exibiram características morfológicas e de desempenho de rendimento semelhantes às da variedade elite, MR219. Duas linhas, PB-2-107 e PB-2-34, foram escolhidas como linhas potenciais por causa de seus desempenhos excelentes em comparação com a mãe, MR219. Este estudo demonstra uma história de sucesso de aplicação de MAS no desenvolvimento de linhas de arroz melhoradas com resistência a doenças contra a doença BLB.

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major rice diseases in Malaysia. This disease causes substantial yield loss as high as 70%. Development of rice varieties which inherited BLB resistant traits is a crucial approach to promote and sustain rice industry in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims were to enhance BLB disease resistant characters of high yielding commercial variety MR219 through backcross breeding approach with supporting tool of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Broad spectrum BLB resistance gene, Xa7 from donor parent IRBB7 were introgressed into the susceptible MR219 (recurrent parent) using two flanking markers ID7 and ID15. At BC3F4, we managed to generate 19 introgressed lines with homozygous Xa7 gene and showed resistant characteristics as donor parent when it was challenged with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through artificial inoculation. Recurrent parent MR219 and control variety, MR263 were found to be severely infected by the disease. The improved lines exhibited similar morphological and yield performance characters as to the elite variety, MR219. Two lines, PB-2-107 and PB-2-34 were chosen to be potential lines because of their outstanding performances compared to parent, MR219. This study demonstrates a success story of MAS application in development of improved disease resistance lines of rice against BLB disease.

Resumo Magnolia biondii Pamp é uma importante espécie de árvore ornamental muito cultivada e utilizada como porta-enxerto na propagação de diferentes variedades de Magnolia. Nos estudos atuais, hormônios anatômicos, fisiológicos e endógenos foram estudados para verificar o efeito do AIB na dose de 750 mg / L no enraizamento adventício e fornecer suporte teórico e técnico para a propagação de M. biondii Pamp por meio de estacas. Duas mil estacas foram preparadas e divididas em dois grupos, ou seja, tratadas com AIB e controle de água. Para a avaliação das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e dos níveis de hormônios endógenos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia do plantio e a cada 5 dias, enquanto as demais etapas foram realizadas em laboratório de acordo com os protocolos e os devidos cuidados. Para as observações anatômicas, as amostras foram coletadas no 13º, 15º e 17º dias para estacas tratadas com AIB e no 21º, 23º e 25º dias para o controle. As amostras coletadas foram preservadas em solução FAA, e outras observações foram realizadas em laboratório. Observações anatômicas mostraram a necessidade de 13 dias para a diferenciação dos primórdios radiculares até o aparecimento de raízes adventícias jovens em estacas tratadas com AIB e de 21 dias para o desenvolvimento dos primórdios no controle. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes envolvidas nas ROS foram significativamente maiores nas estacas tratadas com AIB em comparação com o controle. A POD apresentou pico no 13º dia antes da emergência das raízes nas estacas tratadas com AIB, enquanto no 21º dia apresentou pico no controle. A PPO teve pico no 21º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 29º dia no controle. A SOD apresentou pico no 17º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 25º dia no controle. A aplicação exógena de AIB aumentou os níveis endógenos de IAA e GA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto reduziu os níveis de ABA continuamente no momento do enraizamento e, em seguida, aumentou gradativamente. Inclusive, nosso estudo sugere que o AIB na dose de 750 mg / L é eficiente para o enraizamento de estacas de M. biondii Pamp, visto que potencializou o processo de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e os níveis de hormônios endógenos, além de reduzir o tempo de formação de raízes, o que fica evidente nas observações anatômicas.

Abstract Magnolia biondii Pamp is an important ornamental tree species widely grown and used as a rootstock in the propagation of different Magnolia varieties. In the current studies, anatomical, physiological and endogenous hormones were studied to check the effect of IBA 750 mg/L on the adventitious rooting and to provide theoretical and technical support for the propagation of Magnolia biondii Pamp through stem cuttings. Two thousand stem cuttings were prepared and divided into two groups i.e., IBA treated cuttings and water control. For the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones levels, samples were collected on the day of planting and each 5th day and further steps were carried out in the laboratory according to the protocols and proper precautions. For the anatomical observations, samples were collected on the 13th, 15th, and 17th day for IBA treated cuttings while 21st, 23rd, and 25th day for control. Collected samples were preserved in the FAA solution and further observations were carried out in the laboratory. Anatomical observations showed that it took 13 days for the differentiation of root primordia to the appearance of young adventitious roots in IBA treated cuttings, while it took 21 days to develop primordia in the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities involved in ROS were significantly higher in the IBA treated cuttings compared to control. POD showed a peak on the 13th day before the emergence of roots in IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 21st day in the control. PPO showed a peak on the 21st day in the IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 29th day in the control. SOD showed a peak on the 17th day in IBA treated cuttings, while it showed a peak on the 25th day in the control. Exogenous application of IBA enhanced the endogenous IAA and GA3 levels compared to CK, while it reduced the levels of ABA continuously at the time of rooting and then increased gradually. Inclusively, our study suggests that IBA 750 mg/L is efficient for the rooting of Magnolia biondii Pamp cuttings, as it enhanced the process of antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous hormones levels and reduced the time of root formation which is evident from the anatomical observations.