ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to describe the forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions during the Stronist dictatorship (1954-1989) in Paraguay. It consists of the systematization of the data found in Volume VIII, Part 3 of the Truth and Justice Commission in index card format. The methodology applied was of documentary design, empirical-quantitative type of descriptive scope considering the characterization of forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions in the Paraguayan State. The results show that in a period of 35 years of dictatorship there were 336 cases of forced disappearances and 59 cases of extrajudicial executions. Most of the victims were Paraguayan nationals, with a smaller percentage of foreigners. The victims did not know the reason for their detention or how long they would be detained; they were detained on the mere suspicion of belonging to a certain association linked to communism.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en describir las desapariciones forzadas y las ejecuciones extrajudiciales durante la dictadura stronista (1954-1989) en el Paraguay. Consiste en la sistematización de los datos que se encuentra en el Tomo VIII, Parte 3 de la Comisión de Verdad y Justicia en formato de fichas. La metodología aplicada fue de diseño documental, tipo empírico-cuantitativa de alcance descriptivo considerando la caracterización que se realiza de las desapariciones forzadas y las ejecuciones extrajudiciales en el Estado paraguayo. Los resultados demuestran que en un periodo de 35 años de dictadura se produjeron 336 casos de desapariciones forzadas y 59 casos de ejecuciones extrajudiciales. En su mayoría las personas son de nacionalidad paraguaya y porcentaje menor de extranjeros. Las víctimas no conocían la causa de su detención y tampoco el tiempo que iban a permanecer detenidas; eran detenidas por la sola sospecha de pertenecer a una determinada asociación vinculada con el comunismo.

Abstract: This article analyzes three commemorations of the disappearance of people in Mexico between 2010 and 2021: the International Week and Day of the Detained-Disappeared and the March for Dignity: Mothers Searching for Their Sons and Daughters. It explores the construction of different memories of disappearances and their expression in public commemorations, and proposes an analytical approach based on five interlinked elements: agents, narratives, temporal structure, practices, and places. It argues that this proposal allows us to delve deeper into the common elements, particularities and new nuances of these memories.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza tres conmemoraciones en torno a la desaparición de personas en México entre 2010 y 2021: la Semana y el Día Internacionales del Detenido-Desaparecido y la Marcha por la Dignidad: Madres Buscando a sus Hijos e Hijas. Se pregunta por el proceso de construcción de distintas memorias en torno a la desaparición y su expresión en conmemoraciones públicas, y propone una aproximación analítica a partir de cinco elementos articulados entre ellos: agentes, narrativas, estructura temporal, prácticas y lugares, y se argumenta que esta propuesta permite profundizar en los elementos comunes, las particularidades y nuevos matices de dichas memorias.

Abstract: Based on administrative records, censuses, and surveys, the transit of Ecuadorian migrants through Mexico, who seek to enter irregularly or request asylum in the United States between the years 1998 and 2023, is analyzed. Three periods with substantial changes are identified, both in the number of migrants and in their profiles. The period from 2018 to 2021 stands out for greater mobility flexibility due to the exemption of visas required to enter Mexico. Additionally, as a result of the covid-19 crisis, a significant increase in the flow was observed, reaching historical levels and placing Ecuadorians among the five main groups of migrants detained at the southwest border of the United States. This case exemplifies the changes in transit associated with economic crises in the countries of origin, as well as the migration policies of the countries in transit and the destination.

Resumen: En este artículo, con base en registros administrativos, censos y encuestas, se analiza el tránsito de migrantes ecuatorianos por México que han buscado ingresar irregularmente en Estados Unidos o solicitar asilo en ese país entre los años 1998 y 2023. Se identifican tres periodos con cambios sustanciales tanto en el número de migrantes como en sus perfiles. Destaca el de 2018 a 2021 por una mayor flexibilidad para la movilidad gracias a la exención de visados para ingresar en México. Además, debido a la crisis causada por el covid-19, se observó un incremento significativo del flujo, que alcanzó niveles históricos y situó a los ecuatorianos entre los cinco principales grupos de migrantes detenidos en la frontera suroeste de Estados Unidos. Este caso ejemplifi-ca los cambios de tránsito asociados a las crisis económicas de los países de origen, así como a las políticas migratorias de los países de tránsito y destino.

Abstract: The Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as international treaties ratified by Chile, oblige the state to offer free legal assistance to those who require it, which is especially relevant in the criminal sphere. On the riots or social unrest that occurred in Chile in the last quarter of 2019 and early 2020, the Public Criminal Defense Office adopted a set of measures to offer legal defense to those who were detained or indicted by the criminal prosecution bodies. This research compares crime behavior in the country between 2017 and 2021 and identifies the social unrest crimes. These are a group of crimes whose frequency increased considerably during the turbulent months: 1) burglary, 2) public disorder, 3) disturbances to public order, and 4) attacks and threats against authorities. The volume and specificities of the social unrest crimes challenged the entire justice sector and, in doing so, made it possible to generate beliefs about the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. In contexts of social unrest, the generation of such beliefs seems especially important, because they can increase perceptions of injustice, enhancing the motivations that give rise to such unrest. Therefore, the operational reactions deployed in the Public Criminal Defense Office to ensure timely criminal defense services are explained. Good practices of the Public Criminal Defense Office that could be strengthened institutionally and normatively so that the justice sector is better prepared to face complex or unusual criminological phenomena, such as those that occurred during the social outburst, are also highlighted.

Resumen: La Constitución y el Código Procesal Penal, además de los tratados internacionales ratificados por Chile, obligan al Estado a ofrecer asistencia jurídica gratuita a quienes lo requieran, lo cual es especialmente relevante en el ámbito penal. Con ocasión de la revuelta o el estallido social ocurrido en Chile entre el último trimestre de 2019 y comienzos de 2020, la Defensoría Penal Pública adoptó un conjunto de medidas para ofrecer defensa jurídica a quienes eran detenidos o formalizados por los órganos de persecución penal. En esta investigación se compara el comportamiento delictual en el país entre los años 2017 y 2021, y se identifican los delitos del estallido social. Se trata de un conjunto de delitos cuyas frecuencias aumentaron considerablemente en los meses convulsionados: a) robos en lugar no habitado, b) desórdenes públicos, c) alteraciones al orden público, y d) atentados y amenazas contra la autoridad. El volumen y las especificidades de los delitos del estallido social pusieron a prueba a todo el sector justicia y, al hacerlo, posibilitaron la generación de creencias sobre la legitimidad del sistema de justicia penal. En contextos de disturbios sociales, el surgimiento de dichas creencias parece especialmente importante porque puede incrementar la percepción de injusticia, potenciando el malestar social que da origen a dichos disturbios. Por ello, se explican las reacciones operativas desplegadas en la Defensoría para asegurar servicios oportunos de defensa penal. También se destacan aquellas buenas prácticas de la Defensoría que podrían robustecerse institucional y normativamente para que el sector justicia esté mejor preparado para enfrentar fenómenos criminológicos complejos o no habituales, como los ocurridos durante el estallido social.

Resumen: Los prolactinomas son los tumores funcionantes de hipófisis más frecuentes. Se clasifican según su tamaño en microprolactinomas (menores a 1 cm) y macroprolactinomas (mayor o igual a 1 cm). Estos últimos tienen mayor frecuencia en hombres y en general se diagnostican más tardíamente, cuando aparecen síntomas compresivos. La hiperprolactinemia interfiere con la secreción pulsátil de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH), lo que genera la inhibición de secreción de hormona luteinizante (LH) y de hormona foliculoestimulante (FSH), y en consecuencia produce hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico. El presente artículo reporta un caso clínico de un paciente de 26 años, de sexo masculino, en el que se realiza el diagnóstico de hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico secundario a un macroprolactinoma, en el contexto de una pubertad detenida.

Abstract: Prolactinomas are the most common functioning pituitary tumors. According to size, they are classified into microprolactinomas (smaller than 1 cm) and macroprolactinomas (larger than or equal to 1 cm). The latter are more frequent among men and in general of late diagnosis upon compressive symptoms. Hyperprolactinemia interferes with the pulsatile secretion of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)) what results in inhibition of the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), what consequently produces hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The study reports the clinical case of a 26-year-old male who was diagnosed with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism secondary to macroprolactinoma, within the context of detained puberty.

Resumo: Os prolactinomas são os tumores hipofisários funcionantes mais comuns. São classificados de acordo com seu tamanho em microprolactinomas (menos de 1 cm) e macroprolactinomas (maior ou igual a 1 cm). Estas últimas são mais frequentes em homens e geralmente são diagnosticadas mais tarde, quando aparecem sintomas compressivos. A hiperprolactinemia interfere na secreção pulsátil do hormônio liberador de gonadotropina (GnRH), levando à inibição da secreção do hormônio luteinizante (LH) e do hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH) e, consequentemente, hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico. Este artigo relata o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino de 26 anos, no qual é feito o diagnóstico de hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico secundário a um macroprolactinoma, no contexto de puberdade interrompida.

During the Second World War, the Union of South Africa implemented emergency regulations, including an internment policy, to curb anti-war efforts within South Africa. These regulations and the internment policy affected one of the biggest anti-war organisations, the Ossewabrandwag ("Oxwagon Sentinel"), and many of its members were detained during the war in internment camps. In 1946, the Bond van Oudgeïnterneerdes en Politieke Gevangenes (freely translated as "the Association of Former Internees and Political Prisoners") was formed by individuals, mostly Ossewabrandwag members, who were interned in South African internment camps. Using the Bond van Oudgeïnterneerdes en Politieke Gevangenes collection that forms part of the Ossewabrandwag Archive, this article provides a brief historical background to the Bond van Oudgeïnterneerdes en Politieke Gevangenes. Some key themes are discussed, and the focus is on the organisation, and the possible effect of the organisation on its members is explored by framing nostalgia or nostalgic longing as central to its existence. By considering the Bond van Oudgeïnterneerdes en Politieke Gevangenes as a direct and long-lasting social manifestation related to the internment policy of the Union of South Africa, the ongoing study - from which this article derives - constitutes a first attempt at exploring the Bond van Oudgeïnterneerdes en Politieke Gevangenes and understanding its role in the larger picture of the South African Second World War experiences and memories.

Abstract Between 2017 and 2021, the number of women accused of organized crime in Mexico doubled and it is now the most common crime among women serving time in federal prisons. However, a few academic studies have focused on women accused of this type of crime, and those that do exist tend to ignore the gender of the accused. And when gender is considered, the research often offers a dichotomous and superficial perspective of women, portraying them as “victims” of their respective organizations or as “perpetrators” of illegal acts who actively and voluntarily choose to participate in organized crime. This article is a preliminary study, framed within the sociology of law, that seeks to contribute to the critical analysis of this issue. It explores the scarce evidence available about 67 court rulings for 72 women accused of organized crime, in addition, statistical data from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) was used. This analysis presents two main findings. First, the offence of organized crime serves as a substitute for an investigation: charges of organized crime allow women to be arrested and detained without pre-trial investigation. Second, most analyses are based on the untenable basis of the “victim”/“perpetrator” divide which to tends to over simplify women´s diverse and complex roles y in organized crime groups.

Resumen Entre 2017 y 2021 se duplicó la cantidad de mujeres acusadas de delincuencia organizada en México y, actualmente, este es el delito más común entre mujeres privadas de la libertad en centros de reclusión federales. Sin embargo, los análisis académicos acerca de mujeres acusadas por este delito son todavía marginales. Y los pocos estudios existentes sobre este tipo penal tienden a ignorar el género de la persona acusada. Si lo hacen, suelen representar a las mujeres acusadas de manera dicotómica y superficial: como “víctimas” de la organización de la que forman parte o como “perpetradoras” de actos ilícitos en los que, de manera activa y voluntaria, deciden participar en la delincuencia organizada. Este artículo es un estudio exploratorio, enmarcado en la sociología del derecho, que busca contribuir al análisis crítico de este tema. Analiza la poca evidencia disponible al respecto de 67 sentencias judiciales a 72 mujeres acusadas de delincuencia organizada, además, se utilizaron datos estadísticos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Esta investigación presenta dos hallazgos principales. Primero, el delito de delincuencia organizada sirve como sustituto de una investigación: las acusaciones por delincuencia organizada permiten detener y mantener a las mujeres en prisión sin un trabajo de investigación previo. Segundo, es insostenible la división “víctima”/“perpetradora” sobre la que se basan la mayoría de los análisis, que tienden a simplificar los roles diversos y complejos que desempeñan las mujeres en grupos de delincuencia organizada.

Abstract Maria José Abrunhosa de Castro (1949-1999) is an undeniable figure in the history of the social housing programme SAAL-Norte, as of the history of the architecture of Guarda city. This article establishes itself as the first contribution to a more robust bibliographical research on the trajectory of this architect. Following an education enmeshed with the contestation of the Oporto student movement, at the end of the Estado Novo regime, SAAL-Norte was one of her first professional experiences. Afterwards, in the 1980s, in the Beira Interior Region, namely, the city of Guarda, she developed a broad line of work in urban management, on the production of architectural projects and zoning plans, as a municipal technician. In the following decade, she worked as an independent professional. Besides this, she detained a professional practice not alien to permanent public intervention, writing in scientific journals, participating in seminars and congresses, TV-shows and the Association of Portuguese Architects. Through bibliographic review, interviews and archival research, the primary goal of this article is to make visible her professional path. By analysing these documents and by focusing on her opinion articles published in regional and national newspapers, this paper examines how she detains a disciplinary discourse that concerns the specific contexts of its exercise. It is rooted in her comprehension that the city is not indissociable from politics and democracy. Furthermore, its discussion should be held by an involved, knowledgeable, and critical society.

Resumo Maria José Abrunhosa de Castro (1949-1999) é uma figura incontornável da história do programa habitacional SAAL-Norte, bem como da história da arquitetura da cidade da Guarda. Este artigo estabelece-se como um contributo inicial para o futuro de uma investigação biográfica mais robusta sobre o percurso desta arquiteta. Após uma formação superior envolvida nas lutas estudantis do Porto, no final do Estado Novo, o programa SAAL-Norte foi uma das suas primeiras experiências profissionais. Posteriormente, foi a partir da Beira Interior, nomeadamente da cidade da Guarda, que desenvolveu um trabalho amplo na gestão urbana, na elaboração de projetos e planos de ordenamento, enquanto técnica municipal, durante a década de 80, e como profissional liberal nos dez anos seguintes. Apesar disso, a sua atividade profissional nunca esteve alheia de uma intervenção pública constante, escreveu em revistas da especialidade, participou em seminários e congressos, em programas televisivos e nas atividades da Associação dos Arquitetos Portugueses. Recorrendo a revisão bibliográfica, a entrevistas e a material de arquivo, a investigação aqui apresentada tem como principal objetivo dar a conhecer o trajeto profissional desta arquiteta, em particular a partir da sua produção escrita presente em artigos de opinião publicados em jornais de circulação regional e nacional. A partir de tais documentos, escrutina-se um discurso disciplinar que incide nos contextos específicos do seu exercício e que radica na sua compreensão de que a cidade não pode ser indissociável da política e da democracia, elementos indispensáveis para uma sociedade crítica, informada e envolvida no seu debate.

Abstract Nel presente lavoro verranno affrontati diversi aspetti della disciplina della detenzione amministrativa alla luce degli standard del Sistema Interamericano dei Diritti Umani (IAHRS). Attraverso un approccio comparatistico, il contributo intende indagare se quest’ultimo fornisca una migliore protezione ai migranti detenuti rispetto ad altri sistemi regionali, come il diritto dell’UE o il quadro giuridico della CEDU, sia da un punto di vista sostanziale che procedurale. Nel primo paragrafo, verrà sviluppata un’introduzione generale sulla struttura e sull’obiettivo dell’IAHRS, sottolineando le fonti giuridiche rilevanti che sono state coinvolte nella creazione di tale ordinamento. Successivamente, verrà offerta una breve analisi specificamente dedicata allo status dei migranti all’interno dell’IAHRS, considerando anche gli standard legali internazionali in materia. Nel terzo paragrafo illustrerò i diversi aspetti della detenzione amministrativa dei migranti – sia sostanziali che procedurali – alla luce della pertinente giurisprudenza della Corte Interamericana dei Diritti Umani e della relativa Commissione, che sembrerebbe riconoscerne la natura sostanzialmente penale. Verrà fatto un costante riferimento alla pertinente giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione europea e della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo in materia. Infine, verrà presentato un confronto tra i sistemi europei e americani su diversi standard di privazione amministrativa della libertà dei migranti, sostenendo che l’approccio dell’IAHRS sembra più coerente con il diritto internazionale e, per quanto riguarda il quadro giuridico europeo, più attento all’importanza fondamentale dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali da riconoscere agli stranieri sottoposti a misure detentive asseritamente non penali.

Abstract In this paper, several aspects of the administrative detention discipline in the light of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) standards will be addressed. Through a comparative approach, the paper aims at assessing whether the latter provides better protection to detained migrants in respect of other regional systems, such as EU law or ECHR legal framework, from both a substantive and a procedural standpoint. In the first paragraph, a general introduction upon the structure and the aim of the IAHRS will be developed, emphasising the relevant sources of law which have been involved in the creation of such a legal framework. Then, a brief analysis specifically devoted to the migrants’ status within the IAHRS will be offered, also considering the international legal standards on the matter. In the third paragraph I will explain different aspects of administrative detention of migrants—both substantive and procedural ones—in the light of the relevant IAC(t)HR case-law, which might seem to acknowledge its de facto criminal nature. A constant reference to the analogous CJEU and ECtHR jurisprudence on the matter will be provided. Finally, a comparison between Europe and America systems upon different standards of migrants’ administrative deprivation of liberty will be presented, arguing that the IAHRS approach seems more consistent with international law and, with respect to the European legal framework, more attentive to the paramount importance of the fundamental rights and freedoms to be accorded to aliens subjected to allegedly non-criminal custodial measures.

Resumen. Esta es la historia del ejército de Enrique Estrada, un cuerpo de exiliados rebeldes con base en California, quienes pretendieron cruzar a México y derrocar a la presidencia de Plutarco Elías Calles en agosto de 1926. Fueron detenidos por las autoridades estadunidenses cuando se dirigían a cruzar la frontera, arrestados y enjuiciados. El objetivo, a grandes rasgos, es conocer las circunstancias en las que los exiliados de la revolución organizaban incursiones armadas desde E.U., cómo eran las relaciones gubernamentales para evitar esas incursiones y cómo se componía el grupo de Estrada. Para este objetivo, se dio prioridad a la documentación depositada en los National Archives of Record Administration (NARA), en el estado de Maryland, donde hay documentos sobre la investigación y juicio del grupo armado sobre el que nos enfocamos. Cabe señalar, es documentación poco explorada por la historiografía mexicana. Los aportes más significativos es el uso de dichas fuentes, así como la desvelación de los obstáculos, retos y complicaciones que tenían los exiliados al planear una rebelión desde E.U., algo que se repitió en muchos casos durante la revolución, pero se ha investigado poco. Por último, el texto propone que las relaciones entre agencias de ambos gobiernos, de seguridad e inteligencia en este caso, tenían una relación autónoma e independiente de la relación entre cancillerías.

Abstract. This is the history of the army of Enrique Estrada, a group of exiled rebels based out of California, who planned to cross over into Mexico and overthrow the government of Plutarco Elías Calles in August 1926. They were detained by the U.S. authorities, arrested and tried. The objective is to better understand the circumstances in which exiles organized armed incursions from the U.S., bilateral efforts to prevent these incursions and the composition of Estrada’s group. Priority was given to the documentation held by the National Archives of Record Administration (NARA) in the state of Maryland, which includes documents on the investigation into this armed group and its later trial. This documentation has been little explored by Mexican historiography. The article’s most meaningful contributions lie in the use of these sources, as well as in revealing the obstacles, challenges and complications faced by exiles when planning a rebellion from the U.S., something that was often repeated during the revolutionary period, but has been little researched. Lastly, the article suggests the relationships between the agencies of both governments, in this case their security and intelligence agencies, were autonomous and independent of formal diplomatic relations.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es investigar cómo adolescentes, privadas de libertad, perciben la situación de conflicto con la ley y el sexismo. Participaron cuatro adolescentes que cumplían medida so-cioeducativa de privación de libertad en Sergipe (Brasil). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, interpretadas mediante análisis de contenido temático. Surgieron dos categorías: «diferencias de género en la infracción: la transgresión como característica masculina» y «diferencias de género en la medida socioeducativa: la obediencia como característica femenina», indicando el impacto del género en la percepción de estas adolescentes. En conjunto, los resultados muestran que la atención al género y la relación entre conflicto con la ley y sexismo son aspectos fundamentales para lograr los ideales de la legislación brasileña, que es respetar las especificidades de las adolescentes en una protección integral e igualitaria.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar como adolescentes do gênero feminino, em privação de liberdade, percebem a situação de conflito com a lei e o sexismo. Participaram quatro adolescentes que cumpriam medida socioeducativa de privação de liberdade em Sergipe (Brasil). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, interpretadas por meio da análise temática de conteúdo. Emergiram duas categorias: «Diferenças de gênero no ato infracional: a transgressão como característica masculina» e «Diferenças de gênero na medida socio-educativa: a obediência como característica feminina», indicando o impacto do gênero na percepção dessas adolescentes. Em conjunto, os resultados evidenciam que atentar ao recorte de gênero e às relações entre conflito com a lei e o sexismo são aspectos fundamentais para alcançar o ideário da legislação brasileira, o atendimento às especificidades das adolescentes numa proteção integral e igualitária.

Abstract This study aims to research how female adolescents who are deprived of their liberty perceive the relationship between their conflict with the law and sexism. The participants were four adolescents who were detained in a correctional facility in Sergipe (Brazil). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and these were interpreted using thematic content analysis. Two categories emerged: «Gender differences in infractions: transgression as a male characteristic» and «Gender differences in so-cioeducational scenarios: obedience as a female characteristic», highlighting the impact of gender on the perceptions of these adolescents. The results obtained through this research indicate that concentrating gender and the relationship between conflict with the law and sexism are fundamental aspects for achieving ideal legislation that respects the specific situations experienced by adolescents and provides them with integrated and equal protection.

Resumen Introducción La emergencia penitenciaria, declarada en Argentina en 2019 como corolario del aumento de la población encarcelada, deja en evidencia la prevalencia del despliegue de mecanismos punitivos por sobre aquellos que buscan la inclusión sociolaboral de personas que atraviesan y atravesaron contextos de encierro. Objetivo Ante esta compleja trama y como un camino alternativo al encierro carcelario, estudiamos una cooperativa de trabajo que nuclea tanto a personas detenidas y liberadas como a familiares y a otros vínculos próximos. Método El material base del análisis surge en el marco de una investigación aún en curso. En este artículo trabajamos desde una perspectiva metodológica cualitativa, realizando entrevistas semi estructuradas y un estudio de caso para lo que tomamos la experiencia de esta cooperativa de trabajo. Siguiendo a Yacuzzi, «los casos son particularmente válidos cuando se presentan preguntas del tipo "cómo" o "por qué", cuando el investigador tiene poco control sobre los acontecimientos y cuando el tema es contemporáneo» (2005, 4). Resultados Del análisis surge que esta cooperativa de trabajo para personas que transitaron contextos de encierro, es activa en el acompañamiento intra-extra muros carcelarios, pre y post encierro y en múltiples áreas que debe enfrentar esta particular población. Nuestra intención radica en analizar en qué medida la cooperativa se constituye como una alternativa al encierro carcelario y cuáles son los complejos contornos que configuran estas experiencias. Conclusiones La universidad pública ha constituido un apoyo en su inicio y consolidación. Mientras que la normativa vigente (Ley N°20.377, Art. 64) restringe la participación de las personas con antecedentes penales en cooperativas de trabajo.

Abstract Introduction The penitentiary emergency, declared in Argentina in 2019 as a corollary of the increase in the incarcerated population, shows the prevalence of the deployment of punitive mechanisms over those who seek the socio-labor inclusion of people who go through and went through confinement contexts. Objective Faced with this complex plot and as an alternative path to prison confinement, we studied a work cooperative that brings together both detained and released people as well as family members and other close ties. Method The base material for the analysis arises in the framework of an investigation that is still ongoing. In this article we work from a qualitative methodological perspective, conducting semi-structured interviews and a case study for which we take the experience of this work cooperative. Following Yacuzzi, "cases are particularly valid when 'how' or 'why' questions arise, when the researcher has little control over events, and when the topic is contemporary" (2005, 4). Results From the analysis it appears that this work cooperative for people who went through confinement contexts, is active in the accompaniment of intra-extra prison walls, pre and post confinement and in multiple areas that this particular population must face. Our intention is to analyze to what extent the cooperative is constituted as an alternative to prison confinement and what are the complex contours that configure these experiences. Conclusions The public university has provided support in its beginning and consolidation. While current regulations (Law No. 20,377, Art. 64) restrict the participation of people with criminal records in work cooperatives.

Resumo Prisão cautelar é intrinsicamente relacionada aos direitos e liberdades individuais do indivíduo e, em particular, com a liberdade pessoal, o direito ao devido processo e o princípio da presunção de inocência. Este artigo explora a dimensão constitucional da aplicação da prisão cautelar na Polônia. Sua primeira parte destaca os valores constitucionais que são violadas em consequência da prisão cautelar. O status do princípio da proporcionalidade é ressaltado, tanto no direito constitucional como no direito processual penal. Posteriormente, o artigo apresente o papel do Tribunal Constitucional da Polônia e analisa a sua jurisprudência sobre prisão cautelar, que enfatiza a diretiva para minimizar a duração e o princípio da proporcionalidade das medidas cautelares, o qual determina que a prisão cautelar pode ser utilizada como como ultima ratio. Em particular, a pesquisa analisa decisões que tratam do acesso aos autos da investigação na parte relacionada à prisão cautelar, do acesso da pessoa detida ao advogado, da duração da prisão cautelar e do contato do preso com seus familiares.

Abstract Detention on remand is intrinsically linked to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual and, in particular, to personal freedom, the right to a fair trial and the principle of the presumption of innocence. This paper explores the constitutional dimension of the application of detention on remand in Poland. Its first part outlines the constitutional values that are violated as a result of detention on remand. The status of the principle of proportionality is pointed out, both in constitutional law and in the criminal law procedure. In further parts, the article presents the role of the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland and analyzes its case law on detention on remand. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland emphasizes the directive to minimize the duration and the principle of proportionality of preventive measures, which imply that detention on remand may only be used ultima ratio. In particular, the paper focuses on the rulings concerning the premises for detention on remand, the access to the file of the pre-trial proceedings in the part concerning the decision to apply detention on remand, the access of the persons detained on remand to defense counsels, the duration of detention on remand, and the contact of the persons subject to the most severe preventive measure with their loved ones.

Abstract Owing to the high mineralization and high treatment cost, Ordovician limestone water is often regarded as a mine wastewater. In order to make rational use of mine water with high mineralization and turn waste into treasure. In this work, the natural water quality of Ordovician mine water in the Weibei coalfield had been tested, and the suspended matter and trace elements of Ordovician mine water in the selected deep detained area had been further tested. As a contrast, the water quality of Ordovician mine water after heating and concentration had been tested. The mechanical and hydraulic parameters of concentrated mine water-loess and concentrated mine water-cement slurry had been tested and compared with conventional slurry. The results showed characteristics of deep detained Ordovician limestone mine water is high salinity, certain suspended matters, limited special material and high permanent hardness. However, compressive strength of loess samples increased, while the permeability reduced. The initial setting-time of the modified material was short, while it showed an increased compressive strength. In practical terms, the quantity of grouting produced in engineering applications can be reduced by 16%, whereas the discharge of high-mineralized mine water can be decreased by about 40,000 m3/a.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza un conjunto de audiencias de control de detención colectivas desde una perspectiva discursiva, con el propósito de describir su funcionamiento y de qué manera este incide en el acceso a la justicia. La metodología empleada corresponde a la del Análisis del Discurso, que contempla elementos provenientes del mundo francés (teoría de contrato de comunicación y ethos discursivo), anglosajón e hispano (teoría de la cortesía verbal). Además, este trabajo incorpora elementos de la Sociología del Derecho y el contexto histórico de la Reforma Procesal Penal en Chile. El corpus está compuesto de once audiencias de control de detención colectivas registradas en el Juzgado de Garantía de Concepción, entre agosto de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Los resultados de los análisis ponen de relieve la importancia de la dimensión discursiva en el acceso a la justicia, específicamente, la incidencia que tienen elementos como la distribución de la palabra en este fenómeno.

Abstract: This work analyses an ensemble of collective initial hearings, known as Audiencias de Control de Detención Colectivas (ACDC), understood as the initial proceeding where the detained individual is taken to a judge within twenty-four hours of the arrest in order to verify the legality of the arrest, the individuals’ awareness of their rights, that the established laws for the rights and legal guarantees are respected and leave a record of the proceeding. This work, carried out from a discourse perspective, aims to understand how ACDCs function and how this affects individual’s access to justice. To examine this, we used the methodology proposed in Discourse Analysis, including elements from the French school of Discourse Analysis such as the theory of the communication contract and the discursive ethos; as well as concepts from the English and Spanish speaking schools of Discourse Analysis. In addition, we included concepts from Sociology of Law and took into consideration the historical context of the Chilean Criminal Law Reform. This research was conducted using a corpus composed of eleven ACDC that took place in the Magistrate Court of Concepción, recorded between August of 2018 and March of 2020. The results show the importance of the discourse dimension regarding turn distribution, types of discourse organization and forms of address that impact an individual’s way of accessing justice.