Abstract Objective: This article presents theoretical findings from the research project “Experience, Ethics, and Subject in Foucaults Later Work,” which conceptualizes the theoretical-methodological categories of the philosophers last period of work. The text examines the educational dimension of contemporary neoliberalism, located in human capital as a discourse and practice that generates scenarios of formation and the constitution of subjectivities guided by international policies and practices in secondary and higher education institutions. Originality/support: It contributes to recent consolidated studies as a philosophy of education, employing concepts and categories from philosophy to problematize and study with effects of policies and types of economy in the field of educational sciences and pedagogy. Method: The methodology is closely aligned with Michel Foucaults archaeological-genealogical-ethical approach, manifested through various instruments such as thematic and analytical cards that allow for the recognition of statements and conceptual series that reorganize the ways in which the educational forms of neoliberalism have been constituted and their effects on contemporary subjects and institutions. In addition to this procedure, the essay-problematization is employed, not merely as a description of the constructed situation, but with the intention and conviction of transforming the researcher. That is, beyond seeking the documentation of the social practices produced in the discourses, it focuses on how the subject gets concerned and generates different possibilities of action. Strategies/Data collection: The article draws on theoretical and documentary sources from philosophy and economics, with a focus on Foucaults courses at the Collège de France during the years 1977-1979. It also delves into the analyses of American neoliberals (Schultz, Becker), theorists of human capital, who postulate the economic value of education. Conclusions: Contemporary education in Colombia and Latin America is co-opted by neoliberalism as a worldview. This is evidenced by the prominence of human capital as a formative scene that directs students and teachers towards the competency model, materialized in curriculum plans and institutional ventures such as innovation, entrepreneurship, and the management of individuals as architects of their own destiny becoming entrepreneurs to offer their skills in various labor markets.

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo descreve um workshop interativo baseado numa aplicação da análise crítica do discurso, enquadrada a partir de uma posição enunciativo-pragmática que considera as condições de produção, circulação e receção do discurso, para mostrar a utilidade da sociopragmática nesta área. Originalidade/suporte: A sociopragmática como ferramenta epistemológica para a análise crítica do discurso. Método e estratégias/coleta de datos: A primeira fase contém um esboço do campo concetual das áreas disciplinares envolvidas. As categorias cognitivas remetem para o conceito de acções de linguagem, ideologia de género e ideologia na linguagem que serão úteis para sustentar as posições e preconceitos encontrados; são considerados os quadros sociais de referência que geram a estigmatização 182 resultante. Utiliza-se o conceito de imagem social e outros contributos que o complementam, como o imaginário sócio-discursivo, a direccionalidade e o efeito das actividades de imagem, elementos que, numa amálgama ideológica, colaboram na interpretação das actividades de imagem e na imagem socialmente projectada. Na segunda fase, realiza-se um trabalho de grupo para examinar, registar e documentar as marcas indiciais, as acções, os recursos e outros elementos discursivos que facilitam a construção de uma abordagem. Estou empenhado na utilidade heurística de articular uma abordagem interdisciplinar a uma amostra de discurso popular. A experiência pode ser extrapolada para outros objectos de estudo dos participantes na oficina. Conclusões: Este trabalho cumpriu o objetivo pretendido, que era ilustrar como uma análise crítica do discurso - que faz uso de algumas ferramentas relacionadas com diferentes disciplinas, incluindo a sociopragmática - permite o acesso didático a vários níveis de análise que facilitam a interpretação do significado discursivo.

Resumen Objetivo: El artículo presenta resultados teóricos del proyecto de investigación “Experiencia, ética y sujeto en el último Foucault”, que conceptualizó las categorías teórico-metodológicas del último periodo de trabajo del filósofo; en el texto se plantea la dimensión educativa del neoliberalismo contemporáneo ubicada en el capital humano como discurso y práctica que produce escenarios de formación y constitución de subjetividades orientados por las políticas de orden internacional y las prácticas en las instituciones educativas de básica media y superior. Originalidad/aporte: Se circunscribe a los estudios consolidados en el último tiempo como filosofía de la educación, en el sentido de utilizar conceptos y categorías de la filosofía para problematizar y estudiar con efectos producidos por políticas y formas de la economía en el campo de las ciencias de la educación y la pedagogía. Método: La metodología está cercana al enfoque arqueológico-genealógico-ético de Michel Foucault, materializado en diferentes instrumentos como fichas temáticas y analíticas que permiten reconocer los enunciados y las series conceptuales que reorganizan la manera como se han constituido las formas educativas del neoliberalismo y los efectos sobre sujetos e instituciones contemporáneas; aparte del procedimiento, se acude al ensayo-problematización no como una simple descripción de la situación construida, sino con la intención y el convencimiento de la transformación del sujeto investigador; es decir, no registrar las prácticas sociales producidas en los discursos, sino las formas como el sujeto se inquieta y genera diferentes posibilidades de acción. Estrategias/recolección de información: El artículo recurre a fuentes teóricas y documentales de la filosofía y la economía, privilegiando los cursos de Foucault impartidos en el Collège de France durante los años 1977-1979, al tiempo que se detiene en los análisis de los neoliberales norteamericanos (Schultz, Becker), teóricos del capital humano, quienes postulan el valor económico de la educación. Conclusiones: La educación contemporánea en Colombia y América Latina está cooptada por el neoliberalismo como visión de mundo. Esta comprobación se concreta en el capital humano como escena formativa que incluye volcar a estudiantes y profesores sobre el modelo de competencias y su materialización en planes de estudio y aventuras institucionales como la innovación, el emprenderismo y la gestión de los sujetos como forjadores de su propio destino, ser empresarios de sí mismos para ofertarse en los diferentes mercados laborales.

Abstract Designing in a land as dense with stratifications as Italy entails assuming responsibility towards the community. The task that architecture must take on cannot, of course, be expressed in the anachronistic search for the re-proposition of lost or extinct somatic traits, but instead as an awareness of the value of our genetic heritage in the contemporary western context. This assumption of responsibility is necessary not for an autarkic affirmation of belonging, but as an indication of will in the debate on the city's destiny. In describing the works built over a period of about thirty years on Italian soil, a path of compositional research is outlined, aimed at placing past, present and future in lively dialogue.

Resumen Proyectar en un país denso de estratificaciones como Italia implica asumir una responsabilidad hacia la comunidad. La tarea que debe emprender la arquitectura no puede expresarse obviamente en la búsqueda anacrónica de una reproposición de rasgos somáticos perdidos o extintos sino, por el contrario, como una conciencia del valor de nuestro patrimonio genético en el contexto occidental contemporáneo. Esta asunción de responsabilidad es necesaria no tanto para una afirmación autárquica de pertenencia, sino como una indicación de voluntad para el debate sobre el destino de la ciudad. Al describir las obras realizadas durante un período de aproximadamente treinta años en suelo italiano, se traza un camino de investigación compositiva destinado a situar el pasado, el presente y el futuro en un diálogo estimulante.

RESUMEN Los rápidos avances de la biomedicina y la biotecnología en las últimas décadas han abierto nuevos dilemas bioéticos que requieren un enfoque integral. ¿Estamos jugando a ser Dios manipulando la vida? ¿Existen límites éticos que la ciencia no debería cruzar? Estas preguntas conectan inevitablemente con fundamentos teológicos sobre el significado de la existencia, el origen y destino de la persona y la relación entre la humanidad y la divinidad. Por lo tanto, una bioética sólida requiere revisar las fuentes espirituales y religiosas que históricamente han proporcionado sabiduría sobre el valor de la vida. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la bioética desde la perspectiva del Islam considerando sus diferentes fuentes teológicas. Es importante señalar que, si bien existe un espectro de posiciones sobre estas cuestiones emergentes, la base común en la sociedad islámica proviene de fuentes como el Corán y los hadices, que contienen principios éticos universalizables. Así, no se puede olvidar que desde una perspectiva islámica la rendición de cuentas ante Dios implica que los avances tecnocientíficos deben vincularse a referentes trascendentes que brinden dirección moral, fundamentando conceptos como la santidad de la vida, la inviolable dignidad humana y la responsabilidad con las generaciones futuras.

ABSTRACT The rapid advances in biomedicine and biotechnology in recent decades have opened new bioethical dilemmas that require a comprehensive approach. Are we playing God by manipulating life? Are there ethical limits that science should not cross? These questions inevitably connect with theological foundations about the meaning of existence, the origin and destiny of the person, and the relationship between humanity and divinity. Therefore, solid bioethics requires revisiting the spiritual and religious sources that have historically provided wisdom about the value of life. Taking this into account, the objective of this work is to discuss bioethics from the perspective of Islam considering its different theological sources. It is important to note that although there is a spectrum of positions on these emerging issues, the common basis in Islamic society comes from sources such as the Quran and the hadiths, which contain universalizable ethical principles. Thus, it cannot be forgotten that from an Islamic perspective accountability before God implies that techno-scientific advances must be linked to transcendent references that provide moral direction, basing concepts such as the sanctity of life, inviolable human dignity, and responsibility with future generations.

Resumen La búsqueda investiga las representaciones del edificio del Colégio Nossa Senhora de Lourdes en la prensa periódica, indagando cómo se construye la idea de patrimonio. Instalado en la casa del Visconde de Ouro Preto en 1922, en Vila Isabel, permanece hasta hoy en el mismo lugar atendiendo estudiantes de sectores medios de la población. Como parte de una investigación amplia, los resultados que aquí se presentan responden a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo aparecieron en la prensa el espacio y los edificios del Colegio? ¿Qué ideas sobre el patrimonio se transmiten en él? Recurrimos a la catalogación de las ocurrencias encontradas en la Hemeroteca Digital de la Biblioteca Nacional, su lectura y análisis están anclados en los conceptos de materialidad escolar, patrimonio y territorialidad. periódica 1922 Isabel población amplia preguntas Cómo Colegio Qué él Nacional escolar territorialidad 192 19 1

Abstract This study investigates the representations of the built of the Colégio Nossa Senhora de Lourdes in the periodic press, inquiring how the idea of heritage is constructed there. Installed in the house of the Viscount of Ouro Preto in 1922, in the district of Vila Isabel, it remains until today in the same place serving students from medium sectors of the population. As part of a larger research, the results presented here respond to the following questions: How did the space and the buildings of the College appear in the press? What ideas of patrimony were disseminated there? For this, we resorted to the cataloging of the occurrences found in the Hemeroteca Digital da Biblioteca Nacional, its reading and analysis anchored in the concepts of school materiality, heritage and territoriality. press there 1922 Isabel population research questions this Nacional materiality territoriality 192 19 1

Resumo A pesquisa investiga as representações construídas sobre o edifício do Colégio Nossa Senhora de Lourdes na imprensa periódica, indagando como a ideia de patrimônio é aí formada. Instalado na casa do Visconde de Ouro Preto em 1922, no bairro de Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, o Colégio mantém-se até hoje no mesmo local, atendendo estudantes de setores médios da população. Compondo uma pesquisa maior, os resultados aqui apresentados respondem às seguintes questões: como o espaço e as construções do Colégio apareciam na imprensa? Quais as ideias de patrimônio aí veiculadas? Para isso, recorremos à catalogação das ocorrências encontradas na Hemeroteca Digital da Biblioteca Nacional, sua leitura e análise ancorada nos conceitos de materialidade escolar, patrimônio e território. periódica formada 1922 Isabel Janeiro mantémse mantém se local população maior questões veiculadas isso Nacional escolar território 192 19 1

Abstract Over the past twenty years, in different parts of the world, there has been an increase in environmental conflicts related to mining activities. In order to understand how agents in the extractive sector have described these conflicts and the way in which they have acted in response to them, this article analyzes two sets of publications produced during the last decade. Risk and trend reports for the extractive sector prepared through consultancies by Ernst & Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte and KPMG and three community relations manuals issued by the Brazilian Mining Institute, the National Confederation of Industry and the International Mining and Metals Council. We identified that the production and circulation of these materials are part of a set of authoritarian practices by extractive corporations set within at least three dimensions: i) an understanding that organized social actors who act in the defense of territories are risks that need to be managed; ii) the dissemination of “dialogue” and “social participation” techniques used to identify and classify social actors and iii) promoting the idea that the destiny of the territory is ineluctably linked to the corporation. years world activities them decade Young PricewaterhouseCoopers Institute Council dimensions i managed ii dialogue “dialogue participation iii corporation

Resumo Nos últimos vinte anos, observou-se um aumento dos conflitos ambientais relacionados às atividades de mineração em diversas partes do mundo. A fim de compreender como os agentes do setor extrativo descrevem estes conflitos e de que forma têm atuado para respondê-los, este artigo analisará dois conjuntos de publicações produzidos na última década. Os relatórios de riscos e tendências do setor extrativo elaborados pelas consultorias Ernst & Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte e KPMG e três manuais de relacionamento com comunidades do Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração, da Confederação Nacional da Indústria e do Conselho Internacional de Mineração e Metais. Identificamos que a produção e a circulação destes materiais integram o conjunto de práticas autoritárias das corporações extrativas em pelo menos três dimensões: i) a compreensão de que atores sociais organizados que atuam na defesa dos territórios são riscos a serem gerenciados; ii) à difusão de técnicas de “diálogo” e “participação social” utilizadas para a identificação e classificação dos atores sociais e iii) a promoção da ideia de que o destino do território está inelutavelmente ligado à corporação. anos observouse observou se mundo respondêlos, respondêlos respondê los, los respondê-los década Young PricewaterhouseCoopers Metais dimensões i gerenciados ii diálogo “diálogo participação social iii corporação

Résumé Cet article reflète sur la notion anthropologique d’animatisme, un stade préanimiste de l’humanité auquel Freud a fait recours dans son texte Totem et Tabu. Avec cette notion, il amplifie son objectif de révéler l’origine de la religion et de la moralité afin d’aussi aborder l’origine et le destin de l’humanité. Cet objectif a été poursuivi dans un dialogue constant avec les théories psychiatriques de l’hérédité et de la dégénérescence du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle. Les théories conçues par Tissot, Pine, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre autres, seront brièvement présentées dans cet article. Enfin, cet article propose aussi de présenter et mettre en débat quelques travaux de Freud, où les théories de l’hérédité et de la dégénération ont été resignifiées pour ce qui est des concepts de fixation et de régression, élargissant ainsi les fondements de ce qu’on pourrait appeler sa philosophie psychanalytique décliniste de l’histoire, une philosophie révélatrice d’un nouveau sens et d’une nouvelle direction concernant l’origine et le destin de l’humanité. danimatisme, danimatisme d animatisme, animatisme d’animatisme lhumanité l humanité Tabu lorigine origine daussi lhumanité. humanité. lhérédité hérédité siècle Tissot Pine Lucas Morel Esquirol Magnan Legrain Charcot autres Enfin régression quon qu on lhistoire, lhistoire histoire, histoire l’histoire dun dune

Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre la noción antropológica de animatismo, etapa preanimista de la humanidad, a la que recurrió Freud en Tótem y tabú. Con ella amplió su objetivo de revelar el origen de la religión y la moral, extendiéndolo al origen y destino de la humanidad. Un objetivo que también persiguió en diálogo con las teorías psiquiátricas de la herencia y la degeneración de los siglos XVIII y XIX. En este artículo se presentan brevemente las teorías concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre otros. Finalmente, este artículo también presenta y discute algunos trabajos de Freud, en los que las teorías de la herencia y la degeneración fueron resignificadas bajo las de la fijación y la regresión, ampliando los fundamentos de lo que sería su filosofía psicoanalítica declinista de la historia, revelando un nuevo sentido y dirección tanto para el origen como para el destino de la humanidad. animatismo humanidad tabú moral XIX Tissot Pinel Lucas Morel Esquirol Magnan Legrain Charcot otros Finalmente regresión historia

Abstract This article reflects on the anthropological notion of animatism, a pre-animist stage of humanity, to which Freud resorted in Totem and Taboo. With it he broadened his aim of revealing the origin of religion and morality, extending it to the origin and destiny of humanity. An objective that he also pursued in dialogue with the psychiatric theories of heredity and degeneration of the 18th and 19th centuries. Theories conceived by Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, among others, are briefly presented in this article. Finally, this article also presents and discusses some works by Freud, in which the theories of heredity and degeneration were resignified under those of fixation and regression, expanding the foundations of what would be his declinist psychoanalytic philosophy of history, revealing a new meaning and direction for both the origin and the destiny of humanity. animatism preanimist pre animist humanity Taboo morality th centuries Tissot Pinel Lucas Morel Esquirol Magnan Legrain Charcot others Finally regression history

Resumo Este artigo reflete sobre a noção antropológica de animatismo, um estádio pré-animista da humanidade, à qual Freud recorreu em Totem e tabu. Com ela, ampliou seu objetivo de revelar a origem da religião e da moralidade, estendendo-o à origem e ao destino da humanidade. Objetivo que também perseguiu em interlocução com as teorias psiquiátricas da hereditariedade e da degeneração dos séculos XVIII e XIX. Teorias concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre outros, sumariamente apresentadas neste artigo. Por fim, este artigo também apresenta e põe em discussão algumas obras de Freud, nas quais as teorias da hereditariedade e da degeneração foram ressignificadas sob as de fixação e regressão, ampliando os fundamentos do que seria sua filosofia psicanalítica declinista da história, reveladora de um novo sentido e direção tanto para a origem, quanto para o destino da humanidade. animatismo préanimista pré animista humanidade tabu ela moralidade estendendoo estendendo XIX Tissot Pinel Lucas Morel Esquirol Magnan Legrain Charcot outros fim regressão história

Abstract Background In 2012, the Neurocritical Care Society launched a compilation of protocols regarding the core issues that should be addressed within the first hours of neurological emergencies – the Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objective We aim to evaluate this repercussion through a bibliometric analysis. Methods We searched Scopus on October 2022 for articles mentioning ENLS. The following variables were obtained: number of citations; number of citations per year; number of publications per year; year of publication; research type; research subtype; country of corresponding author and its income category and world region; journal of publication and its 5-year impact factor (IF); and section where ENLS appeared. Results After applying eligibility criteria, we retrieved 421 articles, published from 2012 to 2022. The mean number of citations per article was 17.46 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 8.20–26.72), while the mean number of citations per year per article was 4.05 (95% CI = 2.50–5.61). The mean destiny journal 5-year IF was 5.141 (95% CI = 4.189–6.093). The majority of articles were secondary research (57.48%; n= 242/421) of which most were narrative reviews (71.90%; n= 174/242). High-Income countries were the most prominent (80.05%; n= 337/421 articles). There were no papers from low-income countries. There were no trials or systematic reviews from middle-income countries. Conclusion Although still low, the number of publications mentioning ENLS is increasing. Articles were mainly published in journals of intensive care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, and emergency medicine. Most articles were published by authors from high-income countries. The majority of papers were secondary research, with narrative review as the most frequent subtype. . (ENLS) analysis 202 obtained type subtype region 5year 5 (IF) appeared criteria 42 201 1746 17 46 17.4 95% 95 (95 (CI 8.20–26.72, 8202672 8.20–26.72 , 8 20 26 72 8.20–26.72) 405 4 05 4.0 2.50–5.61. 250561 2.50–5.61 2 50 61 2.50–5.61) 5141 141 5.14 4.189–6.093. 41896093 4.189–6.093 189 6 093 4.189–6.093) 57.48% 5748 57 48 (57.48% n 242/421 242421 242 71.90% 7190 71 90 (71.90% 174/242. 174242 174/242 174 174/242) HighIncome High Income 80.05% 8005 80 (80.05% 337421 337 337/42 articles. articles) lowincome low middleincome middle increasing medicine neurology neurosurgery highincome high (ENLS (IF 1 17. 9 (9 820267 8.20–26.7 7 40 0 4. 25056 2.50–5.6 514 14 5.1 4189609 4.189–6.09 18 09 57.48 574 (57.48 242/42 24242 24 71.90 719 (71.90 17424 174/24 80.05 800 (80.05 33742 33 337/4 ( 82026 8.20–26. 2505 2.50–5. 51 5. 418960 4.189–6.0 57.4 (57.4 242/4 2424 71.9 (71.9 1742 174/2 80.0 (80.0 3374 3 337/ 8202 8.20–26 250 2.50–5 41896 4.189–6. 57. (57. 242/ 71. (71. 174/ 80. (80. 820 8.20–2 25 2.50– 4189 4.189–6 (57 (71 (80 82 8.20– 2.50 418 4.189– (5 (7 (8 8.20 2.5 41 4.189 8.2 2. 4.18 8. 4.1

Resumo Antecedentes Em 2012, a Neurocritical Care Society lançou uma compilação de protocolos sobre as questões centrais que devem ser abordadas nas primeiras horas de emergências neurológicas – Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objetivo Avaliar a repercussão do ENLS por meio de uma análise bibliométrica. Métodos A base de dados Scopus foi utilizada em outubro de 2022 para a busca por artigos mencionando o ENLS. As seguintes variáveis foram obtidas: número de citações; número de citações por ano; número de publicações por ano; ano de publicação; tipo de pesquisa; país do autor correspondente e sua categoria de renda; revista de publicação e seu fator de impacto de 5 anos (IF); e seção onde o ENLS apareceu. Resultados Os 421 artigos incluídos foram publicados de 2012 a 2022. A média de citações por artigo foi de 17.46 (intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = 8.20–26.72), enquanto a de citações por ano por artigo foi de 4.05 (IC95% = 2.50–5.61). O IF médio por revista foi de 5.14 (IC95% = 4.19–6.09). A maioria dos artigos era de pesquisa secundária (57.48%; n= 242/421), dos quais a maioria eram revisões narrativas (71.90%; n= 174/242). Os países de alta renda foram os mais prolíficos (80.05%; n= 337/421 artigos). Não houve publicações de países de baixa ou média renda. Conclusão Embora ainda baixo, o número de publicações mencionando o ENLS vem aumentando recentemente. A maioria dos artigos foram publicados em revistas de medicina intensiva, neurologia, neurocirurgia e medicina de emergência. Artigos de pesquisa secundária foram os mais comuns, com revisões narrativas sendo o subtipo mais frequente. . (ENLS) bibliométrica 202 obtidas (IF) apareceu 42 201 1746 17 46 17.4 intervalo IC (IC 95 8.20–26.72, 8202672 8.20–26.72 , 8 20 26 72 8.20–26.72) 405 4 05 4.0 IC95% IC95 (IC95 2.50–5.61. 250561 2.50–5.61 2 50 61 2.50–5.61) 514 14 5.1 4.19–6.09. 419609 4.19–6.09 19 6 09 4.19–6.09) 57.48% 5748 57 48 (57.48% n 242/421, 242421 242/421 242 242/421) 71.90% 7190 71 90 (71.90% 174/242. 174242 174/242 174 174/242) 80.05% 8005 80 (80.05% 337421 337 337/42 artigos. artigos) baixo recentemente intensiva neurologia emergência comuns frequente (ENLS (IF 1 17. 9 820267 8.20–26.7 7 40 0 4. IC9 (IC9 25056 2.50–5.6 51 5. 41960 4.19–6.0 57.48 574 (57.48 24242 242/42 24 71.90 719 (71.90 17424 174/24 80.05 800 (80.05 33742 33 337/4 82026 8.20–26. 2505 2.50–5. 4196 4.19–6. 57.4 (57.4 2424 242/4 71.9 (71.9 1742 174/2 80.0 (80.0 3374 3 337/ 8202 8.20–26 250 2.50–5 419 4.19–6 57. (57. 242/ 71. (71. 174/ 80. (80. 820 8.20–2 25 2.50– 41 4.19– (57 (71 (80 82 8.20– 2.50 4.19 (5 (7 (8 8.20 2.5 4.1 ( 8.2 2. 8.

RESUMO Apresenta-se aqui a tradução do “Prólogo” da obra de María Zambrano intitulada La tumba de Antigona. No texto, publicado originalmente em 1967, Zambrano ressignifica o mito de Antígona, atribuindo à personagem um outro destino, diferente daquele apresentado por Sófocles na versão clássica do mito. Para Zambrano, depois de enclausurada ainda viva em sua tumba, a protagonista não se mata, mas executa uma espécie de anagnórisis, de reconhecimento de si, que acontece ao passo em que dialoga com os demais personagens da história. Através de longas reflexões e de alguns diálogos, Antígona passa a pensar sobre sua própria condição e no modo como abdicou de si ao longo da sua trajetória para apoiar e defender a vida e os ideais de outras pessoas, como o pai, a cidade, os irmãos, o noivo e o rei. Antígona consegue então finalmente ter tempo para si e é nessa possibilidade que realiza o que Zambrano nomeia de transcendência poética. O texto aqui traduzido, é o“Prólogo” da obra zambraniana, que anuncia uma Antígona que faz do que seria seu momento de declínio, ao ser enterrada viva, um tempo de afirmação e recriação de si. Apresentase Apresenta Prólogo Prologo Pro logo “Prólogo Antigona 1967 destino mata anagnórisis história diálogos pessoas pai cidade irmãos rei poética traduzido oPrólogo Prólogo o“Prólogo zambraniana declínio 196 19 1

ABSTRACT Here we present the translation of the “Prologue” from María Zambrano’s work titled “La tumba de Antígona.” In the text, originally published in 1967, Zambrano redefines the myth of Antigone, giving the character a different destiny than the one presented by Sophocles in the classical version of the myth. According to Zambrano, after being entombed alive, the protagonist does not kill herself but undergoes a kind of anagnorisis, a self-recognition, which occurs as she engages in dialogue with the other characters in the story. Through deep reflections and some dialogues, Antigone starts contemplating her own condition and the way she has sacrificed herself throughout her journey to support and defend the lives and ideals of others, such as her father, the city, her brothers, her fiancé, and the king. Antigone finally manages to find time for herself, and it is in this possibility that she achieves what Zambrano calls poetic transcendence. The translated text here is the “Prologue” of Zambrano’s work, which announces an Antigone who turns what would have been her moment of decline, being buried alive, into a time of affirmation and self-recreation. Prologue “Prologue Maria Mari Zambranos s La Antígona. Antígona 1967 alive anagnorisis selfrecognition, selfrecognition self recognition, recognition self-recognition story dialogues others father city brothers fiancé king transcendence decline selfrecreation. selfrecreation recreation. recreation self-recreation 196 19 1

Abstract: In the early poetry of Federico García Lorca God is continually sought in an allegorical way. This inquiry starts from a pessimistic conception of man’s destiny on earth, which encourages the hope of finding a life beyond this one. This metaphorical search moves between the extremes of the finite life and the spiritual life. Both extremes are represented by two symbols that since ancient times have alluded to death and evil (darkness) and hope and life (light). This space is dedicated to the meticulous interpretation of the possible meanings of the star, a polysemic and changing representation of the hope of escaping from human mortality.

Resumen: En la primera poesía de Federico García Lorca, se busca a Dios de manera recurrente y alegórica. Esta indagación parte de una concepción pesimista del destino del hombre en la tierra, la cual impulsa la esperanza de encontrar una vida más allá de esta. Ese transcurso metafórico se compone de un ir y venir entre los extremos de la finita vida material y de la vida espiritual (o de la duda y de la creencia). Ambos extremos son representados por dos símbolos que desde épocas antiguas han aludido a la muerte y al mal (la oscuridad) y a la esperanza y a la vida (la luz). Este espacio está dedicado a la interpretación minuciosa de los significados posibles del símbolo de la estrella, representación polisémica y cambiante de la esperanza de escapar de la mortalidad humana.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the historical-demographic evolution of Tijuana in the 20th century, particularly its migratory dynamics, underlining its international border profile and its distinctive economic and labor context. Methodology: Documentary and statistical investigation with population censuses as the main source, highlighting the use of this official resource at a regional and local levels in a period of one-hundred years. Results: This study manages to account for the variations in its population growth and its composition of natives and non-natives. Value: Describing Tijuana’s border configuration as a place of destiny is essential for understanding the societies that host migrants, whose pasts are reflected in its current constitution. Limitations: The analysis is limited to the review of the economic and labor structure in the 20th century. Conclusions: As early as the second decade of the century, a powerful transnational interaction is revealed, as well as a significant trend of internal migration throughout the century linked to a chain of labor attractions of diverse nature.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la historia demográfica de Tijuana en el siglo XX, en particular su dinámica migratoria, subrayando el perfil fronterizo internacional de dicha ciudad y su distintivo contexto económico y laboral. Metodología: investigación documental y estadística cuya fuente principal son los censos de población. Este recurso se aplica a escalas regional y local considerando un periodo de cien años. Resultados: el estudio da cuenta de las variaciones en el crecimiento poblacional y en su composición de nativos y no nativos, constatando un incremento sostenido a lo largo del siglo, si bien los índices más altos se presentan en la primera mitad debido a diversos flujos de inmigración, lo que se sostiene a la población no nativa en proporciones significativas. Valor: describir la configuración de la frontera de Tijuana como lugar de destino es esencial para comprender las sociedades que hospedan a migrantes, cuyos pasados se reflejan en su constitución actual. Limitaciones: el análisis se circunscribe a la revisión de la estructura laboral y económica del siglo XX. Conclusiones: desde la segunda década del siglo se pone de manifiesto la construcción primigenia de una potente interacción transnacional y se revelan tendencias significativas de migración interna a lo largo del siglo vinculadas a una cadena de atractivos laborales de diversa naturaleza.

Resumo Propomos alargar o debate sobre as zonas de sacrifício na América Latina, analisando a lógica colonial subjacente às injustiças ambientais, a partir de contributos da ecologia política latino-americana, da geografia crítica e do pensamento descolonial. Para tal, analisamos a trajetória deste conceito no continente e, em particular, no Chile. Utilizando uma metodologia mista, cruzamos dados geográficos e socioeconómicos com informação qualitativa obtida através de mais de 40 entrevistas com representantes de actores públicos, privados e da sociedade civil envolvidos na política estatal de recuperação socioambiental das comunidades gravemente afectadas pela poluição no Chile. Os resultados mostram: a contestação do termo “zonas de sacrifício” por aqueles que o utilizam para fins de denúncia, considerando que ele legitima a degradação socioambiental e invisibiliza a agência das comunidades. Finalmente, mostramos como a própria política pública se configura como um dispositivo de violência ambiental do Estado e das empresas que ignora as propostas das comunidades para pensar sua recuperação e impõe suas prioridades que perpetuam o destino desses territórios ao sacrifício. Latina ambientais latinoamericana, latinoamericana latino americana, americana latino-americana descolonial tal particular Chile mista 4 públicos mostram denúncia Finalmente

Resumen Proponemos ampliar el debate sobre zonas de sacrificio en América Latina a partir del análisis de la lógica colonial que está detrás de las injusticias ambientales, tomando contribuciones desde la ecología política latinoamericana, la geografía crítica y el pensamiento decolonial. Para ello, analizamos el recorrido de este concepto en el continente y en Chile en particular. Desde una metodología mixta, cruzamos datos geográficos y socioeconómicos con información cualitativa obtenida de más de 40 entrevistas a representantes de actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil que participan en la política estatal orientada a la recuperación ambiental social de comunidades gravemente afectadas por la contaminación en Chile. Los resultados muestran: la impugnación al término de zonas de sacrificio desde quienes utilizándolo para fines de denuncia consideran que legitima la degradación socioambiental e invisibiliza la agencia de las comunidades. Finalmente, damos cuenta de cómo la propia política pública se configura en un dispositivo de violencia ambiental desde el estado y las empresas que desconoce las propuestas de las comunidades para pensar su recuperación e impone sus prioridades que perpetúan el destino de estos territorios al sacrificio. ambientales latinoamericana decolonial ello particular mixta 4 públicos muestran Finalmente

Abstract We propose to expand the debate on sacrifice zones in Latin America based on the analysis of the colonial logic behind environmental injustices, taking contributions from Latin American political ecology, critical geography and decolonial thought. To do this, we analyze the development of this concept on the continent and in Chile in particular. Using a mixed methodology, we cross-reference geographic and socioeconomic data with qualitative information obtained from more than 40 interviews with representatives of public, private and civil society actors who participate in state policy aimed at the social environmental recovery of communities seriously affected by pollution. in Chile. The results show: the challenge to the end of sacrifice zones from those who use it for complaint purposes consider that it legitimizes socio-environmental degradation and makes the agency of the communities invisible. Finally, we realize how public policy itself is configured into a device of environmental violence from the state and companies that ignores the communities’ proposals to think about their recovery and imposes its priorities that perpetuate the destiny of these territories to sacrifice. injustices ecology thought particular methodology crossreference cross reference 4 pollution show socioenvironmental socio invisible Finally

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze a series of narratives and representations from the past developed by Paraguayan anarchism in the first decades of the twentieth century, that openly contradicted the official narratives of the period. It is based on the hypothesis that these narratives or memory exercises were carried out with the aim of emancipating subaltern classes from the discourses of the elite, always functional to the dominant interests in the country and on behalf of the status quo. Also, to propose alternative representations in order to give back autonomy to the working people, worker, or peasant. As well as their "pride" to evolve as an independent "political subject", free and capable of autonomously deciding their own destiny.

Resumen Este artículo se propone analizar una serie de relatos y representaciones del pasado desarrollados por el anarquismo paraguayo en las primeras décadas del siglo XX que se contrapusieron abiertamente a las narrativas oficiales del período. Se parte de la hipótesis de que estos relatos o ejercicios de memoria se realizaron con el objetivo de emancipar a las clases subalternas de los discursos de la élite, siempre funcionales a los intereses dominantes en el país y a la defensa del statu quo, y proponer representaciones alternativas en donde se buscó devolver al pueblo trabajador, obrero o campesino, su autonomía, su “orgullo” y su carácter de “sujeto político” independiente, libre, capaz de asumir por su cuenta la decisión sobre su propio destino.

Resumen Objetivo: La acidosis es la complicación más peligrosa en la hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del líquido cefalorraquídeo ácido en las estructuras del canal central tras la HSA. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 28 conejos híbridos. Se registraron los valores de pH de la sangre y del líquido cefalorraquídeo antes, durante y después de los procedimientos experimentales. A continuación se examinaron histopatológicamente las estructuras relacionadas con los canales centrales a nivel de C5 de la médula espinal cervical. Se analizó estadísticamente la relación entre los valores de pH de las células ependimarias y las densidades de células epiteliales degeneradas. Resultados: Los valores medios de pH en sangre y la densidad de células ependimarias degeneradas (n/mm2) fueron los siguientes: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 en el control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 en el SHAM, 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 en los animales del estudio. Los exámenes macroscópicos revelaron hinchazón, edema, adherencias pia-aracnoideas, dilatación del canal ventral, aracnoiditis, hemorragia del canal central, oclusiones y dilatación en la médula espinal. Conclusiones: Las patologías del canal central inducidas por la acidosis del líquido cefalorraquídeo deben considerarse como una complicación importante de la HSA tras una hemorragia subaracnoidea.

Abstract Objective: Acidosis is the most dangerous complication in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic cerebrospinal fluid on central canal structures after SAH. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight hybrid rabbits were studied. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid pH values were recorded before/during/after the experimental procedures. The structures related to the central canals at the level of C5 of the cervical spinal cord were then examined histopathologically. The relationship between pH values of ependymal cells and degenerated epithelial cell densities was statistically analyzed. Results: Mean blood pH values and degenerated ependymal cell density (n/mm2) were as follows: 7.351 ± 0.033/23 ± 7 in control, 7.322 ± 0.059/78 ± 13 in SHAM, and 7.261 ± 0.048/254 ± 62 in study animals. Gross examinations revealed swelling, edema, pia-arachnoid adhesions, ventral canal dilatation, arachnoiditis, central canal hemorrhage, occlusions, and dilatation in the spinal cord. Conclusion: Cerebrospinal fluid acidosis-induced central channel pathologies should be considered an important complication of SAH following SAH.

Resumen El fracaso del proyecto de nación, tras doscientos años de vida independiente, ha obligado a buscar en todos los ámbitos las causas del colapso social, económico y político que México está viviendo. De ahí la importancia que hoy en día reviste la novela histórica, que utiliza la ficción para estudiar el pasado, en un intento de presentar respuestas a los problemas del presente. Con Tierra roja. La novela de Lázaro Cárdenas Pedro Ángel Palou lleva a cabo una revisión del momento histórico en que se intentó erigir a la nación mexicana, convirtiendo en proyecto político la utopía de la revolución: construir una sociedad más justa. La ficción desarrolla un proceso de humanización de Lázaro Cárdenas, el presidente que quiso cumplir con las metas revolucionarias instituyendo una serie de reformas que no logró consolidar de una manera firme, por lo que pocas de sus conquistas e ideales han pervivido en el presente siglo. La novela no engrandece el mito del héroe, sino que presenta a un hombre con sus miedos, contradicciones, anhelos y sueños. Así, la ficción retrata un país en busca de rumbo, cuyo destino no dependía sólo de las decisiones de su presidente, sino de las numerosas acciones de los actantes de un constructo social efervescente: campesinos, obreros, empresarios, políticos, periodistas, artistas. Para generar esa visión de conjunto, la estructura narrativa que establece Palou fusiona dos de los géneros más populares en la narrativa contemporánea, el histórico y el policiaco y sustenta ambos discursos en la parodia y la intertextualidad para crear una novela posmoderna que invita al lector a involucrarse en un ejercicio lúdico en donde historia y ficción se confunden, se contradicen y se complementan, una fábula que gira en torno a la figura de un caudillo, pero que da voz a los seres anónimos que también son parte de la historia, para mostrar que un solo hombre no puede cambiar a una sociedad que no participa activamente en la resolución de sus problemas.

Abstract The failure of the national project, after two hundred years of independent life, has made it necessary to search in all areas for the causes of the social, economic, and political collapse that Mexico is experiencing. Hence the importance that the historical novel has today, which uses fiction to study the past, to present answers to the problems of the present. With Tierra Roja. La novela de Lázaro Cárdenas Pedro Ángel Palou reviews the historical moment in which an attempt was made to build the Mexican nation, turning the utopia of the revolution into a political project: building a more just society. The fiction develops a process of humanization of Lázaro Cárdenas, the president who wanted to fulfill the revolutionary goals by instituting a series of reforms that he was unable to firmly consolidate, so few of his conquests and ideals have survived into this century. The novel does not magnify the myth of the hero but presents a man with his fears, contradictions, desires, and dreams. Thus, fiction portrays a country in search of direction, whose destiny did not depend only on the decisions of its president, but on the numerous actions of the actants of an effervescent social construct: peasants, workers, businessmen, politicians, journalists, artists. To generate this overall vision, the narrative structure established by Palou merges two of the most popular genres in contemporary narrative, history and crime fiction, and supports both discourses in parody and intertextuality to create a postmodern novel that invites the reader to get involved in a playful exercise where history and fiction are confused, contradicted and complemented, a fable that revolves around the figure of a warlord, but which gives voice to anonymous beings who are also part of the story, to show that a single man cannot change a society that does not actively participate in solving its problems.

Blumenberg 's philosophical anthropology, about the origin and development of imaginative thinking among early human beings, serves as the backdrop to this article about the reasons art exists as a human activity. The article could be read in conjunction with a prior set of two articles by myself (in Afrikaans), "Hans Blumenberg's philosophical anthropology" and "Hans Blumenberg's model for the evolution of thought". Blumenberg posited that a strong connection exists between the earliest existential anxiety and the development of self-consciousness in humans and that this sets the human apart from the natural animal. My article looks at the evolution of thinking about art in the European human being, the way it occurred in various historical times, against the backdrop of the first thinking responses in primordial times. Art originated as a form of wishful thinking, as part of a survival response, which compensated for the early human's sudden lack of belonging in the world. This sudden lack occurred when the creature accidently strayed from its earliest natural habitat - that of being enclosed by primordial forests - and ended up on the open grasslands exposed to all kinds of dangers. As a result of this catastrophe, the early creature was confronted by the "absolutism of reality", as Blumenberg calls it, i.e. a near total lack of control over his own destiny in the face of overpowering factors of reality. The creation of art had a direct connection to this abysmal existential anxiety because it featured forms of imaging that assuaged the anxiety. Through the ages and to this day art plays a pacifying role in human culture. Blumenberg points out that the earliest developed forms of thinking were mostly of a mythical nature, i.e. of a wished-for or dreamt-up nature, such as the creation of the gods, and art in its first forms was part of this response. The primordial humans placed the gods between themselves and the absolutism of reality. They could approach the gods for favours or at least ascribe their sufferings to the wilful actions of these all-powerful beings. The humans made art as a form of assuaging their anxieties but as makers they had to make sure that they did not transgress on the gods 'primary right of creation. Move on now from primordial time to historical time. Especially in the Middle Ages, the human being found itself in a position of intense negotiation with Christian theology and with God as the Creator to make sure that while they created things they still could rely on the favour of the Creator. My article looks at Blumenberg's analyses of historical epochs, defined as such by him, that preceded the Modern Epoch and how this diachronic historical process eventually opened up the space for modern art to make its appearance. According to Blumenberg, the nature of the epochs and the reality concepts that govern these epochs, as well as their intermediary junctures, can only become apparent in retrospect. It is Modernity and the phenomenological ability that comes with modern times that enables this retrospective awareness in people. Blumenberg believes that the shapes of knowledge - be it philosophy, religion, culture or art - exist in particular ways within the broad machinations of an epoch - a way that pertains to that epoch alone. Knowledge has certain functions that may change in a follow-up epoch. Every epoch's institutions and traditions have the primary goal to ensure the survival of the human being as a social being (i.e. a failed natural creature). Aristotle's idea of "art as mimesis of nature" was the conception of art that reigned from European Antiquity through the Renaissance to early modernity. It was an idea designed to keep the favour of Providence while humankind slowly, and hidden to itself, expanded human autonomy in its self-expression. The Aristotelian God was the maker of things, based on the Forms of Plato, through the influence of Neoplatonism, and people did not exist as anything else but a subsidiary part of God's creation. The article traces several reoccupations within the Aristotelian scheme towards the eventually fully autonomous modern artist. All the reoccupations happened within reigning Christian theology, including the last vital one, the freeing of the human will on account of the expanding influence of Augustine's free-will thesis. It was theology that governed all knowing and its possibilities. But the changing of the guard in the reoccupation process leading to the meanings of modern art was laborious and slow. The "logic" of a particular threshold-period, namely the Renaissance of Leonardo da Vinci, was still bound up with the idea of a privileged viewpoint within the Aristotelian mimesis structure, much comparable in structure to the scientific observations of Copernicus. Both thinkers were still coming to terms with the unseating of the centrality of the given world. Blumenberg's critique of Paul Valéry 's wished-for analysis of Leonardo in Valery's own modern terms, argues that premodern art can only be understood for what it says if judged within the function of its own epochal frame. However, Blumenberg admires Valéry 's terms for modern art, especially the term objet ambigu, which finally leaves behind the privileged window image of art that reigned supreme during the Renaissance. The objet ambigu is an art product that has full spacial dexterity and movement. My article argues that the hard-earned freedoms that characterise the objet ambigu bring new securities as well as insecurities to the human being's world concept. One of the great gains for the modern mind is that it can consciously view meanings in terms of phenomenology, that is in a distanced way as if he is in the other time despite being in his own time. The earliest patterns of meaning that were devised by a primordial mind are mythical. These are so basic to thinking that they are imperishable, and still very instrumental in the communication modes of modern art, as my analysis of a Robert Frost poem shows. But the metaphorology underlying these "significance structures" has now been rendered self-conscious in the human, compared to the human of premodern and primordial art. In conclusion, it is postulated that certain shifts in late modernity are bringing about new forms of the absolutism of reality and existential anxiety, and that these have definite implications for the art product. Blumenberg's reality concept (Wirklichkeitsbegriff) of Widerstand ("withstanding") - of a world utterly traumatised by its freedoms and divisions - seems particularly apt, and my article cautions that the late modern state of affairs holds a threat to the freedom and intentional dimensionality of the objet ambigu. The reason for this, I propose, is that a world disunited in its attempts to save its rhetorical bulwark - i.e. the broad range of human mind activities that sets him apart as a social being - will be inclined to demand simplicity and partisan allegiance from the late modern artist, which amounts to an anti-modern and retrogressive stance despite all our means available to the contrary.

Die artikel gee 'n uiteensetting van die ontstaansredes vir die aktiwiteit van kuns teen die agtergrond van Hans Blumenberg se antropologie van die denke. Kuns is ten diepste 'n oorlewingsmeganisme en een van die mens se vroegste denkvorme. Volgens Hans Blumenberg se filosofiese antropologie bestaan daar 'n sterk verband tussen die noodsaak om kuns te skep en die beswering van eksistensiële angs, wat teruggaan na die mens se vroegste tyd van 'n selfbewussyn. Die vroegste denkvorme was mitewerkend van aard, en hieronder val die vroegste kuns ook. Dan beweeg die artikel van die primordiale na die (meer onlangse) historiese tyd, en karteer dit die Europese mens se veranderende kunsopvatting vanaf die Antieke Tyd tot by die Moderne Tyd teen die agtergrond van die filosofiese antropologie. Op grond van Blumenberg se model van tydperke wat volgens hul eie afsonderlike "tydslogika" funksioneer, en sy siening van "werklikheidsbegrippe", wat tye en tydsgewrigte tipeer, word die verskeie stadia van die Aristoteliaanse model van kuns bekyk in terme van die werking van "reokkupasie" - Blumenberg se begrip vir hoe die funksies van ideesisteme in historiese tyd evolueer. Die Aristoteliaanse opvatting het geglo kuns is die nabootsing van die natuur (Skepping). My artikel illustreer hoe die een na die ander term in hierdie opvatting sy funksie verander het totdat dit die moderne kunsopvatting, wat nie meer op nabootsing gegrond is nie maar op die selfstandige selfverwysende kunswerk, moontlik gemaak het. Leonardo da Vinci word binne die Renaissance-werklikheidsbegrip met die objet ambigu van die moderne kuns vergelyk. Die bedreiging wat 'n opnuut getraumatiseerde laatmoderne tyd vir die funksionering van die objet ambigu inhou, word bekyk.