RESUMEN La violencia es considerada como una forma de ejercicio del poder que facilita la dominación de sometimiento hacia la persona; se expresa desde la dimensión social, cultural, económica y de salud pública. En la zona sur del departamento de Puno, la mayoría de las mujeres toman las decisiones de la distribución económica familiar en sus hogares, pero existe una forma de invisibilidad de violencia de manera indistinta. El objetivo es explicar las formas de violencia doméstica y la desintegración familiar en tiempos de COVID-19 en la provincia de Puno. La metodología fue corte cuantitativo, diseño no experimental y tipo correlacional, para tal investigación se utilizó el método deductivo. Para este caso se aplicó el diseño estadístico del SPSS. Los resultados están en función a la violencia económica y el abandono de la pareja, que afectan a hogares por falta de trabajo y el costo de vida en tiempos de pandemia; otro aspecto que se considera es la violencia física y la infidelidad de la pareja, que aquejan la desintegración de la familia, y la violencia emocional trae consigo el bajo rendimiento académico en los niveles de educación, primaria, secundaria y superior en la provincia de Puno.

ABSTRACT Violence is considered as a form of exercise of power that facilitates the domination of submission to the person, it is expressed from the social, cultural, economic and public health dimension. In the southern zone of the department of Puno, most women make decisions regarding family economic distribution in their homes, in any case there is a form of invisibility of violence indistinctly. The objective is to explain the forms of domestic violence and family disintegration in times of COVID-19 in the province of Puno. The methodology is quantitative cut, non-experimental design and correlational type, for such research the deductive method was used, for this case the SPSS statistical design was applied. The results are based on the economic violence and abandonment of the couple that affect homes due to lack of work and the cost of living in times of pandemic, another aspect that is considered is the physical violence and infidelity of the couple that afflict the family disintegration and emotional violence brings with it low academic performance at the levels of education, primary, secondary and higher in the province of Puno.

Resumo O artigo discute a importância da agricultura familiar voltada para a produção de frutas para os municípios de Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos e Vinhedo (SP). Na zona rural desses municípios, há pequenas propriedades formadas a partir da desagregação de grandes fazendas de café. Nessas propriedades, predominam relações do tipo familiar, com a presença da herança cultural da tradição de imigrantes que chegaram e se fixaram nessa região do estado de São Paulo entre fim do século XIX e início do XX. O estudo procura compreender a configuração socioeconômica e cultural dos municípios estudados por meio de análises geográficas e históricas. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, trabalhos de campo para coleta de dados primários e consulta a bancos de dados como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e a Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo para coleta, análise e tabulação de dados secundários.

Abstract The article discusses the importance of family farming focused on the production of fruit, for the municipalities of Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos, and Vinhedo (state of São Paulo, Brazil). In the rural areas of these municipalities it is possible to find small rural properties formed from the disintegration of large coffee farms. In these properties, family relationships predominate, with the presence of the cultural heritage coming from the tradition of immigrants who arrived and settled in this region of the state of São Paulo between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The study seeks to understand the socioeconomic and cultural configuration of the analyzed municipalities by geographic and historical analyses. To this end, broad bibliographic research was carried out, in addition to field research to collect primary data and to consult databases, such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Department of Agriculture and Food Supply of the State of São Paulo to collect, analyze, and tabulate secondary data.

Resumen El artículo discute la importancia de la agricultura familiar orientada a la producción de frutas para los municipios de Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos y Vinhedo (SP). En las áreas rurales de estos municipios es posible encontrar pequeñas propiedades formadas a partir de la desintegración de grandes haciendas cafetaleras. En estas propiedades predominan las relaciones de tipo familiar, con presencia del patrimonio cultural proveniente de la tradición de los inmigrantes que llegaron y se establecieron en esta región del estado de São Paulo entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. El estudio busca comprender la configuración socioeconómica y cultural de los municipios estudiados a través de análisis geográficos e históricos. Para ello se realizó una extensa investigación bibliográfica, se realizaron trabajos de campo para recolectar datos primarios y consultas de bases de datos como el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) y la Secretaría de Agricultura y Abastecimiento del Estado de São Paulo para la recolección, análisis y tabulación de datos secundarios.

Abstract This study was conceived in response to the elevated indices of juvenile offenders and populations held in Juvenile Detention Centers in Mexico. The objective is to identify and analyze the principal causes of the violations of penal laws they committed while also exploring the reoccurrence of their antisocial behaviors. Seeking to elucidate the causes of these behavioral deviations, we present and discuss the characteristics observed in most of these juveniles in light of current theories of criminology. We also applied a survey to determine the kinds of criminal acts committed by the adolescent population confined in the Centro de Internamiento in Hidalgo, Mexico. Survey results contrast to the information obtained from a qualitative, comparative analysis using Ragin’s fuzzy set theory. Main findings show that for these young offenders, family disintegration, distant relations with family members, and experiences of abandonment were the preponderant factors to which they responded by violating the social order. Those conditions contributed to de-structuring their development. We also found that the absence of the offenders’ parents during processes of social reinsertion affects the success of programs, for higher levels of recurrence and recidivism were documented in those cases than in ones characterized by addiction to psychotropic substances, and those of young offenders from families with criminal histories. In conclusion, the lack of cohesion in the nuclear family unit impedes the successful reintegration of these young offenders.

Resumen Frente a los índices de niños y adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal en México y en atención a la población de los Centros de Internamiento Juvenil en el país, este estudio pretende analizar cuáles son las principales causas involucradas en la infracción de la norma penal, haciendo énfasis en la reincidencia de conductas antisociales de este grupo etario. Al proponerse explicar las causas del desvío conductual de los adolescentes, este estudio presenta y explica cuáles son los rasgos que se observan en la mayoría de los infractores juveniles, de acuerdo con las teorías criminológicas vigentes. Además, se realiza una encuesta sobre las conductas cometidas por población adolescente alojada en el Centro de Internamiento de Hidalgo y dichos resultados se contrastaron con la información obtenida al aplicar el análisis comparativo cualitativo a través de la teoría de conjuntos difusos (fuzzy sets), creada por Ragin. Los principales hallazgos de este estudio muestran que la desintegración familiar de los infractores así como las relaciones de distanciamiento y abandono en estos núcleos contribuyen, como factor preponderante, a que los jóvenes respondan transgrediendo el orden social, pues son situaciones que desestructuran su desarrollo. La ausencia de los padres en procesos de reinserción social, alteran los logros de los programas, observándose en estos casos una mayor recurrencia a la reincidencia que en aquellos en donde existió adicción a sustancias psicotrópicas o incluso en los casos de provenir de familias criminógenas. Es así que la falta de cohesión del núcleo familiar, perjudica la integración exitosa de los adolescentes en conflicto con la norma penal.

RESUMEN El objetivo principal fue describir a la luz de dos historias de vida familiares, la influencia que ha ejercido el conflicto armado colombiano en los procesos de desintegración y recomposición de la unidad familiar; buscando comprender los retos, dificultades y alternativas que atañen a las familias víctimas que han experimentado esta tensión. Se utilizó un paradigma hermenêutico, un enfoque cualitativo, un método de estudio de caso por medio de historias de vida. Para la recuperación y recopilación de los datos se empleó una entrevista semiestructurada en donde, por medio de ejes conversacionales, se dialogó sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la familia. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la hermenéutica y el análisis conversacional, lo que facilitó una codificación axial y abierta. Participaron dos familias víctimas del conflicto armado, una del Chocó y otra de Santander: Los principales hallazgos indican que el conflicto generó en sus integrantes sentimientos de tristeza, temor desconfianza y pérdida de identidad como grupo, provocando el debilitamiento de las relaciones familiares, un cambio de roles y como consecuencia, el distanciamiento entre los integrantes; asimismo, las mujeres se empoderaron en su función como cabeza de familia, dando soporte emocional y económico, mostrando su resiliencia, emprendimiento y generosidad, lo que permitió la posterior recomposición de la familia.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to describe, in the light of two family life stories, the influence that the Colombian armed conflict has had on the processes of disintegration and recomposition of the family unit, with the intention of understanding the challenges, alternatives and difficulties presented to victim families who have experienced this stress. An hermeneutical paradigm, a qualitative approach, and a case study method through life stories lead the methodology For the recovery and gathering of data, a semi-structured interview was used, in which, through conversational axes, the past, present and future of the family were discussed. Hermeneutics and conversational analysis were used to analyze the data, which allowed for an axial and open coding. Two families who were victims of the armed conflict participated, one from Chocó and the other from Santander The main findings of this study indicated that the conflict generated in its members feelings °f sadness, fear mistrust and loss of identity as a group, causing the weakening of family relationships, a change in roles and, as a consequence, distance between the members. Likewise, women were empowered in their role as heads of the family giving emotional and economic support, showing their resilience, entrepreneurship and generosity, which allowed the recomposition of the family to take place.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever à luz de duas histórias de vida familiar a influência que o conflito armado colombiano teve nos processos de desintegração e recomposição do núcleo familiar com o intuito de compreender os desafios, alternativas e dificuldades apresentado às famílias das vítimas que passaram por esse estresse. Para tanto, foi utilizado um paradigma hermenêutico, uma abordagem qualitativa, um método de estudo de caso por meio de histórias de vida. Para a recuperação e compilação dos dados, foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, na qual, por meio de eixos conversacionais, foram discutidos o passado, o presente e o futuro da família. A hermenêutica e a análise conversacional foram utilizadas para a análise dos dados, o que facilitou uma codificação axial e aberta. Participaram duas famílias vítimas do conflito armado, uma de Chocó e outra de Santander Os principais achados deste estudo indicam que o conflito gerou em seus membros sentimentos de tristeza, medo, desconfiança e perda da identidade como grupo, ocasionando o enfraquecimento das relações familiares, mudança de papéis e, por consequência, distanciamento entre os membros. Da mesma forma, as mulheres foram empoderadas no papel de chefes de família, dando suporte emocional e econômico, mostrando sua resiliência, empreendedorismo e generosidade, o que permitiu a recomposição da família.

ABSTRACT The crime of femicide leads to the deterioration and fragmentation of the cell of Ecuadorian society. Parents, children, siblings, and grandparents are indirect victims who suffer the consequences of violence and the death of women due to their gender condition. The family experiences at every link in its chain the effects of sexual exploitation, psychological injury, and physical deterioration. On the other hand, children and adolescents are left economically and legally helpless to survive, because the legislative system presents cracks in the protection of direct and indirect victims. The increase in vulnerable families grows as gender violence against women increases every year. Therefore, the objective is to determine the effects of femicide in the family environment by means of the General Problem-Solving method and the Ishikawa Diagram to group the main causes into groups of factors that influence family degradation. In the development of the analysis, the necessary skills of the experts in the decision-making of the experiment were validated. Among the results, the foundations are established to promote projects and programs to mitigate the effects derived from the disintegration of the family bosom.

RESUMEN El delito de femicidio conduce al deterioro y la fragmentación de la célula de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Padres, hijos, hermanos y abuelos son víctimas indirectas que sufren las secuelas de la violencia y la muerte de mujeres por su condición de género. La familia experimenta en cada eslabón de su cadena los efectos de la explotación sexual, el agravio psicológico y el deterioro físico. Por otro lado, los niños y adolescentes quedan desamparados económicamente y legal para poder subsistir, debido que el sistema legislativo presenta fisuras en la protección de las víctimas directas e indirectas. El incremento de familias vulnerables crece en la medida que la violencia de género hacia la mujer asciende cada año. Por lo que se establece como objetivo determinar los efectos del femicidio en el entorno familiar mediante el método General de Solución de Problemas y el Diagrama de Ishikawa para agrupar las principales causas en grupos de factores que influyen en la degradación familiar. En el desarrollo del análisis se validó las competencias necesarias de los expertos en la toma de decisiones del experimento. Entre los resultados se establece los cimientos para promover proyectos y programas para mitigar los efectos derivados de la desintegración del seno familiar.

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with the emigration that arose in the country due to the economic and social crisis that was reinforced from the year 1999, evidencing itself in a considerable way, the emigrants who undertook a trip to different countries of the European Union and to the United States of America, mainly, because of the difficult economic situation that the country was going through at that time. On the other hand, it is important to state that somehow, emigration gave impetus to the economic and social development of families; the research will focus on the Quevedo Canton. The population under study has 195,593 inhabitants, applying the statistical formula; it was obtained a sample of 381 people to survey. It was found that families were forced to emigrate to different countries due to the complicated economic situation that was experienced, which brought with it affectations to the family nucleus.

RESUMEN La presente investigación versa sobre la emigración que suscitó en el país por la crisis económica y social que se apuntala a partir del año 1999, evidenciándose de manera considerable, los emigrantes que emprendían viaje hacia diferentes países de la Unión Europea y a los Estados Unidos de América principalmente, a causa de la difícil situación económica por la que atravesaba el país en aquel entonces. Por otro lado, es importante manifestar que de alguna forma la emigración dio impulso al desarrollo económico y social de las familias, la investigación se enfocará en el cantón Quevedo, la población objeto de estudio cuenta con 195.593 habitantes, aplicando la formula estadística se obtuvo una muestra de 381 personas a encuestar. Se constató que las familias se vieron en la necesidad de emigrar a diferentes países por la complicada situación económica que se vivía, lo que trajo consigo afectaciones al núcleo familiar.

Abstract This paper draws upon social theories that outline different contextual factors in law-breaking to explore the association between certain aspects of social deterioration in a sample of individuals and their participation in drug trafficking, by using a quantitative methodology and a new database obtained from the records of 371 inmates convicted of drug crimes in the state of Sonora (Mexico). The findings show that having a criminal record, using illegal drugs, poverty, educational lag, family disintegration, and residence in the state influence participation in drug trafficking. This analysis contributes to a discussion of the factors that facilitate the spread of crime in northern Mexico and notes that a deterioration in social conditions is a crucial factor in choosing to engage in criminal activity.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la existencia de una asociación entre algunas condiciones del deterioro social de una muestra de individuos y su participación dentro del tráfico de drogas, partiendo de teorías sociales que señalan distintos factores del contexto detrás de la trasgresión de la ley. Por medio de una metodología cuantitativa y una nueva base de datos que surge del estudio de 371 expedientes de personas presas por delitos de drogas en el estado de Sonora, México, los hallazgos muestran que antecedentes penales, consumo de drogas, condición de pobreza, rezago educativo, desintegración familiar y residencia en dicho estado influyen en la participación en actividades de tráfico de drogas. Este análisis contribuye a la discusión sobre algunos de los elementos que facilitan la reproducción de la delincuencia en el norte de México y señala que el deterioro de las condiciones sociales son elementos cruciales en la adhesión a actividades delictivas.

O artigo em questão interroga a política temporal queer das “casas” no salão de baile e na cena voguing. As casas constituem a unidade axiomática desta comunidade marcada pela marginalização racial e sexual e, como tal, criam relações familiares alternativas entre os membros, em resposta às rejeições da família biológica e da sociedade em geral. Espelhando a tradicional instituição familiar, as casas Vogue não só se tornam uma fonte de proteção, cuidado, confiança e conhecimento; sua própria estrutura, eu argumento, induz a um tempo de reprodução queer. Contrariando o tempo heteronormativo sequencial dos marcos da vida e das realizações d’acordo à idade, o tempo queer do voguing é uma desidentificação temporal que se mistura para construir criativamente os imperativos geracionais e reprodutivos. Ao fazer isso, a política do voguing abre o horizonte dos futuros possíveis: é uma centelha de resistência incorporada com um imaginário utópico queer.

The paper at hand interrogates the queer temporal politics of “houses” in the ballroom and voguing scene. Houses constitute the axiomatic unit of this community marked by racial and sexual marginalisation and as such create alternative familial relations between members in response to rejections from the biological family and society in general. Mirroring the traditional family institution, vogue houses not only become a source of protection, care, trust and knowledge; their very structure, I argue, induces a queer reprogenerational time. Countering the sequential heteronormative time of lifetime milestones and agefitting achievements, the queer time of voguing is a temporal disidentification that jumbles around and constructively misappropriates generational and reproductive imperatives. In doing this, the politics of voguing opens the horizon of possible futures: it is a spark of embodied resistance with a queer utopian imaginary.

El presente artículo cuestiona las políticas temporales queer de las casas (salones) de baile y los escenarios del voguing. Las casas constituyen la indiscutible unidad de esta comunidad marcada por la marginación racial y sexual y, como tales, forman relaciones familiares alternativas entre los integrantes, ante el rechazo de la familia biológica y de la sociedad en general. Al reflejar la institución familiar tradicional, las casas vogue se convierten no solo en fuente de protección, seguridad, confianza y conocimiento, sino que su estructura misma parece dar paso a tiempos de reproducción generacional queer. Como contrapeso entre los tiempos heteronormativos secuenciales de las etapas importantes de la vida y los logros relativos a la edad, la carencia temporal de identidad de los tiempos del voguing confunde y usurpa de un modo positivo los imperativos generacionales y reproductivos. De este modo, la política de voguing abre los horizontes a futuros posibles: enciende una chispa de resistencia materializada con un imaginario utópico queer.

Resumen El artículo inicia con la presentación del relato social como forma de discurso, que se inserta en los procesos comunicativos y fundamenta las relaciones humanas. Luego explora el trabajo infantil: primero como relato, más adelante como conjunto de argumentos científicos emergentes de las revistas indexadas y, finalmente, como escenario político en los procesos de construcción ciudadana. Como protagonista del relato social aparece una familia en situación límite, cuyo nivel de ingreso está por debajo del salario crítico y necesita del trabajo infantil para satisfacer sus necesidades. Del encuentro entre autoridades institucionales y esta familia surgen reflexiones sobre el valor y la necesidad del trabajo infantil y su regulación. El relato familiar se toma como base hermenéutica para adentrarse en el discurso científico e identificar los conceptos que definen el trabajo infantil, asumido como experiencia social y unidad de análisis. El acercamiento al discurso científico se realiza a través de revistas indexadas, que permiten comprender la situación de los niños trabajadores desde diversas perspectivas. En esta línea de argumentación, la infancia se configura como grupo en el que los poderes crean nichos de mercado y exclusión. La Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP) se sitúa en una doble dimensión, como herramienta hermenéutica que identifica a la infancia trabajadora como fuerza política, y como metodología cualitativa, para convertir a esta población en protagonista de su propio cambio. Al cruzar la información del relato con la de las revistas indexadas, se identifica una situación límite en la que se pone en peligro la integración de la familia. En el caso estudiado, el trabajo infantil confronta a la familia con otras instituciones y en un intento por tomar medidas de protección puede generar situaciones de riesgo. El artículo presenta ideas a tener en cuenta cuando familia e instituciones de protección entren en contacto, con motivo de situaciones laborales poco claras en las que se vea involucrada la infancia; así mismo, cuestiona las acciones políticas con respecto a la infancia trabajadora y enfatiza la necesidad de ampliar su capacidad de participación en las decisiones civiles, para que se apropie de su destino. Descriptores: bienestar de la infancia, desigualdad social, Investigación Acción Participante, trabajo de menores.

Abstract The article starts out by introducing the social narrative as a form of discourse that is incorporated into communicative processes and grounds human relations. It then goes on to explore child labour: first as a narrative, then, as a series of scientific arguments found in indexed journals, and, finally, as a political scenario in citizenship-building processes. The protagonist of the social narrative is a family facing an extreme situation, given that its income level is below the minimum salary and child labour is necessary to satisfy their needs. These relections on the value and the need for child labour and its regulation arise from the encounter between institutional authorities and the family. The family narrative is taken as the hermeneutic basis to delve into the scientific discourse in order to identify the concepts that define child labour as a social experience and unit of analysis. Indexed journals allow for the approach to the scientific discourse and make it possible to understand the situation of working children from different perspectives. According to this line of reasoning, childhood emerges as a group in which power creates market niches and exclusion. Participatory Action Research operates in two dimensions: as a hermeneutic tool to identify working children as a political force, and as a qualitative methodology to transform that population into the protagonist of its own change. Cross-referencing information provided by the narrative with that obtained from indexed journals leads to the identification of an extreme situation that jeopardizes the unity of the family. In the case studied, child labour puts the family face to face with other institutions, and the attempt to adopt protective measures can generate risk situations. The article offers ideas that should be taken into account when family and protection institutions come into contact due to unclear labour situations involving children. It also questions political actions regarding working children and highlights the need to broaden their capacity to participate in civil decisions, thus taking charge of their own destiny.

Resumo Este artigo se inicia com a apresentação do relato social como forma de discurso, que se insere nos processos comunicativos e fundamenta as relações humanas. Em seguida, explora o trabalho infantil: primeiro como relato, depois como conjunto de argumentos científicos emergentes das revistas indexadas e, finalmente, como cenário político nos processos de construção cidadã. Como protagonista do relato social, aparece uma família em situação-limite, cujo nível de renda está abaixo do salário crítico e necessita do trabalho infantil para atender suas necessidades. Do encontro entre autoridades institucionais e essa família, surgem relexões sobre o valor e necessidade do trabalho infantil e sua regulamentação. O relato familiar toma-se como base hermenêutica para entrar no discurso científico e identificar os conceitos que definem o trabalho infantil, assumido como experiência social e unidade de análise. A aproximação ao discurso científico realiza-se por meio de revistas indexadas que permitem compreender a situação das crianças trabalhadoras sob diversas perspectivas. Nessa linha de argumentação, a infância configura-se como grupo no qual os poderes criam nichos de mercado e exclusão. A pesquisa-ação participativa situa-se numa dupla dimensão, como ferramenta hermenêutica que identífica a infância trabalhadora como força política, e enquanto metodologia qualitativa, para converter essa população em protagonista de sua própria mudança. Ao cruzar as informações do relato com as das revistas, se identificou uma situação-limite na qual se coloca em perigo a integração da família. No caso estudado, o trabalho infantil confronta a família com outras instituições e uma tentativa para tomar medidas de proteção, pode gerar situações de risco. Este artigo apresenta ideias a serem consideradas para quando família e instituições de proteção entrem em contato, com motivo de situações de trabalho pouco claras, nas quais a infância se veja envolvida; além disso, questiona as ações políticas a respeito da infância trabalhadora e enfatiza a necessidade de ampliar sua capacidade de participação das decisões civis para que se aproprie de seu destino.

Este artículo aborda la reintegración de un adolescente a su madre y las razones que dieron lugar a múltiples medidas de atención residencial. El estudio se hizo desde el enfoque sistémico y la teoría de las redes sociales. Los instrumentos fueron red-mapas, entrevistas y análisis de documentos. El análisis de la información se basó en el enfoque constructivo interpretativo que resultó en dos áreas de significado: “La repetición de abandono y las dificultades en el proceso de reintegración familiar” y “no contaba con nadie” frente a “tenía mucha gente, pero de nada ayudaba”. Llegamos a la conclusión de que varias medidas de atención residencial adolescente se deben a la fragilidad de sus lazos familiares y la falta de un trabajo integrado con las redes sociales.

This article discusses the reintegration of a teenager to living with his mother and the reasons that required multiple residential care measures, based on the systemic approach and the theory of social networks. The instruments used were interviews, network maps and document analysis. The analysis of the information was based on the constructive-interpretative approach that covered two zones of meaning: “The repetition of abandonment and difficulties in family reintegration processes” and “I had no one to tell” versus “A lot of people, but they were useless”. We conclude that the reasons for an adolescent’s multiple residential care periods is due to the fragility of his his family ties and the lack of integrated work by social networks.

Este artigo discute a reintegração de uma adolescente à sua mãe e os motivos que resultaram em múltiplas medidas de acolhimento institucional, a partir da abordagem sistêmica e da teoria das redes sociais. Os instrumentos foram mapa de rede, entrevistas análise documental. A análise das informações baseou-se na abordagem construtiva-interpretativa que resultou em duas zonas de sentido: “A repetição do abandono e as dificuldades no processo de reintegração familiar” e “Eu não tinha ninguém para contar” versus “Tem muita gente, mas de nada adianta”. Conclui-se que as múltiplas medidas de acolhimento institucional da adolescente se devem a fragilidade de seus vínculos familiares e a falta de um trabalho integrado com as redes sociais.

Objetivo: Interpretar los significados en las transformaciones que vive el sistema familiar cuando cuida a uno de sus miembros con enfermedad oncológica en etapa avanzada. Métodos: Estudio fenomenológico hermenéutico. Se realizaron nueve entrevistas en profundidad. Se utilizó la narrativa para llegar a una apreciación más genuina de las personas como seres sociales activos, y a considerar la forma de construir las realidades personales y culturales a través de las historias y los relatos. Resultados: Emergieron tres metáforas comprensivas del fenómeno: la vivencia de la enfermedad como aceptación que genera aprendizajes; la enfermedad como posibilidad de renovación interna, y la desintegración familiar en medio de una estructura social vulnerable. Conclusiones: En las personas entrevistadas, afloran sentimientos, actitudes y una sabiduría propia que les permiten la comprensión de lo que les significa la vivencia de una enfermedad como el cáncer y obligan a movilizar fuerzas a todo nivel. Emergieron capacidades articuladas con algunas limitaciones, se desarrollaron competencias para aprender a cuidar desde el conocimiento, las habilidades y el valor para hacerlo; se reconfiguré la experiencia de cuidado con actos de valentía para superar el sentimiento de dolor por su propia enfermedad y por relaciones familiares difíciles.

Objective: To interpret the meanings in the transformations affecting the family system when it takes care of one of its members with oncological disease in advanced stage. Methods: Hermeneutic phenomenological study. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted. The narrative was used to reach a more genuine appreciation of people as active social beings, and to consider the way to build personal and cultural realities through stories and tales. Results: the comprehensive metaphors that emerged were the experience of the disease as acceptance that generates learning; disease as possibility of internal renewal; and family breakdown in the middle of a vulnerable social structure. Conclusions: In the interviewees emerge feelings, attitudes and wisdom itself, that allows them to understand what it means for them the experience of a disease such as cancer, which requires mobilizing forces at all levels. Capabilities articulated with some limitations emerged; competencies to learn to care basing on the knowledge, skills and courage to do so were developed; care experience is reconfigured with acts of bravery to overcome the feeling of pain caused by the disease and by difficult family relationships.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la percepción que un grupo de mujeres internas en el Centro de Reclusión Femenino, próximas a ser liberadas, tenía acerca de la dinámica relacional de su familia de origen y la familia de elección. Entrevistamos a diez mujeres en forma individual. Encontramos que provienen de familias en las que existe una figura de autoridad dominante que suele ser la madre, y una figura paterna que es periférica o nula; es frecuente la violencia familiar y el abuso. La reclusión carcelaria acentúa la crisis familiar debido a que se trata de familias con escasos recursos económicos. La reclusión es un fenómeno que trasciende el ámbito familiar y carcelario, para plantearse como un asunto de interés para las políticas sociales de apoyo a la población carcelaria.

This research aims to characterize the perceptions among a group of female residents at a Female Detention Center that were close to being released regarding the dynamics of the relationships among their birth families and the families that later constructed. Ten women were individually interviewed. It was found that they come from families where the dominant authority figure is usually the mother while the father figure is peripheral or absent. There are often incidents of domestic violence and abuse within these families. The time in jail heightens the family crisis due to fact that these are families with low incomes. Imprisonment is a phenomenon that transcends the family and prison environments and should be considered an area of interest for social policies that support the imprisoned population.

Esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a percepção que um grupo de mulheres presas no Centro Feminino de Reclusão, e próximas de serem liberadas, tinha sobre a dinâmica de relação de sua família de origem e a família escolhida. Foram entrevistadas dez mulheres individualmente. Os resultados mostraram que elas vêm de famílias nas quais há uma figura de autoridade dominante, que normalmente é a mãe, e uma figura paterna, que é periférica ou nula; é frequente a violência familiar e o abuso. O encarceramento acentua a crise familiar já que se tratam de famílias com escassos recursos econômicos. A prisão é um fenômeno que transcende o âmbito familiar e carcerário e deve ser considerada como um assunto de interesse para as políticas sociais de apoio à população prisional.

Violence is not a problem linked to poverty or marginalization, but rather to the deterioration oflife conditions, family disintegration, and the low expectations of teenagers and young adults about the future. This neglect has driven them to juvenile delinquency and is reflected by their presence in Tijuana's penitentiary system. This study examines the methods used by the Centro de Diagnóstico para Adolescentes de Tijuana, and suggests introducing changes in the recidivism program, at least in educational matters. Interviews with detained teenagers were used in this study to help explain and provide understanding for this situation.

La violencia no es un problema de pobreza o marginación; se vincula al deterioro de condiciones de vida, desintegración familiar y bajas expectativas de adolescentes y jóvenes en el futuro. Este abandono los orilla a conductas antisociales tipificadas en delincuencia juvenil y su reclusión en el sistema penitenciario en Tijuana. El estudio sitúa en perspectiva las medidas instrumentadas en el Centro de Diagnóstico para Adolescentes de Tijuana y sugiere cambios en las prácticas de reinserción, por lo menos en lo educativo. El ejercicio se apoya en entrevistas con adolescentes recluidos para entender y explicar mejor este fenómeno.

Child abuse is defined as causing or permitting any harmful or offensive contact on a child's body; and any communication or transaction of any kind which humiliates, shames, or frightens the child. Some child development experts go a bit further and define child abuse as any act or omission, which fails to nurture or in the upbringing of the children. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect as: <<at a minimum, any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.>> Child abuse can be classified as physical, emotional, neglect or sexual. Physical Abuse: This type of abuse can be defined as the inflicting of physical injury upon a child. This may include burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating, or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child, the injury is not an accident. It may, however, been the result of over-discipline or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child's age. Emotional Abuse (also known as verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological maltreatment): This type of abuse includes acts or the failures to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. Neglect: This type is defined as the failure to provide for the child's basic needs. Neglect can be physical, educational, or emotional. Physical neglect can include not providing adequate food or clothing, appropriate medical care, supervision, or proper weather protection (heat or coats). It may include abandonment. Educational neglect includes failure to provide appropriate schooling or special educational needs, allowing excessive truancies. Sexual Abuse: It refers to the inappropriate sexual behavior with a child. It includes fondling a child's genitals, making the child fondle the adult's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism and sexual exploitation. To be considered child abuse these acts have to be committed by a person responsible for the care of a child (for example a baby-sitter, a parent, or a daycare provider) or related to the child. The prevalence of child abuse has been reported as 4.5% to 21.6% in epidemiological studies and 14.6% to 48% in clinical studies. An epidemiological study in Mexico found at 16% to 20% prevalence, being the physical and emotional abuse the more frequently reported. This study also showed that the mother is the perpetrator in a high percentage of cases and mentioned some characteristics of the patients and their families which were associated with the different types of abuse. There are many factors that may contribute to the occurrence of child abuse and neglect, such as an inadequate family environment, the history of illness or any disability in the children or the presence of psychopathology in the parents. Parents may be more likely to maltreat their children if they abuse drugs or alcohol. They also may not be able to cope with the stress associated with their children care. Child abuse has been associated with psychopathology. The impairments in significant areas of child development caused by maltreatment may account for the elevated symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct disorders and substance abuse among children and adolescents with histories of physical and sexual abuse. In particular, children and adolescents with externalizing disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder may be in a higher risk for maltreatment. The objectives of this study were to examine the frequency of maltreatment reported by adolescents with psychiatric disorders and explore their demographic characteristics and family functioning. Methods The sample included male and female adolescents (13 to 17 years old) attending the inpatient and outpatient services at the Child Psychiatric Hospital in Mexico City. After giving their informed consent, the patients and their parents were assessed with the Semistructured Interview for Adolescents, a diagnostic interview which follows DSM-IV criteria for 17 major diagnoses. After that, adolescents were asked to fulfill a survey for child abuse, a previously designed questionnaire to explore the presence of physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect. This questionnaire also assesses some characteristics of the parents and the family (income, educational level, family structure and conflict resolution, among others). The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results One hundred patients (50% male, mean age 14.79±1.60 years old, with a mean of 7.8±1.68 years of school) were evaluated. Most of them (56%) were living with both parents, the parents educational level more frequently reported was middle school (32% of the mothers and 30% of the fathers). Intimate partner violence was reported by 22% of the sample. According to the psychiatric diagnostic interview, the most frequent diagnoses in the sample were major depressive disorder(61%), ADHD (39%), conduct disorder (31%), substance abuse (31%) and anxiety disorders (17%). The rates of the different types of abuse reported by this sample of adolescents were as follows: Emotional abuse (77% perpetrated by the mother and 61% by the father), physical abuse (41% perpetrated by the mother and 34% by the father), severe physical abuse (29% perpetrated by the mother and 26% by the father), neglect (8%) and sexual abuse (24%). A 19% of the sample reported to be physically abused by the mother before the age of 5, while 11% reported to be physically abused by the father by the age of 5. Patients with ADHD and those with conduct disorder reported the highest frequencies of abuse. The adolescents with substance abuse disorders reported high frequency of emotional abuse. When patients were asked to give their opinion about the frequency with which they were physically punished, the investigators found that a high percentage of adolescents agreed to receive physical punishment (22% considered to be punished <<with reason>> and 12% considered normal to be hit). Only 8% to 11% considered that their parents hit them excessively. The sample was divided according to their diagnoses in patients with externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders and substance abuse/dependence and the frequency of the different types of abuse was calculated. The physical abuse by the mother was more frequent in patients with externalizing disorders and substance abuse; the physical abuse by the father was more frequent in patients with externalizing disorders. These patients also reported the highest frequency of severe physical abuse and emotional abuse by the mother. The frequency of sexual abuse was reported by 22% or each diagnostic group. When the patients were asked to explain why were they physically punished, the main reasons exposed were disobedience and disrespect; however, more than 20% explained that their parents were intoxicated with alcohol or drugs while punishing them. Conclusions The frequency of abuse reported by this sample of adolescents with psychiatric disorders was higher than the reported in an epidemiologic sample, particularly in the rates of sexual abuse. The present sample also exhibited unfavorable social, demographic and familial characteristics. Emotional abuse was the most frequently reported in this sample. The mother was the more frequently perpetrator for physical and emotional abuse.

El concepto de maltrato o abuso en la infancia incluye acciones y omisiones infligidas al menor, generalmente por personas del medio familiar, que interfieren con su desarrollo integral y lesionan sus derechos como persona. El maltrato se clasifica como físico, físico grave, emocional, negligencia y abuso sexual. La prevalencia del maltrato se ha reportado en estudios epidemiológicos (4.5% a 21%) y en estudios de población clínica (6% a 48%) realizados en varios países. En México la encuesta de maltrato infantil y factores asociados reportó una prevalencia del maltrato de 16% a 20%, siendo el maltrato físico, el maltrato físico grave y el maltrato emocional los más frecuentes. El maltrato infantil es un problema multicausal. Dentro de los factores familiares asociados al maltrato se han mencionado la desintegración familiar, la violencia entre los padres y el menor nivel educativo de éstos. La psicopatología se ha reportado en 9% de los niños y adolescentes maltratados, mencionándose al maltrato como predictor de ésta. Se ha encontrado mayor frecuencia de trastornos afectivos, ansiosos, conductuales y de abuso de sustancias en sujetos víctimas de maltrato crónico. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar la frecuencia y tipos de maltrato reportados por pacientes adolescentes con psicopatología y determinar la frecuencia de los factores demográficos y de funcionamiento familiar que se han asociado al maltrato en estos pacientes. Método El diseño del estudio fue transversal y descriptivo. La muestra incluyó adolescentes de 13 a 17 años de ambos sexos, usuarios de los servicios de consulta externa, urgencias y hospitalización del Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil <<Dr. Juan N. Navarro>>. Los pacientes fueron evaluados con la Entrevista Semiestructurada para Adolescentes para obtener el diagnóstico y contestaron la Encuesta de Maltrato Infantil, que incluye apartados para determinar la presencia de maltrato, las creencias del sujeto acerca del mismo, antecedentes de patología en el adolescente, características de la estructura y nivel socioeconómico familiar y su estilo para solucionar conflictos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados La muestra se conformó de un total de 100 pacientes (50% hombres, edad promedio 14.79±1.60 años), 56% pertenecía a una familia integrada. Para ambos padres el nivel de escolaridad más frecuentemente reportado fue de secundaria, 22% reportó violencia entre sus padres. Los diagnósticos más frecuentemente encontrados fueron episodio depresivo mayor (61%), trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH)(39%), trastorno disocial (31%), abuso de sustancias (31%) y trastornos de ansiedad (17%). Las frecuencias reportadas de los diferentes tipos de maltrato fueron: maltrato emocional 77%, maltrato físico 41%, negligencia 8% y abuso sexual 24%. La madre perpetró el abuso físico y emocional con mayor frecuencia. Los pacientes con TDAH y trastorno disocial reportaron las frecuencias más altas de todos los tipos de abuso, los adolescentes con diagnóstico de abuso de sustancias también reportaron alta frecuencia de abuso emocional. El abuso sexual fue reportado con frecuencia similar por los pacientes con trastornos afectivos, de conducta y por uso de sustancias. Al preguntar a los pacientes las razones por las que sus padres los golpeaban, la desobediencia y la falta de respeto fueron las razones más frecuentemente reportadas; el maltrato también se atribuyó a que los padres estuvieran nerviosos o hubieran consumido sustancias psicoactivas, siendo estas razones más frecuentemente expuestas por los adolescentes con diagnóstico de abuso de sustancias. Conclusiones La muestra estudiada de adolescentes reportó frecuencias elevadas de maltrato y abuso sexual. También presentó indicadores demográficos desfavorables (familias desintegradas, violencia ente los padres y baja escolaridad de los mismos), que deben tomarse en cuenta como factores de riesgo para el maltrato, aunados a la psicopatología.

This article describes the sharp contrast in the self image that Hñähñü youths from the Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo express about themselves, when compared to the perceptions of four adults with whom they have had long-standing contact: three school principals and a local priest. The adults speak of the youths as suffering from serious problems of family disintegration and deserted communities. They point to negative personal attributes displayed in their interactions with others, and consider them to be weak, as evidenced by their inability to solve everyday problems because of their deficiencies. These adults perceive the youths as simply lacking the necessary personal characteristics to be able to make any significant achievements. The youths, for their part, present a very different self image that they have built from their life experience, a self image characterized by strongly held aspirations of personal betterment and academic success. They have identified ways in which they can change the adverse conditions which they have had to confront in their lives. They make reference to family values and identify themselves as members of their families and as belonging to communities with which they have established enduring and significant relations.

Existe un fuerte contraste entre lo que expresan de sí mismos, algunos jóvenes originarios de diversas comunidades Hñähñü, ubicadas entre los municipios de Ixmiquilpan y El Cardonal en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo y las percepciones que explicitan sobre ellos cuatro personas, tres directores de instituciones educativas y un sacerdote. Las percepciones de los adultos, inducen a la idea de que existe fuerte desintegración familiar y desarraigo comunitario en los jóvenes, además de que poseen atributos en su persona y en su actuar frente a otros, que se presentan como debilidad para la resolución de problemas cotidianos, en el sentido de deficiencia y/o carencia de atributos necesarios para alcanzar logros significativos. Los jóvenes por su parte, exponen rasgos de auto-imagen que han elaborado a partir de sus experiencias de vida, en los cuales dejan ver sus aspiraciones de superación personal y académica, que han identificado formas de cambiar las condiciones adversas con las que han convivido durante sus trayectorias vitales. Exponen referentes familiares que conciben como valores y se identifican como integrantes de una familia y una comunidad a la que pertenecen y con los que entablan relaciones significativas y duraderas.