BACKGROUND: Gardner's Syndrome represents an autosomal dominant variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis in which affected individuals have a 100% risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. The extra-intestinal manifestations in the head and neck region allow for the early recognition and diagnosis of this rare syndrome. The defining triad of features includes intestinal polyposis, dento-osseous anomalies and soft tissue lesions METHODS: A 20-year-old female patient presented with a main complaint of swelling involving the left side of her nose, at which time a panoramic radiograph was obtained RESULTS: Radiographic findings showed multiple osteomas, odontomas, missing teeth as well as unerupted and impacted teeth, the features of which are highly suggestive of Gardner's Syndrome CONCLUSION: Early recognition of the extra-intestinal features of Gardner's Syndrome warrants patient referral for further investigation including colonoscopy and genetic testing

Abstract Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a genetic disorder affecting anatomical structures with an ectodermal origin. The consequent alveolar bone anomalies and lack of teeth require a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitate patients function and esthetics. To avoid bone grafting procedures the application of zygomatic implants was suggested for the upper jaw treatment. The advancements in three-dimensional (3D) radiology and the introduction of digital implant planning software could enhance the approach to zygomatic implants in ED patients. The present case report describes the quad zygomatic implant treatment of the edentulous maxilla of an ED patient by means of computer guided implant surgery. The patient reported previous failure of bone grafting procedures in the upper jaw. The implants were immediately loaded with a screw-retained complete-arch resin prosthesis. The patient was followed up for 1 year with no biological nor mechanical complications reported, but a slight bone resorption in the anterior zone was observed. Zygomatic implants could be a potential alternative treatment to bone grafting in upper jaw and the digital implant planning could enhance the surgical procedure.

Resumen La displasia ectodérmica (DE) es una enfermedad genética que afecta las estructuras anatómicas de origen ectodérmico. Las consiguientes anomalías del hueso alveolar y la anodoncia requieren un planteamiento multidisciplinario para rehabilitar la función y la estética de los pacientes. Para evitar procedimientos de injerto óseo se sugirió la aplicación de implantes cigomáticos para el tratamiento del maxilar superior. Los avances en radiología tridimensional (3D) y la introducción de software de planificación de implantes digitales podrían mejorar el enfoque de los implantes cigomáticos en los pacientes con displasia ectodérmica. El presente reporte de caso describe el tratamiento con implantes cigomáticos en el maxilar superior edéntulo de un paciente con displasia ectodérmica mediante cirugía de implantes guiada por ordenador. El paciente refirió fracaso de procedimientos de injerto óseo en el maxilar superior. Los implantes se cargaron inmediatamente con una prótesis de resina de arcada completa. El paciente ha sido incluido en un programa de control postoperatorio por 1 año, sin reportarse complicaciones ni biológicas ni mecánicas, siendo el único problema encontrado una ligera reabsorción ósea en la zona anterior. Los implantes cigomáticos podrían ser un posible tratamiento alternativo al injerto óseo en el maxilar superior y la planificación de implantes digitales podría mejorar el procedimiento quirúrgico.

Cleaning and shaping of the root canal are profoundly affected by the complexity of root and canal morphology. Undiscovered roots or canals may lead to a reduced prognosis of a treated tooth as hidden causative organisms and their by-products can cause re-infection. Most maxillary first molars have three roots, namely mesio-buccal (MB), disto-buccal (DB) and palatal (P). They can be separate or fused, with incidences varying between populations. Anomalies have also been documented that include single-rooted, double-rooted, four and even five-rooted teeth. Additional roots are mostly in the form of additional palatal roots and are known as either a radix mesiolingualis (RML) or radix distolingualis (RDL). This paper is the first of two giving an overview, focused on micro-CT, of available literature on various aspects of the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first permanent molar. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of the external root morphology in different populations. The content is supported by illustrative micro-CT images and case reports of rare morphological findings on maxillary first molars.

ABSTRACT Introduction: premature loss of primary teeth is associated with reduced arch length and migration of contiguous and antagonist teeth. It can compromise the natural maintenance of the arch perimeter and the eruption of the successor tooth. Objective: to characterize the premature loss of primary teeth in school children. Methods: descriptive observational cross-sectional study in children of the Frank País elementary school belonging to the Pedro Borrás University Polyclinic, Pinar del Río municipality during the period October 2021 to June 2023. Universe: 200 children from first to fifth grade. Sample: intentional non-probabilistic sample, which included 113 children considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Absolute frequencies, percentages and non-parametric Chi-square test were used as summary measures. Results: there was a greater presence of girls (56,6 %) in the five - seven years age group (69 %). The most frequent causes of loss of temporaries were dental caries (52,2 %) and pulp necrosis (26,5 %) in both age groups. There was greater involvement of lower first molars (66,1 %). Root development of the substitute permanent tooth predominated in Nolla stages five and six (28,3 % and 48,7 %). The predominant anomalies resulting from tooth loss were decreased arch perimeter (80,5 %) and mesial migration of primary molars (63,7 %). Conclusions: premature loss of primary teeth is modifiable if dental care and attention to the child with deciduous dentition is assumed as a priority by the family from early stages of life.

RESUMEN Introducción: la pérdida prematura de dientes primarios se asocia a reducción de longitud del arco dentario y migración de dientes contiguos y antagonistas. Puede comprometer el mantenimiento natural del perímetro del arco y la erupción del diente sucesor. Objetivo: caracterizar la pérdida prematura de dientes temporales en escolares. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en niños de la escuela primaria Frank País pertenecientes al Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás, municipio Pinar del Río durante el periodo octubre 2021 a junio 2023. Universo: 200 niños de primero a quinto grado. Muestra: intencional no probabilística, que incluyó 113 niños considerando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Como medidas de resumen se emplearon frecuencias absolutas, porcentuales y prueba no paramétrica de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: se registró mayor presencia de niñas (56,6 %) del grupo cinco-siete años (69 %). Las causas más frecuentes de pérdida de temporales fueron caries dental (52,2 %) y necrosis pulpar (26,5 %) en ambos grupos de edades. Hubo mayor afectación en primeros molares inferiores (66,1 %). El desarrollo radicular del diente permanente sucedáneo predominó en los estadios cinco y seis de Nolla (28,3 y 48,7 %). Las anomalías consecuentes de la pérdida dentaria que predominaron fueron disminución del perímetro del arco (80,5 %) y migración mesial de molares temporales (63,7 %). Conclusiones: la pérdida prematura de dientes temporales es modificable si se asume el cuidado dental y atención al niño con dentición decidua como una prioridad por parte de la familia desde etapas tempranas de la vida.

Aim This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of enamelin gene (ENAM) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and ENAM polymorphism association with dental anomalies (DA) in individuals with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP). Methods Saliva samples were collected from 147 individuals aged between 6 and 15 years-old, both genders, and divided into 4 groups: Group 1 (G1) - CLP and DA; Group 2 (G2) - CLP without DA; Group 3 (G3) - without CLP with DA; Group 4 (G4) - without CLP and DA. The genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples and the following ENAM SNPs markers were genotyped: rs3796703, rs3796704, rs3796705, rs7671281, rs2609428, and rs35951442. Fisher exact and Pearson’s Chi-square tests statistically analyzed the results (α=5%). Results Individuals without CLP with DA (Group 3 - 19.2%) showed statistically higher prevalence of SNP rs2609428 heterozygotes (p=0.006) than individuals with CLP and DA (Group 1 - 0%). Individuals without CLP (10%) exhibited statistically higher prevalence of mutated heterozygotes/homozygous (p=0.028) than in individuals with CLP (1.3%). Conclusion SNP rs2609428 marker of ENAM gene may be associated with dental anomalies in individuals without cleft lip and palate. (ENAM (SNP (DA CLP. . (CLP) 14 yearsold, yearsold years old, old years-old genders groups G1 G (G1 G2 (G2 G3 (G3 G4 (G4 genotyped rs3796703 rs rs3796704 rs3796705 rs7671281 rs35951442 Pearsons Pearson s Chisquare Chi square α=5%. α5 α α=5% 5 (α=5%) 19.2% 192 19 rs260942 p=0.006 p0006 p 0 006 (p=0.006 0%. 0% 0%) 10% 10 (10% heterozygoteshomozygous homozygous p=0.028 p0028 028 (p=0.028 1.3%. 13 1.3% (1.3%) (CLP (G rs379670 rs767128 rs3595144 α=5 (α=5% 19.2 rs26094 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 (10 p=0.02 p002 02 (p=0.02 1.3 (1.3% rs37967 rs76712 rs359514 α= (α=5 19. rs2609 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 (1 1. (1.3 rs3796 rs7671 rs35951 (α= rs260 p=0. p0 (p=0. ( (1. rs379 rs767 rs3595 (α rs26 p=0 (p=0 rs37 rs76 rs359 rs2 p= (p= rs3 rs7 rs35 (p

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence, epidemiological profile, and clinical characteristics of Oral or Oropharyngeal Mucosal Lesions (OOPML) in patients attended at the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI-FIOCRUZ) from 2005 to 2017. Methods Statistical analysis of descriptive data from medical records (gender, age, education level, skin color, origin, smoking, alcoholism, HIV co-infection, time of disease evolution, first symptom, and OOPML location) was performed. Results Of 7551 patients attended at the service, 620 (8.2%) were included in the study. OOPML were classified into developmental anomalies (n = 3), infectious diseases (non-granulomatous n = 220; granulomatous n = 155), autoimmune diseases (n = 24), neoplasms (benign n = 13; malignant, n = 103), and unclassified epithelial/soft tissue diseases (n = 102). OOPML of infectious diseases (60.5%) and neoplasms (18.7%) were the most frequent. The predominant demographics of patients with OOPML were: males (63.5%), white (53.5%), and those in the fifth to sixth decades of life (43.3%). Local pain (18.1%) and odynophagia (15%) were the most reported first symptoms, and the most frequent OOPML sites were the palatine tonsil (28.5%), hard palate (22.7%), and tongue (20.3%). The median evolution time was three months. Conclusions Infectious OOPML were the most frequent, as expected in a reference center for infectious diseases, and thus, they are likely to be less frequent in general care and/or dental services. Underreporting of OOPML is possible, as oral/oropharyngeal examination is often not included in the routine medical examination. Oral cavity/oropharynx examination should be performed by specialists, such as dentists and otorhinolaryngologists, who have the expertise in identifying OOPML, even in incipient/asymptomatic cases. Given the numerous diseases in which OOPML can present, diagnosis could be facilitated by multidisciplinary teams, potentially enabling the early treatment of diseases, and thus, reduce morbidity and improve prognosis. The use of standardized medical records for oral/oropharyngeal systematic examination could provide relevant tools for differential diagnoses and information for new clinical-epidemiological studies. Level of evidence: Level 3. prevalence profile (OOPML INIFIOCRUZ INI FIOCRUZ (INI-FIOCRUZ 200 2017 gender, gender (gender age level color origin smoking alcoholism coinfection, coinfection co infection, infection co-infection symptom location 755 service 62 8.2% 82 8 2 (8.2% study 3, 3 , 3) nongranulomatous non 220 155, 155 155) 24, 24 24) benign 13 malignant 103, 103 103) epithelialsoft epithelial soft 102. 102 . 102) 60.5% 605 60 5 (60.5% 18.7% 187 18 7 (18.7% 63.5%, 635 63.5% 63 (63.5%) 53.5%, 535 53.5% 53 (53.5%) 43.3%. 433 43.3% 43 (43.3%) 18.1% 181 1 (18.1% 15% 15 (15% symptoms 28.5%, 285 28.5% 28 (28.5%) 22.7%, 227 22.7% 22 (22.7%) 20.3%. 203 20.3% 20 (20.3%) months thus andor services possible oraloropharyngeal oral oropharyngeal cavityoropharynx cavity oropharynx specialists otorhinolaryngologists incipientasymptomatic incipient asymptomatic cases present teams prognosis clinicalepidemiological studies evidence 201 75 6 8.2 (8.2 10 60.5 (60.5 18.7 (18.7 63.5 (63.5% 53.5 (53.5% 43.3 4 (43.3% 18.1 (18.1 (15 28.5 (28.5% 22.7 (22.7% 20.3 (20.3% 8. (8. 60. (60. 18. (18. 63. (63.5 53. (53.5 43. (43.3 (1 28. (28.5 22. (22.7 20. (20.3 (8 (60 (18 (63. (53. (43. ( (28. (22. (20. (6 (63 (53 (43 (28 (22 (20 (5 (4 (2

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the oral conditions of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)-associated microcephaly, non-CZS-associated microcephaly, and normotypical children, as well as to characterize their sociodemographic aspects and medical history. A paired cross-sectional study was carried out on 14 children with CZS-associated microcephaly and 24 age-matched controls, in Belo Horizonte, in southeastern Brazil. Children’s oral conditions were assessed: dental caries experience (dmft/DMFT indices); developmental defects of enamel (DDE) index; dental anomalies; mucosal changes; lip sealing, and malocclusion (overjet, overbite, and/or posterior crossbite alterations). The quality of oral hygiene was analyzed by the simplified oral hygiene index. The children’s mothers also answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic and medical history data. The variables were analyzed descriptively. Female participants were more prevalent (60.5%), and the mean age of the participants was 4.9 years (±1.4) (range: 2–8 years) and 92.1% of their exhibited some oral condition. All participants with CZS-associated microcephaly showed absence of lip sealing and had malocclusion (100.0%). When compared to the other groups, children with CZS had a higher percentage of dental anomalies (35.7%), mucosal changes (71.4%), and unsatisfactory oral hygiene (64.3%). In a sample composed mainly of female participants aged less than 5 years, the prevalence of oral conditions and unsatisfactory oral hygiene was higher in the group with CZS-associated microcephaly, followed by the group with non-CZS-associated microcephaly. Normotypical children had the highest percentage of dental caries experience. CZSassociated associated nonCZSassociated non crosssectional cross sectional 1 2 agematched matched controls Horizonte Brazil Childrens Children s assessed dmft/DMFT dmftDMFT dmft DMFT indices indices) DDE (DDE index overjet, overjet (overjet overbite andor or alterations. alterations . alterations) childrens data descriptively 60.5%, 605 60.5% , 60 (60.5%) 49 4 9 4. ±1.4 (±1.4 range (range 28 8 2– 921 92 92.1 condition 100.0%. 1000 100.0% 100 0 (100.0%) groups 35.7%, 357 35.7% 35 7 (35.7%) 71.4%, 714 71.4% 71 (71.4%) 64.3%. 643 64.3% 64 3 (64.3%) 60.5 6 (60.5% ±1. (±1. 92. 100.0 10 (100.0% 35.7 (35.7% 71.4 (71.4% 64.3 (64.3% 60. (60.5 ±1 (±1 100. (100.0 35. (35.7 71. (71.4 64. (64.3 (60. ± (± (100. (35. (71. (64. (60 ( (100 (35 (71 (64 (6 (10 (3 (7 (1

Resumo O desenvolvimento dentário pode apresentar alterações e alterações na forma, tamanho, estrutura e número de dentes. As anormalidades quantitativas incluem dentes supranumerários, que se desenvolvem além do número típico de dentes. Por outro lado, a fusão é uma anomalia da forma que resulta da união de dois germes dentários, que podem ser completos ou incompletos dependendo do estágio de desenvolvimento. A fusão dentária, que pode resultar em dentes duplos ou coroa dividida, é relativamente comum, com prevalência de 0,1% a 2,5%; No entanto, a fusão de três dentes, conhecida como "dente triplo", é uma anomalia rara, com prevalência de 0,02% na dentição decídua. Apresentamos o caso incomum de um menino de 5 anos com uma tripla fusão na dentição decídua entre dois incisivos inferiores e um dente supranumerário.

Resumen El desarrollo dental puede presentar cambios y alteraciones en la forma, tamaño, estructura y cantidad de dientes. Dentro de las anomalías de cantidad se encuentran los dientes supernumerarios, los cuales se desarrollan en adición a la cantidad típica de dientes. Por su parte, la fusión es una anomalía de forma que resulta de la unión de dos gérmenes dentales, pudiendo ser completa o incompleta según el estado de desarrollo. La fusión dental, que puede resultar en dientes dobles o una corona dividida, es relativamente común, con una prevalencia del 0,1% al 2,5%; sin embargo, la fusión de tres dientes, conocida como "diente triple", es una anomalía poco frecuente, con una prevalencia del 0,02% en la dentición primaria. Se reporta el caso inusual de un niño de 5 años con una triple de fusión en su dentición primaria entre dos incisivos inferiores y un diente supernumerario.

Abstract Tooth development can present changes and alterations in the shape, size, structure, and number of teeth. Among the quantity anomalies are supernumerary teeth, which develop in addition to the typical number of teeth. On the other hand, fusion is an anomaly of form that results from the union of two dental germs, which can be complete or incomplete depending on the stage of development. Dental fusion, which can result in double teeth or a split crown, is relatively common, with a prevalence of 0.1% to 2.5%; However, three-tooth fusion, known as "triple tooth," is a rare anomaly, with a prevalence of 0.02% in the primary dentition. We present the unusual case of a 5-year-old boy with a triple fusion in his primary dentition between two lower incisors and a supernumerary tooth.

ABSTRACT Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a group of disorders associated with breathing anomalies during sleep. Easily detectable by sound, snoring is one of the most common manifestations and the main sign of SDB. Snoring is characteristic of breathing sound during sleep, without apnea, hypoventilation, or interrupted sleep. It may reduce the percentage of sleep and increase microarousals due to breathing effort or gas exchange. A range of questionnaires have been validated and adapted to the pediatric population to screen for patients who require laboratory testing. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) screens for SDB and identifies primary signs such as snoring. RoncoLab is a mobile application that records and measures snoring intensity and frequency Aim To compare the RoncoLab app and the PSQ regarding how efficiently they diagnose snoring Materials and Method This was an observational, analytical study of 31 children aged 7 to 11 years who visited the pediatric dental clinic at Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico (BUAP). The PSQ was applied to diagnose SDB. Guardians were then instructed on how to download and use the mobile application to record data while the child was sleeping at home. Agreement between RoncoLab and the PSQ was analyzed statistically by Cohen’s Kappa index at 95% confidence level Results The Kappa index for identification of primary snoring was 0.743 (p<0.05). App sensitivity was 0.92, and specificity 0.82 Conclusion There is good agreement between PSQ and RoncoLab for diagnosing primary snoring, with acceptable sensitivity and specificity.

RESUMEN Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) son un grupo de padecimientos asociados con anormalidades respiratorias del sueño. Una de las manifestaciones más comunes es el ronquido; signo fácil de detectar por el ruido que emite y se considera como el signo principal. Este trastorno es característico del ruido respiratorio durante el sueño, sin apneas, hipoventilación, ni interrupciones del sueño. Este puede ocasionar disminución del porcentaje del sueño y aumentar los microdespertares, esto debido al esfuerzo respiratorio o al intercambio de gases. En la actualidad existen cuestionarios validados y adaptados para la población pediátrica útiles como herramienta clínica para el tamizaje y selección de pacientes que requieran pruebas de laboratorio. El Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) permite el cribado de TRS e identificación de signos primarios como el ronquido. RoncoLab es una aplicación móvil que registra y mide la intensidad y frecuencia del ronquido. Objetivo Comparar la eficacia del diagnóstico del ronquido por medio del RoncoLab contrastado con el PSQ Materiales y Método Estudio observacional, analítico, en el cual se incluyeron 31 niños de 7 a 11 años, que acudieron a la clínica de odontopediatría de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México (BUAP) Se aplicó el PSQ a los 31 niños para el diagnóstico de TRS, después se le instruyó al tutor como descargar y utilizar la aplicación móvil para registrar los datos obtenidos en las horas de sueño en casa. El análisis estadístico de concordancia entre los instrumentos diagnósticos se realizó con el Índice Kappa de Cohen a un nivel de confianza del 95% Resultados El Índice de Kappa para la identificación de los ronquidos primarios fue de 0.743 (p<0.05). La sensibilidad de la aplicación fue de 0.92, mientras la especificidad fue de 0.82 Conclusión Existe buena concordancia entre el PSQ y el RoncoLab en el diagnóstico de ronquido primario, con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptable.

The endodontic intervention of the mandibular first molar can be challenging. Once root canals or any portion of them remain undiscovered and untreated, the risk of treatment failure greatly increases. The consensus is that mandibular first molars may have three or four main root canals. However, variations have been noted between populations, which include the mid-mesial canal (MM) and the mid-distal canal (MD). Authors have also attempted to classify root canal configurations to identify common patterns for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes. The introduction of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to root and canal morphological studies revolutionised observation of complex root canal anatomy in three dimensions and high definition. This paper is the second of two providing an overview of literature on various aspect of the external and internal root and canal morphology of the mandibular first permanent molar. The aim is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of the internal root morphology of the mandibular first molar in different populations. The content is supported by illustrative micro-CT images and a report on clinical cases where anomalies have been treated.

The mandibular first molar often requires endodontic intervention, which can be challenging and complex with several variants in the number of canals and roots. Usually, these teeth have a single mesial and distal root, but variants and anomalies have been noted. The incidence of the number of roots can differ between populations. For instance, up to a third of East Asians present with a third root, while the global prevalence is 8.9%. One- and four-rooted first molar teeth are seldom encountered. Over the years different methods have been used to study root and canal morphology, but micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has provided a non-invasive method to study root and canal morphology in high definition. This paper is the first of two giving an overview of available literature on various aspects of the external and internal root and canal morphology of the mandibular first permanent molar. The aim is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of the external root morphology of the mandibular first molar in different populations. The content is supported by illustrative micro-CT images and a report on clinical cases where anomalies have been treated.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth and characterize both anomalies in a Portuguese pediatric population. Methods: Clinical records of patients attending Pediatric Dentistry appointments in the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Porto were consulted. Appointments from September 2020 to December 2021 were analyzed. For each patient, sex and age were recorded, along with any relevant data in their clinical history. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using chi-square tests with a significance level of 0.05. The sample included 144 patients. Results: This study found a prevalence for tooth agenesis of 20.83% (11.81% excluding the third molars) and a prevalence for supernumerary teeth of 1.39%. The prevalence of agenesis was 26.1% for males and 16% for females. No association was established in this regard (p>0.05). The most affected teeth were the third molars, followed by the second premolars. The mandible had 52.63% of agenesis cases, but no association was found (p>0.05). Two cases of supernumerary teeth were found, both in male patients and in the second quadrant. No differences were inferred regarding sex (p>0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study contributed to the existing data regarding the prevalence of dental anomalies of number within a Portuguese population. (Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2023;64(3):99-104)

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo pretende determinar a prevalência da agenesia dentária e de dentes supranumerários e caracterizar as duas anomalias numa população pediátrica portuguesa. Métodos: Os registos clínicos dos pacientes pediátricos consultados na Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto foram consultados. Foram analisadas consultas desde setembro de 2020 até dezembro de 2021. O sexo e a idade de cada paciente foram registados, assim como quaisquer dados relevantes constantes na história clínica. Foi realizada a análise estatística dos resultados com recurso a testes do Qui-Quadrado, com um nível de significância de 0,05. Foram incluídos 144 pacientes na amostra. Resultados: Este estudo encontrou uma prevalência de agenesias dentárias de 20,83% (11,81% excluindo os terceiros molares) e uma prevalência de dentes supranumerários de 1,39%. A prevalência de agenesias foi 26.1% no sexo masculino e 16% no feminino. Nenhuma associação foi estabelecida a este respeito (p>0,05). Os dentes mais afetados foram os terceiros molares, seguido dos segundos pré-molares. 52.63% das agenesias encontravam-se na mandíbula, mas nenhuma associação foi encontrada (p>0,05). Foram encontrados dois casos de dentes supranumerários, ambos no sexo masculino e no segundo quadrante. Não foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao sexo. (p>0,05). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo contribuíram para os dados existentes quanto à prevalência das anomalias dentárias de número na população portuguesa

INTRODUCTION: Reciprocal associations have been found to exist between various dental anomalies.1-14 Maxillary canine ectopia may, however, occur in dentitions without any anomalies AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of dental anomalies in a sample of panoramic radiographs. The objective was to establish whether associations exist between canine ectopia and the presence of one or more of a range of selected developmental dental anomalies. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 574 mixed dentition panoramic radiographs in patients with a dental age ranging from 8 to 12 years RESULTS: Signs of potentially ectopic maxillary canines were evident in 85% of the radiographs and of these, 80.7% showed no evidence of the selected dental anomalies which were studied. The most prevalent association of potential canine ectopia and the anomalies studied was found with supernumerary teeth (6.5%), followed by infraocclusion of primary molars (4.5%). Peg-shaped lateral incisors showed a statistically significant association (p=0.043) with mesial overlap of the cusp tip of the maxillary canine and the root of the lateral incisor. Taurodontism was significantly associated with increased angulation of the developing canine (p=0.0049) and dilaceration showed a statistically significant association (p=0.03) with non- resorption of canines CONCLUSION: In cases where dental anomalies are present, the developing canines should be carefully monitored both clinically and radiographically

Children with congenital dental manifestations may have to endure challenges due to their abnormal tooth development, altered skeletal growth, compromised masticatory and speech function and poor aesthetics. This may further lead to psychosocial problems. These children may have deficient ridge height and volume in edentulous areas, missing teeth, malformed or malpositioned teeth and often the added complication of xerostomia. These anomalies complicate conventional treatment and have led clinicians to consider alternative restorative treatment options. Recent literature suggests that osseointegrated implant therapy may be a viable option for children with congenital dental defects. However, studies are scarce, with no standardisation of success or survival criteria, and little long-term follow-up results. This paper explores the various restorative options and highlights the need for a multidisciplinary team approach.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir presencia de síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño (SAHOS) en niños con alteraciones craneofaciales (ACF), asociar características biodemográficas y variables poligráficas, y analizar la conducta terapéutica decidida luego del estudio de sueño y la evaluación de un equipo multidisciplinario. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo. Poligrafías realizadas a pa cientes entre 1 mes y 19 años con ACF. Se estableció una conducta inicial y proyectada, categorizada en asistencia ventilatoria, traqueostomía, quirúrgico, odontológico y médico. Se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, evaluando asociación entre variables demográficas, poligráficas y conductas terapéuticas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 34 pacientes, mediana de edad 4,0 años (RIQ 0,9-6,5). El 41,2% tenía Fisuras Labiopalatinas, 35,3% Craneosinostosis y 23,5% Micrognatia. El 70,6% de las poligrafías estaban alteradas, de estas, el 26,5% se diagnosticó como SAHOS leve, 5,9% moderado y 38,2% severo. Existió asociación entre saturación mínima y diagnóstico de SAHOS (p = 0,0036); y en la presencia de SAHOS con la conducta inicial aplicada (p = 0,0013). No hubo relación significativa entre los distintos tipos de ACF con la conducta terapéutica seguida inicialmente (p = 0,6565). Con ductas iniciales y proyectadas respectivamente: Asistencia ventilatoria (11,8% y 2,9%), traqueostomía (11,8% y 0%), quirúrgico (35,2% y 26,5%), odontológico (20,6% y 53%) y tratamiento médico (20,6% y 17,6%). Conclusiones: El 70% de los pacientes con ACF presentó SAHOS. La mayor severi dad se observó en Fisura Labiopalatina y Craneosinostosis. Las conductas terapéuticas se orientaron principalmente a tratamientos quirúrgicos iniciales y odontológicos proyectados; la decisión se aso ció al diagnóstico de SAHOS y no al tipo de ACF.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children with craniofacial anomalies (CFA), associate biodemographic characteristics and polygraph variables, and analyze the therapeutic management decided after the sleep study and the evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Patients and Method: Retrospective study. Polygraphs were performed on patients aged between 1 month and 19 years with CFA. An initial and projected management was established categorized into ventilatory support, tracheostomy, surgery, dental, and medical treatment. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, evaluating the association between demographic and polygraph variables and therapeutic management. Results: 34 patients were included with a median age of 4.0 years (IQR 0.9 - 6.5). Diagnosis was 41.2% cleft lip and palate, 35.3% craniosynostosis, and 23.5% micrognathia. Polygraphs were altered in 70.6% of the cases; of these, 26.5% were diagnosed as mild, 5.9% moderate, and 38.2% severe OSAS. There was an association between minimum saturation and diagnosis of OSAS (p = 0.0036), and in the presence of OSAS with the initial management applied (p=0.0013). There was no significant relationship between the different types of CFA with the initial therapeutic management (p = 0.6565). Initial and projected managements, respectively: Ventilatory support (11.8% and 2.9%), tracheostomy (11.8% and 0%), surgery (35.2% and 26.5%), dental (20.6% and 53%), and medical treatment (20.6% and 17.6 %). Conclusions: 70% of the patients with CFA presented OSAS. The greatest severity was found in Cleft Lip and Palatine and Craniosynostosis. Therapeutic management was mainly oriented towards initial surgical and planned dental treatments based on the diagnosis of OSAS and not on the type of CFA.