RESUMEN El propósito de la investigación es examinar los sistemas de planificación y sus mecanismos regulatorios para entender cómo se organizan y regulan, ya sea parcial o completamente, dependiendo de la organización para lograr la consecución de objetivos. Las aportaciones teóricas de la investigación se centran en la conceptualización de la teoría de sistemas. El aporte metodológico se basa en el desarrollo de un esquema secuencial y lógico con la aplicación de un dendrograma de variables, que permite eliminar superposiciones entre el conjunto de conceptos analizados. Las conclusiones de la investigación permiten comprobar que las organizaciones son entidades dinámicas y cambiantes que se ven inevitablemente impactadas por el entorno en el que operan; además las instituciones funcionan sinérgicamente desde puntos de vista interrelacionados e interdependientes.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the research is to examine planning systems and their regulatory mechanisms to understand how they are organized and regulated, either partially or completely, depending on the organization to achieve the attainment of objectives. The theoretical contributions of the research are centered on the conceptualization of systems theory. The methodological contribution is based on the development of a sequential and logical scheme with the application of a dendrogram of variables, which allows eliminating overlaps between the set of concepts analyzed. The conclusions of the research show that organizations are dynamic and changing entities that are inevitably impacted by the environment in which they operate; in addition, institutions function synergistically from interrelated and interdependent points of view.

Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar e compreender os sentimentos e atitudes de médicos brasileiros no que diz respeito à implementação de cuidados paliativas em pacientes pediátricos. Entre julho de 2018 e dezembro de 2019, foram enviados 236 questionários a médicos do rol da Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos. Os dados coletados através dos questionários planejados foram analisados usando os programas IRAMUTEQ (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). Da análise realizada pelo IRAMUTEQ, obteve-se um dendrograma contendo palavras com p<0.05. Sentimentos de tristeza, angústia, alívio, arrependimento e satisfação foram percebidos como relevantes. Atitudes como compreender, comunicar, educar, tratar bem, estratégia e conferências multiprofissionais também foram descritas. Assim, observou-se que esses profissionais experimentam sentimentos contraditórios diferentes e fazem uso de diferentes estratégias de forma a não prejudicar o tratamento realizado, além de manter uma boa relação com a família do paciente. No presente estudo, demonstramos que há características intrínsecas de cuidados paliativos pediátricos que são fonte de sentimentos contraditórios para profissionais médicos. Nesse contexto, ainda existem desafios e é essencial conduzir novos estudos que abordem essa questão. Prestar atenção a esses sentimentos promove melhor manejo de cuidados paliativos em pediatria.

Abstract: The aim of the article is to evaluate and understand the feelings and attitudes of Brazilian physicians regarding the implementation of palliative care in pediatric patients. Between July 2018 and December 2019, 236 questionnaires were sent to physicians on the National Academy of Palliative Care roster. The data collected through the planned questionnaires were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ programs (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). From the analysis performed by IRAMUTEQ, a dendrogram containing words with p<0.05 was obtained. Feelings of sadness, anguish, relief, regret and fulfillment were perceived as relevant. Attitudes such as understanding, communication, instructing, treating well, strategy, and multiprofessional conferences were also described. Thus, it was observed that these professionals experience different contradictory feelings and make use of different strategies so that they do not harm the treatment carried out, in addition to maintaining a good relationship with the patient’s family. In the present study, we demonstrate that there are intrinsic characteristics of pediatric palliative care that are a source of mixed feelings for medical professionals. In this context, challenges still exist and it is essential to conduct new studies that address this issue. Paying attention to these feelings promotes better management of palliative care in pediatrics.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es evaluar y comprender los sentimientos y actitudes de los médicos brasileños en relación con la implementación de los cuidados paliativos en pacientes pediátricos. Entre julio de 2018 y diciembre de 2019, se enviaron 236 cuestionarios a los médicos de la lista de la Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos. Los datos recogidos a través de los cuestionarios previstos se analizaron utilizando los programas IRAMUTEQ (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). A partir del análisis realizado por el IRAMUTEQ, se obtuvo un dendrograma que contenía palabras con p<0,05. Sentimientos de tristeza, angustia, alivio, arrepentimiento y realización fueron percibidos como relevantes. También se describieron actitudes como comprensión, comunicación, instruir, tratar bien, estrategia y conferencias multiprofesionales. Así, se observó que estos profesionales experimentan diferentes sentimientos contradictorios y hacen uso de diferentes estrategias para que no perjudiquen el tratamiento realizado, además de mantener una buena relación con la familia del paciente. Demostramos que existen características intrínsecas de los cuidados paliativos pediátricos que son fuente de sentimientos encontrados para los profesionales médicos. En este contexto, aún existen desafíos y es esencial realizar nuevos estudios que aborden este tema. La atención a estos sentimientos promueve una mejor gestión de los cuidados paliativos en pediatría.

RESUMEN Para tres razas equinas criollas propias de Colombia (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano y Paso Fino) y el Pura Raza Español (PRE) se obtuvo, para cada sexo, a partir de la bibliografía existente o de información propia, un total de 12 variables morfométricas (peso, alzada a la cruz, diámetro longitudinal, perímetro torácico, diámetro dorso-esternal, diámetro bicostal, perímetro de la caña anterior, alzada a la grupa, longitud de la grupa, anchura de la grupa, longitud de la cabeza y anchura de la cabeza). A partir de estos datos, se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) a partir de la matriz de correlaciones y después un dendrograma a partir de la matriz de distancia de Gower. De los resultados obtenidos en el ACP, se concluye que el PRE tiende a diferenciarse de las restantes por su mayor tamaño, mientras que el Criollo Llanero Araucano se aparta de todas sobre todo por su conformación cefálica. En la visualización del dendrograma, se refleja un conglomerado aislado para el PRE. El segundo conglomerado se compuso de las tres razas colombianas, apareciendo el Criollo Llanero Araucano como la más distanciada. Con base a los resultados, se deduce que los caballos que llegaron inicialmente a Latinoamérica no eran de gran tamaño, y que los caracteres más originales (especialmente de la cabeza) se han conservado en los equinos de las llanuras araucanas.

ABSTRACT For three native Colombian horse breeds (Criollo Llanero Araucano, Criollo Colombiano and Paso Fino) and the Pure Spanish Breed (PRE), a total of 12 morphometric variables (weight, height at the withers, longitudinal diameter, thoracic perimeter, dorsalsternal diameter, bicostal diameter, perimeter of the anterior cannon, height at the rump, length of the rump, width of the rump, length of the head and width of the head) were obtained for each sex from existing bibliography or from our own information. From these data, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed from the correlation matrix and then a dendrogram from the Gower distance matrix. From the results obtained in the PCA, it is concluded that PRE tends to differentiate itself from the rest by its larger size, while the Criollo Llanero Araucano differs from all of them, especially by its cephalic conformation. The dendrogram shows an isolated cluster for the PRE. The second cluster was made up of the three Colombian breeds, with the Criollo Llanero Araucano appearing as the most distant. Based on the results, it can be deduced that the horses that initially arrived in Latin America were not of big size, and that the most original characteristics (especially of the head) have been preserved in the horses from the Araucanian plains.

RESUMEN En el Perú se vienen reportando serovares de Salmonella no tifoidea (SNT) en casos humanos que estarían relacionados a los hallados en huevos comerciales, carcasas de broilers y subproductos. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar mediante el porcentaje de similaridad de los perfiles genéticos de los serovares de SNT aislados de humanos y productos aviares mediante la Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado (PFGE). Se obtuvieron 49 aislados bacterianos de serovares de SNT de casos clínicos humanos y productos aviares (huevos, carcasa de broilers, vísceras, cama de ave), que se analizaron mediante PFGE. Con el programa bioinformático Bionumerics v. 7.0 se generó un dendrograma que muestra la relación XbaI - perfiles PFGE. El análisis de las bandas generadas se realizó mediante el uso del Método de grupo de pares no ponderados con media aritmética (UPGM) para evaluar la diversidad genética de los aislados. Se estableció como valor de corte 90% de similaridad entre los pulsotipos para establecer posibles relaciones. Se encontró que algunos aislados de origen humano y aviar de Salmonella Typhimurium, Kentucky e Infantis poseen pulsotipos idénticos lo que indica que los aislados corresponden a un mismo clon circulando entre humanos y productos aviares.

ABSTRACT In Peru, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars have been reported in human cases that could be related to those found in commercial eggs, broiler carcasses and byproducts. The present study aimed to determine the percentage the genetic profiles similarity of NTS serovars isolated from humans and poultry products using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-nine bacterial isolates of NTS serovars were obtained from human clinical cases and poultry products (eggs, broiler carcasses, viscera, poultry litter), which were analysed by PFGE. A dendrogram showing the XbaI - PFGE profiles relationship was generated using the Bionumerics v. 7.0 bioinformatics program. The analysis of the generated bands was performed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGM) to evaluate the genetic diversity of the isolates. A cut-off value of 90% similarity between the pulsotypes was used to establish possible relationships. It was found that some isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium, Kentucky and Infantis from human and avian origin have identical pulsotypes, indicating that the isolates correspond to the same clone circulating between humans and avian products.

Resumo Introdução: a pandemia COVID-19 trouxe desafios às instâncias responsáveis pela qualificação dos profissionais de saúde no mundo todo, que necessitaram se adaptar para oferta de cursos na modalidade à distância, frente às implicações impostas, como o distanciamento social. Entretanto, a despeito desses cursos, ainda persistem lacunas na produção de conhecimentos dos seus efeitos. Objetivo: analisar a percepção de profissionais-gestores sobre os efeitos de um curso na modalidade à distância, implementado para desenvolvimento de competências em saúde pública em tempos de pandemia COVID-19. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa realizada a partir de dados coletados do ambiente virtual do curso que, dentre outras informações, possuía respostas de uma pergunta realizada para os profissionais-gestores um mês após a sua conclusão: quais tarefas você executa habitualmente que sofreram algum tipo de modificação em consequência de sua participação no curso? A análise dos dados ocorreu por Classificação Hierárquica Descendente com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ®, a partir de segmentos simples de texto (SST). Os SST foram classificados em função dos respectivos vocabulários de maior frequência e das palavras com associação significativa (p<0,001). Por fim, o software produziu um dendrograma com a ilustração do esquema hierárquico de classes. . Resultados: foram processadas 256 respostas com aproveitamento de 76,3% dos SST, que resultaram em um dendrograma de quatro classes, sendo possível constatar modificações na/o: (1) Execução de tarefas do cotidiano laboral; (2) Ampliação do conhecimento acerca do trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde; (3) Articulação entre áreas para desenvolvimento das ações em Saúde Pública; (4) Apoio e orientações de ações de vigilância em saúde junto aos municípios. Considerações Finais: o uso do software IRAMUTEQ® facilitou o processamento e a análise de grande número de dados qualitativos. Destarte, foram obtidos achados que apontaram mudanças significativas na prática profissional dos gestores e, consequentemente, efeito positivo no desenvolvimento de competências.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to entities responsible for qualifying healthcare professionals worldwide, needing adaptation to offer distance learning courses in the face of implications such as social distancing. However, despite these courses, there are still gaps in understanding their effects. Objective: To analyse the feeling of professional managers on the effects of a distance learning course, implemented for the development of public health competencies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Qualitative research based on data collected from the virtual course environment, which included responses to a question posed to manager-professionals one month after completion: "Which tasks do you routinely perform that have undergone any modification due to your participation in the course?" Data analysis used Descending Hierarchical Classification with the aid of the IRAMUTEQ® software, focusing on Simple Segments of Text (SST). SSTs were classified based on their respective vocabularies of higher frequency and words with significant association (p<0.001). Finally, the software produced a dendrogram illustrating the hierarchical class scheme. Results: 256 responses were processed with a utilization rate of 76.3% of SSTs, resulting in a dendrogram with four classes, revealing modifications in (1) Execution of daily work tasks; (2) Expansion of knowledge about work in the Unified Health System; (3) Coordination between areas for the development of actions in Public Health; (4) Support and guidance for health surveillance actions in collaboration with municipalities. Final Considerations: The use of IRAMUTEQ® software eased the processing and analysis of a large amount of qualitative data, yielding findings that showed significant changes in the professional practice of managers and, so, a positive impact on the development of public health competencies even during a pandemic.

Resumen Actualmente, en México existe la tendencia hacia un mayor consumo de productos naturales que beneficien la salud y a largo plazo no produzcan efectos negativos, por lo cual, el objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar si los principales extractos y subproductos de la flor de jamaica se pueden considerar estratégicos, en función de sus propiedades, impacto en la salud, cadena de valor, pues México es uno de los 10 principales productores a nivel mundial. Para esto, se utilizó el siguiente método: a) se recopilaron y analizaron investigaciones sobre la flor de jamaica y beneficios al ser humano; b) se analizó la información con la herramienta Delphi; c) se desarrolló un dendrograma para categorizar la relevancia en su uso, y, d) se determinaron las condiciones y potencial de la cadena de valor de los procesos que integran su cadena de suministro. Los resultados muestran que no presenta actividad tóxica o mutagénica y que tiene un gran impacto en 3 vertientes: medicina alternativa, como desinfectante y complemento alimenticio. Se encontró que su cadena de valor es incipiente, pero con potencial en: regiones de siembra, centros de investigación y vinculación con el sector industrial para su aprovechamiento, cobertura de comercialización y venta.

Abstract Considering that currently in Mexico there is a trend toward greater consumption of natural products that benefit health and that, in the long term, do not produce adverse effects, the objective of this research is to evaluate if the main extracts and by-products derived from the roselle flower can be considered strategic, based on its properties, impact on health, value chain and that Mexico is one of the 10 main producers worldwide. For this, the following method was used: a) research on the roselle flower and its benefits to humans were compiled and analyzed; b) the information was analyzed with the Delphi tool; c) a dendrogram was developed to categorize the relevance in its use, and, d) the value chain of the processes that make up its supply chain was analyzed to determine its conditions and potential. The results show that it does not present toxic or mutagenic activity and that it has a great impact in 3 aspects: alternative medicine, as a disinfectant and food supplement. It was found that its value chain is incipient, but with potential in: planting regions, research centers and links with the industrial sector for its use, marketing and sales coverage.

ABSTRACT The term quality in health services has been studied by multiple authors, its conceptualization varies according to the development of humanity and the specific historical moment, however, there is no access to documented information in which its concept is established for clinical laboratories. The objective of the article was to define the term quality for teaching clinical laboratories. A documentary review was carried out, using MeSH and DeCS descriptors, a total of 87 articles were accessed. After the analysis of 37 definitions, a database was created with the 73 variables identified therein. A matrix was constructed, and a dendrogram was created based on a cluster analysis. The variables under study were associated into six groups, which allowed the aforementioned concept to be stated.

RESUMEN El término calidad en los servicios de salud ha sido estudiado por múltiples autores, su conceptualización varía según el desarrollo de la humanidad y el momento histórico concreto, sin embargo, no se accede a información documentada en la cual se establezca su concepto para los laboratorios clínicos docentes, por lo cual el objetivo del artículo consistió en definir el término de calidad para los laboratorios clínicos docentes. Se realizó una revisión documental, con la utilización de descriptores del MeSH y DeCS, se accedió a un total de 87 artículos. Luego del análisis de 37 definiciones, se elaboró una base de datos con las 73 variables identificadas en las mismas. Se construyó una matriz, y a partir de un análisis clúster se confeccionó un dendograma. Las variables objeto de estudio se asociaron en seis grupos, lo que permitió enunciar el referido concepto.

SUMMARY One of the most important functions of forests is their capacity to store carbon, which varies according to floristic composition, age, and tree density. To provide information that is useful for the carbon inventories, the construction of growth curves for dominant strata within the study area was set as the objective of this work. With data from the National Forest and Soil Inventory 2005-2009 were calculated the IVI by conglomerate and from a dendrogram performed with cluster analysis, using the Ward´s linkage method, dominant strata were formed. A growth curve per community was constructed based on the maximum yields per hectare recorded in the forestry management plans, the percentage increases were attributed to volume per species at different ages, which was obtained by ICA through trunk analysis. Five dominant strata were formed; Pinus oocarpa (21.08 % to 54.38 %), Pinus douglasiana (41.45 % to 89.83 %), Pinus devoniana (27.53 % to 63.88 %), Pinus leiophylla (27.53 % to 89.03 %) and Quercus spp. (36.05 % to 93.26 %). The maximum yields for the stands within the study area were 329.98 m3 ha-1, 330.71 m3 ha-1, 171.35 m3 ha-1, 185.22 % and 127.46 m3 ha-1, respectively. The Pinus oocarpa and Pinus douglasiana dominant strata are had the highest percentage increases in the region due to their historical foment.

RESUMEN Una de las funciones más importantes que cumplen los bosques, es su capacidad para almacenar carbono, esta varía de acuerdo con su composición florística, edad y densidad del arbolado. Con la finalidad de aportar información que sea útil para los inventarios de carbono, se plantearon como objetivos la construcción de curvas de crecimiento para estratos de dominancia dentro del área de estudio. Con los datos del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos 2005-2009 se calculó el IVI por conglomerado y a partir de un dendrograma derivado de un análisis de agrupamiento usando el método de ligamiento de Ward, se formaron estratos de dominancia. Se construyó una curva de crecimiento por estrato, partiendo de los rendimientos máximos por hectárea registrados en los programas de manejo forestal y se atribuyeron los incrementos porcentuales en volumen por especie a diferentes edades, estos obtenidos a partir del ICA mediante análisis troncales. Fueron formados 5 estratos de dominancia; Pinus oocarpa con valores de 21,08 % a 54,38 %, Pinus douglasiana 41,45 % a 89,83 %, Pinus devoniana 27,53 % a 63,88 %, Pinus leiophylla 27,53 % a 89,03 % y Quercus spp. 36,05 % a 93,26 %. Los rendimientos máximos para los rodales dentro del área de estudio fueron 329,98 m3 ha-1, 330,71 m3 ha-1, 171,35 m3 ha-1, 185.22 m3 ha-1 y 127,46 m3 ha-1 respectivamente. Los estratos de Pinus oocarpa y Pinus douglasiana son los de mayor incremento porcentual en la región, debido a su impulso histórico.

ABSTRACT Global blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) growing has increased exponentially in the last two decades, fueled by a very dynamic offer of new cultivars. In this scenario, misclassification of genotypes is a matter of concern, despite that good nursery management practices are in place in most countries and new molecular fingerprinting tools have become available elsewhere. In this framework, here we report the use of three highly informative microsatellite (SSR) markers, selected after evaluating the performance of 12 SSRs on 30 commonly planted blueberry cultivars. We present here the validation of this set, comprising markers CA344, CA421 and NA1040 tested on a set of 136 cultivars and lines, all of which can be differentiated by these markers. A dendrogram built with the generated data set grouped the rabbiteye genotypes in a separate clade. The whole polymorphic information content of this set of SSRs was 0.878 and the observed and expected heterozygosity index averaged 0.890 and 0.886, respectively. Additionally, we detected 14 genotypes that showed minor allelic variants, exhibiting mostly single changes in their patterns with respect to the reference cultivar. Overall, the frequency of mutations was 0.6%, considering the 18 allelic variants identified in approximately 3000 analyzed samples. Marker CA421 exhibited the largest frequency of mutations, with 16 out of the 18 variants identified. Plants carrying these variants corresponded to the most planted cultivars introduced to Chile, which have been extensively micropropagated. The implications of these variations for the traceability of plants based on their fingerprinting are discussed.

Resumen Las personas sin hogar experimentan condiciones desfavorables a lo largo de sus vidas que evocan un envejecimiento idiosincrático. La teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (RS) surge como un aporte teórico-metodológico capaz de aprehender aspectos relacionados a el envejecimiento de esta población. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las RS sobre el envejecimiento humano entre personas sin hogar. Métodos: Los participantes fueron 45 usuarios sin hogar de un Centro POP. La mayoría eran hombres (39 hombres y 6 mujeres), solteros, edad promedio de 36,15 años y solo primaria incompleta. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: 1) un cuestionario sociodemográfico analizado mediante el software IBM SPSS; y 2) una entrevista semiestructurada transcrita y analizada a través del análisis de CJD (Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente) en el programa IRaMuTeQ, con la formulación de un dendrograma compuesto por 5 clases. Resultados: Se encontraron RS de declive y estigmas relacionados con el envejecimiento, así como la exclusión y segregación de personas en este proceso. También se observaron RS asociadas a diversas pérdidas, como pérdida de autonomía, limitaciones físicas y enfermedades. Conclusión: Se encontró que las RS sobre el envejecimiento están ancladas principalmente en aspectos negativos, considerando las particularidades de vivir en la calle.

Resumo As pessoas em situação de rua vivenciam condições desfavoráveis ao longo da vida que conjuram um envelhecimento idiossincrático. A teoria das Representações Sociais (RS) surge como aporte teórico-metodológico capaz de apreender aspectos relacionados ao envelhecimento desta população. Objetivos: Objetivou-se analisar as RS acerca do envelhecimento humano entre pessoas em situação de rua. Método: Participaram 45 pessoas em situação de rua, usuários e usuárias de um Centro POP. Em sua maioria, homens (39 homens e 6 mulheres), solteiros, média de 36,15 anos e apenas com o ensino fundamental incompleto. Utilizou-se como instrumentos para a realização da pesquisa: 1) um questionário sociodemográfico analisado a partir do software IBM SPSS; e 2) uma entrevista semiestruturada transcrita e analisada por meio da análise da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (CHD) no programa IRaMuTeQ, resultando na formulação de um dendrograma composto por 5 classes. Resultados: Constataram-se RS de declínio e estigmas relacionados ao envelhecimento, bem como a exclusão e segregação de pessoas nesse processo. Observaram-se RS associadas a diversas perdas, como perda da autonomia, limitações físicas, doenças. Conclusão: Verificou-se que as RS sobre envelhecimento são ancoradas principalmente em aspectos negativos, considerando as particularidades de se viver na rua.

Abstract Homeless people experience unfavorable conditions throughout their lives that conjure up idiosyncratic aging. The theory of Social Representations (SR) emerges as a theoretical-methodological contribution capable of apprehending aspects related to aging of this population. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze SR about human aging among people experiencing homelessness. Methods: Participants were 45 homeless users and users of a POP Center. Most were men (39 men and 6 women), single, average age of 36.15 years and only incomplete elementary school. The following instruments were used to carry out the research: 1) a sociodemographic questionnaire analyzed using the IBM SPSS software; and 2) a semi-structured interview transcribed and analyzed through the analysis of DHC (Descending Hierarchical Classification) in the IRaMuTeQ program, resulting in the formulation of a dendrogram composed of 5 classes. Results: SR of decline and stigmas related to aging were found, as well as the exclusion and segregation of people in this process. SR associated with various losses, such as loss of autonomy, physical limitations, and diseases, were also observed. Conclusion: It was found that SR about aging are anchored mainly on negative aspects, considering the particularities of living on the street.

Resumen La humedad del suelo es un factor ambiental importante que afecta la composición, diversidad y estructura de las comunidades vegetales. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los cambios de diversidad vegetal que ocurren entre la fuente de humedad del Oasis San Ignacio y el desierto circundante de Baja California Sur. El área de estudio se dividió en nueve franjas de 100 m de ancho, sobre las cuales se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 140 sitios de 500, 20 y 1 m2 para registrar las especies vegetales de los estratos arbóreos, arbustivos y herbáceos, respectivamente. Se estimaron los índices de riqueza, diversidad de Shannon-Weiner, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou y valor verdadero de especies y se evaluaron los cambios entre las franjas establecidas. A su vez, se estimó el índice cualitativo de similitud de especies de Sörensen, generándose dendrogramas para agrupar comunidades vegetales similares establecidas sobre el gradiente estudiado. La riqueza y diversidad de las especies del estrato herbáceo y arbústivo decrecen abruptamente a los 520 y 720 m del cuerpo de agua, respectivamente. La riqueza y diversidad de la vegetación del estrato arbóreo no presenta una tendencia definida. El índice de similitud permitió concentrar las especies del estrato herbáceo, arbustivo y arbóreo en 4, 5 y 3 grupos, respectivamente. Los análisis de diversidad, sugieren que las especies herbáceas y arbustivas son más sensibles a los cambios de humedad que las arbóreas.

Abstract Soil humidity is an important environmental factor that affect composition, diversity and structure of the vegetal communities. The objective of the present study was to determine the diversity changes that occur over an environmental gradient limited by the source of water of the oasis San Ignacio and the adjoining desert of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The study area was divided in nine strips of 100 m width. Over them, there were randomly selected 140 plots of 500, 20 and 1 m2 to register the vegetal species present in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers, respectively. Species richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, Simpson dominance, Pielou equity and true species value indexes were estimated and compared between established strips. The qualitative index of Sörensen was estimated to evaluate species similitude and similar communities were grouped applying dendrograms. The species richness of the herbaceous and shrub layers falls abruptly at 520 and 720 m far away from the source of water. Species richness and diversity in the tree layer presented an undefined tendency. The similitude index allowed to concentrate the herbaceous, shrub and tree vegetation layers in 4, 5 and 3 clusters. This diversity analysis suggests to determine that herbaceous and shrub species are more sensitive to humidity changes than arboreal species.

Abstract Endophytic microorganisms are those that inhabit the interior of plant tissues and organs without causing damage to the plant, triggering a mutualistic interaction. These endophytes are known to produce compounds with various applications in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceutical industry and agriculture; therefore, molecular methods are used to investigate the phylogeny of these organisms. The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and is considered a hotspot, with a high diversity of endemic fauna and flora. The objective of this work was to analyze, through in silico analysis, the phylogeny of cultivable endophytic fungi isolated from plants found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. A search was carried out for articles that worked with endophytes in the period between 2012 and 2022. The dendrogram was generated using the Neighbor-joining method based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 conserved region obtained by GenBank codes of isolated endophytes. The genera Xylaria, Diaporthe, and Colletotrichum were isolated in more than three plants in the seven articles found. Most of the articles found related to the biodiversity of endophytic fungi from the Brazilian Cerrado aim at the bioprospecting of bioactive compounds, through culture-dependent methods; as such, a part of endophytic diversity may be lost due to the inability of certain endophytes to grow in artificial media. In silico analysis can assist in the investigation of phylogenetic relationships between endophytic fungi and has the potential to guide future work aimed at prospecting for bioactive compounds, phylogenetic identification, or biodiversity of this group of endophytes. interaction biotechnology agriculture therefore organisms hotspot flora analyze 201 2022 Neighborjoining Neighbor joining ITS15.8SITS2 ITS158SITS2 ITSSITS ITS1 5.8S ITS2 5 8S ITS S ITS1-5.8S-ITS Xylaria Diaporthe culturedependent culture dependent such media identification 20 202 ITS15 8SITS2 SITS ITS15.8SITS ITS158SITS 58S 2 8SITS

Resumo Microrganismos endofíticos são aqueles que vivem no interior de tecidos e órgãos vegetais sem causar dano à planta, desencadeando uma interação mutualística. Esses endófitos são conhecidos por produzir compostos com diversas aplicações nas áreas de biotecnologia, indústria farmacêutica e agricultura; logo, métodos moleculares são utilizados para investigar a filogenia destes organismos. O Cerrado brasileiro é o segundo maior bioma do Brasil e é considerado um hotspot, com uma alta diversidade de fauna e flora endêmica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, por meio da análise in silico, a filogenia de fungos endofíticos cultiváveis isolados de plantas encontradas no bioma Cerrado brasileiro. Foi realizada uma busca por artigos que trabalharam com endófitos no período entre 2012 e 2022. O dendrograma foi gerado usando o método Neighbor-joining baseado na região conservada ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 obtida pelos códigos GenBank de endófitos isolados. Os gêneros Xylaria, Diaporthe e Colletotrichum foram isolados em mais de três plantas nos sete artigos encontrados. A maior parte dos artigos encontrados relacionados à biodiversidade de fungos endofíticos do Cerrado brasileiro visam à bioprospecção de compostos bioativos, através de métodos dependentes de cultura; como tal, uma parte da diversidade endofítica pode ser perdida devido à incapacidade de certos endófitos crescerem em meios artificiais. A análise in silico pode auxiliar na investigação das relações filogenéticas entre fungos endofíticos e tem potencial para orientar trabalhos futuros voltados à prospecção de compostos bioativos, identificação filogenética ou biodiversidade deste grupo de endófitos. planta mutualística biotecnologia agricultura logo organismos hotspot endêmica analisar 201 2022 Neighborjoining Neighbor joining ITS15.8SITS2 ITS158SITS2 ITSSITS ITS1 5.8S ITS2 5 8S ITS S ITS1-5.8S-ITS Xylaria bioativos cultura tal artificiais 20 202 ITS15 8SITS2 SITS ITS15.8SITS ITS158SITS 58S 2 8SITS

Abstract Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical fragrant screw pine, is commonly used in cooking and traditional medicine. Although studies have analysed its metabolite, transcriptome, and proteome profiles, molecular markers for genetic improvement remain scarce. This study aimed to develop EST-SSR markers from the P. amaryllifolius transcriptome and utilise them to analyse their genetic diversity. We obtained 157,467 unigenes with an average length of 1,084 base pairs. From these, 66,820 EST-SSRs were identified, with dinucleotides being the most common (45.5%). Following functional domain marker (FDM) analysis, 7,208 markers were used for in silico PCR, which revealed 8,843 polymorphic bands (86.9%), with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.41, gene diversity of 0.54, and a Shannon index of 0.91. The dendrogram and PCA plot clearly separated samples from Malaysia and India. These findings provide a new alternative for EST-SSR marker validation and a foundation for genetic improvement and conservation strategies for P. amaryllifolius. pine medicine metabolite profiles scarce ESTSSR EST SSR P 157467 157 467 157,46 1084 1 084 1,08 pairs these 66820 66 820 66,82 ESTSSRs SSRs identified 45.5%. 455 45.5% . 45 5 (45.5%) FDM (FDM analysis 7208 7 208 7,20 PCR 8843 8 843 8,84 86.9%, 869 86.9% , 86 9 (86.9%) PIC (PIC 041 0 41 0.41 054 54 0.54 091 91 0.91 India 15746 15 46 157,4 108 08 1,0 6682 6 82 66,8 45.5 4 (45.5% 720 20 7,2 884 84 8,8 86.9 (86.9% 04 0.4 05 0.5 09 0.9 1574 157, 10 1, 668 66, 45. (45.5 72 2 7, 88 8, 86. (86.9 0. (45. (86. (45 (86 (4 (8 (

ABSTRACT Thenus spp. are slipper lobsters which are commercially significant as a food source with good aquaculture potential. This study focuses on collecting population information on Thenus orientalis and Thenus indicus from selected sites in southern Thailand and Malaysia to inform sustainable fisheries management about the resources. Twenty-five size-adjusted morphometric measurements were analyzed using canonical discriminant function and dendrogram cluster analyses to examine patterns of phenotypic variation between sites. Significant phenotypic variation with distinct centroids and minimal overlapping cases were observed among four sites of T. orientalis (p < 0.05), as well as cluster analysis groupings occurring as in (i) Kota Kinabalu and Kudat, in Sabah, Malaysia; (ii) Pattani; and (iii) Nakhon Si Thammarat, in Thailand, which were best discriminated by the width of the third pereiopod merus, the sixth abdomen segment, and the carapace posterior margin. Similar morphometric data between Kota Kinabalu and Kudat suggests a subpopulation of T. orientalis occurring in Sabah waters. Significant phenotypic variation was also detected between six sites of T. indicus (p < 0.05), with close centroids and overlapping cases forming three groups: (i) Ranong and Nakhon Si Thammarat; (ii) Kota Kinabalu, Tanjung Sedili, and Kuala Terengganu; and (iii) Pattani, best described by the widths of the second antenna and the first pereiopod merus, in addition to the length of the sixth abdomen segment. Cluster analysis shows the Pattani specimens clustering with the Malaysian specimens rather than the Thai specimens, suggesting homogeneous morphometric data between contiguous sites. Nakhon and Pattani forming separate groups in both species suggest discreet subpopulations occurring in the lower Gulf of Thailand. Patterns of phenotypic variation observed may be attributable to environmental conditions, local adaptations, and nomadic behavior. The findings can serve as baseline information for spatial planning in fisheries management, as well as to apprise regional efforts in the sustainable exploitation of Thenus spp. spp potential resources Twentyfive Twenty five sizeadjusted size adjusted T p 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0 05 0.05) i (i ii (ii iii (iii Thammarat merus segment margin waters Sedili Terengganu conditions adaptations behavior 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM