Antecedentes: La educación en bioética es esencial para desarrollar competencias éticas en profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada sobre su implementación en programas de ciencias de la salud, particularmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: Evaluar la integración de la educación en bioética en programas de ciencias de la salud mediante el examen de los niveles de formación docente y la implementación curricular en una universidad privada de Paraguay. Métodos: Este estudio transversal analizó registros académicos de 105 docentes (tasa de respuesta del 34.7 %) y planes de estudio de siete programas de pregrado en ciencias de la salud durante 2020–2021. La recolección de datos incluyó demografía docente, formación en bioética, contenido curricular, metodologías de enseñanza y estrategias de evaluación. El análisis cuantitativo empleó estadística descriptiva y pruebas de chi-cuadrado, mientras que el análisis cualitativo examinó documentos curriculares. Resultados: Solo el 2 % de los docentes tenía calificaciones formales en bioética, mientras que el 24 % reportó formación no formal. El programa de Enfermería mostró tasas significativamente más altas de docentes con formación en bioética (71 %) en comparación con otros programas (0–22 %, P=0.03). Todos los programas, excepto Psicología, incluyeron principios éticos en sus declaraciones de misión, pero la implementación se limitó a cursos únicos obligatorios (34–85 horas) con métodos de enseñanza tradicionales basados en clases magistrales. Se encontraron variaciones significativas en el momento de la educación en bioética entre programas, desde el segundo hasta el décimo semestre. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos revelan brechas sustanciales entre las aspiraciones institucionales y la implementación real de la educación en bioética, caracterizada por una limitada formación docente y una integración curricular fragmentada. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de mejorar el desarrollo docente, revisar el plan de estudios e implementar estrategias de enseñanza innovadoras para fortalecer la educación en bioética en los programas de ciencias de la salud.

Background: Bioethics education is essential for developing ethical competencies in healthcare professionals. However, limited evidence exists regarding its implementation in health sciences programs, particularly in developing countries. Objective: To assess the integration of bioethics education in health sciences programs by examining faculty training levels and curricular implementation at a private university in Paraguay. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed academic records from 105 faculty members (34.7% response rate) and curricula from seven undergraduate health sciences programs during 2020-2021. Data collection included faculty demographics, bioethics training, curricular content, teaching methodologies, and assessment strategies. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, while qualitative analysis examined curricular documents. Results: Only 2% of faculty held formal bioethics qualifications, while 24% reported non-formal training. The Nursing program showed significantly higher rates of faculty with bioethics training (71%) compared to other programs (0-22%, P=0.03). All programs, except Psychology, included ethical principles in their mission statements, but implementation was limited to single mandatory courses (34–85 hours) with traditional lecture-based teaching methods. Significant variations were found in the timing of bioethics education across programs, ranging from second to tenth semester. Conclusions: Findings reveal substantial gaps between institutional aspirations and actual implementation of bioethics education, characterized by limited faculty training and fragmented curricular integration. Results suggest the need for enhanced faculty development, curriculum revision, and innovative teaching strategies to strengthen bioethics education in health sciences programs.

RESUMO Na cidade de Belo Horizonte (Brasil), observamos um avanço importante no processo de envelhecimento da população. Esse processo impõe desafios para a pesquisa sobre os impactos dessas transformações na configuração da vida urbana. Nossa pesquisa busca estabelecer a relação entre o envelhecimento e as práticas de mobilidade em termos dos motivos, modos e frequências, bem como as centralidades criadas com base na prática de deslocamento da população idosa. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um Index of elderly Centrality (IeCf) utilizando os fluxos do grupo estudado como proxy de centralidade. No que tange às viagens, observamos uma redução da frequência e relevância dos deslocamentos por transporte coletivo e a pé, especialmente entre mulheres. Além disso, identificamos áreas de concentração de viagens mais dispersas, em centralidades diferentes das já consolidadas no município, configurando novas áreas centrais que atendem à demanda mais específica da população idosa.

ABSTRACT In the city of Belo Horizonte (Brazil), we observe a significant advancement in the aging process of the population. This process poses challenges for research on the impacts of these transformations on the configuration of urban life. Our study aims to establish the relationship between aging and mobility practices in terms of motives, modes, and frequencies, as well as the centralities created based on the displacement practices of the elderly population. To this end, an Index of Elderly Centrality (IeCf) was developed using the flows of the studied group as a proxy for centrality. Regarding trips, we observed a reduction in the frequency and relevance of journeys by public transportation and on foot, especially among women. Furthermore, we identified areas of travel concentration that are more dispersed, in centralities different from those already established in the municipality, shaping new central areas that cater to the more specific demand related to the elderly population.

Resumen: En este estudio, presentamos un peculiar acercamiento a la historia cotidiana de la ciudad y puerto de Veracruz. Lo hemos intentado hacer a través de tres importantes temas. El primero, haciendo una breve historia de sus fundaciones, desde la primera ubicación creada por Hernán Cortés en 1519 hasta su asentamiento definitivo en 1597. El segundo, realizando una aproximación a la población que tuvo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y primera del XVII. Y, finalmente, el tercero, exponiendo los diferentes conflictos que las flotas de la Carrera de Indias produjeron y los precios de los alimentos básicos. La importancia que Veracruz tuvo en el sistema monopolístico castellano, como puerto de intercambio entre Europa y el Caribe, no se verá reflejada en el desarrollo de la ciudad. Su ubicación, su población y su economía siempre estuvieron condicionadas por la temporalidad de las flotas.

Abstract: This article presents a peculiar approach to the history of everyday life in the port city of Veracruz through three axes. It starts out with a brief sketch of its origins, from the first settlement founded by Hernán Cortés in 1519 to the city’s definitive establishment in 1597. Secondly, it addresses its population during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth. Lastly, it reveals the conflicts produced by the West Indies Fleets and the prices of basic goods. The importance of Veracruz in the Castilian monopoly system, as the port of trade between Europe and the Caribbean, would not be reflected in the city’s development. Its location, its population and its economy would always be conditioned by the seasonality of fleets.

ABSTRACT The school attendance of 4-5 years-old children raised from 3.7% to 78.9% between 1970 and 2018 in Brazil. This paper analyses the preschool expansion process in Brazil in the last 50 years, documenting the preschool attendance and discussing how sociodemographic and institutional factors usually associated with the expansion are related to the process. The paper shows that female labor force participation, public investments, and demographic factors were to some extent important but not crucial to the expansion of preschool attendance in Brazil. Furthermore, the observed expansion seems to be a result of uncoordinated and unplanned policies implemented in the period. 45 4 5 4- yearsold years old 37 3 7 3.7 789 78 9 78.9 197 201 participation investments Furthermore period 3. 78. 19 20 1 2

RESUMO A taxa líquida de matrícula na pré-escola aumentou de 3,7% para 78,9% entre 1970 e 2018. Este artigo analisa o processo de universalização da pré-escola no Brasil ocorrido nos últimos 50 anos, documentando a evolução do acesso e discutindo de forma analítica a influência de fatores sociodemográficos e institucionais comumente atribuídos à expansão da pré-escola no Brasil. Fatores como oferta de trabalho feminina, investimento público e demografia, embora tenham sua importância, não foram decisivos para a expansão da pré-escola tal que a expansão observada no período parece fruto de políticas não coordenadas e não planejadas implementadas no período. préescola pré escola 37 3 7 3,7 789 78 9 78,9 197 2018 5 anos feminina demografia importância 3, 78, 19 201 1 20 2

ABSTRACT The generation of observation units of reduced dimensions and regular geometry is becoming increasingly important in spatial analysis. Following this line of work, the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia has, for the last decade, developed information integrated into the statistical grid formed by regular cells of 250 x 250 meters, according to Eurostat guidelines. This article shows the results of the use of spatial distribution data of population and housing. Autocorrelation and spatial correlation analyses have been conducted to find out the relationship between the Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratio and certain socioeconomic indicators, as well as certain housing characteristics. The results, along with the advantages of working at a territorial disaggregation level of reduced dimensions and with a homogeneous observation unit, are showing order to obtain a more exhaustive knowledge of the territory.

RESUMEN La generación de unidades de observación de dimensiones reducidas y geometría regular tiene cada vez más peso en el análisis espacial. Siguiendo esta línea de trabajo, el Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía elabora, desde hace diez años, información integrada en la malla estadística formada por celdas regulares de 250 x 250 metros según las directrices de Eurostat. En este artículo se muestran los resultados de la utilización de datos de distribución espacial de la población y de la vivienda. Se han realizado análisis de autocorrelación y de correlación espacial para conocer la relación que existe entre la Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada Suavizada y determinados indicadores socioeconómicos y de algunas características de las viviendas. Se muestran los resultados y las ventajas de trabajar en un nivel de desagregación territorial de dimensiones reducidas y con una unidad de observación homogénea, para obtener así un conocimiento más exhaustivo del territorio.

ABSTRACT Spatial segregation is a phenomenon closely linked to specific sociodemographic conditions of the population. Based on this premise, the Global Spatial Segregation Index (GSSI) and the Areal Spatial Segregation Index (ASSI) were calculated for Quito. The latter was correlated with sociodemographic variables of employment, health, education, digital availability and ethnic self-identification. The results show that: i) there is a process of socioeconomic spatial segregation in Quito, where low strata are concentrated in the peripheral areas while high strata are concentrated in the center-north and urban-rural parishes of the city; ii) statistically, a strong positive association was found between ASSIs of high strata and variables of digital availability, private education, private health insurance and white ethnic self-identification. It is concluded that there is a process of socioeconomic spatial segregation related to certain socio-demographic profiles of the population of Quito considered as social advantages and disadvantages.

RESUMEN La segregación espacial es un fenómeno estrechamente vinculado a condiciones sociodemográficas específicas de la población. Siguiendo esta premisa, se calculó el Índice de Segregación Espacial Global (ISEG) y el Índice de Segregación Espacial Areal (ISEA) para Quito. Este último fue correlacionado con variables sociodemográficas de empleo, salud, educación, disponibilidad digital y autoidentificación étnica. Los resultados muestran que: i) existe un proceso de segregación espacial socioeconómica en Quito, donde estratos bajos se concentran en las periferias mientras que estratos altos lo hacen en el centro-norte y parroquias urbano-rurales de la ciudad; ii) estadísticamente se evidencia una asociación positiva fuerte entre ISEA de estratos altos y variables de disponibilidad digital, educación privada, seguro de salud privado y autoidentificación étnica blanca. Se concluye que existe un proceso de segregación espacial socioeconómica relacionado con ciertos perfiles sociodemográficos de la población quiteña considerados como ventajas y desventajas sociales.

Resumen En el marco del Proyecto Arqueología de la Sierra de Manantlán (UdeG, conanp), en Jalisco, se han registrado evidencias de una refinada tradición alfarera que remonta al periodo Preclásico (400 A.E.C.–300 E.C.), la cual consta, entre otras producciones, de figurillas antropomorfas de barro procedentes de la cuenca baja del río Ayuquila; dichas figurillas marcan una riqueza cultural original y llaman la atención algunas representaciones de mujeres del pueblo: todas diferentes entre sí, embarazadas, dando a luz y/o cargando bebés. A partir de las recientes teorías feministas se busca plantear una interpretación de estas figurillas femeninas milenarias, representando procesos fisiológicos —el embarazo, la lactancia, el parto— y pedagógicos y/o lúdicos, por ejemplo la crianza, más allá de una explicación clásica y sesgada por el paradigma patriarcal, como suele formularse: erotismo o fertilidad. Así, se plantean como agentes de la importancia y reconocimiento social que se le daba a la población femenina fértil, en un contexto crono-cultural donde la demografía resultó esencial al desarrollo societal.

Abstract Within the framework of the Sierra de Manantlán Archeology Project (UdeG, conanp), in Jalisco, evidence has been recorded of a refined pottery tradition dating back to the Preclassic period (300 BCE – 300 CE), which consists, among other productions, of anthropomorphic clay figurines from the lower basin of the Ayuquila River; These figurines mark an original cultural richness, and draw attention for representing real women: all different from each other, pregnant, giving birth and/or carrying babies. In the light of recent feminist theories, we seek to propose an interpretation of these ancient female figurines, with physiological processes such as pregnancy, lactation, childbirth, and pedagogical and/or or playful such as parenting represented, beyond a classic explanation biased by the patriarchal paradigm as it is usually formulated: eroticism or fertility. So, we consider them as agency elements of the importance and social status given to fertile women, in a chrono-cultural context where demography resulted essential to society development.

Resumen El bienestar financiero de los trabajadores millennials en la era financiera digital es, sin embargo, ansioso e inseguro. Este estudio cuantitativo tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto de la alfabetización financiera digital en el bienestar financiero de los trabajadores milenarios a través del comportamiento financiero digital como mediador. El bienestar se ve subjetivamente como ansioso o seguro en sus condiciones financieras. Este estudio recogió datos mediante la distribución de cuestionarios a cuatrocientos veinticinco trabajadores milenarios nacidos entre 1981 y 2005 que trabajaban activamente en el Gran Yakarta como muestra de investigación. Utilizando PLS-SEM y el software libre R Studio, los datos recogidos se analizaron utilizando estadísticas descriptivas para determinar la demografía de los encuestados. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran que los trabajadores millennials en el Gran Yakarta pueden mejorar su bienestar financiero mediante el desarrollo de una buena educación financiera digital y la práctica de un comportamiento efectivo de gestión financiera digital en el uso de productos financieros digitales. Estos trabajadores creen que esto aliviará sus preocupaciones financieras o proporcionará seguridad para el futuro. Siguiendo los hallazgos de este estudio, los trabajadores millennials deben dominar la gestión de varios productos de servicios financieros digitales desde el principio para tomar decisiones financieras de forma segura sin preocuparse por el bienestar financiero en su comportamiento.

Abstract Millennial workers' financial well-being in the digital financial era is nonetheless anxious and insecure. This quantitative study aims to analyze the effect of digital financial literacy on millennial workers' financial well-being through digital financial behavior as a mediator. Well-being is seen subjectively as anxious or secure in their financial conditions. This study collected data by distributing questionnaires to four hundred twenty-five millennial workers born between 1981 and 2005 actively working in Greater Jakarta as a research sample. Utilizing PLS-SEM and the free software R Studio, the collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the demographics of the respondents. The study's findings show that millennial workers in Greater Jakarta can improve their financial well-being by developing good digital financial literacy and practicing effective digital financial management behavior in using digital financial products. These workers believe this will alleviate their financial worries or provide security for the future. Following this study's findings, millennial workers must master the management of various digital financial service products early on to make financial decisions safely without worrying about financial well-being in their behavior.

ABSTRACT The provision of quality service in three-star hotels not only affects the reputation and credibility of the establishment, but also ensures sustained economic income. This study, focused on the Ecuadorian context, aims to analyze, implement, and evaluate effective tools to measure and improve customer experience. The results highlight the need for a specific manual and continuous training strategies for staff, focusing on areas of improvement such as communication and efficiency in care. The customer demographic, primarily between 18 and 45 years old with higher education, offers opportunities to adapt strategies and generate sustainable income. The implementation of personalized measures not only increases customer satisfaction, but also strengthens the competitiveness of the three-star hotel sector in Ecuador.

RESUMEN La prestación de un servicio de calidad en hoteles de tres estrellas no solo incide en la reputación y credibilidad del establecimiento, sino que también asegura ingresos económicos sostenidos. Este estudio, centrado en el contexto ecuatoriano, se propone analizar, implementar y evaluar herramientas eficaces para medir y mejorar la experiencia del cliente. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de un manual específico y estrategias continuas de capacitación para el personal, al enfocarse en áreas de mejora como la comunicación y la eficiencia en la atención. La demografía de clientes, principalmente entre 18 y 45 años con educación superior, ofrece oportunidades para adaptar estrategias y generar ingresos sostenibles. La implementación de medidas personalizadas no solo eleva la satisfacción del cliente, sino que también fortalece la competitividad del sector hotelero de tres estrellas en Ecuador.

Resumen El marcado o marcaje de tortugas es un método ampliamente utilizado para facilitar el seguimiento de la demografía y estructura de las poblaciones y la conservación de las especies. Aunque se utilizan en muchos estudios de demografía de tortugas, los métodos disponibles no son muy eficaces, excepto los microchips (Passive Intergraded Transponder/PIT tags); sin embargo, estos últimos son demasiado caros para ser utilizados a gran escala. Aquí presentamos una alternativa de marcado viable y rentable que utiliza una marca de plástico duradera para ganado y un alfiler. Se marcaron tortugas del género Podocnemis en la región del Bajo Amazonas, al oeste del estado de Pará, Amazonas, Brasil. Este método es muy recomendable para futuros trabajos de seguimiento y estructura poblacional de grandes especies de tortugas dulceacuícolas. Además de su viabilidad, puede utilizarse en forma de ciencia ciudadana, ya que la información puede ser obtenida por profanos y llevada a investigadores y conservacionistas.

Abstract The marking or tagging of turtles is a widely used to facilitate the monitoring of population demography, structure, and conservation of species. Even though they are used in many studies of turtle demography, the available methods are not very efficient, except for microchips (Passive Intergraded Transponder/PIT tags); however, the latter is too expensive to be used on a large scale. Here we present a viable, cost-effective tagging alternative that uses a durable plastic cattle tag and pin. Turtles in the genus Podocnemis were tagged in the Lower-Amazon region, west of the state of Pará, Amazon, Brazil. This method is highly recommended for future work on monitoring and population structure of large species of freshwater turtles. In addition to feasibility, it can be used in the form of citizen science, as the information can be obtained by laypeople and taken to researchers and conservationists.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Only a few trials have compared the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of prostaglandin analogs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitor plus beta-blocker fixed-dose combination therapy in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Furthermore, the influence of the glaucoma stage on the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of these drug types has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to compare the IOP-lowering efficacy of latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog versus dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor plus beta-blocker fixed-dose combination therapy, in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma based on glaucoma stage. Methods: The data of 32 eyes (32 patients) diagnosed with uniocular pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and treated with topical latanoprost (Group 1) or dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (Group 2) were retrospectively assessed. The groups were subdivided into early and moderate-advanced stages. Patients’ demographics, baseline intraocular pressure, final intraocular pressure, and intraocular pressure difference (the difference between the baseline and final intraocular pressure) were determined from medical records and compared between groups and according to glaucoma stage. Results: The mean drug use duration was 17.7 ± 13.5 months. No significant differences in mean baseline intraocular pressure, mean final intraocular pressure and mean intraocular pressure difference between Groups 1 and 2. In Group 2, the mean intraocular pressure difference was significantly greater in patients with early versus moderate-advanced stage glaucoma (p=0.015). The difference, however, was not detected in Group 1. The mean intraocular pressure difference in early-stage glaucoma was significantly greater in Group 2 versus 1 (p=0.033). Conclusions: Latanoprost and dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination are effective treatments for newly diagnosed pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. In early-stage pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, greater intraocular pressure reduction was noted with dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination than with latanoprost; thus, dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination should be considered when a significant decrease in intraocular pressure is desired in early-stage glaucoma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudos limitados examinaram os efeitos de redução de pressão intraocular de análogos de prostaglandina versus inibidor de anidrase carbônica mais terapia de combinação de dose fixa beta-bloqueador em pacientes com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo. Além disso, a influência do estágio de glaucoma nos efeitos de redução da pressão intraocular desses tipos de drogas não foi avaliada. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficácia de redução do IOP do latanoprosta, uma combinação fixa análoga de prostaglandina versus dorzolamida/timolol, um inibidor de anidrase carbônica mais terapia de combinação de dose fixa beta-bloqueador, em pacientes com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo de acordo com o estágio de glaucoma. Métodos: Os dados de 32 olhos (32 pacientes) diagnosticados com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo monocular e tratados com latanoprosta tópica (Grupo 1) ou combinação fixa de dorzolamida/timolol (Grupo 2) foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Os grupos foram subdivididos em estágios inicial e moderado-avançado. A demografia dos pacientes, a pressão intraocular da linha de base, a pressão intraocular final e a diferença de pressão intraocular (a diferença entre a pressão intraocular da linha de base e a pressão intraocular final) foram determinadas a partir dos prontuários médicos e comparadas entre os dois grupos e de acordo com o estágio de glaucoma. Resultados: A duração média do uso de drogas foi de 17,7 ± 13,5 meses. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre os grupos 1 e 2 para a média da pressão intraocularda linha de base, média da pressão intraocular final e média da diferença da pressão intraocular. No Grupo 2, a média da diferença da pressão intraocular foi significativamente maior em pacientes com glaucoma de estágio precoce versus moderado-avançado (p=0,015). No entanto, essa diferença não foi observada no Grupo 1. A média da diferença da pressão intraocular em glaucoma de estágio inicial foi significativamente maior no Grupo 2 versus 1 (p=0,033). Conclusões: Terapias com Latanoprosta e dorzolamida/timolol são tratamentos eficazes para glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo recém-diagnosticado. Observou-se em glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo de estágio inicial, uma maior redução da pressão intraocular com combinação fixa de dorzolamida/timolol do que com latanoprosta; assim, a combinação fixa de dorzolamida/timolol deve ser considerada quando uma diminuição significativa da pressão intraocular é almejada em glaucoma de estágio inicial.

ABSTRACT: Maintaining a rural-urban balance is absolutely necessary in the context of the challenges related to food security and environmental protection as well as the perspectives of urban agglomeration. This paper highlighted the impact of the main events from the last 30 years on the rural population. This study used the vector autoregressive model (VAR) to investigate the estimates and analyse the dynamic impact of innovations on the system of variables. Key issues that influenced certain periods in the analyzed interval were highlighted, which clearly show the impact on the analyzed variables using variance decomposition. The cost of living in rural areas is increasing, so more and more inhabitants give up growing certain crops or raising certain animals, thus having to search for food to survive, leading to additional wage income to cover these costs.

RESUMO: A manutenção do equilíbrio rural-urbano é absolutamente necessária no contexto dos desafios relacionados com a segurança alimentar e proteção ambiental, bem como as perspetivas de aglomeração urbana. O objetivo do trabalho é destacar o impacto dos principais acontecimentos dos últimos 30 anos sobre a população rural. Este estudo utilizou o modelo autoregressivo vetorial (VAR) para investigar as estimativas e analisar o impacto dinâmico das inovações no sistema de variáveis. Foram destacadas as principais questões que influenciaram determinados períodos no intervalo analisado, o que mostra claramente o impacto nas variáveis analisadas usando a decomposição de variância. O custo de vida nas zonas rurais está a aumentar, tanto mais que cada vez mais habitantes desistem de cultivar determinadas culturas ou de criar determinados animais, tendo assim de obter os alimentos necessários à sua sobrevivência, o que obriga a um rendimento salarial adicional para cobrir estas despesas custos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute respiratory infections are the cause of death in 4.3 million children under five years of age, representing 30% of all annual deaths in this age group. Objective: To determine the maternal and child factors associated with acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age in Peru. Methods: An analytical, descriptive, observational and retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample included 8,366 children under five years of age, whose mothers satisfactorily responded to the National Demographic and Family Health Survey, published in 2021. Results: Adult mothers constituted a protective factor against acute respiratory infections (PR = 0.871 and CI = 0.761-0.998). On the other hand, teenage mothers were a risk factor (PR = 1.331 and CI = 1.057-1.677) and the prevalence increased, as did mothers who had only reached secondary school levels (PR = 1.326 and CI = 1.164-1.512) and primary (PR = 1.418 and CI = 1.197-1.681). The increase in cases also occurred in the jungle region (PR = 1.487 and CI = 1.255-1.762) and in male children (PR = 1.120 and CI = 1.008-1.245). Conclusions: A positive association was found between acute respiratory infections and adolescent mother factors, only with studies up to secondary and primary school, the jungle as the region of residence of the mother and child, and the male sex of the infant.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son la causa de muerte en 4,3 millones de niños menores de cinco años, lo que representa el 30 % de todas las muertes anuales en este grupo de edad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores materno-infantiles asociados con las infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños menores de cinco años en Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. La muestra incluyó a 8366 niños menores de cinco años, cuyas madres respondieron satisfactoriamente la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Familiar, publicada en 2021. Resultados: Las madres adultas constituyeron un factor protector frente a las infecciones respiratorias agudas (PR = 0,871 e IC = 0,761-0,998). En cambio, las madres adolescentes fueron un factor de riesgo (PR = 1,331 e IC = 1,057-1,677) y la prevalencia aumentó, al igual que las madres que solo habían alcanzado los niveles de estudio de secundaria (PR = 1,326 e IC = 1,164-1,512) y primaria (PR = 1,418 e IC = 1,197-1,681). El incremento de casos también ocurrió en la región de la selva (PR = 1,487 e IC = 1,255-1,762) y en niños varones (PR = 1,120 e IC = 1,008-1,245). Conclusiones: Se encontró una asociación positiva entre las infecciones respiratorias agudas y los factores madre adolescente, solo con estudios hasta secundaria y primaria, la selva como región de residencia de la madre y el niño, y el sexo masculino del infante.

Abstract: In this work, frequencies of traumatic injuries in individuals from the province of Neuquén (N=37) corresponding to different moments of the Holocene (i.e., mid-late Holocene transition, late Holocene and post-contact moments) are analyzed. Likewise, samples of skulls from the area housed in various institutions from the same period are analyzed (N=45). The results indicate levels of interpersonal violence from the beginning of the temporal analyzed sequence that increase as a demographic increase occurs (around 2,000 years BP), particularly in the area with the highest estimated population density (i.e., central-southern Neuquén). In addition, the evidence of indirect violence stands out for moments after contact with colonial society. On a broader spatial scale, it is detected that the levels of conflict in the NW of Patagonia were higher than those recorded for the NE of the region. It is proposed the existence of causal relationships between conflict levels with demographic and ecological factors to explain the observed variation. Finally, the results are interpreted in light of complementary lines of evidence. The conflict relations in the area would not have been disruptive for the sociocultural systems until the last 200 years, when military campaigns were carried out by the new National State.

Resumen: En este trabajo se analizan frecuencias de lesiones traumáticas en individuos procedentes de la provincia de Neuquén (N=37) correspondientes a distintos momentos del Holoceno (i.e., transición Holoceno medio-tardío, Holoceno tardío y momentos postcontacto). Asimismo, se analizan muestras de cráneos del área alojadas en diversas instituciones del mismo período (N=45). Los resultados indican niveles de violencia interpersonal desde comienzos de la secuencia temporal analizada que aumentan conforme se verifica un incremento demográfico (hacia los 2.000 años AP), particularmente en el área con mayor densidad poblacional estimada (i.e., centro-sur de Neuquén). Asimismo, se destaca la evidencia de violencia indirecta para momentos postcontacto con la sociedad colonial. En una escala espacial más amplia, se detecta que los niveles de conflicto en el NO de la Patagonia fueron mayores que aquellos registrados para el NE de la región. Para explicar la variación observada se propone la existencia de relaciones causales entre niveles de conflicto con factores demográficos y ecológicos. Finalmente, los resultados son interpretados a la luz de líneas de evidencia complementarias. Las relaciones de conflicto en el área no habrían sido disruptivas para los sistemas socioculturales hasta los últimos 200 años, momento en el que se llevaron a cabo campañas militares por parte del nuevo Estado Nacional.

Resumen El presente artículo se basa en un análisis estadístico de los datos proporcionados por el Censo de Revillagigedo de 1790 para la intendencia de Valladolid, que a finales de la Colonia correspondía en su gran mayoría con el actual estado de Michoacán. A partir de estos datos, se obtuvo información fundamental sobre la sociedad michoacana a fines de la época colonial, incluyendo aspectos como la población total, la proporción por sexo, los grupos de edad, el porcentaje por calidad racial, la distribución de la población por subdelegación y la densidad poblacional, entre otros. Adicionalmente, se ofrece una comparación con el estudio estadístico de Martínez de Lejarza de 1822. Se demuestra que esta intendencia estaba en crecimiento poblacional, con una ligera ventaja de hombres respecto de mujeres, y contaba con una sociedad joven, pues sus grupos de edad presentan una forma piramidal propia del antiguo régimen demográfico. En lo que concierne a las calidades raciales, se muestra también que la mayoría de los michoacanos no eran indígenas, aunque se presentan diferencias regionales importantes, como lo son zonas marcadamente indígenas y otras con mayoría de castas y españoles. Otros aspectos aquí revelados incluyen la diferencia en densidad poblacional entre regiones y que la mayoría de la población masculina activa se dedicó al sector primario.

Abstract: This article is based on a statistical analysis of the data provided by the 1790 Revillagigedo Census for the intendancy of Valladolid, which at the end of the Colonial period corresponded mostly to the current state of Michoacán. From these data, fundamental information about Michoacán society at the end of the colonial era was obtained, including aspects such as the total population, sex ratio, age groups, percentage by racial category, population distribution by sub-delegation, and population density, among others. Additionally, a comparison with the statistical study by Martínez de Lejarza in 1822 is offered. It is shown that this intendancy was experiencing population growth, with a slight male advantage over females, and had a young society, as its age groups display a pyramidal shape characteristic of the old demographic regime. Regarding racial categories, it is also shown that most Michoacán in habitants were not indigenous, although significant regional differences are presented, such as markedly indigenous areas and others with a majority of castes and Spaniards. Other aspects revealed here include the difference in population density between regions and that much of the active male population was engaged in the primary sector.