ABSTRACT In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

RESUMEN En la región Amazonas del Perú, los arándanos nativos se encuentran en zonas altoandinas, donde se asocian con pequeños arbustos y musgos. Estos arándanos prefieren suelos poco profundos con textura arcillo-arenosa y de baja fertilidad. Sin embargo, su población se ve amenazada por su limitada capacidad regenerativa y diversos factores antropogénicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del ácido indol butírico y del tipo de sustrato en la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo peruano (Vaccinium sp.) cultivado en microtúnel. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial; A: sustrato (arena 100%, arena + fibra de coco 1:1 v/v y fibra de coco 100%) y B: concentraciones de AIB (1, 2 y 3 g L-1) y un testigo (0 g L-1), dando 12 tratamientos, 3 repeticiones y 36 unidades experimentales. En el campo, se recolectaron brotes apicales de arándano con tallos semi-lignificados y vigorosos. En el laboratorio, fueron desinfectados con fungicida y cortados a un tamaño de 7 cm. Posteriormente, se trataron con AIB y se plantaron en sustratos preparados. Tras 120 días en el microtúnel, se observó que los esquejes de arándano mostraron una mayor supervivencia en arena + fibra de coco (94,7%), enraizamiento (73,8%), número de raíces (6,9) y crecimiento radicular (9,2). Las concentraciones de AIB a 2 y 3 g L-1 tuvieron un mayor efecto en el enraizamiento, con valores superiores al 60%. El uso de sustratos y concentraciones adecuadas de auxina favorece significativamente la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo. Esta técnica de propagación se postula como una alternativa prometedora para la propagación masiva de esta especie con fines de conservación y rehabilitación de ecosistemas degradados.

Resumen Antecedentes: Actualmente muchos paisajes están dominados por suelos degradados con baja disponibildiad de fósforo, debido a una baja concentración en el suelo o al secuestro del fósforo por minerales ricos en hierro. Preguntas: ¿Los ácidos orgánicos pueden aumentar la disponibilidad de fósforo y el crecimiento de plantas en suelos bajos en fósforo? De ser así, ¿estos efectos están modulados por hongos ectomicorrícicos? Especies de estudio: Pinus pseudostrobus y su hongo ectomicorrícico Pisolithus arhizus. Sitio y años de estudio: El experimento se realizó en una casa de sombra (35 % de sombra) en Morelia Michoacán en 2015. Métodos: Realizamos dos experimentos con Pinus pseudostrobus y su hongo ectomicorrícico Pisolithus arhizus adicionando seis sales de ácidos orgánicos. Las sales de citrato de sodio, oxalato de sodio, acetato de sodio, tartrato de sodio, succinato de sodio y malato de sodio se añadieron en las siguientes concentraciones 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 y 64 micromolar. Resultados: Las sales orgánicas, particularmente tartrato y malato, solubilizaron el fósforo e incrementaron el crecmiento de las plantas después de 12 meses en ausencia de P. arhizus. En los pinos inoculados con P. arhizus, solamente el citrato, tartrato y succionato aumentaron la biomasa y algunos caracteres morfológicos. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que añadir los ácidos orgánicos apropiados a suelos severamente degradados, pueden ayudar en el establecimiento de los pinos y sus efectos positivos fueron mayores que la asociación con micorrizas para plantas durante las etapas iniciales de colonización por los hongos.

Abstract Background: Many landscapes, both natural and anthropogenic, are dominated by degraded soils that have low phosphorus availability due to low overall phosphorus concentration or to phosphorus sequestration by iron-rich minerals. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Does the application of low molecular weight organic acids improve phosphorus availability and plant growth in phosphorus-poor soils, and is this effect modulated by ectomycorrhizal fungi? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus, in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Study site and dates: The experiment was carried out in a shade house (35 % shade) in Morelia, Michoacán in 2015. Methods: We conducted experiments with Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Sodium salts of citrate, oxalate, acetate, tartrate, succinate and malate were added to the soil at 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 micromolar concentrations. Results: The salts of the organic acids-particularly tartrate and malate-solubilized phosphorus and improved plant growth after 12 months in the absence of P. arhizus. When plants were inoculated with P. arhizus, the effect of most organic acids was either detrimental or non-significant. However, citrate, tartrate and succinate improved biomass and morphological parameters. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding appropriate organic acids to heavily degraded soils can aid P. pseudostrobus establishment and its benefits are higher than the association with mycorrhiza for young plants during the initial stages of fungal colonization.

RESUMEN: La especie Neltuma alba (algarrobo blanco), nativa de Argentina, posee un gran valor comercial y resulta de interés para la restauración de suelos degradados. Se ha sugerido que la incorporación de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) beneficia a las plantas durante su establecimiento en campo. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar algunas variables edáficas y el crecimiento en una plantación de N. alba inoculada con HMA aislados de la Región Chaqueña Argentina al cabo de seis años de su establecimiento en campo. Los tratamientos consistieron en plantas inoculadas con HMA aislados de dos sitios: Colonia Benítez (CB, provincia de Chaco, sitio húmedo) y Padre Lozano (PL, provincia de Salta, sitio semiárido), además se mantuvo un grupo control sin inocular. Se midieron la sobrevivencia, el diámetro al cuello y la altura total de las plantas y se realizó un muestreo de suelo por tratamiento para determinar las variables físicas, químicas y biológicas. La incorporación de los árboles, independientemente de la inoculación, tuvo efectos positivos sobre las propiedades edáficas evaluadas. Las muestras de suelos de las plantas con el inóculo CB se asociaron a mayores valores de actividad biológica total, conductividad eléctrica, pH, calcio intercambiable y respiración edáfica, mientras que las muestras de suelo correspondientes a plantas con el inóculo PL mostraron un mayor contenido de materia orgánica. Los menores crecimientos se encontraron en plantas de N. alba inoculadas con los HMA procedentes de CB en las condiciones ambientales evaluadas.

SUMMARY: Neltuma alba (algarrobo blanco) is a commercially valuable native in Argentina that is of interest for the restoration of degraded soils. Incorporation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been suggested to benefit plants during field establishment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the edaphic properties and growth of N. alba plantations inoculated with AMF isolated from the Chaco Region of Argentina six years after field establishment. The treatments consisted of plants inoculated with AMF isolated from two sites: Colonia Benitez (CB, Chaco Province, humid site) and Padre Lozano (PL, Salta Province, semi-arid site). The uninoculated control (TE) group was maintained. Survival, collar diameter, and total plant height were measured. Additionally, composite soil samples were collected per treatment to determine physical, chemical, and biological variables. Regardless of inoculation, the incorporation of trees had positive effects on the evaluated edaphic properties. Soil samples from plants inoculated with CB showed higher values of total biological activity, electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable calcium, and soil respiration. In contrast, soil samples from plants inoculated with PL showed higher organic matter content. N. alba plants inoculated with AMF from CB exhibited the lowest growth rates under the environmental conditions evaluated.

ABSTRACT Degraded peat has a high potential for use in agricultural production, especially food crops. The water table, which impacts the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs), is the main problem concerning peat utilization. The study aimed to determine the production of greenhouse gases at various peat water levels. The study was conducted in a laboratory setting utilizing the soil column of undisturbed peat soil. The factorial experiment was arranged in randomized block design, with three replicates, with the first factor was peat cropping use: Maize (Zea mays L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), and scrubs. The second factor was water level (0, 10, 20, 30 cm depth). Variables measured were GHG flux (CO2 and CH4), pH, redox potential, total C content, and ash content. The peat cropping use interacted significantly with the peat water level on the potential for CH4 and CO2 production and the value of global warming potential. Water table depth significantly increased CO2 flux and global warming potential (GWP) in all three peat cropping uses. The lowest GWP at a 0 cm peat water level was 944 (pineapple use), 961 (maize use), and 1097 mg CO2e m-2 d-1 (scrub use). Peat for pineapple cultivation produces the lowest CO2 production and GWP compared to maize cultivation and scrubs. The negative relationship between redox potential and GWP is significant in peat for scrub. The relationship between pH and GWP is significant in peat for pineapple and scrub.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize bacteria from rice crop soils to determine their prospective biotechnological potential. Therefore, seven morphologically different bacteria were isolated and their physiological characteristics, antimicrobial sensitivity and ability to degrade different substrates were determined. The bacteria grew optimally between 20 and 37 °C, at pH between 5.0 and 10.0. Regarding antimicrobial sensitivity profiles; one, three, one, one, one and one strain showed resistance to 11, 12, 8, 7 and 4 antimicrobials, respectively. Molecular identification was performed by amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal genes, obtaining similarity with the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Comamonas and Aeromonas. The bacteria, according to their hydrolytic activity, formed five groups: three degraded gelatin, skim milk, casein, olive oil, starch, cellulose, pectin, and tributyrin; one, olive oil and tributyrin; one, gelatin, skim milk, olive oil and tributyrin; one, gelatin, olive oil, starch, tributyrin; and one, gelatin, skim milk, casein, olive oil and tributyrin. The isolated bacteria show great potential as inoculants for the enrichment and bioremediation of agricultural soils.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue aislar y caracterizar bacterias provenientes de suelos de cultivos de arroz para determinar su potencial biotecnológico prospectivo. Para ello, se recolectaron suelos de cultivos de arrozales del distrito de Rioja, Región de San Martín, aislaron siete bacterias morfológicamente diferentes y determinaron sus características fisiológicas, sensibilidad antimicrobiana y capacidad de degradar diferentes sustratos. Las bacterias crecieron óptimamente entre 20 y 37 °C, a pH entre 5,0 y 10,0. Respecto a los perfiles de sensibilidad antimicrobiana; una, tres, una, una y una cepa presentaron resistencia a 11, 12, 8, 7 y 4 antimicrobianos, respectivamente. La identificación molecular se realizó mediante la amplificación y secuenciación de los genes ribosómicos 16S, obteniendo similitud con los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Comamonas y Aeromonas. Las bacterias, según su actividad hidrolítica, formaron cinco grupos: tres degradaron gelatina, leche descremada, caseína, aceite de oliva, almidón, celulosa, pectina, y tributirina; una, aceite de oliva y tributirina; otra, gelatina, leche descremada, aceite de oliva y tributirina; una, gelatina, aceite de oliva, almidón, tributirina; y una, gelatina, leche descremada, caseína, aceite de oliva y tributirina. Las bacterias aisladas presentan gran potencial como inoculantes para el enriquecimiento y la biorremediación de suelos agrícolas.

RESUMO O manejo inadequado de solos de pastagens na Amazônia resulta em predomínio de pastagens degradadas. Considerando as características naturais dessa região pode favorecer estratégias mais adequadas para sua sustentabilidade, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças de atributos químicos e físicos de solos de pastagens e florestas no sul da Amazônia e identificar os atributos mais sensíveis de sua fertilidade. Além disso, sugerir práticas de manejo mais adequadas para essas pastagens em direção à sustentabilidade. Amostras de solo da camada de 0 a 0,20 m foram analisadas para determinação de pH, bases trocáveis (cálcio, magnésio e potássio), alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, fósforo, carbono orgânico, densidade aparente e textura. Os solos de pastagem tiveram maior pH, cálcio e densidade aparente do que os solos de floresta. No entanto, os solos de pastagem apresentaram menores teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica. Os estoques de carbono orgânico do solo também foram menores nas pastagens, com teores de 0,8 a 12 Mg ha-1 inferiores aos solos da floresta. Os atributos de fertilidade mais sensíveis ao manejo do solo nessas pastagens foram fósforo, pH, carbono orgânico e densidade aparente. A carência de nutrientes e de práticas de conservação do solo e da água têm contribuído para o estado de degradação dessas pastagens. Portanto, o manejo recomendado para essas pastagens deve visar a melhoria da matéria orgânica, redução da compactação, além da reposição e ciclagem de nutrientes. degradadas sustentabilidade disso 020 20 0,2 pH cálcio, (cálcio potássio, potássio , potássio) trocável potencial textura floresta entanto orgânica 08 8 0, 1 ha1 ha ha- Portanto compactação 02 2

ABSTRACT Inadequate management of pasture soils in the Amazon has resulted in a predominance of degraded pastures. Considering the natural characteristics of this region can favor more appropriate strategies for sustainability, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the chemical and physical attributes of pasture and forest soils in the Southern Amazon and to identify the most sensitive attributes of their fertility. Additionally, this study suggests appropriate management practices for sustainable pastures. Soil samples from the 0 to 0.20 m layer were analyzed to determine pH, exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, bulk density, and texture. Pasture soils had a higher pH, calcium content, and bulk density than forest soils. However, the pasture soils had lower phosphorus and organic matter content. The soil organic carbon stocks were also lower in pasture soils, with levels 0.8 to 12 Mg ha-1 lower than in forest soils. The fertility attributes most sensitive to soil management in these pastures were phosphorus, pH, organic carbon, and bulk density. The lack of nutrients and soil and water conservation practices have contributed to the degradation of these pastures. Therefore, the recommended management for these pastures should aim to improve the organic matter content, reduce compaction, and replenish and cycle nutrients. sustainability Additionally 020 20 0.2 pH calcium, (calcium magnesium potassium, potassium , potassium) aluminum acidity texture content However 08 8 0. 1 ha1 ha ha- Therefore compaction 02 2

BACKGROUND: In degraded environments such as old fields, nurse plants can facilitate the growth of targeted restoration plant species by ameliorating extreme environmental conditions, creating nutrient-rich microclimates and protecting recruiting plants from grazing. AIM & OBJECTIVES: This study examined the role of Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso as a nurse plant on soil physical and chemical properties and vegetation diversity in old fields targeted for passive restoration at the Tanglewood research farm in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. METHODS: Soils were quantified for physical and chemical properties in 48 plots measuring 25 m² (5 × 5 m) that were located under and outside 24 V. karroo nurse plants in old fields. In addition, detailed vegetation surveys were conducted in the above-mentioned plots. RESULTS: Our results show that soil total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentrations were higher under than outside V. karroo nurse plants. Soil penetration resistance and water-repellency levels were lower under than outside V. karroo nurse plants, however, monthly variations were also observed. Species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were higher under than outside V. karroo nurse plants, with species such as Searsia crenata, Azima tetracantha, Asparagus africanus and Opuntia sp. frequently occurring under V. karroo nurse plants. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that V. karroo nurse plants have a positive effect on some soil physical and chemical properties and vegetation diversity. It is recommended that V. karroo needs to be included in future old field restoration strategies if passive restoration at Tanglewood research farm is to be successful.

Resumo Alchornea sidifolia é uma espécie arbórea utilizada na regeneração de ambientes florestais degradados e que cresce tanto em solos não alagados quanto alagados. Nós comparamos a anatomia da madeira de árvores crescendo sob ambas as condições em remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para entender aspectos intraespecíficos da adaptação de espécies lenhosas tropicais a essas condições. As árvores que se desenvolvem em solos permanentemente inundados apresentaram elementos de vasos mais largos, curtos e menos frequentes; fibrotraqueídes mais largas, com maior proporção do tipo gelatinoso; e menor frequência de parênquima radial, mas com séries de parênquima axial mais longas. Esses resultados indicam que as árvores de A. sidifolia crescendo em solo permanentemente inundado não apresentam déficit hídrico e que a espécie é capaz de maximizar o uso da água nesta condição de crescimento. Essa conclusão pode estar diretamente relacionada à maior proporção de fibrotraqueídes gelatinosos em árvores de ambientes alagados e contraria o que se esperava para a anatomia do lenho de árvores sob seca fisiológica. Janeiro Brasil largos frequentes largas gelatinoso radial longas A crescimento fisiológica

Abstract Alchornea sidifolia is a tree species used in the regeneration of degraded forest environments and which grows in both non-flooded and flooded soils. We compared the wood anatomy of trees growing under both conditions in Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to understand intraspecific aspects of the adaptation of tropical woody species to these conditions. Trees from permanently flooded soils showed wider, shorter, and less frequent vessel elements; wider fibretracheids, with a greater proportion of the gelatinous type; and a lower frequency of radial parenchyma, but with longer strands of axial parenchyma. These results indicate that A. sidifolia trees growing in permanently flooded sites do not show water deficit and that the species is capable of maximizing water use in this growth condition. This conclusion may be directly related to the greater proportion of gelatinous fibretracheids in flooded trees and is contrary to what was expected for wood anatomy of trees under physiological drought. nonflooded non Janeiro Brazil shorter elements type parenchyma A condition drought

RESUMO A mineração no município de Capitão Poço, Pará tem acarretado, como principal consequência, a degradação do solo. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os estoques dos elementos N, P, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn em raízes sob áreas em recuperação por mineração de seixos no Pará, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro áreas, sendo elas a área em recuperação com técnicas de bioengenharia de solos (técnica de construção complementares e técnica de estabilização de solo), a área em recuperação com processo de regeneração natural, a área degradada e a floresta nativa, localizadas no município de Capitão Poço. Para análise dos estoques de elementos em raízes, foram coletados raízes nas profundidades 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm, depois quantificada a biomassa seca e macros e micronutrientes. Para obtenção dos resultados, os estoques de elementos em raízes foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade Shapiro e Wilk e às análises de variância. A comparação das médias foi realizada pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância e utilizado o software estatístico SISVAR. Os maiores valores médios de Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ em raízes finas foram nas áreas com bioengenharia e floresta nativa. Ademais, a floresta nativa apresentou os maiores valores médios de macro e micronutrientes em raízes finas e grossas. Outrossim, os menores estoques de elementos em raízes foram na area degradada. Contudo, as técnicas de bioengenharia são eficazes para recuperar solos degradados, dado que, a cobertura vegetal reestabelece o equilíbrio do sistema solo-planta. Poço acarretado consequência solo forma N P K K+ Na Na+ Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Fe Zn Brasil solo, , solo) natural 010, 010 0 10, 10 0-10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050, 4050 50, 50 40-50 5060, 5060 60, 60 50-60 6080 80 60-8 80100 100 80-10 cm resultados variância 5 SISVAR Ademais grossas Outrossim Contudo degradados que soloplanta. soloplanta planta. planta solo-planta 01 1 0-1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40-5 506 6 50-6 608 8 60- 8010 80-1 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 801 80-

ABSTRACT Mining in the municipality of Capitão Poço, Pará, has resulted in soil degradation as the main consequence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the stocks of the elements (N, P, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in roots in areas of post-pebble mining recovery in Pará, Brazil. The study was carried out in four areas, namely the area under recovery with soil bioengineering techniques (complementary construction technique and soil stabilization technique), the area under recovery with a natural regeneration process, the degraded area, and the native forest located in the municipality of Capitão Poço-PA. Roots were collected at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm soil layers, quantified the dry biomass and contents of macro and micronutrients, and then, estimated the stocks of elements in roots. The data of the element stocks in roots were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality tests and analysis of variance. Means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% significance using the SISVAR statistical software. The highest average Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ values in fine roots were in areas with bioengineering and native forest. The native forest presented the highest average values of macro and micronutrients in fine and thick roots. Furthermore, the lowest stocks of elements in roots were in the degraded area. However, bioengineering techniques are effective in recovering degraded soils, as vegetation cover reestablishes the balance of the soil-plant system. Poço Pará consequence Therefore N, N (N P K K+ Na Na+ Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Fe Zn Cu Mn postpebble post pebble Brazil complementary technique, , technique) process PoçoPA. PoçoPA PA. PA Poço-PA 010, 010 0 10, 10 0-10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050, 4050 50, 50 40-50 5060, 5060 60, 60 50-60 6080, 6080 80, 80 60-80 80100 100 80-10 layers then ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk variance 5 software Furthermore However soils soilplant plant system 01 1 0-1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 40-5 506 6 50-6 608 8 60-8 8010 80-1 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 801 80-

Abstract As the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, soils play a critical role in food production, mitigation and adaption to climate change, and sustainability of agroecosystems. In this context, the aim of this study is to estimate variations in soil carbon stocks resulting from land use and management changes in different biomes that compose the Bacia Estendida do Rio São Francisco (BESF - Extended São Francisco River Basin), between 1985 and 2017. For this, remote sensing data and information from the IBGE agriculture and livestock census were used, in addition to emission factors to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) changes. The results indicate that BESF had about 5.70 million ha degraded in the analyzed period, in addition to an increase of 0.72 Tg C year-1 in SOC stocks. The sub-medium São Francisco River basin recorded the highest SOC gain, with an increase of 0.54 Tg C ha-1; on the other hand, the sub-medium São Francisco River sub-basin had the greatest SOC losses, with an estimated reduction of 0.07 Tg C year-1. In short, this study provides important evidence on changes in SOC stocks in the region, emphasizing the importance of native vegetation conversion to agriculture and livestock systems under sustainable soil management for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and maintaining soil quality. ecosystems production change agroecosystems context Basin, Basin , Basin) 198 2017 used (SOC 570 5 70 5.7 period 072 0 72 0.7 year1 year 1 year- submedium sub medium gain 054 54 0.5 ha1 ha-1 hand subbasin losses 007 07 0.0 year1. 1. short region quality 19 201 57 7 5. 0. 05 ha- 00 20 2

RESUMO Embora o zinco (Zn) seja um micronutriente, quantidades excessivas no solo podem causar efeitos tóxicos às plantas. Fertilizantes, materiais calcários, pesticidas e fungicidas adicionados de Zn têm contribuído para aumentar a concentração deste elemento nos solos agrícolas. Dessa forma, é necessário encontrar espécies de plantas tolerantes ao Zn para serem adequadamente utilizadas em programas de restauração de solos degradados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes concentrações de Zn nas variáveis fotossintéticas, na atividade antioxidante e no crescimento de mudas de I. marginata e A. edulis para determinar seu potencial para serem utilizadas como espécies fitorremediadoras. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2×5, sendo o primeiro fator duas espécies (Allophylus edulis e Inga marginata), e o segundo fator: cinco concentrações de Zn (2, 75, 150, 225 e 300μM), com três repetições por tratamento. Cada unidade amostral foi constituída por um vaso com cinco plantas. Foram avaliadas variáveis fotossintéticas, morfológicas da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Zn acumulado nas raízes e na parte aérea. O estresse por Zn ativou um eficiente sistema antioxidante, que reduziu o dano oxidativo nas folhas de ambas as espécies; consequentemente, não diminuiu a produção de biomassa aérea em mudas de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis. O alto acúmulo de Zn nos tecidos vegetais e a falta de efeitos negativos na parte aérea de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis sugeriram que essas espécies de plantas são tolerantes ao Zn e podem ser indicadas para fins de fitorremediação de solos poluídos com Zn. (Zn micronutriente Fertilizantes calcários agrícolas forma degradados Assim fotossintéticas I A fitorremediadoras 25 2 5 2×5 marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 22 300μM, 300μM μM 300μM) tratamento radicular fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica consequentemente 2× ( 7 15 1

ABSTRACT Although zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient, excessive amounts in the soil can have toxic effects on plants. Fertilizers, limestone materials, pesticides, and fungicides added with Zn have contributed to increasing the concentration of this element in agricultural soils. Accordingly, it is necessary to find Zn-tolerant plant species to be properly used in degraded soil restoration programs. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the influence of different Zn concentrations on photosynthetic variables, antioxidant activity, and growth of I. marginata and A. edulis seedlings to determine their potential to be used as phytoremediation species. The experiment was installed in a 2×5 factorial scheme, with the first factor being two species (Allophylus edulis and Inga marginata), and the second factor: five concentrations of Zn (2, 75, 150, 225, and 300 μM), with three replications per treatment. Each sampling unit consisted of a pot with five plants. Photosynthetic, morphological variables of the shoot and root systems, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Zn accumulated in the roots and shoot were evaluated. Zn stress has activated an efficient antioxidant system, which reduced oxidative damage in the leaves of both species; consequently, it did not decrease shoot biomass production in Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis seedlings. High Zn accumulation in plant tissues and lack of negative effects on Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis shoot have suggested that these plant species are tolerant to Zn and may be indicated for Zn-polluted soil phytoremediation purposes. (Zn micronutrient plants Fertilizers materials pesticides soils Accordingly Zntolerant programs Thus activity I A 25 2 5 2× scheme marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 225 30 μM, μM μM) treatment Photosynthetic systems fluorescence pigments peroxidation evaluated system consequently Znpolluted polluted purposes ( 7 15 22 3 1

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

ABSTRACT Since the industrial revolution, human activities have emitted approximately 2,500 Gt of CO2, increasing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 by 50 % compared to pre-industrial levels. To better understand the potential for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through proper management of degraded pasture areas, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified 23 publications reporting carbon sequestration values for pastures managed under different conditions in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. From this dataset, 17 publications considered to be in line with the research premises were selected to estimate the potential for soil carbon sequestration (SEQ) through pasture recovery in the southern region of Brazil, using conservative and regenerative agricultural management practices. Results show that managed pastures can sustain carbon sequestration rates of around 2.50 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 over approximately 20 years. However, due to the numerous variables influencing SEQ rates, the limited number of publications, and the lack of data for some variables among them, a more extensive analysis of publications and data is needed to establish causal and preponderance relationships regarding the effect of each variable on the found SEQ rates. Under current pasture occupation conditions in Brazil’s south region, it is estimated these areas could sequester between 0.433 and 1.273 Gt CO2 at the end of 20 years if managed under appropriate practices. These numbers are not representative to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration from legacy emissions and significantly mitigate physical impacts of climate change, reinforcing the importance of prioritizing the reduction of global GHG emissions as the primary mitigation strategy. On the other hand, from the perspective of mitigating the national agricultural sector’s annual GHG emissions, this potential cannot be considered negligible. Carbon sequestration by soils under agricultural management can play a vital role in mitigating climate change, integrating the set of necessary solutions and actions for a Paris Agreement goals compatible trajectory of limiting global warming to between 1.5 and 2 °C by the end of the century. revolution 2500 500 2,50 CO 5 preindustrial pre levels (GHG Brazil dataset 1 (SEQ practices 250 2.5 ha1 ha ha- yr1 yr yr- However them Brazils s 0433 0 433 0.43 1273 273 1.27 change strategy hand sectors sector negligible 15 1. century 2,5 25 2. 043 43 0.4 127 27 1.2 2, 04 4 0. 12

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of forest restoration consortium or not with eucalyptus in the recovery of edaphic attributes. Three of them were managed with the following forest restorations: natural regeneration after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RP), planting of native species after clear cutting of eucalyptus planting (RA) and planting of native species after cutting 50% of eucalyptus planting (RAE), and of a secondary forest (FR). Sixteen (16) soil samples were collected in each area for the analysis of the physical and chemical attributes. The restoration with RA promoted a less acidic pH, lower Al 3+ content, higher P content and higher V%, similar to FR. The RAE and RP restorations favor an increase in SB, CTC, N and in the organic carbon content. attributes RP, , (RP) (RA 50 RAE, (RAE) FR . (FR) 16 (16 pH 3 V V% SB CTC (RP 5 (RAE (FR 1 (1 (