Abstract: This paper projects and analyzes the regional impacts of climate change on the agricultural productivity of family farming and large-scale agriculture in Brazil between 2021 and 2050, using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The methodology adopted consists of a cross-sectional estimation of a production function in which agricultural productivity is determined by climatic, geographic, and productive factors. The study contributes to the literature by disaggregating agricultural production into family farming and large-scale agriculture, indicating the magnitude and direction of impacts by crops and regions in Brazil, a country with a great territorial dimension and relevant and heterogeneous agricultural production. The results indicate that the agricultural productivity of family farming is more sensitive and therefore this type of producer could be more vulnerable to the phenomenon. On average, the effects will be negative in the North/Northeast regions and for cassava, maize, beans, and soybeans, with possible impacts on deforestation and on food supply. Productivity gains are expected in the southern region and for the cultivation of sugar cane and soybeans. Deterioration of food security of the vulnerable farmers and regional disparities may increase in Brazil. Abstract largescale large scale 202 2050 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. scenarios crosssectional cross sectional climatic geographic factors phenomenon average NorthNortheast North Northeast cassava maize beans soybeans supply 20 205 2

Resumo: O artigo analisa os impactos regionais das mudanças climáticas sobre a produtividade agrícola por cultivo da agricultura familiar e patronal no Brasil, utilizando os cenários RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5 (IPCC, 2014), entre os anos de 2021 e 2050. A estratégia metodológica consiste na estimação em cross section de uma função de produção em que os resultados em termos de produtividade agrícola são determinados por fatores climáticos, geográficos e produtivos. O estudo contribui para a literatura, ao desagregar a produção agrícola em familiar e patronal, indicando a magnitude e a direção dos impactos, por cultivo e por Unidade da Federação no Brasil, pais de grande dimensão territorial e relevante e heterogênea produção agrícola. Os resultados indicaram que a agricultura familiar apresentaria maior sensibilidade, e portanto, maior vulnerabilidade ao fenômeno. Em média, os efeitos seriam negativos nas regiões Norte/Nordeste e para mandioca, milho, feijão e soja, com possíveis impactos no desmatamento e na oferta de alimentos. Esperam-se ganhos de produtividade na região Sul e para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e soja. A deterioração da segurança alimentar dos agricultores vulneráveis e as disparidades regionais poderiam aumentar no Brasil. Resumo Brasil 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. IPCC, IPCC (IPCC 2014, 2014 , 2014) 202 2050 climáticos produtivos literatura sensibilidade portanto fenômeno média NorteNordeste Norte Nordeste mandioca milho soja alimentos Esperamse Esperam se canadeaçúcar cana açúcar 201 20 205 2

RESUMO A conquista democrática representada pela expansão das áreas protegidas no Brasil, desde meados dos anos 1980, está hoje sob permanente agressão. Este artigo mostra algumas das raízes ideológicas e culturais dos incentivos à destruição florestal representados pela visão de mundo dos militares com protagonismo na formulação de políticas para a Amazônia. O artigo também apresenta, de forma sumária, forças que procuram se contrapor às atuais políticas federais e iniciativas com o potencial de abrir caminho a uma forte economia da sociobiodiversidade florestal na Amazônia. Essa bioeconomia não pode limitar-se às áreas florestais e será cada vez mais importante na agricultura familiar, nas grandes fazendas e é fonte de inspiração para políticas urbanas e metropolitanas apoiadas na ideia de Soluções Baseadas na Natureza.

ABSTRACT The democratic achievement represented by the expansion of protected areas in Brazil since the mid-1980s is today under permanent aggression. This article shows some of the ideological and cultural roots of the incentives for forest destruction represented by the worldview of the military, who play a leading role in the formulation of policies for the Amazon. The article also briefly presents the forces that seek to oppose current federal policies and initiatives with the potential to pave the way for a strong forest sociobiodiversity economy in the Amazon. This bioeconomy cannot be limited to forest areas and will be increasingly important in family farming and in large farms, and is a source of inspiration for urban and metropolitan policies supported by the idea of Nature-Based Solutions.

In this article, I briefly present the multilateral discussion on ‘climate security’ and its relation to the protection of the Amazon. First, the text points out the importance of the Amazon for keeping global climate balance, the drastic change to the environmental agenda of Brazilian diplomacy, and the growing call in international public opinion for an internationally coordinated action to reverse deforestation in the region. Next, it introduces the concept of ‘climate security’, its development within the United Nations Security Council, and its relation to the principle of responsibility to protect (R2P). Finally, based on contextual evidence, I carry out a prospective analysis of the narratives that might be constructed to justify applying this principle to the Brazilian Amazon.

Resumen La agroecología ha venido desarrollándose por más de treinta años en América Latina y El Caribe, de diferente forma y matices, con mayor o menor intensidad. En el caso de Bolivia, distintos hitos marcan ese avance que se ha ido consolidando bajo intervenciones en investigación, eventos de capacitación, seminarios, congresos y la implementación de proyectos; que ha permitido discutir el alcance y aplicación de la agroecología, sus similitudes y diferencias con la agricultura orgánica y otros enfoques de las ciencias agrícolas; un aspecto particular es la incidencia que esta ha tenido a nivel de las políticas públicas para el sector agrícola, sobre todo en el marco de un gobierno que al menos en el discurso ha planteado su adhesión a la agroecología y a gran parte de sus preceptos. Distintas leyes promulgadas han estado permeadas por el concepto agroecológico. Sin embargo, una mirada más detallada al grado de implementación que estas políticas a través de una revisión de indicadores económicos y sectoriales fundamentales; permiten ver que en los hechos la soberanía alimentaria ha sido relegada, que la deforestación se ha incrementado peligrosamente, que la importancia relativa de los pequeños productores ha ido cayendo en el curso de dos décadas (entre 1996 y 2006) a menos de la mitad habiendo sido reemplazados por los productores agroindustriales. Si bien se conoce de casos exitosos de la aplicación de los preceptos agroecológicos en distintos puntos del país, éstos son poco representativos como lo muestran los datos respecto a la producción orgánica, versus la producción total. Esto nos lleva directamente a confirmar la dificultad del escalamiento de la agroecología a nivel global.

Abstract Agroecology has been developing for more than thirty years in Latin America and the Caribbean, in different ways and shades, with greater or lesser intensity. In the case of Bolivia, different milestones mark this progress that has been consolidated under research interventions, training events, seminars, conferences and the implementation of projects; which has allowed to discuss the scope and application of agroecology, its similarities and differences with organic agriculture and other approaches to agricultural science; A particular aspect is the impact that this has had at the level of public policies for the agricultural sector, especially in the framework of a government that at least in its discourse has proposed its adherence to agroecology and a large part of its precepts. Different enacted laws have been permeated by the agroecological concept. However, a more detailed look at the degree of implementation of these policies through a review of fundamental economic and sectoral indicators; allow us to see that in fact food sovereignty has been relegated, that deforestation has dangerously increased, that the relative importance of small producers has been falling in the course of two decades (between 1996 and 2006) to less than half, having been replaced by agro-industrial producers. Although there are known successful cases of the application of agroecological precepts in different parts of the country, these are not very representative, as shown by the data regarding organic production, versus total production. This leads us directly to confirm the difficulty of scaling agroecology globally.

Resumo O artigo examina como nas duas últimas décadas constituíram-se padrões de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia baseados tanto no fortalecimento da governança ambiental e quanto na expansão agropecuária. Descreve-se o como o processo de construção no tempo de um modelo de política ambíguo de desenvolvimento para a para a Amazônia que oscilou entre a gestão territorial fundado na perspectiva de uma “agenda verde” e o investimento em políticas que favoreceram a segurança territorial da posse da terra implementadas através de mudanças nos marcos jurídicos fundiário e ambiental. Finalmente procuro destacar a recente convergência de interesses da Cooperação Internacional, Estado e agronegócio em torno das políticas públicas de regularização ambiental ancorada na perspectiva da convivência harmoniosa e alinhamento positivo e sistêmico entre a economia e meio ambiente.

Abstract This article examines how in the past two decades development standards have been established for the Amazon based on both strengthening environmental governance and expanding agriculture. It describes how the process of construction in time of an ambiguous development policy model for the Amazon, which has oscillated between territorial management based on a “green agenda” perspective and investment in policies that favored territorial security of land occupancy implemented through changes in laws and regulations concerning the environment and land ownership. Finally, I emphasize the recent convergence of interests of international cooperation, the state and agribusiness around public policies for environmental regulation based on a perspective of harmonious conviviality and positive and systemic alignment between the economy and the environment.

SUMMARY: Recently, the key role played by woody debris within the ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems has been acknowledged; however, its contribution as a source of woodfuel has barely been studied, despite being the most important energy resource for one-third of world population. Over decades, the widely held belief that woodfuel exclusively comes from woody living biomass has labelled woodfuel collection as a driver of tropical deforestation. The poor understanding about gathering ways of this resource in the rural developing world has hidden the fact that it is mainly sourced from woody necromass, of which their stocks and productivity may be estimated at 35 Pg and 6.5 Pg year-1 in tropical forests, respectively. Whether necromass productivity of both geographically accessible tropical forest for rural communities and other types of woody vegetation is taken into account together, a potential supply of 2.19 Pg year-1 could be estimated, which would meet by far, the projected global rural woodfuel demand. It concludes that household-oriented woodfuel collection is far from being a driver of deforestation; instead, this latter might jeopardize access to this energy source. This paper tries to provide a new insight about the relationship between rural energy security and forest-based ecosystem services and their repercussions on climate change.

RESUMEN: Recientemente, se ha reconocido el papel fundamental que desempeñan los residuos leñosos dentro de la dinámica ecológica de los ecosistemas forestales, sin embargo, poco se ha estudiado respecto a su contribución como fuente de un recurso energético tan importante como la leña de la cual dependen más de una tercera parte de la población mundial. Durante décadas ha persistido la creencia generalizada que la leña procede exclusivamente de las reservas de la biomasa en pie, por lo cual, su recolección ha sido calificada como una actividad promotora de la deforestación tropical. La pobre comprensión que existe sobre las formas de apropiación de este recurso en el medio rural de países en vías de desarrollo ha ocultado el hecho que su principal fuente procede de la necromasa leñosa cuyas reservas y productividad pueden estimarse en alrededor de 35 Pg y 6,5 Pg año-1 para los bosques tropicales, respectivamente. Considerando la productividad de la necromasa tanto de áreas forestales tropicales físicamente accesibles para las poblaciones rurales como de otros tipos de vegetación leñosa, se estima una oferta potencial de 2,19 Pg año-1, la cual puede satisfacer la demanda global de leña. Se concluye que la recolección de leña para cocción doméstica está lejos de ser un agente causal de la deforestación y que por el contrario, la deforestación podría poner en peligro el acceso a esta forma de energía. Este artículo intenta proveer una nueva perspectiva de la relación entre la seguridad energética rural y los servicios ecosistémicos ofrecidos por los bosques y cómo ambos repercuten en el cambio climático.

The objective of this research was to study how the environmental issues affect the production of potato (solanum tuberosum) and its relationship with food security in Guano-Ecuador. To do this, a survey was conducted on a rural population in order to construct a simple linear regression model, which was complemented by field observations and interviews. The main findings were moorland's destruction, increase of pests and diseases in the crops, environmental contamination with domestic waste, and frost. These environmental changes were the result of the excessive use of pesticides, lack of domestic waste treatment, monoculture, and deforestation caused by the growth of the agricultural frontier. In summary, the environmental changes have affected potato production, but they do not determine or compromise the food security of the population.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las cuestiones ambientales que afectan la producción del cultivo de papa (solanum tuberosum) y su relación con la seguridad alimentaria del cantón Guano, Ecuador. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta dirigida a la población rural para construir un modelo de regresión lineal simple, que se complementa con observación de campo y entrevistas. Los principales hallazgos son destrucción de páramos, incremento de plagas y enfermedades en los cultivos, contaminación ambiental con basura doméstica y heladas. Las causas que originaron los cambios ambientales mencionados son el uso excesivo de pesticidas, falta de tratamiento de basura doméstica, monocultivo y la deforestación provocada por el crecimiento de la frontera agrícola. Se concluye que los cambios ambientales han afectado la producción de papa, pero no determina ni compromete la seguridad alimentaria de la población.

Deforestation and habitat fragmentation have long been known as drivers of wildlife depletion but information on their specific impacts on cavity-nesting birds in the miombo woodlands has been lacking. A comparative study of disturbed and undisturbed sites was conducted in miombo woodlands of Zambia to assess impacts of environmental stressors on birds. Foot patrols were employed to locate, identify and count host trees and cavities for cavity-nesting birds on twenty 200 m × 200 m sample plots. Undisturbed forests had three times more cavities (the nesting sites for birds), while there were 24.6% fewer abandoned cavities in undisturbed forests than in disturbed forests. The rate of cavity abandonment was about twice as high in human-dominated forests compared to undisturbed forests (61.3% c.f. 31.9%). Cavity-nesting birds preferred larger (> 36.0 cm diameter at breast height) and taller (> 5.0 m) trees for nest placement, especially in human-dominated forests. A number of cavity-nesting birds preferred Brachystegia spiciformis (zebrawood),Julbernadia paniculata (munsa), Parinari curatellifolia (mobola-plum) and Uapaca kirkiana (mahobohobo) as host trees to 14 other miombo tree species. Arnot's Chat (Myrmecocichla arnoti) had a wider selection of host trees for cavity-nesting than the other 40 cavity-nesting birds in the study areas. Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled firewood collection, wild fires, logging, and land clearing for agriculture negatively influenced wood abundance and diversity, with potential implications for persistence of cavity-nesting birds. The negative impacts of anthropogenic activities could be counteracted by conservation strategies such as implementation of sound forest policies, integrative land use practices, sustainable livelihood security and stakeholders' awareness of the need to safeguard forest-dependent avifauna. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: This comparative study unravels specific anthropogenic impacts on the cavity-nesting birds in the miombo woodlands, which would be relevant for designing and implementing targeted biodiversity conservation interventions against negative local environmental values and attitudes that support rural development on the expense of conservation of biodiversity such as birds.

RESUMO O presente estudo analisou e comparou o consumo diário de alimentos de origem animal em onze comunidades dos rios do Baixo Amazonas, Trombetas, e Purus, representando três diferentes sistemas de manejo e níveis de conservação na Amazônia brasileira. Todos os alimentos de origem animal foram pesados em pelo menos 10% das famílias das comunidades estudadas, durante uma semana em cada período do ciclo hidrológico, entre 2006 e 2008. O peixe foi o alimento mais importante, sendo consumido seis dias por semana, com uma taxa média de 169 kg.pessoa-1.ano-1. Carne de caça foi o segundo alimento em importância, com 37 kg.pessoa-1.ano-1. A taxa anual de consumo de peixe é uma das mais altas do mundo e é quase o dobro do mínimo recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os padrões alimentares refletem ambos o isolamento das comunidades dos grandes centros urbanos e a melhor preservação dos ambientes locais em função da existência de áreas protegidas. A degradação ambiental pode assim ter efeitos sobre a saúde e segurança alimentar das populações locais. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade da implementação de políticas públicas e iniciativas de manejo participativo.

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed and compared the daily consumption of foods of animal origin in eleven communities of the Lower Amazon, Trombetas and Purus Rivers, representing three different management systems and levels of conservation in the Brazilian Amazon. All food items of animal origin were weighed by at least 10% of the families in the study communities during a week in each period of the flood cycle between 2006 and 2008. Fish was the most important food, and was consumed during six days of the week, with an average rate of 169 kg.person-1.year-1. Game was second in importance, with 37 kg.person-1.year-1. This yearly rate of fish consumption is one of the highest in the world and is almost double the minimum recommended by the World Health Organization. The dietary patterns reflect both the isolation of the communities from large urban centers and the better preservation of the local environments due to the existence of protected areas. Environmental degradation may thus have effects on the health and food security of local populations. The study emphasizes the need for the implementation of public policies and participative management initiatives.

Gipsita, sulfato de cálcio dihidratado (CaSO4.2H2O), encontrada no Polo Gesseiro do Araripe, Pernambuco, é considerada a de melhor qualidade no mundo, com teor de pureza variando de 88% a 98%, contendo 79% de sulfato de cálcio e 21% de água de cristalização. Quando desidratada até a perda de 1,5 moléculas de água, constitui-se num hemidrato estável, denominado gesso, cujas características são a capacidade de rehidratação (reação exotérmica), o fenômeno de pega e o retorno à estrutura cristalina. O polo fornece 95% do gesso consumido no Brasil. As reservas são estimadas em 1,2 bilhões de toneladas, quinto volume do mundo. Os fornos do Polo podem ser de contato direto ou indireto entre os gases de combustão e o minério, e quanto ao tipo de funcionamento, batelada ou contínuo. No indireto, os gases aquecem uma superfície metálica que transfere o calor usando lenha ou óleo BPF, já que o contato dos mesmos com a gipsita não é recomendável, podendo ocorrer mistura do material, acarretando alteração das propriedades do gesso. No direto, o gás flui no interior de um cilindro metálico, permitindo maior eficiência na troca térmica. A utilização de gás natural traz vantagens como eficiência da troca térmica, maior volume de processamento e preservação do ecossistema, por ser pouco poluente. Sua combustão é limpa, isenta de fuligem e outros materiais que possam prejudicar o meio ambiente com baixos teores de nitrogênio, dióxido de carbono, água e compostos de enxofre. O gás natural chegou ao Araripe em março de 2011, numa experiência piloto, com expectativa de um salto de qualidade e de volume na produção local. Mais limpo e eficiente, poderá oferecer a segurança energética necessária para que o setor atenda melhor uma demanda crescente, evitando o desmatamento da região que usa a lenha como combustível.

Gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O) found in Polo Plasterer Araripe, Pernambuco, Brazil, is considered the best quality in the world, with purity content ranging from 88% to 98% containing 79% sulfate calcium and 21% water of crystallization. When dried until the loss of 1.5 water molecules, constitutes a stable hemihydrate, called plaster, whose features are the ability to rehydrate with exothermic reaction, the phenomenon handle and return to the crystal structure. Polo provides 95% of the plaster consumed in Brazil. The reserves are estimated at 1.2 billion tons, the world's fifth volume. Ovens Pole can be direct or indirect contact between the flue gas and ore, and the type of operation, batch or continuous. In the indirect gas heat a metallic surface that transfers the heat using fuel or bunker oil, since the contact thereof with the gypsum is not recommended and mixture of the material may occur, resulting in alteration of properties of the plaster. In direct, the gas flows inside a metal cylinder, allowing more efficient heat exchange. The use of natural gas has advantages such as heat exchange efficiency and higher volume processing and preservation of the ecosystem, being low-polluting. Its combustion is clean, free of soot and other materials that can harm the environment with low levels of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and sulfur compounds. Natural gas reached Araripe in March 2011, a pilot experiment, with the expectation of a jump in quality and volume on local production. Cleaner and more efficient, can provide energy security required for the sector to better meet growing demand, avoiding deforestation in the region that uses wood as fuel.

Accomplishing household food security simultaneously with biodiversity conservation, particularly on communal farm lands, constitutes a great challenge in South Africa. This is because biodiversity species are being threatened on lands wherein agricultural production is done in the name of securing food availability. The general threats to biodiversity are in the forms of deforestation and habitat fragmentation, encroachment, pollution, invasion of alien species, wild fires, logging, and hunting. Over time, agriculture emerges the greatest threat to biodiversity. Using this framework, this paper presents a scientific argument, backed with empirical evidences, by exploring the role that agricultural extension can play to realise the goals of biodiversity conservation on South African communal and farm lands. Drawing on relevant published works, this paper argues that extension is particularly well positioned to address both food security and biodiversity conservation concerns through the instruments of linkages, local knowledge facilitation, social capital and education.