Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Resumen La cuenca baja del río Acre se ubica en una zona de deforestación con la implementación de pastizales para ganado vacuno en suelos susceptibles a la erosión y clima ecuatorial. La existencia de mataderos y ganado vacuno en el municipio de Boca do Acre, en el estado de Amazonas, es uno de los problemas vinculados a la deforestación en la Amazonía brasileña. Ante este escenario, se presentó una estimación de las pérdidas de suelo con la aplicación de la Ecuación Universal en un sistema de información geográfica. En la metodología, se desarrolló una base de datos con información vectorizada para extraer las áreas de tipos de suelo y cobertura del suelo, incluyendo el análisis espacial de pendientes extraído del modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado del análisis de las áreas por geoprocesamiento y vectorización, se obtuvieron los cálculos de las parcelas de erosión a través de tablas con los parámetros adoptados por los referentes científicos. Se encontró que el 60% de la pérdida de suelo ocurre en el área agrícola en el 11% del territorio de la cuenca, siendo predominantemente en áreas de asentamientos rurales en el estado de Acre. Como resultado de la estimación, la pérdida de suelo en la cuenca baja del río Acre fue de 386.422 t/ha/año, con una producción de 46 millones de toneladas de sedimentos por año.

Abstract The Lower Acre River Basin is located in an area of deforestation with the implementation of pastures for beef cattle ranching in soils susceptible to erosion and equatorial climate. The existence of slaughterhouses and beef cattle in the municipality of Boca do Acre, in the state of Amazonas, is one of the problems linked to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Given this scenario, an estimate of soil losses was presented with the application of the Universal Equation in a geographic information system. In the methodology, a database was elaborated with vectorized information for the extraction of the areas of the types of soils and land cover, including the spatial analysis of slopes extracted from the digital elevation model. Due to the analysis of the areas by geoprocessing occurring by vectorization, the calculations of the erosion plots were obtained through tables with the parameters adopted by the scientific references. It was found that 60% of the soil loss occurs in the area of agriculture in 11% of the territory of the watershed, being predominantly in areas of rural settlements of the state of Acre. As a result of the estimate, soil loss in the Lower Acre River Basin was 386,422 t/ha/year, with a production of 46 million tons of sediment per year.

Resumo A Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre está localizada em uma área de desflorestamento com implantação de pastagens para pecuária de corte em solos suscetíveis à erosão e clima equatorial. A existência de abatedouros e pecuária de corte implantada no município de Boca do Acre, no Amazonas, é um dos problemas vinculados ao desmatamento da Amazônia Brasileira. Diante desse cenário, foi apresentada uma estimativa de perdas de solo com aplicação da Equação Universal em sistema de informação geográfica. Na metodologia, foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações vetorizadas para extração das áreas dos tipos de solos e cobertura da terra, incluindo a análise espacial de declividades extraídas do modelo digital de elevação. Em decorrência da análise das áreas pelo geoprocessamento ocorrer pela vetorização, foram obtidos os cálculos das parcelas de erosão através de tabelas com os parâmetros adotados pelas referências científicas. Foi constatado que 60% da perda de solo ocorrem na área de agricultura em 11% do território da bacia hidrográfica, sendo predominantemente em áreas de assentamentos rurais do estado do Acre. Como resultado da estimativa, a perda de solos na Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre foi de 386.422 t/ha/ano, com uma produção de 46 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos por ano.

Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

Resumen (Introducción): La degradación ambiental y la pobreza son prioridad en las agendas de los organismos internacionales de desarrollo y conservación. Se plantea que la relación pobreza y conservación puede ser resuelta simultáneamente, sobre todo, en países en vías de desarrollo, según los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y, actualmente, en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. (Objetivo): Describir las relaciones que existen entre pobreza y conservación de los activos naturales dentro de los medios de vida en el área de estudio, y observar, si el establecimiento de una política de conservación y otra de desarrollo rural sustentable en un contexto neoliberal contribuyeron a resolver ambas problemáticas. (Metodología): Se realizó una investigación-acción-participativa, como estudio de caso. Se realizaron talleres participativos para el diagnóstico de los medios de vida sustentables en las microrregiones Sierra y Valles del municipio de Villaflores, Chiapas, México. (Resultados): Se observó la influencia de dos modelos de desarrollo rural imperantes, en distintos periodos, en los medios de vida de las comunidades. Fuerzas externas que presionan las estrategias de vida y que han fallado para sacar a las comunidades de la situación de pobreza; en el caso de los Valles, esto promovió la deforestación y la degradación de los activos naturales, y, en el caso de la Sierra, se logró conservar, pero las comunidades se encuentran en situación de pobreza extrema y alta vulnerabilidad. (Conclusión): Las políticas e iniciativas impuestas, de manera descendente (top down), han conducido no solo al deterioro ambiental, sino también a la vulnerabilidad y al proceso de precarización de las familias rurales.

Abstract (Introduction): Environmental degradation and poverty are high priority on the agendas of international organizations of development and conservation. It is proposed that the relationship between poverty and conservation can be solved simultaneously, according to the Millennium Development Goals, and currently in the Sustainable Development Goals. (Objective): To describe the relationships that exist between poverty and conservation of natural assets within livelihoods in the study area, and to observe whether the establishment of a conservation policy and another of sustainable rural development in a neoliberal context contributed to solving both problems. (Methodology): A participatory-action-research was carried out, as a case study. Participatory workshops were conducted for the diagnosis of sustainable livelihoods in the Sierra and Valleys micro-regions of the municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico. (Results): The influence of two prevailing rural development models, in different periods, on community livelihoods was observed. External forces that put pressure on livelihood strategies and that have failed to lift communities out of poverty; in the case of the Valleys, this promoted deforestation and degradation of natural assets, and in the case of the Sierra, conservation was achieved, but communities are in a situation of extreme poverty and high vulnerability. (Conclusions): Policies and initiatives imposed in a top-down manner have led not only to environmental deterioration, but also to vulnerability and the process of precariousness of rural families.

Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

Abstract The estimation and variation of the vegetation cover of the Amazon forest generated by anthropic activity in Huepetuhe had the purpose of estimating the loss of vegetation and the deforestation rates for an Amazon forest, the study was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite images, the treatment of the raster images was made using the ERDAS software, the images were subjected to geometric and radiometric corrections, for this purpose control points were taken on the ground, for the analysis four categories of forest degradation were established: Forest with null vegetation with presence of bare soil, forest with sparse vegetation, forest with moderate vegetation and total area of deterioration. The results from the analysis of the multispectral images and the NDVI show that compared to 2016, 30.1 ha increased in the forest category with no vegetation, 28.8 ha in forests with sparse vegetation, 236.9 ha for forests with moderate vegetation and the area of global deterioration increased by 295.8 ha. The annual deforestation rate was 5% (6.02 ha/year) for forests with no vegetation and presence of bare soil and 9% (59.16 ha/year) for global degradation, the coefficient of determination for forests with no vegetation and area naked was R2=0.9704, and for global deterioration of the forest R2=0.957.

Resumen La estimación y variación de la cobertura vegetal del bosque amazónico generada por la actividad antrópica en Huepetuhe tuvo por finalidad estimar las pérdidas de vegetación y las tasas de deforestación para para un bosque amazónico, el estudio se realizó utilizando la herramienta Google Earth Engine e imágenes satelitales Landsat 8, para el tratamiento de las imágenes ráster se utilizó el software ERDAS y ArcGis, las imágenes fueron sometidas a correcciones geométricas y radiométricas, para ello se tomaron puntos de control el tierra, para el análisis se estableció cuatro categorías de degradación del bosque: Bosque con vegetación nula con presencia de suelo desnudo, Bosque con vegetación escasa, Bosque con vegetación moderada y área total de deterioro. Los resultados a partir del análisis de las imágenes multiespectrales y el NDVI muestra que respecto al año 2016 se incrementó 30.1ha en la categoría bosque con vegetación nula, 28.8 ha en los bosques con vegetación escasa, 236.9 ha para bosques de vegetación moderada y el área de deterioro global se incrementó en 295.8 ha. La tasa de deforestación anual fue del 5% (6.02 ha/año) para bosque con vegetación nula y presencia de suelo desnudo y del 9% (59.16 ha/año) para degradación global, el coeficiente de determinación para bosques con vegetación nula y área desnuda fue de R2=0.9704, y para deterioro global del bosque R2=0.957.

The structure of climate finance flows from donors (multilateral sources) to recipients (sub-Saharan African countries) was studied. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive network structure of the climate finance flows into Africa, based on the global public climate finance governance system. Network theory and decision tree techniques were employed. The results obtained generally fit the multilateral funding units (MFUs) into two categories: central funding units (CFUs), which simultaneously attend to the climate-related projects of many African countries, and the boundary funding units (BFUs), which cater to only a few countries at once. An isolated region with no BFUs was identified. African countries within this group could be more exposed to climate financial risk as they rely on only the CFUs. In general, with the exception of mitigation REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) climate finance, a disproportionate distribution of climate themes, with particular reference to adaptation finance, was observed across sub-Saharan Africa. This has real implications for equitable resource allocation of climate funds. The need for African-bred region-wide MFUs is recommended. SIGNIFICANCE: Insights from this analysis expose the presence of contagion effects within the sub-Saharan African climate finance network structure and, consequently, the flow of climate finance-related risks. This knowledge is critical for future planning as it can provide African governments and interested stakeholders with informed evidence upon which they can make reliable and justifiable decisions, such as shaping of sectoral strategies and improving of climate finance flow coordination.

Abstract The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to show the impacts of the presence of drug trafficking in the Ucayali region, to reveal a situation that, except in very rare cases, is not currently on the public agendas, among the political or economic priorities, in the parliamentary debates and in jurisdictional decisions. On the other hand, it is to make a direct and effective proposal to resolve the old and most recent dilemmas represented by drug trafficking related to cocaine and its derivatives, its causes, and consequences for the Indigenous Peoples who inhabit the Peruvian Amazon. The case of the Ucayali región, a strategic region located in the central Peruvian Amazon, región is taken. Official information from the Peruvian State, that comes from international organizations, as well as from the indigenous organizations and private entities that work in the región have been reviewed. The article concludes by identifying an order of actions that must be carried out by the Peruvian State in the Ucayali region, to achieve a closure of the historical social gaps that are found at the base of the territory where drug trafficking has been established.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é duplo: por um lado, mostrar os impactos da presença do tráfico de drogas na região de Ucayali, propor uma situação que não está atualmente nas agendas públicas, nem entre as prioridades políticas ou econômicas, nem nos debates parlamentares ou nas decisões jurisdicionais, salvo em casos muito raros. Em seguida, fazer uma proposta o mais direta e eficaz possível para tentar resolver os antigos e mais recentes dilemas representados pelo tráfico de drogas relacionado à cocaína e seus derivados , suas causas e consequências para os Povos Indígenas que habitam a Amazônia. Para isso, tomaremos o caso de uma região estratégica localizada na Amazônia central peruana, a região de Ucayali. Revisamos informações oficiais do Estado peruano, provenientes de organismos internacionais, bem como das próprias organizações indígenas e entidades privadas que atuam na referida região. O artigo conclui identificando uma ordem de ações que devem ser realizadas pelo Estado peruano na região de Ucayali, para conseguir fechar as lacunas sociais históricas que se encontram na base do território onde o tráfico de drogas se estabeleceu

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es doble. Por un lado, mostrar los impactos de la presencia del narcotráfico en la región de Ucayali, para revelar una situación que, salvo ocasiones muy raras, no está actualmente en las agendas públicas, entre las prioridades políticas y económicas, en los debates parlamentarios y en las decisiones jurisdiccionales. Por otro lado, hacer una propuesta directa y efectiva para resolver los viejos y los más recientes dilemas que representa el narcotráfico de cocaína y sus derivados, sus causas y consecuencias para los pueblos indígenas que habitan la Amazonía peruana. Se toma el caso de Ucayali, una región estratégica ubicada en la Amazonía central peruana. La investigación se nutre del análisis y el contraste entre la información oficial del Estado peruano, aquella que proviene de organismos internacionales, así como de las propias organizaciones indígenas y de entidades privadas que trabajan en dicha región. Como conclusión, se identifica un orden de acciones que el Estado peruano debe ejecutar en la región de Ucayali para cerrar las brechas sociales históricas que se encuentran en la base del territorio donde se ha asentado el narcotráfico.

Abstract The concept of Natural Capital of the Romerillo forests (NCR) has been little studied in relation to the Education of this important type of natural capital. However, currently, many researchers have argued that Education can contribute significantly to the teaching and learning of this natural capital. By investigating how the concept has been studied, this article has attempted to establish the direction, understanding and use of Education that the NCR may take in the future, within the context of research into an Intangible Creative Ecological Economy (ICEE). This study used an exploratory research methodology with secondary information, in combination with chronological, conceptual and thematic literature review techniques. The literature review indicates that Education on NCR has been used in three areas of research to explain or address a particular construct: (1) promotion of formal and informal programs for use of the intangible environmental services, (2) development of an ICEE that promotes biotrade of intangible services from the Romerillos forests, and (3) short- and long-term conservation of the Romerillos forests. For future studies, it is recommended to address the concept of Education in “Intangible Forest Natural Capital” as a strategy for the sustainable use of the intangible environmental services of the NCR, aiming to mitigate deforestation and preserve the forests of the Romerillos Andean.

Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.

Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.

Resumo A mineração é vital para o sustento humano e um setor crucial na economia do Estado. No entanto, seus impactos sobre o meio ambiente e a biodiversidade não podem ser subestimados, visto serem potentes para atrair a atenção do governo. O meio ambiente e a vida selvagem estão sujeitos aos impactos prejudiciais da mineração e de suas atividades relacionadas. Neste estudo, os distritos, nomeadamente Mardan e Mohmand, foram selecionados no que diz respeito aos impactos da mineração. A avaliação foi realizada em animais selvagens afetados negativamente pelo setor de mineração. A fauna tem sido observada atentamente para trazer os riscos calculados e a percepção de ameaça à vida selvagem regional. Um total de nove espécies de mamíferos, 21 espécies de pássaros, foi registrado no Distrito Mardan. Enquanto no Distrito Mohmand, duas espécies de mamíferos, nove espécies de pássaros e quatro espécies de répteis foram estudadas. O estudo explorou essa mineração que é principalmente responsável pela degradação do solo, acarretando perdas de alimentos e na agricultura. Vários outros fatores como explosões, poluição, caça, desmatamento, perda de habitat também foram observados. O desmatamento veio à tona como uma das principais causas de extinção da fauna da região, e tem-se que medidas preventivas são necessárias para dimensionar a catástrofe provocada pelo homem.

Abstract Mining is vital for human sustenance and a crucial sector in the state economy. However, its impacts on the environment and biodiversity cannot be underestimated. Which are potent to the attract government’s attention. Environment and wildlife are subject to the harmful impacts of mining and its related activities. In this study, districts, namely Mardan and Mohmand have been targeted with respect to mining impacts. The assessment was carried out on wildlife adversely affected by the mining sector. The fauna has been keenly observed to bring the calculated risks and threat perception of the regional wildlife. Total 9 species of mammals, 21 species of birds, were recorded in District Mardan. While in District Mohmand 2 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, and 4 species of reptiles were studied. The Study explored that mining primarily responsible for land degradation. Which lead to food and agriculture losses. Several other factors like blasting, pollution, hunting, deforestation, habitat loss was also observed. Deforestation surfaced one of the major causes for extinction of fauna in the said region. preemptive measures are needed to seize the man-made catastrophe.

Abstract: This paper projects and analyzes the regional impacts of climate change on the agricultural productivity of family farming and large-scale agriculture in Brazil between 2021 and 2050, using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The methodology adopted consists of a cross-sectional estimation of a production function in which agricultural productivity is determined by climatic, geographic, and productive factors. The study contributes to the literature by disaggregating agricultural production into family farming and large-scale agriculture, indicating the magnitude and direction of impacts by crops and regions in Brazil, a country with a great territorial dimension and relevant and heterogeneous agricultural production. The results indicate that the agricultural productivity of family farming is more sensitive and therefore this type of producer could be more vulnerable to the phenomenon. On average, the effects will be negative in the North/Northeast regions and for cassava, maize, beans, and soybeans, with possible impacts on deforestation and on food supply. Productivity gains are expected in the southern region and for the cultivation of sugar cane and soybeans. Deterioration of food security of the vulnerable farmers and regional disparities may increase in Brazil. Abstract largescale large scale 202 2050 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. scenarios crosssectional cross sectional climatic geographic factors phenomenon average NorthNortheast North Northeast cassava maize beans soybeans supply 20 205 2

Resumo: O artigo analisa os impactos regionais das mudanças climáticas sobre a produtividade agrícola por cultivo da agricultura familiar e patronal no Brasil, utilizando os cenários RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5 (IPCC, 2014), entre os anos de 2021 e 2050. A estratégia metodológica consiste na estimação em cross section de uma função de produção em que os resultados em termos de produtividade agrícola são determinados por fatores climáticos, geográficos e produtivos. O estudo contribui para a literatura, ao desagregar a produção agrícola em familiar e patronal, indicando a magnitude e a direção dos impactos, por cultivo e por Unidade da Federação no Brasil, pais de grande dimensão territorial e relevante e heterogênea produção agrícola. Os resultados indicaram que a agricultura familiar apresentaria maior sensibilidade, e portanto, maior vulnerabilidade ao fenômeno. Em média, os efeitos seriam negativos nas regiões Norte/Nordeste e para mandioca, milho, feijão e soja, com possíveis impactos no desmatamento e na oferta de alimentos. Esperam-se ganhos de produtividade na região Sul e para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e soja. A deterioração da segurança alimentar dos agricultores vulneráveis e as disparidades regionais poderiam aumentar no Brasil. Resumo Brasil 45 4 5 4. 85 8 8. IPCC, IPCC (IPCC 2014, 2014 , 2014) 202 2050 climáticos produtivos literatura sensibilidade portanto fenômeno média NorteNordeste Norte Nordeste mandioca milho soja alimentos Esperamse Esperam se canadeaçúcar cana açúcar 201 20 205 2

Abstract Dissensions among private leaders of agricultural commodity chains have drawn attention in Brazil, particularly concerning climate-related issues. However, these divisions have not manifested in the National Congress, where the agribusiness caucus usually builds a highly homogeneous voting base in matters connected with these issues. This article analyses this contrast by means of an ethnography of the complex movements involved in constructing this homogeneity. To do this, the work followed a legislative measure related to the Forest Code as it moved through Congress. The research triangulated data obtained from long-term participant observation in Congress and the Instituto Pensar Agropecuária, corporate and state documents and interviews with politicians and heads of business associations. The results evidence a political machine that produces voting convergence linked with agribusiness agendas in the Legislative branch. Brazil climaterelated climate issues However homogeneity longterm long term Agropecuária associations branch

Resumo Divergências entre líderes privados das cadeias de commodities agropecuárias têm chamado atenção no Brasil, particularmente em questões relacionadas ao clima. No entanto, essas divisões não se manifestam no Congresso Nacional, onde a Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária tem mobilizado um bloco de votação altamente homogêneo nas matérias relacionadas a tais questões. Este artigo analisa esse contraste por meio de uma etnografia dos complexos movimentos envolvidos na construção dessa homogeneidade. Para isso, o trabalho acompanhou a tramitação de uma medida provisória relacionada ao Código Florestal. A pesquisa triangulou dados obtidos a partir de observação participante de longo prazo no Congresso e no Instituto Pensar Agropecuária, documentos empresariais e estatais e entrevistas com parlamentares e dirigentes de associações do agronegócio. Os resultados evidenciam a existência de uma máquina política produzindo convergência de votos em agendas do agronegócio no Poder Legislativo. Brasil clima entanto Nacional homogeneidade isso Florestal Legislativo