Abstract Introduction: Severe infestations by a sawfly species of the genus Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), previously considered as Zadiprion howdeni, were detected in the forests of the Sierra Juárez of Oaxaca from 2018 to 2021. Objective: The objective was to corroborate the identity and generate information on biological and ecological aspects of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. affecting Pinus trees in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca. Materials and methods: The biological development of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. was studied by field sampling in forests of Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. The species was identified by observing the external and internal morphological characteristics of the adult stage, based on taxonomic keys of diprionids. The number of instars was estimated by measuring the width of the larval head using digitized images and fitting a mathematical model. Results and discussion: The species infesting the study area is not Z. howdeni but a new species named Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. The larvae fed on needles of Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. and Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., with the first being the main host. The species has one generation per year. In the field, an average density of 39.2 ± 9.69 sawfly cocoons∙m-2 was reported; 50.1 % of these were attacked by parasitoids, including wasps of the genus Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusions: We describe the species Z. llanderalae nov. sp. and provide data on its life cycle. This information is important for the planning of its management.

Resumen Introducción: En los bosques de la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, de 2018 a 2021, se detectaron infestaciones severas por una especie de mosca sierra del género Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), considerada previamente como Zadiprion howdeni. Objetivo: Corroborar la identidad y generar información sobre aspectos biológicos y ecológicos del defoliador Zadiprion sp. que afecta el arbolado de Pinus en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos: El desarrollo biológico del defoliador Zadiprion sp. se estudió mediante muestreos de campo en bosques de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. La especie se identificó mediante observación de las características morfológicas externas e internas del estadio adulto, con base en claves taxonómicas de dipriónidos. El número de instares se estimó a través de la medición del ancho de la cabeza de las larvas en imágenes digitalizadas y del ajuste a un modelo matemático. Resultados y discusión: La especie que ha causado las infestaciones en el área de estudio no es Z. howdeni sino una especie nueva denominada Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. Las larvas se alimentaron de acículas de Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. y Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., siendo la primera el hospedante principal. La especie tiene una generación por año. En campo se obtuvo una densidad promedio de 39.2 ± 9.69 capullos∙m-2; 50.1 % de estos fueron atacados por parasitoides, entre ellos avispas del género Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusiones: Se describe la especie Z. llanderalae nov. sp. y se aportan datos sobre su ciclo biológico. Esta información es importante para la planificación de su manejo.

Resumen . La “Mariposa Búho de Banda Dividida” Opsiphanes cassina Felder & Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) comprende 12 subespecies que ocurren a través de América Central y en el norte y oeste de América del Sur. En este trabajo se identificó a O. cassina fabricii (Boisduval) alimentándose de “palma Navidad” Adonidia merrillii Becc. (Becc.) (Arecales: Arecaceae) en los jardines de una unidad habitacional del estado de Tabasco, México. La identificación se basó en los caracteres de las alas y en la morfología de la genitalia de machos y hembras. Este es el primer registro de O. cassina fabricii alimentándose de foliolos de A. merrilli, lo que amplía el rango de plantas hospedantes de este insecto. Además, se discuten algunos aspectos biológicos y los daños que esta especie causa a la “palma Navidad”.

Abstract The “Split-banded Owlet-Butterfly” Opsiphanes cassina Felder & Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) comprises 12 subspecies occurring throughout Central America and in northern and western South America. In this work, O. cassina fabricii (Boisduval) was identified feeding on “Christmas palm” Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc. (Arecales: Arecaceae) in the gardens of a housing unit in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Identification was based on wing characters and genitalia morphology of males and females. This is the first record of O. cassina fabricii feeding on A. merrillii leaflets, which broadens the host plant range of this insect. In addition, some biological aspects and the damage caused by this species to “Christmas palm” are discussed.

Resumo A andirobeira, Carapa guianensis Aublet, é uma árvore de expressiva importância socioeconômica, especialmente para as comunidades extrativistas na região Norte do Brasil, as quais exploram a madeira e, principalmente, o óleo extraído das sementes. Em janeiro de 2016, foi observado um intenso desfolhamento em andirobeiras localizadas no município de Rio Branco, Acre, causado por lagartas de lepidópteros. Vinte espécimes em fase de pupa foram coletados e acondicionados em gaiola telada, visando a obtenção de adultos. Emergiram cinco mariposas fêmeas, as quais foram identificadas como Acharia sp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Ademais, também foram capturadas duas espécies de parasitoides, identificadas como Baryceros sibine (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) e Conura sibinecola (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Assim, se faz o primeiro registro de Acharia sp. em andirobeira no estado do Acre, bem como os primeiros registros das duas espécies de parasitoides associados a Acharia no estado do Acre, bem como no Brasil.

Abstract The crabwood tree, Carapa guianensis Aublet, is a tree of significant socioeconomic importance especially for extractive communities in the North of Brazil, which exploit wood and, mainly, oil extracted from seeds. In January 2016, intense defoliation was observed in crabwood trees located in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre state, Brazil, caused by lepidopteran caterpillars. Twenty pupa specimens were collected and placed in a screened cage to obtain adults. Five female moths emerged, which were identified as Acharia sp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). In addition, two species of parasitoids were also captured, identified as Baryceros sibine (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Conura sibinecola (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Thus, the first record of Acharia sp. in crabwood tree in the state of Acre, as well as the first records of the two species of parasitoids associated with Acharia in the state of Acre, as well as in Brazil.

Resumo Conhecido popularmente como, o besouro-amarelo do eucalipto, Costalimaita ferrugínea (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), na fase adulta alimenta-se das folhas da mirtácea deixando-as rendilhadas, fato este que prejudica a produtividade dos plantios. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo modelar a distribuição potencial do besouro em cenários de mudanças climáticas para o Brasil. Os dados bióticos foram levantados através de revisão de literatura e de coleções entomológicas, totalizando 88 pontos georreferenciados de ocorrência do inseto no país. Os dados abióticos (19 biovariáveis, precipitação e temperatura mínima, média e máxima) no banco de dados Wordlclim, representando os períodos: atual (1970-2000), meio (2041-2060) e final (2061-2080) do século, com representação em duas projeções de anomalias climáticas (RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5). De modo a determinar as variáveis mais importantes para os modelos, foi realizado o teste Jackknife no software Maxent, o qual resultou em cinco biovariáveis, sendo elas: precipitação anual (35.2%), sazonalidade da temperatura (15.2%), variação anual de temperatura (13.7%), sazonalidade de precipitação (8.7%) e temperatura média do trimestre mais frio (7.4%). Posteriormente, utilizou-se o software Openmodeller e testados cinco algoritmos, para determinar qual modelo representa a predição de áreas de adequabilidade para a ocorrência do inseto. O algoritmo que melhor representou as áreas adequadas foi o Envelope Score (AUC = 0.808), corroborando com os dados de ocorrência levantados. A predição mostra que o bioma Pampa, no cenário RCP8.5 para o período entre 2061-2080 se tornará totalmente adequado à ocorrência desse besouro desfolhador, ao contrário da Amazônia, que apresenta retração nas áreas adequadas à ocorrência do besouro para o mesmo período. Nesse sentido, plantios comerciais de eucalipto implementados em áreas climatologicamente adequadas à ocorrência desse inseto devem ser monitoradas periodicamente.

Abstract Popularly known as the yellow eucalyptus beetle, Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in the adult phase it feeds on the leaves of the myrtaceae, leaving them laced, a fact that impairs the productivity of plantations. Therefore, this work aims to model the potential distribution of the beetle in climate change scenarios for Brazil. The biotic data were collected through a review of the literature and entomological collections, totaling 88 georeferenced points of occurrence of the insect in the country. The abiotic data (19 biovariables, precipitation and minimum, average and maximum temperature) in the Wordcllim database, represent the periods: current (1970-2000), middle (2041-2060), and final (2061-2080) of the century, with representation in two projections of climatic anomalies (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). To determine the most important variables for the models, the Jackknife test was performed in the Maxent software, which resulted in five biovariables, namely: annual precipitation (35.2%), temperature seasonality (15.2%), annual temperature variation (13.7%), seasonality of precipitation (8.7%) and an average temperature of the coldest quarter (7.4%). Subsequently, the Openmodeller software was used and five algorithms were tested to determine which model represents the prediction of areas of suitability for the occurrence of the insect. The algorithm that best represented the appropriate areas was the Envelope Score (AUC = 0.808), corroborating the occurrence data collected. The prediction shows that the Pampa biome, in the RCP8.5 scenario for the period between 2061-2080, will become fully suitable for the occurrence of this defoliator beetle, unlike the Amazon, which presents retraction in areas suitable for the occurrence of the beetle for the same period. In this sense, commercial eucalyptus plantations implemented in climatologically suitable areas for the occurrence of this insect must be monitored periodically.

SUMMARY: Forest use in the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, Mexico, has been threatened by the damage of a defoliator called the sawfly (Zadiprion spp.). The current magnitude of damage by this species is unknown, as are the biological and ecological aspects that determine its distribution. The aim of this work was to estimate the distribution and potential area of impact of Zadiprion spp. in the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca and the edaphoclimatic variables that favor its development in the region. Soil samples and specimens of the insect were collected to analyze in the laboratory. Ecological niche models were generated with MaxEnt (ver. 3.3.3), using records of the presence of the species and 19 bioclimatic variables. Reliability was evaluated using the area under the curve and a principal component analysis was carried out to identify variables. The optimal values of edaphological variables were calculated using the Kernel density index and the similarity between sites using the Gower metric. The niche models had values greater than 0.90. The most important edaphological variables impacting presence of the pest were organic matter, texture, density, infiltration, pH and moisture content. The development of adequate strategies to control the sawfly is necessary, as the pest can affect a considerable area of forest destined for forest management in a short amount of time.

RESUMEN: El aprovechamiento forestal en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México, se ha visto amenazado por el daño ocasionado por un insecto defoliador Zadiprion spp. El estado actual de afectación que ocasiona es desconocido, así como aspectos biológicos y ecológicos que determinan la distribución de la especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la distribución y área potencial de afectación de Zadiprion spp. en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, además de conocer las variables edafoclimáticas que favorecen su desarrollo en la región. Para ello, se colectaron muestras de suelo y ejemplares del insecto para analizar en laboratorio. Se generaron modelos de nicho ecológico con MaxEnt (ver. 3.3.3), registros de la presencia de la especie y 19 variables bioclimáticas, la confiabilidad fue evaluada mediante el área bajo la curva y se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para identificar variables con mayor contribución de predicción. Se calcularon los valores óptimos de variables edafológicas mediante el índice de densidad de Kernel y la similitud entre sitios mediante la métrica de Gower. Los modelos de nicho tuvieron valores superiores a 0,90. Las variables edafológicas con mayor importancia para la plaga fueron, materia orgánica, textura, densidad, infiltración, pH y contenido de humedad. Es necesario crear estrategias adecuadas de control de la mosca sierra, de lo contrario, la plaga puede afectar una considerable extensión del bosque destinado al manejo forestal.

Resumo A mortalidade de larvas de Alabama argillacea e Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), causada pelo pó inerte do caulim e pelo fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana, foi determinada em condições de laboratório. Usando o método de submersão da lagarta, o isolado CG 138 de B. bassiana foi mais patogênico para A. argillacea que os CG 70, GC 82, ESALQ 634 e ESALQ 645 desse fungo. Os cinco isolados testados causaram mortalidade semelhante de C. includens. A mortalidade de larvas de primeiro ínstar de A. argillacea e C. includens pelo método de alimentação em discos foliares impregnados com B. bassiana (CG 138) e caulim foi, também, determinada. A mortalidade de A. argillacea foi maior nos tratamentos com B. bassiana (CG 138), independentemente da presença do caulim. A atividade do caulim + B. bassiana (CG 138) contra C. includens foi maior que cada ingrediente isolado, indicando ação aditiva contra larvas desse Lepidoptera. A mortalidade de larvas de A. argillacea e C. includens, com caulim + B. bassiana (CG 138), foi semelhante e as de A. argillacea maiores que as de C. includens com caulim e B. bassiana (GC 138) isoladamente. O tratamento caulin + B. bassiana (CG 138) é promissor para o manejo simultâneo dessas duas pragas desfolhadoras, principalmente A. includens. Além disso, a monófaga, A. argilacea, é mais suscetível ao caulim e à B. bassiana (GC 138) que a polífaga, C. includens, sugerindo que a ecologia nutricional desempenha papel importante na suscetibilidade dessas espécies desfolhadoras a inseticidas alternativos.

Abstract The mortality of the Alabama argillacea and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae caused by the kaolin inert powder and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana were determined under laboratory conditions. Using the caterpillar submersion method, the CG 138 B. bassiana isolate was more pathogenic to A. argillacea than the CG 70, GC 82, ESALQ 634, and ESALQ 645. All five tested isolates caused similar mortality of C. includens. The mortality of first-instar larvae of A. argillacea and C. includens by feeding on leaf-disc impregnated with B. bassiana (CG 138) and kaolin was also determined. Higher A. argillacea mortalities were observed in the B. bassiana (CG 138) treatments, regardless of the presence of kaolin. However, the activity of kaolin + B. bassiana (CG 138) against C. includens was higher than each ingredient alone, indicating an additive action against C. includes larvae. The mortality of A. argillacea and C. includens larvae treated with kaolin + B. bassiana (CG 138) was similar, and the A. argillacea mortality was higher than that of C. includens with kaolin and B. bassiana (GC 138) separated. The treatment kaolin + B. bassiana (CG 138) is promising for the simultaneous management of these two defoliator pests, mainly A. includes. In addition, the monophagous A. argillacea is more susceptible to both kaolin and B. bassiana (GC 138) than the polyphagous C. includens, suggesting that the nutritional ecology plays an important role in the susceptibility of these defoliator species to alternative insecticides.

Resumo A adaptação de espécies nativas de lepidópteros a plantios de eucalipto reduz a produtividade dessa cultura no Brasil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) é praga-secundária, frequentemente, relatada em plantios de eucalipto com surtos populacionais e danos econômicos. Métodos de controle biológico, dessa praga, podem incluir o uso do endoparasitoide exótico de pupas Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) relatado como eficiente para o controle de lepidópteros-pragas. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi foi avaliado em condições controladas (25 ± 1º C, 60 ± 20% umidade e 12h fotoperíodo). Cada lagarta ou pupa de O. vesulia foi colocada individualmente em tubos de fundo chato com 10 e 15 fêmeas de T. howardi por 48h, respectivamente e, após esse período, os parasitoides foram removidos, as lagartas alimentadas e as pupas mantidas até a emergência do parasitoide ou formação de pupas ou de adultos dessa praga. As lagartas de quarto ínstar de O. vesulia, após o período de parasitismo, foram mantidas em potes com folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla trocadas, diariamente, até o fim do experimento. Um total de 40% das lagartas de O. vesulia morreu antes da fase de pré-pupa, 40% atingiram o estágio de pupa e morreram devido à má formação ou problemas e 20% originaram mariposas, porém nenhum parasitoide adulto emergiu das lagartas. Todas as pupas de O. vesulia foram parasitadas e tiveram emergência de parasitoides. O parasitismo de lagartas e pupas de O. vesulia por T. howardi mostra o potencial desse inimigo natural para o manejo integrado desse desfolhador em cultivos de eucalipto.

Abstract The adaptation of native lepidopteran species to eucalyptus plantations reduces the productivity of this crop in Brazil. Oxydia vesulia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a secondary pest, frequently reported in eucalyptus plantations with population outbreaks and economic damages. Methods of biological control of this pest may include the use of the exotic pupae endoparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), reported as efficient to controlling lepidopteran pests. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi was evaluated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 20% humidity and 12:12 h L:D). Each O. vesulia caterpillar or pupae was individually placed in a flat-bottom tube with 10 and 15 females of T. howardi for 48h, respectively. The parasitoids were removed after that period, the caterpillars were fed and the pupae were maintained until emergence of the parasitoid or formation of pupae and emergence of adults of this pest. The fourth-instar caterpillars of O. vesulia, after the parasitism period, were kept in pots with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, changed daily until the end of the experiment. A total of 40% of the caterpillars died before the pre-pupae stage, 40% reached the pupae stage and died due to inadequate adult formation and 20% generated moths, but none adult parasitoid emerged from the caterpillars. All pupae of O. vesulia were parasitized and showed emergence of parasitoids. The parasitism of O. vesulia caterpillars and pupae by T. howardi shows the potential of this natural enemy for the integrated management of this defoliator pest in eucalyptus plantations.

ABSTRACT The state of Pará has oil palm plantings of different ages and distinct genotypes. The understanding of which factors influence the occurrence and abundance of defoliating caterpillars in palm groves is paramount for control strategies based on integrated pest management (IPM). This study quantified the effect of oil palm age independently, and that of oil palm age and genotype, on the occurrence and abundance of defoliating caterpillars. Data were collected from 1994–2014 and consisted of counting the average number of caterpillars/leaf/parcel. For Opsiphanes invirae and Talima sp., leaf 17 was sampled; for Acharia spp., Euclea sp., Euprosterna elaeasa, Natada sp., and Automeris liberia, leaf 25 was sampled. For Oiketicus kirbyi, Antaeotricha sp., and Brassolis sophorae no specific leaf was considered. Palm trees were classified into three groups: young palm trees (0–8 years after planting), adult palm trees (9–19 years after planting), and old palm trees (over 20 years after planting). Talima sp. showed the highest population peak followed by O. invirae, Acharia spp., Elaeis elaeasa and Euclea sp. This study concludes that genotype has an impact on the infestation by defoliating caterpillars. Also, oil palms at reproductive age are more prone to higher infestation levels than young trees. While population levels of defoliating caterpillars are low in general, outbreaks are frequent. Importantly, intraspecific genotypes are more vulnerable than interspecific genotypes to infestations by defoliating caterpillars. This study contributes to the bioecological knowledge on defoliating caterpillars on oil palm and therefore provides important information to strengthen integrated pest management practices.

Abstract The coastal desert of Peru and Chile is home to Prosopis (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) tree species that are exceptionally well-adapted to the hyperarid conditions and keystone in dry-forest ecosystems. From 2001 to 2018, Prosopis in Peru have suffered widespread defoliation and die-back, with consequent deforestation and collapse in pod production. This paper reports a new insect plague species of Prosopis forest in Peru: Enallodiplosis discordis Gagné 1994 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) as a fiercely defoliating agent contributing to widespread Prosopis mortality. An analysis of E. discordis larval taxonomy, life cycle and plague infestation, following El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1998/99 is provided. Using distinct lines of evidence, its spread, distribution, and ecology are examined. Over two decades of fieldwork, Prosopis forest die-back and loss was observed devastating rural livelihoods and ecosystem services across lowland regions of southern (Ica), central and northern coastal Peru (Lambayeque, La Libertad, Piura). The collapse in production of Prosopis pods (algarroba, huaranga) and honey was recorded. Supplementary notes provide observations of: (i) plague development, changing land-use and climate, (ii) biological and physical control of E. discordis, (iii) the moth Melipotis aff. indomita (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a concurrent defoliator of Prosopis.

Resumen Las regiones desérticas costeras del Pacífico de Perú y Chile albergan especies de Prosopis (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), árboles bien adaptados a las condiciones del desierto y con funciones clave en los ecosistemas de bosques secos. Entre el 2001 y 2017, Prosopis en Perú ha sufrido una extensiva defoliación y muerte regresiva, con la consecuente deforestación y disminución de la producción de vainas de algarrobo. Aquí, se reporta una nueva especie de insecto plaga del bosque de Prosopis en Perú: Enallodiplosis discordis Gagné 1994 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), una feroz especie defoliadora que contribuye a la mortalidad generalizada de Prosopis. Se proporciona un análisis de la taxonomía larvaria de E. discordis, ciclo de vida y la infestación ocurrida después de El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) 1998/99. Su dispersión, distribución y ecología es examinada utilizando distintas líneas de evidencia. Durante casi dos décadas de trabajo de campo, se observó la muerte regresiva del bosque de Prosopis devastando los medios de vida rurales y los servicios de los ecosistemas en las regiones de las tierras bajas del sur (Ica), el centro y el norte de la costa peruana (Lambayeque, La Libertad, Piura). El colapso en la producción de vainas de Prosopis (algarroba, huaranga) y miel también fue registrada. Las notas complementarias proporcionan observaciones sobre: (i) el desarrollo de la plaga y el cambio de uso de la tierra y el clima, (ii) el control biológico y físico de E. discordis, (iii) la polilla Melipotis aff. indomita (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) como defoliador concurrente de Prosopis.

Resumen Atta cephalotes es una especie de insecto defoliador que afecta el desarrollo del Gmelina arbórea en condiciones de cultivo comercial; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que analizan el proceso de recuperación del G. arbórea desde el punto de vista fisiológico. En el presente análisis se evaluaron los efectos de la defoliación por A. cephalotes en el crecimiento y el desarrollo fisiológico e hidráulico de árboles juveniles. Se utilizaron 25 árboles con edad y condiciones morfométricas similares bajo las mismas condiciones ambientales; 16 de ellos se expusieron al ataque del insecto y su recuperación se evaluó durante 510 días, valorando el crecimiento (de diámetro y altura total), el desarrollo fisiológico (índice de área foliar, IAF; transpiración y valores de SPAD) e hidráulico (turgencia, movimiento del flujo de la savia, MFS, y contenido de humedad foliar, CHF). Se encontró que las plantas atacadas sufrieron un déficit de crecimiento diamétrico del 39,0 % y de 64,3 % en altura. A nivel fisiológico se requirieron 120 días para la recuperación de los valores de SPAD y 150 días para recuperar la conductancia estomática y el IAF a niveles similares a los del control. En cuanto a las variables hidráulicas, el periodo fue menor: la turgencia foliar se recuperó en 45 días y el MFS y la CHF en 60 días para alcanzar los mismos valores del control. Este comportamiento se explicaría por el estrés de la defoliación que obliga al árbol a reiniciar la recomposición foliar, lo que requiere el movimiento de azúcares, nutrientes y agua y hace que el movimiento hidráulico sea primordial para evitar la muerte del árbol por estrés.

Abstract Atta cephalotes is a species of scrubbing insect that affects the development of Gmelina arborea under commercial cultivation conditions. There has been little research regarding the physiological aspects of the recovery process of the affected tree. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the defoliation generated by A. cephalotes on the growth and the physiological and hydraulic development of juvenile trees. We used 25 trees with similar age and morphometric conditions and placed them under the same environmental conditions; 16 of them were exposed to the attack by the insect and their recovery was evaluated for 510 days assessing growth (diametric and total height), physiological (index of foliar area - IFA, transpiration, and SPAD values) and hydraulic development (turgidity, sap flow movement - SFM, and foliar moisture content-CHF). We found that the trees under attack failed to recover their growth rate with a deficiency of 39.0% in diameter and 64.3% in height. At the physiological level, they required 120 days to recover the SPAD values and 150 days to recover the stomatal conductance and the IAF at similar levels to the control. On the other hand, with the hydraulic variables, the period was shorter: leaf turgor was recovered in 45 days and the MFS and CHF in 60 days to the same values of the control. This behavior would be explained by the defoliation stress which forces the tree to restart the foliar recomposition through the movement of sugars, nutrients, and water for which the hydraulic movement is essential to avoid death due to stress.

Abstract The genus Dirphia Hübner, [1819] presents Neotropical distribution. This genus, besides causing accidents of interest in public health, is a potential defoliator pest of cultivated plants, among them the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), a crop of great economic importance. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 including the first instar larva chaetotaxy. The egg stage had an average duration of 15 days, larval stage 45 days and pupa 60 days, totaling 120 days in average temperature of 28.8 °C and 59.5% relative humidity. Six instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of cephalic capsule K = 1.4 times per ínstar. The results found in the first ínstar chaetotaxy follow the general pattern known for Hemileucinae. Hübner 1819 [1819 distribution health plants Anacardium L., L L. , L.) importance biology Bouvier 192 1 4 6 12 288 28 8 28. C 595 59 5 59.5 humidity rule 14 1. Hemileucinae 181 [181 19 2 59. 18 [18 [1 [

Resumo O gênero Dirphia Hübner, [1819] apresenta distribuição Neotropical. Esse gênero, além de causar acidentes de interesse na saúde pública, é uma potencial praga desfolhadora de plantas cultivadas, entre elas o cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.), cultura de grande importância econômica. Esse estudo descreve a biologia e morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 incluindo a quetotaxia da larva de primeiro instar. O estágio de ovo teve duração média de 15 dias, estágio larval de 45 dias e pupa de 60 dias, totalizando 120 dias em temperatura média de 28,8 °C e 59,5% de umidade relativa. Seis ínstares foram confirmados pela regra de Dyar, com razão de crescimento da cápsula cefálica K = 1,4 vezes a cada ínstar. Os resultados encontrados na quetotaxia do primeiro instar segue o padrão geral conhecido para Hemileucinae. Hübner 1819 [1819 Neotropical pública cultivadas Anacardium L., L L. , L.) econômica Bouvier 192 1 4 6 12 288 28 8 28, C 595 59 5 59,5 relativa Dyar 14 1, ínstar Hemileucinae 181 [181 19 2 59, 18 [18 [1 [

RESUMO: Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae), conhecida como munguba, é cultivada para arborização de muitas cidades brasileiras. No campus de Seropédica da UFRRJ, observou-se o desfolhamento de um espécime de Pachira aquatica, com a presença de larvas, pré-pupas e pupas de besouro da subfamília Hyperinae, que foram criadas em laboratório até a emergência dos adultos; esses insetos foram identificados como pertencentes à espécie Phelypera griseofasciata Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Essas formas imaturas (n=86) foram novamente coletadas nesse mesmo espécime e criadas em laboratório para verificar a ocorrência de parasitismo. Foram obtidos 128 adultos de Jaliscoa nudipennis Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), responsáveis por 44,2% do parasitismo total. A razão sexual foi de 0,70, portanto, o maior número de descendentes foi de fêmeas. Observaram-se ainda os dimorfismos inter e intrasexuais em J. nudipennis quanto ao formato da cabeça e às características das asas. Este estudo trata-se do primeiro registro de ambas as espécies de insetos associadas a Pachira aquatica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae), known as munguba, is cultivated for afforestation of many Brazilian cities. In Seropédica campus of UFRRJ, it was observed the defoliation of one specimen of Pachira aquatica with presence of larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae of beetle of the subfamily Hyperinae, which were reared in laboratory until the emergence of the adults; these insects were identified as belonging to the species Phelypera griseofasciata Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These immature forms (n=86) were again collected in this same specimen and reared in laboratory to verify the occurrence of parasitism. It was obtained 128 adults of Jaliscoa nudipennis Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), responsible for 44.2% of total parasitism. The sex ratio was 0.70, so the highest number of offspring was of females. Intersexual and intrasexual dimorphisms were also observed in J. nudipennis regarding the shape of the head and characteristics of the wings. This study is the first record of both insect species associated with Pachira aquatica in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Abstract Pine defoliators are considered an important forest pest whose damage is underestimated due to the damage caused by others such as debarkers and parasitic plants. For the control of pests, there exist bioactive plants belonging to the Solanaceae family within which Datura metel is found. This work aimed to determine larvae mortality in the fourth instar of N. autumnalis and to establish the level of toxicity of leaf, stem and root methanolic extracts of D. metel, on populations of Pinus leiophylla Schl. y Cham. Thus, the toxicity of the leaf, stem and root methanolic extracts of D. metel L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) were evaluated on fourth instar larvae of the N. autumnalis S. pine defoliator at different concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/L). Mortality values were recorded at every 2 h intervals (0 to 24 h) since the larvae were exposed to the methanolic extracts. The highest toxic effect was that on the root extract (86.0 % mortality, LC50 of 3.68 mg/L), followed by that on leaves (83.3 %, CL50 4.98 mg/L), and stem (80.0 %, LC50 of 12.79 mg/L), which is very useful for managing forests pests. The untreated extracts of leaves, stems and roots of D. metel contain alkaloids, which interrupt the life cycle of fourth instar larvae of N. autumnalis, so they can be used as biocides.

Resumen Los defoliadores del pino se consideran una plaga forestal importante, que es subestimada por los daños que ocasionan la presencia de otras, como los descortezadores y plantas parásitas. Para el control de plagas, existen plantas bioactivas que pertenecen a la familia Solanaceae, dentro de las cuales se encuentra Datura metel L. por lo que el presente trabajo determinó la mortalidad en larvas de cuarto instar de N. autumnalis S. y establecer el nivel de toxicidad de los extractos metanólicos de hoja, tallo y raíz de D. metel, sobre poblaciones de Pinus leiophylla Schl. y Cham. Para ello, se evaluó la toxicidad de las hojas, tallo y raíz de los extractos metanólicos de D. metel (Solanales: Solanaceae), sobre larvas de cuarto instar de defoliador del pino N. autumnalis a diferentes concentraciones (1, 10, 50 y 100 mg/L) y se tomaron lecturas de mortalidad en intervalos de 2 h (0 a 24 h), a partir de la exposición de las larvas a los extractos metanólicos. El mayor efecto tóxico fue del extracto de raíz (86,0 % de mortalidad, CL50 de 3,68 mg/L), seguido por las hojas (83,3 %, CL50 4,98 mg/L), y tallo (80,0 %, CL50 de 12,79 mg/L), lo que es de gran utilidad para el manejo de la plaga forestal. Los extractos crudos de hojas, tallos y raíces de D. metel contienen alcaloides, los cuales interrumpen el ciclo de vida de las larvas de cuarto instar de N. autumnalis, por lo que pueden utilizarse como biocidas.

This work reports for the first time the presence of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) in the central area of the Santa Fe province. Spodoptera larvae were collected from Bt soybean fields and were transferred to growth chambers (FCA-UNL), where the first generation was obtained. By larvae morphological analysis was confirmed that the species collected was S. eridania, pest of tropical origin and present in Argentina northwest. Is a polyphagous defoliator that feeds on several species of economic importance, with a high tolerance to the Cry1Ac protein, which is expressed in some Bt crops and is resistant to conventional insecticides. When the larvae were fed with Bt soybeans, they successfully completed their biological cycle. There is not information about the behavior of this species in the central area of the Santa Fe province.

Este trabajo reporta por primera vez la presencia de Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) en el centro de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Larvas del género Spodoptera fueron recolectadas en un lote de soja Bt y trasladadas a la cámara de cría (FCA-UNL), donde se obtuvo la primera generación. Mediante claves taxonómicas se corroboró que la especie recolectada era S. eridania, plaga de origen tropical presente en el noroeste de Argentina, de hábito polífago que ocasiona daños al alimentarse de hojas y frutos en formación en varios cultivos de importancia económica. Además esta especie es tolerante a la proteína Bt y resistente a insecticidas de uso convencional. Al alimentar las larvas con hojas de soja Bt, completaron su ciclo biológico de manera exitosa. No existe información acerca del comportamiento de esta especie en el centro de la provincia de Santa Fe.