ABSTRACT Background: Hancornia speciosa is a species known for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Despite being a plant native to several regions of Brazil, some aspects of its production system are not yet well defined. Large-scale asexual propagation stands out, making it difficult to establish commercial orchards with materials with superior characteristics. In this context, this article aimed to investigate the scientific production related to the propagation and conservation of the mangabeira, using a mixed methodology of bibliometric analysis and literature review. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted and the VOSviewer software was used to map the cooperation network between authors, institutions, and keywords. Results: The study included 72 articles and found a significant increase in scientific production on mangabeira propagation and conservation since 2009. Most studies focused on seed technology, seedling production, in vitro propagation and conservation, and cryopreservation. Additionally, it was observed that mangabeira seeds do not tolerate a reduction in moisture content, and the combination of materials for the composition of the substrate, such as coconut fiber, manure, and sand, can provide an adequate basis for developing seedlings. It was also observed that MS culture medium, complete or with half saline concentration, or WPM medium can be used for in vitro germination and initial seedling growth. Conclusion: Through this review, we concluded that the mangabeira presents substantial potential for the development of innovative propagation techniques, with a special focus on methods that facilitate the clonal propagation of the species, such as grafting, rooting cuttings, and micropropagation. It is expected that future research will expand knowledge about the in vitro and ex vitro propagation of this species, contributing to the expansion of commercial plantations with a focus on adding to the processing of its fruits. Background properties Brazil defined Largescale Large scale out characteristics context review authors institutions keywords Results 7 2009 technology cryopreservation Additionally content substrate fiber manure sand seedlings concentration growth Conclusion techniques grafting cuttings micropropagation fruits 200 20 2

Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the use of the peach palm by-products - PPBs (shell and sheaths) as substrate to Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation, evaluate its composition, and the antioxidant properties. The cultivation conditions were defined varying the C:N ratio and moisture content, using as substrate PPBs, and for comparison, a control medium of sawdust was used. P. ostreatus produced in these substrates and a commercial sample were evaluated as composition and antioxidant properties; in these last analyzes it was previous defined how to extract the highest content of phenolic compounds (TPC). The highest yield of P. ostreatus (24.47% wet basis, w.b.) was obtained using the PPB with C:N of 69.14 and moisture of 86.2% (w w-1); yield higher than that found in the control medium (17.15% w.b.). The protein content of commercial mushroom (28 g 100 g-1, dry basis - d.b.) was higher than the cultivated samples (16 g 100 g-1, d.b). In the mushroom samples the contents of ashes, lipids and dietary fibers ranged between 6.09 and 6.92 g 100g-1, d.b, 1.22 to 1.72 g 100g-1, d.b and 39.46 and 43.24 g 100g-1, d.b, respectively. The best condition for TPC extraction was: 38.8 min, using 29.4% (v v-1) of ethanol. P. ostreatus cultivated in PPBs showed the highest contents of TPC, phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, trans-cinnamic, ferulic and coumaric), and antioxidant activity. Therefore, PPB is a low-cost alternative to mushrooms cultivation with high nutritional value, avoiding environmental problems of its incorrect disposal. byproducts by products shell sheaths properties CN C N comparison used P TPC. . (TPC) 24.47% 2447 24 47 (24.47 w.b. wb w b 6914 69 14 69.1 862 86 2 86.2 w1 1 w-1) 17.15% 1715 17 15 (17.15 w.b.. 28 (2 10 g1, g1 1, g-1 d.b. db d 16 (1 d.b) ashes 609 6 09 6.0 692 92 6.9 100g1, 100g1 100g 100g-1 122 22 1.2 172 72 1.7 3946 39 46 39.4 4324 43 43.2 respectively 388 38 8 38. min 294 29 4 29.4 v v1 v-1 ethanol gallic, gallic (gallic vanillic transcinnamic, transcinnamic trans cinnamic, cinnamic trans-cinnamic coumaric, coumaric , coumaric) activity Therefore lowcost low cost value disposal (TPC 24.47 244 (24.4 w.b 691 69. 86. w-1 17.15 171 (17.1 ( g- 60 0 6. 9 100g- 12 1. 7 394 3 39. 432 43. 29. v- 24.4 (24. w- 17.1 (17. 24. (24 17. (17

Summary: Fertilization is one of the most important and costly activities in forested plant production in container. The application of controlled release fertilizers (CRF) allows reducing costs since they are incorporated in the substrate in a single event. However, the optimum dosage should be defined based on the nutritional needs of each species. Thus, the objective of the present study is to determine the effect of three CRF doses on morphological growth and in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in Pinus cooperi C. E. Blanco plants in the nursery. Multicote 8® [18-6-12 of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] was used as fertilizer in three doses: 4, 6 and 8 g L-1 of substrate. At 49 weeks after sowing, the following evaluations were performed: stem base diameter, height, aerial and root dry weight and their relationship. A leaf analysis of N, P and K was performed to determine the nutritional status of the plants by a vector analysis and estimate the NUE. The treatments were analyzed under a completely randomized design with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s means test. The individuals fertilized with the 6 and 8 g L-1 dosage had better morphological attributes. The shoot-to-root ratio maintained the desirable values in all the treatments. The N, P, and K contents were higher with the 6 and 8 g L-1 doses, although NUE increased as the CRF dose decreased. The vector nomograms indicated that a high dosage does not have the effect on growth, actually toxicity may exist due to excessive fertilization. In conclusion, the 6 g L-1 CRF dose favors P. cooperi growth and nutrition in the nursery.

Resumen: La fertilización es una de las actividades más importantes y costosas en la producción de plantas forestales en contenedor. La aplicación de fertilizantes de liberación controlada (FLC) permite disminuir costos, al ser incorporados en el sustrato en un sólo evento. Sin embargo, es necesario definir la dosis óptima con base a las necesidades nutricionales de cada especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de tres dosis de FLC en el crecimiento morfológico y en la eficiencia del uso de nitrógeno (EUN) en plantas de Pinus cooperi C. E. Blanco en vivero. Como fertilizante se utilizó Multicote 8® [18-6-12 de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K)] en tres dosis: 4, 6 y 8 g L-1 de sustrato. A las 49 semanas de cultivo se evaluó el diámetro en la base del tallo, la altura, el peso seco aéreo y de la raíz, y su relación. Se realizó un análisis foliar de N, P y K para determinar el estado nutricional de las plantas mediante análisis de vectores y EUN. Los tratamientos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) y pruebas de medias de Tukey. Los individuos fertilizados con dosis de 6 y 8 g L-1 tuvieron mejores atributos morfológicos. La relación de peso seco aéreo / peso seco radicular se mantuvo en los valores deseables en todos los tratamientos. El contenido de N, P y K fue superior con las dosis de 6 y 8 g L-1, aunque la EUN se incrementó a medida que la dosis de FLC fue menor. Los nomogramas de vectores indican que una dosis alta no tiene un efecto en el crecimiento, incluso puede existir toxicidad por fertilización excesiva. Se concluye que la dosis de 6 g L-1 de FLC favorece el crecimiento y nutrición de P. cooperi en vivero.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different loading conditions on the mechanical behavior and stress distribution of a leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic. Plate-shaped ceramic specimens were obtained from leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (1.5 × 8.4 × 8.3 mm) and adhesively cemented to a dentin analog substrate. Monotonic and cyclic contact fatigue tests were performed to simulate sphere-to-flat contact, using a 6 mm diameter spherical piston; and flat-to-flat contact, using a 3 mm diameter flat piston. For the monotonic test (n=20), a gradual compressive load (0.5 mm/min) was applied to the specimen using a universal testing machine. Failure load data were analyzed with Weibull statistics. The cyclic contact fatigue test was performed using protocols (load and a number of cycles) defined by the boundary technique (n=30). Fatigue data were analyzed using an inverse power law relationship and Weibull-lifetime distribution. The stress distribution was investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The monotonic and the fatigue Weibull modulus were similar among the two contact conditions. In fatigue, the slow crack growth exponent was greater for sphere-to-flat contact, which indicates that the load level had a greater effect on the specimen’s probability of failure. In conclusion, FEA showed different stress distribution for the tested loading conditions. The stress distribution and probability of fatigue failure of specimens tested in sphere-to-flat contact showed greater dependency to load level. leucitereinforced leucite reinforced glassceramic. glassceramic glass ceramic. Plateshaped Plate shaped 1.5 15 1 5 (1. 84 8 4 8. 83 substrate spheretoflat sphere piston flattoflat n=20, n20 n n=20 , 20 (n=20) 0.5 05 0 (0. mm/min mmmin min machine statistics cycles n=30. n30 n=30 . 30 (n=30) Weibulllifetime lifetime FEA. (FEA) s conclusion 1. (1 n2 n=2 2 (n=20 0. (0 n3 n=3 (n=30 (FEA ( n= (n=2 (n=3 (n= (n

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito de diferentes condições de carregamento no comportamento mecânico e na distribuição de tensões de uma vitrocerâmica reforçada com leucita. Amostras cerâmicas em forma de lâminas foram obtidas a partir de vitrocerâmica reforçada com leucita (1,5 × 8,4 × 8,3 mm) e cimentadas adesivamente a um substrato análogo de dentina. Ensaios de carga de compressão monotônica e fadiga foram realizados para simular o contato esfera-plano, usando um pistão esférico de 6 mm de diâmetro; e contato plano com plano, usando um pistão plano de 3 mm de diâmetro. Para o ensaio de carga de compressão monotônica (n=20), foi aplicada uma carga compressiva gradual (0,5 mm/min) ao corpo-de-prova usando uma máquina de ensaio universal. Os dados de carga de fratura foram analisados de acordo com a distribuição de Weibull. O teste de fadiga foi realizado com os protocolos (carga e número de ciclos) definidos pela técnica de boundary (n=30). Os dados de fadiga foram analisados usando uma relação de tempo de vida - tensão de lei da potência inversa (IPL- inverse power law). A distribuição de tensões foi investigada usando análise de elementos finitos (AEF). O módulo de Weibull para teste de compressão monotônico e de fadiga foram semelhantes entre as duas condições de contato. Em fadiga, o expoente de crescimento sub-crítico da trinca foi maior para o contato esfera-plano, o que indica que o nível de carga teve um efeito maior na probabilidade de falha do corpo-de-prova. Em conclusão, AEF apresentou distribuição de tensões diferente para as condições de carregamento testadas. A distribuição de tensões e a probabilidade de falha em fadiga dos corpos-de-prova testados utilizando o contato esfera-plano apresentaram maior dependência do nível de carga. 1,5 15 1 5 (1, 84 8 4 8, 83 dentina esferaplano, esferaplano esfera diâmetro n=20, n20 n n=20 , 20 (n=20) 0,5 05 0 (0, mm/min mmmin min corpodeprova corpo prova universal ciclos n=30. n30 n=30 . 30 (n=30) IPL (IPL law. law law) AEF. (AEF) subcrítico sub crítico corpodeprova. prova. conclusão testadas corposdeprova corpos 1, (1 n2 n=2 2 (n=20 0, (0 n3 n=3 (n=30 (AEF ( n= (n=2 (n=3 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Arenas Blancas is a poorly known fossiliferous site located in the lower reach of the Chasicó creek (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), with great relevance from a biostratigraphic viewpoint. The Macrochorobates scalabrinii Biozone was defined in this site, proposed as the biostratigraphic basis of the early Huayquerian Stage/Age (Late Miocene); however, the geological context and faunal record of this site have never been studied in detail. In this work, we perform a multi-proxy analysis of the Arenas Blancas site, as well as a nearby site here called Curva de la Vaca, and provide new interpretations on their origin, age, and biostratigraphy. Sedimentological, stratigraphic, and geomorphological characteristics of both sites suggest that the sequences include fluvial/alluvial deposits that represent Quaternary terraces. The taxonomic analysis of the Arenas Blancas faunal assemblage evidences the presence of 14 mammal taxa, together with some fishes, reptiles, and birds; the assemblage is correlated with the assemblage from the Cerro Azul Formation assigned to the Chasicoan Stage/Age (Late Miocene), also recovered from the lower reach of the Chasicó creek. The use of the taxa proposed in previous works to characterize the Macrochorobates scalabrinii Biozone (including this species) is not supported due to their taxonomic status and/or temporal distribution. Taphonomic evaluation indicates that the assemblage is constituted by reworked specimens; in this frame, it is proposed that fluvio/alluvial events, occurred during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, eroded the Upper Miocene substrate and reworked fossil remains. Based on the present evidence, the Macrochorobates scalabrinii Biozone is here rejected as a valid biostratigraphic unit.

RESUMEN Arenas Blancas es una localidad fosilífera poco conocida, ubicada en el curso inferior del arroyo Chasicó (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina), pero con gran relevancia desde el punto de vista bioestratigráfico. La Biozona Macrochorobates scalabrinii , propuesta como base bioestratigráfica del Piso/Edad Huayqueriense temprano (Mioceno tardío) fue definida en este sitio, aunque su contexto geológico y registro faunístico nunca han sido estudiados en detalle. En este trabajo analizamos el sitio Arenas Blancas desde diferentes perspectivas, como así también un sitio cercano aquí denominado Curva de la Vaca, a fin de aportar nuevas interpretaciones sobre su origen, edad y bioestratigrafía. Las características sedimentológicas, estratigráficas y geomorfológicas de ambos sitios sugieren que las secuencias aflorantes corresponden a depósitos fluviales/aluviales que representan terrazas cuaternarias. El análisis taxonómico de la asociación faunística de Arenas Blancas permitió reconocer 14 taxones de mamíferos, como así también peces, reptiles y aves. Esta asociación muestra una clara correlación con la asociación de la Formación Cerro Azul asignada al Piso/Edad Chasiquense (Mioceno tardío), también registrada en el curso inferior del arroyo Chasicó. Por otra parte, se considera que el uso de los taxones que caracterizan la Biozona Macrochorobates scalabrinii (incluyendo esta especie) no está avalado por su estatus taxonómico y/o su distribución temporal. El estudio tafonómico muestra que la asociación está constituida por especímenes retrabajados; en este contexto, se propone que los eventos fluviales/aluviales ocurridos durante el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno erosionaron el sustrato del Mioceno tardío y retrabajaron los restos fósiles. Sobre la base de la evidencia disponible, se rechaza la validez de la Biozona Macrochorobates scalabrinii como unidad bioestratigráfica.

Abstract Low biodiversity in urban areas is associated with habitat loss. However, the effects of urbanization on biodiversity should also consider the historical background of land-use, explored herein. Our goal was to evaluate changes in the assemblage of reptiles in an urban habitat over 100 years, aiming to identify which ecological attributes allowed the persistence of species that can be found in the area today. We accessed historical records in scientific collections and carried out fieldwork to access reptile assemblage in an urban green area, in São Paulo, Brazil. Considering land-use changes in the area, we defined three-time intervals between 1901 and 2020. We established species richness for each time interval, categorizing them into three ecological attributes: habitat preference, substrate use, and food habits. We recorded 27 reptile species from 1901 until 2020, 14 resulting from historical data, eight from both historical and fieldwork, and five species exclusively in fieldwork. Amphibians were also sampled during fieldwork, but not used in historical comparison. Reptile’s species richness decreased 59% regardless of ecological attributes, and snakes were the group with most species’ loss. Fossorial reptiles were the least affected group. We concluded that habitat loss culminated in a species richness decline, and the reptiles that remain until today were likely present since the fragment isolation. Ecological attributes of the remaining taxa include species that use terrestrial substrates and feed on prey commonly found in urban environments. However landuse, landuse land herein 10 years Paulo Brazil threetime 190 2020 interval preference habits 2 1 data comparison Reptiles Reptile s 59 decline isolation environments 19 202 5 20

Resumo A baixa biodiversidade em áreas urbanas está associada à perda de habitat. No entanto, os efeitos da urbanização sobre a biodiversidade também devem considerar o histórico de uso da terra, explorado aqui. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar as mudanças na comunidade de répteis em um habitat urbano ao longo de 100 anos, visando identificar quais atributos ecológicos permitiram a persistência de espécies que podem ser encontradas na área hoje. Acessamos registros históricos em coleções científicas e realizamos trabalho de campo para levantar as espécies de répteis em uma área verde urbana, em São Paulo, Brasil. Considerando as mudanças de uso da terra na área amostrada, definimos três intervalos de tempo entre 1901 e 2020. Estabelecemos a riqueza de espécies para cada intervalo de tempo, categorizando-as em três atributos ecológicos: preferência de habitat, uso de substrato e hábitos alimentares. Registramos 27 espécies de répteis de 1901 até 2020, sendo 14 resultantes de dados históricos, oito de dados históricos e de campo e cinco espécies amostradas exclusivamente de campo. Anfíbios também foram amostrados durante o trabalho de campo, mas não foram usados na comparação histórica. A riqueza de espécies de répteis diminuiu 59% independentemente dos atributos ecológicos, e serpente foi o grupo com maior perda de espécies. Os répteis fossoriais foram o grupo menos afetado. Concluímos que a perda de habitat culminou em um declínio da riqueza de espécies, e os répteis que permanecem até hoje provavelmente estavam presentes desde o isolamento do fragmento. Os atributos ecológicos dos táxons remanescentes incluem espécies que utilizam substratos terrestres e se alimentam de presas comumente encontradas em ambientes urbanos. entanto aqui 10 anos urbana Paulo Brasil amostrada 190 2020 categorizandoas categorizando alimentares 2 1 histórica 59 afetado fragmento urbanos 19 202 5 20

Abstract Sperm cells rely on different substrates to fulfil thei energy demand for different functions and diverse moments of their life. Species specific mechanism involve both energy substrate transport and their utilization: hexose transporters, a protein family of facilitative passive transporters of glucose and other hexose, have been identified in spermatozoa of different species and, within the species, their localization has been identified and, in some cases, linked to specific glycilitic enzyme presence. The catabolism of hexose sources for energy purposes has been studied in various species, and recent advances has been made in the knowledge of metabolic strategies of sperm cells. In particular, the importance of aerobic metabolism has been defined and described in horse, boar and even mouse spermatozoa; bull sperm cells demonstrate to have a good adaptability and capacity to switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; finally, dog sperm cells have been demonstrated to have a great plasticity in energy metabolism management, being also able to activate the anabolic pathway of glycogen syntesis. In conclusion, the study of energy management and mitochondrial function in spermatozoa of different specie furnishes important base knowledge to define new media for preservation as well as newbases for reproductive biotechnologies. life utilization cases presence particular horse phosphorylation finally syntesis conclusion biotechnologies

RESUMEN Los túmulos del cementerio de Koy-Gunzhar (2400-2000 cal años AP) en el norte de Kazajistán son montículos de tierra monumentales construidos para conmemorar la élite escita. Los túmulos aparte de presentar una diversidad de las técnicas constructivas de los montículos funerarios de tierra, también proporcionan una oportunidad de estudiar la dirección y carácter de diagénesis de paleosuelos en el transcurso de casi 2400 años. Este estudio edafo-arqueológico pretende establecer las técnicas constructivas de los montículos, características de materiales usados para la construcción y cambios diagenéticos de los paleosuelos sepultados. Se realizo un análisis comparativo de los rellenos de túmulos y suelos sepultados (su génesis y transformación diagenética) que permitió establecer la fuente del material constructivo y reconstruir algunos detalles de las tecnologías de construcción. Por ejemplo, Calcic Someric Kastanozem (Arenic, Protosodic) sepultado por un sustrato de loan-arenoso y arenoso del túmulo 3 corresponde al ambiente seco estepario y no tiene evidencias considerables de una transformación diagenética. Por otro lado, el paleosuelo subyaciente del túmulo 1 fue afectado por una transformación diagenética fuerte supuestamente causada por el drenaje ácido proveniente del relleno que originalmente había contenido material sulfurado sujeto a oxidación y acidificación después de la construcción del túmulo. La diagénesis se manifestó en la redistribución de los carbonatos pedogénicos y enriquecimiento en 32 cm superiores del suelo sepultado con los compuestos de hierro, magnesio, manganeso y aluminio. Esos elementos se acumularon en la barrera geoquímica carbonatada (sobre el horizonte Bk del suelo sepultado). Este suelo fue transformado de un Kastanozem a Mollic Cambic Umbrisol (Epiloamic, Katoarenic). Los constructores del túmulo 1 utilizaron un sustrato de textura más fina para construir el montículo, diferente del material parental de los suelos aledaños (loan arenoso y arena). El uso de loan más fino proporcionó mayor dureza a la construcción del montículo. Los constructores utilizaron una tecnología poco común para producir un montículo con características deseadas y utilizaron materiales constructivos foráneos encontrados a distancia.

ABSTRACT The tumuli of the Koy-Gunzhar burial ground (2400-2000 cal years BP) in the North Kazakhstan are monumental earthen mounds, built in honour of the Scythian elite. The tumuli, besides representing the diversity of the building techniques for such earth burial mounds, also provide a unique opportunity to study the direction and character of the paleosol diagenesis for nearly 2400 years. This soil-archaeological study aimed to reveal mound building techniques, the characteristics of materials used for construction, and diagenetic changes of the buried paleosols. The comparative analysis of tumulus embankments and buried soils (their genesis and diagenetic transformations) provided the opportunity to establish the source of the building material and to reconstruct some details of the building technologies. For instance, the Calcic Someric Kastanozem (Arenic, Protosodic), buried by loam-sandy and sandy substrate of the tumulus 3, corresponds to dry steppe conditions and has no considerable signs of diagenetic transformations, whereas the paleosol under the tumulus 1 was affected by strong diagenetic transformation supposedly due to acid drainage from the embankment which originally contained sulfidic material being subjected to oxidation and acidification after the tumulus construction. Diagenesis was manifested in the redistribution of pedogenic carbonates and enrichment in iron, magnesium, manganese, and aluminum compounds in the upper 32 cm of the buried soil. These elements were partially accumulated at the carbonate geochemical barrier (over Bk horizon of the buried soil). This soil was transformed by diagenesis from Kasrtanozem to Mollic Cambic Umbrisol (Epiloamic, Katoarenic). The builders of the tumulus 1 used a loamier substrate to construct the mound, different from the parent material for adjacent soils (loamy sands and sands). The loamier substrate ensured the firmness of the mound construction. The builders employed an uncommon technique to produce a mound with defined properties and used foreign building materials brought from the distance.

Abstract Agave angustifolia Haw. it has been used in a traditional way in Sonora, for the elaboration of the Bacanora spirituous drink. As a consequence of the legalization of this distillate, wild populations are threatened by overuse. To contribute to this problem, the objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of A. angustifolia vitroplants during their acclimatization to different substrates and transplantation under wild conditions. Four clonal lines (LC15s, LC26s, LC23b and LC24b) were evaluated in four substrates (control: sand, ‘clay soil’ and gravel (3:1:1); treatment I: peat: control mixture (1:1); treatment II: potting soil: control mixture (1:1) and treatment III: peat: potting soil: control mixture (1:1:1). The transplant site was characterized by analysis of vegetation and physical and chemical soil in situ, while the climate with cartography. These biotic and abiotic characteristics defined the transplantation of 1 000 vitroplants, 250 per clone, in three sections of a hillside with subtropical scrub. Height, number of leaves and cover of the agaves were monitored in a period of 66 weeks. After 60 d, the vitroplants were acclimatized with 100% survival in all treatments. The substrate with the highest content of organic matter favored rooting and root growth. The transplant reached a survival of 84 a 98%, under conditions wild with organic management. The response of the clonal lines was dissimilar during acclimatization and transplantation. The stages of the project were developed between 2009 and 2016.

Resumen Agave angustifolia Haw. se ha utilizado de manera tradicional en Sonora, para la elaboración de la bebida espirituosa bacanora. Como consecuencia de la legalización de este destilado, las poblaciones silvestres están amenazadas por el sobreaprovechamiento. Para coadyuvar en esta problemática el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento de vitroplantas de A. angustifolia durante su aclimatación en diferentes sustratos y el trasplante bajo condiciones silvestres. Se evaluaron cuatro líneas clonales (LC15s, LC26s, LC23b y LC24b) en cuatro sustratos (testigo: arena, ‘tierra lama’ y gravilla (3:1:1); tratamiento I: turba: mezcla testigo (1:1); tratamiento II: tierra de maceta: mezcla testigo (1:1) y tratamiento III: turba: tierra de maceta: mezcla testigo (1:1:1). El sitio de trasplante se caracterizó mediante análisis de vegetación y físico y químico de suelo in situ, mientras que el climático con cartografía. Estas características bióticas y abióticas definieron el trasplante de 1 000 vitroplantas, 250 por clona, en tres secciones de una ladera con matorral subtropical. Se monitoreó altura, número de hojas y cobertura de los agaves en un periodo de 66 semanas. Después de 60 d se logró la aclimatación de las vitroplantas con un 100% de supervivencia en todos los tratamientos. El sustrato con mayor contenido de materia orgánica favoreció el enraizamiento y crecimiento radicular. El trasplante alcanzó una supervivencia del 84 a 98%, bajo condiciones silvestres con un manejo orgánico. La respuesta de las líneas clonales fue disímil durante la aclimatación y el trasplante. Las etapas del proyecto se desarrollaron entre 2009 y 2016.

Abstract A synthesis procedure of a mechanically reconfigurable antenna based on tetra-circle fractal patch elements is presented, enabling to change both resonant frequencies and radiation pattern performance. The antenna geometry reconfiguration is implemented by tilting the ground plane of the microstrip antenna with respect to the fractal patch and substrate layer. The tilt angle is defined as the angle between the back of the dielectric substrate and the tilted ground plane and is electromechanically varied using a thin rod of dielectric material sliding up and down, in a simple geometry. Simulation results for the proposed antenna parameters are obtained using Ansoft HFSS software. In addition to promoting frequency and pattern reconfiguration, the tilting of the ground plane has proven to be an alternative to increase the antenna gain and enable single-band or dual-band operation. Prototypes were fabricated and measured for comparison purpose showing a good agreement between simulation and measurement results.

Thermoelectric power plants that use mineral coal show high wear in heat exchanger due to the action of several damage mechanisms associated with the impact of hard particles from the residue of burnt coal, the ashes. The employment of coatings should be given into consideration particularly for critical components, which are subject to severe erosive conditions is one of the solutions. However, the choice of material will depend on several factors, including the properties of aggressive ashes. This paper aims to characterize ashes generated by a Brazilian coal-based power plant and a FeCrNbNi-based metallic coating obtained by the electric arc spraying process. No trace of sulfur content was found in fly ashes and it was defined that wear is mainly related to the impact and energy of hard particles are the leading causes of degradation in coal-fired boiler equipment. According to the assessment, applied coating showed (5 ± 2)% by volume of pores and cracks, with 1.6% of oxides after the spraying process and hardness 35% greater than ash particles. Preliminary results in field operation suggest that the material showed relatively low wear compared to the original substrate and showed great applicability in controlling material deterioration for this purpose.

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado com populações de briófitas, a fim de estudar a presença e de como as populações mudam nos gradientes altitudinais. Os musgos foram escolhidos como modelo para realizar este estudo, pois apresentam alta sensibilidade às condições climáticas e ampla distribuição. A região oeste da Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Boyacá, Colombia possui clima e ecossistemas diferenciados devido à sua complexa topografia. Parcelas em cada 200 m alt. foram instaladas a partir do pico do Monte Mahoma a 4.200 m alt. ao sul do desfiladeiro do rio Chicamocha a 1.200 m alt. A diversidade e a cobertura do solo, da rocha e da casca foram analisadas em cada parcela. Foram encontradas 80 espécies distribuídas em 29 famílias, sendo Pottiaceae e Brachytheciaceae as famílias mais diversas. Nossos resultados mostram uma tendência à diversidade e a cobertura aumentar com a altitude. Observamos cinco faixas altitudinais com três populações definidas pelas espécies de musgos. As faixas Páramo e Superpáramo são as mais ricas.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out with bryophyte populations in order to study the presence of populations and how they change over altitudinal gradients. Mosses were chosen as a model to do this study because they have a high sensitivity to climatic conditions and wide distribution. The western region of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Boyacá, Colombia has a wide range of climate and ecosystems due to its complex topography. Plots were sampled every 200 m from the peak of Mount Mahoma at 4,200 m a.s.l. south to the Chicamocha River canyon at 1,200 m a.s.l. Diversity and cover are analyzed in each plot from soil, rock and bark substrates. We found 80 species distributed in 29 families, with Pottiaceae and Brachytheciaceae the most diverse families. Ours results show a tendency of the diversity and the coverage to increase with altitude, and we observed five altitudinal belts with three populations defined by mosses species. The Páramo and Superpáramo belts are the richest ones.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was the proposal of a statistical analysis methodology that will guide the researcher by making repeated measurements over time in the same experimental unit, through a case study with legumes as a substrate in the production of in vitro gas in the agricultural and livestock field. The variable in vitro gas production was analyzed. Pearson correlation matrix was calculated, values superior to 0.82 were obtained and the existence of association among sampling days was determined. The sphericity criterion was confirmed by means of the Mauchly statistic and, in front of its failure to fulfill, the fit of the degrees of freedom was made. In the same way, normality assumption was verified (P <0.0100) and when it was not fulfilled, a mixed generalized linear model was used for analyzing the variants of Poisson, Gamma, Binomial, Normal and Normal Log, to determine the distribution that followed the data, which in this case was Gamma. Toeplitz variance-covariance structure was selected as the one that best fits the model based on the lower values of information criteria. The verification of theoretical assumptions necessary for repeated measures defined the model to be used. The use of a mixed generalized linear model increased the accuracy of results by properly estimating the variance-covariance structures and allowed to analyze unbalanced data. A work methodology is proposed for data processing with repeated measures over time.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue la propuesta de una metodología de análisis estadístico que sirva de guía al investigador al realizar mediciones repetidas en el tiempo en la misma unidad experimental, a través de un estudio de caso con leguminosas como sustrato en la producción de gas in vitro en la esfera agropecuaria. Se analizó la variable producción de gas in vitro. Se calculó la matriz de correlación de Pearson, se obtuvieron valores superiores a 0.82 y se determinó la existencia de asociación entre los días de muestreo. Se comprobó el criterio de esfericidad mediante el estadístico de Mauchly y ante su incumplimiento se efectuó el ajuste de los grados de libertad. De igual forma, se verificó el supuesto de la normalidad (P<0.0100) y al no cumplirse se empleó un Modelo Lineal Generalizado Mixto donde se analizaron las variantes de Poisson, Gamma, Log Normal, Normal y Binomial para determinar la distribución que siguieron los datos, que en este caso fue la Gamma. Se seleccionó la estructura de varianza - covarianza Toeplitz como la de mejor ajuste al modelo a partir de los menores valores de los criterios de información. La comprobación de los supuestos teóricos necesarios para medidas repetidas definió el modelo a emplear. La utilización del Modelo Lineal Generalizado Mixto incrementó la precisión de los resultados al estimar de forma adecuada las estructuras de varianza-covarianza y permitió analizar datos desbalanceados. Se propone una metodología de trabajo para el procesamiento de datos con medidas repetidas en el tiempo.

Abstract: Thin films of molybdenum nitride were deposited on silicon wafers (111) by means of the DC reactive magnetic sputtering technique, at the substrate temperature of 100, 200, 300 and 400 °C, in the gas mixture (Ar+N ) at the working pressure of 4,3x-3 torr. The composition of the films has been defined with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). X-ray diffraction shows that such films have a preferential crystallographic orientation along the plane (112) and the grain size increases from 8,21 to 13,16 nm in the range of 100 to 400 °C the substrate temperature. The resistivity of the films decreases with increasing substrate temperature from 74,20 to 2,45 μΩ.cm showing ohmic characteristics. The lowest value of the electrical resistivity was 2,45 μΩ.cm at the substrate temperature of 400 °C.

Resumen: Películas delgadas de nitruro de molibdeno fueron depositadas sobre obleas de silicio (111) mediante la técnica de la pulverización catódica magnética reactiva DC, a la temperatura de sustrato de 100, 200, 300 y 400 °C, en la mezcla de gases (Ar+N2) a la presión de trabajo de 4,3x-3 torr. La composición de las películas ha sido definida con espectroscopia Auger (AES). La difracción de rayos X muestra que tales películas presentan una orientación cristalográfica preferencial a lo largo del plano (112) y el tamaño de grano se incrementa desde 8,21 a 13,16 nm en el rango de 100 a 400 °C de la temperatura de sustrato. La resistividad de las películas disminuye con el aumento de la temperatura de sustrato desde 74,20 a 2,45 μΩ.cm mostrando características óhmicas. El valor más bajo de la resistividad eléctrica fue de 2,45 μΩ.cm a la temperatura de sustrato de 400 °C.

Abstract This paper presents a bandpass filter based on a substrate integrated E-plane waveguide (SIEW) structure for wireless applications, at X-band. The SIEW geometry allows the development of new horizontally polarized filter topologies, unlike filter structures based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which present vertical polarization (perpendicular to the ground plane). The simulation of the proposed SIEW filter is carried out using Ansoft HFSS software. To evaluate the performance of the proposed structure, the frequency behaviors of the scattering parameters are obtained for a horizontally polarized excitation. In the simulation, analyses are performed for the lossless and lossy (dielectric and metallic) cases, in order to compare the obtained results. The SIEW filter is fabricated and measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA). Measurement results are in agreement with simulation ones, validating the proposed filter design and topology. The fabricated prototype resonates at 10.54 GHz, with a bandwidth of 1.20 GHz, defined for a -3 dB transmission coefficient reference level. The SIEW filter structure is easy to design and manufacture and can be used in wireless communications systems that require components with ease integration into other planar structures.