ABSTRACT The Guatemalan Caribbean has a deepwater fishing area close to the shore around the Cayman Trench. This study reports the first record of the bluntnose sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) from this fishing area. Fishery-independent surveys using longlines at ~430-465 m depth, ~11 km northeast of El Quetzalito fishing village, were conducted in 2022 and 2023. Two bluntnose sixgill sharks were captured during these surveys. The sharks were females with total lengths of 300 and 310 cm, with morphological characteristics consistent with this species. These are the first confirmed records of bluntnose sixgill sharks in the western Caribbean Sea. Expanding coastal fisheries to deeper waters presents an emerging threat to deep-sea chondrichthyans in the region. Therefore, periodic fisheries monitoring is needed to estimate their vulnerability to fishing pressure.

Resumo Padrões cromossômicos são ferramentas valiosas em abordagens evolutivas. Apesar da notável expansão dos dados citogenéticos dos peixes, eles ainda são altamente deficientes para as espécies de águas oceânicas profundas, incluindo os membros da família Gempylidae. Espécies desta família são comercialmente importantes, compostas por predadores meso e bentopelágicos, cujas informações disponíveis sobre seu estilo de vida e padrões genéticos são muito limitadas. Este estudo apresenta os primeiros dados cromossômicos de duas espécies circumglobais desta família, Ruvettus pretiosus e Promethichthys prometheus, do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo. Foram utilizadas análises convencionais, coloração cromossômica com fluorocromos base-específicos e hibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH) para o mapeamento de diferentes classes de DNA repetitivos. Ambas as espécies possuem 2n = 48 cromossomos, mas diferem significativamente quanto à fórmula cariotípica (FN = 50 e FN = 84). Os sítios 18S DNAr/Ag-RON e 5S DNAr têm um arranjo bi-telomérico sintênico em R. pretiosus, mas uma distribuição independente em P. prometheus. Os elementos transponíveis têm dispersão semelhante em ambas as espécies, enquanto os microssatélites estão agrupados nas regiões centroméricas e terminais de alguns cromossomos. Vale ressaltar que apesar da conservação do 2n basal dos Percomorpha, uma acentuada diversificação macro e microestrutural, mediada principalmente por inversões pericêntricas, diferencia os cariótipos das espécies, apontando para uma trajetória cromossômica particular dos gempilídeos entre os peixes marinhos. evolutivas profundas Gempylidae importantes bentopelágicos limitadas prometheus Paulo convencionais baseespecíficos base específicos FISH (FISH repetitivos n 4 cromossomos 5 84. 84 . 84) S DNAr/AgRON DNArAgRON DNAr/Ag RON Ag bitelomérico bi telomérico R P Percomorpha microestrutural pericêntricas marinhos 8 AgRON DNArAg

Abstract Chromosomal patterns are valuable tools in evolutionary approaches. Despite the remarkable expansion of fish cytogenetic data, they are still highly deficient concerning deep oceanic species, including the Gempylidae snake mackerels. The snake mackerels are important commercial species composed by meso- and bento-pelagic predators with very limited information available about their lifestyle and genetics patterns. This study presents the first chromosomal data of two circumglobal species of this family, Ruvettus pretiosus and Promethichthys prometheus, from the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago. Conventional analyses, chromosomal staining with base-specific fluorochromes, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for mapping of repetitive DNA classes were used. Both species have 2n = 48 chromosomes, but they highly differ regarding the karyotype formula (FN = 50 and FN = 84). The 18S rDNA/Ag-NOR and the 5S rDNA sites have a syntenic bi-telomeric array in R. pretiosus, but an independent distribution in P. prometheus. The transposable elements are dispersed, while the microsatellites are also clustered in the centromeric and terminal regions of some chromosomes. It is noteworthy that despite the 2n conservation, a marked macro and microstructural diversifications, mainly mediated by pericentric inversions, differentiates the karyotypes of the species, pointing to a particular chromosomal trajectory of the gempylids among marine fish. approaches meso bentopelagic bento pelagic family prometheus Archipelago analyses basespecific base specific fluorochromes FISH (FISH used n 4 chromosomes 5 84. 84 . 84) S rDNA/AgNOR rDNAAgNOR rDNA/Ag NOR Ag bitelomeric bi telomeric R P dispersed conservation diversifications inversions 8 AgNOR rDNAAg

The demand for oil and its derivatives has driven the oil and gas sector to explore deep waters. Nickel-based alloys, like Inconel, are used due to their corrosion resistance properties. Cladding structural steels with these alloys is a cost-effective solution. However, dissimilar metal welding poses challenges, including the formation of Partially Diluted Zones (PDZ). This work highlights the use of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) as a very adequate technique for the microstructural characterization of dissimilar anticorrosive materials. The MIG process was utilized to perform cladding of Inconel 625 onto the A36 steel substrate. The samples were prepared for analysis using techniques such as EDS, FEG-SEM, EBSD, and Vickers microhardness testing. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the EBSD technique in characterizing dissimilar metal cladding. The combination of EBSD with EDS analysis and microhardness testing provided comprehensive insights into the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material. EDS mapping analysis confirmed the formation of PDZ with a distinct beach-like morphology, indicating localized compositional variations. The uniform thickness of the PDZ, approximately 20 µm, highlights the convective motion and solidification behavior of the partially diluted zone. Phase map EBSD analysis revealed different crystal structures in the cladding zone, including a FCC structure for the nickel cladding layer and a BCC structure for the ferritic steel base metal. The PDZ exhibited the same crystal structure as the base metal, indicating chemical element diffusion without altering the ferritic steel structure. Contrast band EBSD analysis provided detailed microstructural information, revealing solidification structures and potential hardness variations. The observed martensite formation in the PDZ highlights its susceptibility to cracking and detachment of the coated layer. The hardness results support the microstructural findings, demonstrating significant variations in hardness across the cladding structure, particularly in the PDZ and at the interface between the Inconel alloy and the base metal. These findings contribute valuable insights into the microstructural and compositional gradients within the joint region, reinforcing their implications for material performance. waters Nickelbased Nickel based costeffective cost effective solution However challenges PDZ. . (PDZ) (EBSD materials 62 A A3 substrate FEGSEM, FEGSEM FEG SEM, SEM FEG-SEM beachlike beach morphology 2 µm zone information region performance (PDZ 6

ABSTRACT Purpose: Amid rising health awareness, natural products which has milder effects than medical drugs are becoming popular. However, only few systems can quantitatively assess their impact on living organisms. Therefore, we developed a deep-learning system to automate the counting of cells in a gerbil model, aiming to assess a natural product’s effectiveness against ischemia. Methods: The image acquired from paraffin blocks containing gerbil brains was analyzed by a deep-learning model (fine-tuned Detectron2). Results: The counting system achieved a 79%-positive predictive value and 85%-sensitivity when visual judgment by an expert was used as ground truth. Conclusions: Our system evaluated hydrogen water’s potential against ischemia and found it potentially useful, which is consistent with expert assessment. Due to natural product’s milder effects, large data sets are needed for evaluation, making manual measurement labor-intensive. Hence, our system offers a promising new approach for evaluating natural products. Purpose awareness popular However organisms Therefore deeplearning deep learning product s Methods finetuned fine tuned Detectron2. Detectron2 Detectron . Detectron2) Results 79%positive 79positive positive 79% 79 85%sensitivity 85sensitivity sensitivity 85% 85 truth Conclusions waters water useful assessment evaluation laborintensive. laborintensive labor intensive. intensive labor-intensive Hence 7 8

Abstract In 2021, rubber bales appeared along the Brazilian coastline, causing environmental impacts. In this research paper, we identified a Second World War shipwreck that was associated with this event. Numerical simulations provided robust evidence to support the hypothesis that the origin of the 2021 bales was the MV Weserland . Moreover, it was sunk to a depth of approximately 5,000 m with a cargo containing rubber, tin, and wolframite. Tin is currently considered a strategic metal, with prices rising from USD 13,375/t in March 2020 to USD 34,462/t in May 2021. We provided evidence that the departure of rubber bales from the wreck and the increase in the price of its metal cargo were temporally associated; this reinforced the hypothesis of deep-sea unauthorized salvage in international waters (areas beyond national jurisdiction). The novel results demonstrate that historical shipwrecks are ticking time-bombs with risks of high and unmapped pollution in oceans worldwide. coastline impacts paper event 202 Moreover 5000 5 000 5,00 tin wolframite 13375t t 13 375 34462t 34 462 deepsea deep sea areas jurisdiction. jurisdiction jurisdiction) timebombs time bombs worldwide 20 500 00 5,0 1 37 3 46 2 50 0 5, 4

Abstract The Southern Ocean influences the planet’s biogeochemical cycles. Marine microorganisms are important in this scenario, being the main biological agents in the cycling of many elements. The Archaea domain is widely distributed in the oceans, and its presence in Antarctica is acknowledged. In this context, this work aimed to analyze the diversity and distribution of archaea according to environmental parameters in the waters surrounding the north of the Antarctic Peninsula. For environmental characterization studies, surface and bottom data were used for the ten monitoring stations of expeditions that took place in the summer of 2014 and 2015. The sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform, using the SILVA v138 database. The results revealed the presence of three main water bodies: Antarctic Surface Water, Shelf Waters, and modified Circumpolar Deep Water. Deep waters had higher diversity than surface waters, and the dominant groups were Nitrososphaeria and MGII. In the study region, the main factor responsible for the differences in the ecosystems was the presence of distinct water masses and the stratification of the water column. We argue that it is essential to consider water mass dynamics to study the microbial landscape of the Southern Ocean. planets planet s cycles scenario elements oceans acknowledged context Peninsula studies 201 2015 S platform v v13 database bodies Water Waters MGII region column 20 v1 2

Resumen Las rayas del género Potamotrygon son peces con forma dorsoventral aplanada. Son animales tranquilos, que solo atacan al ser agredidos o amenazados. Poseen en su cola estructuras punzantes, conocidas como espinas, envueltas por una vaina tegumentaria con tejidos secretores de componentes tóxicos. Suelen permanecer quietos en aguas superficiales, ocultos bajo arena o barro, lo que facilita su contacto accidental con humanos, con la probable generación de lesiones, al utilizar su cola hacia arriba y adelante en forma de látigo. Las lesiones son más frecuentes en hombres, en los meses estivales y en los miembros inferiores, seguidos por los miembros superiores. La lesión se asocia a dolor urente, casi inmediato y de gran intensidad, por el efecto traumático generado por las espinas, la persistencia de las mismas o sus fragmentos y por el efecto químico generado por sus toxinas. En ocasiones se asocia a la formación de necrosis y úlceras profundas o reacción granulomatosa por cuerpo extraño, con requerimientos de desbridamiento quirúrgico. Las lesiones fatales son infrecuentes y pueden resultar de una lesión torácica penetrante, laceraciones cervicales, compromiso de vía aérea, heridas vasculares o infecciones. Se deben realizar estudios de imágenes para evidenciar restos de la espina. La herida debe ser higienizada y se debe retirar la espina o sus fragmentos a la brevedad y sumergir el área lesionada en agua tan caliente como el paciente pueda tolerar, por 30 a 90 minutos, buscando disminuir el dolor y generar vasodilatación, junto con la analgesia y cobertura antibiótica y antitetánica. Se presentan tres casos de pacientes con lesiones por raya de río, dos de ellos por Potamotrygon brachyura, especie endémica del río de La Plata y el tercero por una raya no identificada. Se expone además una revisión bibliográfica a fin de remarcar la importancia de su diagnóstico temprano y su correcto abordaje.

Abstract The rays of the Potamotrygon genus are fish with a dorsoventrally flattened shape. They are calm animals that only attack when are provoked or threatened. They have sharp structures in their tail, known as spines, wrapped by a tegumentary sheath with tissues that secrete toxic components. They typically remain still in shallow waters, concealed under sand or mud, which increases accidental human contact. This contact can lead to injuries, as they whip their tail upwards and forwards. Injuries are more common in males during summer months, often affecting lower limbs followed by upper limbs. Injuries are characterized by immediate intense burning pain due to trauma from the spine or its fragments and chemical effects from its toxins. Occasionally, injuries lead to necrosis, deep ulcers, or foreign body granulomatous reactions requiring surgical debridement. Fatal injuries are rare but can result from thoracic penetration, cervical lacerations, airway compromise, vascular wounds, or infections. Imaging studies are necessary to detect spine remnants. Wounds should be cleaned, and spines or fragments removed promptly. The affected area should be immersed in water, as hot as tolerable for 30 to 90 minutes to reduce pain, induce vasodilation, and must supplemented with analgesia, antibiotic coverage, and tetanus prophylaxis. Three cases of river stingray injuries are presented, two from Potamotrygon brachyura, an endemic species of the Rio de la Plata river, and one from an unidentified ray. Additionally, a literature review emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and proper management.

ABSTRACT Background. Coastal environments such as the intertidal zone and rocky and coral reefs are exposed to natural disturbances such as tides, storms, hurricanes, and cyclones and human activities such as fishing, tourism, and pollution. The deep reef refuge hypothesis posits that organisms that can inhabit greater depths would be less vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, greenhouse warming of the sea surface, and ocean acidification caused by the increased partial pressure of CO2. Consequently, deep rocky or coral reefs can function as “insurance” against the effects of climate change. Objective. To analyse biotic and abiotic variables of the mesophotic ecosystem of Archipelago Espíritu Santo to assess it as a refuge against climate change-related disturbances. Methods. Bathymetry, profiles of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen; determination of the euphotic zone, sampling in shallow and deep waters collecting water for analysis of carbonate system, video transects with remotely operated vehicles for the identification of benthic species and estimation of their abundance including those of commercial importance or conservation. Calculation of ecological indices and the reef-functional index. Results. Deepest recorded point was 78m, shallowest mesophotic zone was 11m. Temperature does not show a stratification either in April or in October 2021, but the salinity registers a peak near 30 m depth, and the dissolved oxygen decreases at 20 m. Ω Aragonite is below 3.0; there is spatial variation in the structural indices of the benthic community, and the reef-functional index is between 0.16 and 0.65. Conclusions. There are sharp spatial variations within the same locality, limiting the assertion that mesophotic ecosystems can serve as a refuge from climate change.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los ambientes costeros como la zona entremareal y los arrecifes rocosos y coralinos están expuestos a perturbaciones naturales como las mareas, tormentas, huracanes y ciclones y actividades humanas como la pesca, turismo y contaminación. La hipótesis del refugio profundo postula que los organismos que pueden habitar a mayores profundidades serían menos vulnerables a los impactos antropogénicos, el calentamiento superficial del mar derivado del efecto invernadero y a la acidificación del océano provocada por el incremento en la presión parcial de CO2. En consecuencia, los arrecifes rocosos o coralinos profundos podrían funcionar como un “seguro” contra los efectos del cambio climático. Objetivos. Analizar variables abióticas y bióticas del ecosistema mesofótico del archipiélago Espíritu Santo, BCS para considerarlo como refugio ante perturbaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático. Métodos. Batimetría, determinación de la zona euofótica, perfiles de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto, muestreos en aguas someras y profundas, recolección de agua para análisis del sistema de carbonatos, videotransectos con vehículos de operación remota para la identificación de especies bénticas y estimación de su abundancia, incluyendo las de importancia comercial o de conservación. Cálculo de índices ecológicos y del índice de función arrecifal. Resultados. La profundidad máxima registrada fue de 78 m y el inicio de la zona mesofótica (10% de penetración luminosa) más somero fue de 11 m; la temperatura no muestra una estratificación ni en abril ni en octubre de 2021, pero la salinidad registra un pico cerca de los 30 m de profundidad y el oxígeno disuelto disminuye a los 20 m. La Ω aragonita está por debajo de 3.0; hay variación espacial en los índices estructurales de la comunidad béntica y el índice de función arrecifal se encuentra entre 0.16 y 0.65. Conclusiones. Hay variaciones espaciales que limitan afirmar que el ecosistema mesofótico pueda servir de refugio ante el cambio climático en esta localidad.

Abstract The ostracod genus Bradleya Hornibrook is an important taxon of Cenozoic assemblages, occurring practically in all oceanic regions. The wide distribution both in shallow and deep waters turns Bradleya interesting for studies involving phylogeny and paleoceanography. The present work aims at the study of fossil and recent species in South America and adjacent regions, based on bibliographic review and the restudy of samples from the Brazilian continental margin, the Navidad Formation (lower Miocene) and El Peral Beds (meso-upper Miocene), both cropping out in the Central Chile. The chronostratigraphic, (paleo)bathymetric and (paleo)zoogeographic distribution of the species is reviewed and updated. The bridge composition was studied in all species recorded and revealed to be important taxonomic character. The taxa identified were gathered into three morphological groups: two proposed previously (i.e., the dictyon-group and the arata-group) and a new one in the present work (i.e., the normani-group). The dictyon-group and the arata-group gather deep-sea species, while the normani-group is predominantly neritic, including most of the species of Brazilian margin. Bradleya victorjarai sp. nov. is proposed for the Miocene of Chile, and Bradleya ybate (Bergue et al.) is reassigned to Rigracythere gen. nov. Questionable or misidentified species ascribed to Bradleya are briefly discussed. assemblages regions paleoceanography margin lower mesoupper meso upper Miocene, , Chile chronostratigraphic paleobathymetric paleo bathymetric paleozoogeographic zoogeographic updated character groups i.e., ie i e (i.e. dictyongroup dictyon group aratagroup arata normanigroup. normanigroup normani . normani-group) deepsea sea neritic sp nov Bergue al. al gen discussed i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumo Em hidrologia, têm sido amplamente utilizados traçadores fluorescentes para o estudo de escoamentos. Recentemente, começou a ser utilizado quinino como um traçador fluorescente, para estimar a velocidade de escoamentos superficiais em lâmina de água para várias condições da superfície do solo e ambientais. Neste trabalho, a visibilidade do traçador fluorescente (quinino) foi avaliada para diversas formas de aplicação do traçador (líquido, cubo de gelo e esponja embebida). A luminescência das três formas de aplicação do traçador foi estimada para todas as condições hidráulicas testadas (condição hidrostática e escoamentos linear e rotacional) e para água límpida e com média e elevadas cargas sólidas suspensas. Concluiu-se que a solução líquida de quinino, inserida com cuidado na superfície da água, quando usada como traçador da velocidade de escoamento, deve ser utilizada preferencialmente em escoamentos superficiais em lâmina de água ou em águas paradas, pouco profundas. A sua visibilidade em escoamentos superficiais profundos e com elevadas cargas sólidas suspensas é insuficiente para estimar velocidades de escoamento. Por sua vez, a esponja embebida em quinino, que flutua parcialmente, apresenta o seu melhor desempenho em águas límpidas ou com baixa-média carga sólida suspensa, independentemente da profundidade da água. No entanto, para escoamentos fortemente turbulentos e rotacionais, a esponja submerge e o traçador deixa de ser visível. Os cubos de gelo com quinino apresentam melhor visibilidade em todas as profundidades de água testadas e cargas de sedimentos em suspensão, embora, em profundidades de água/escoamento muito pequenas (de alguns milímetros), os cubos de gelo não sejam recomendáveis por poderem não acompanhar adequadamente o movimento do fluido, o que também se aplica à esponja. hidrologia Recentemente ambientais trabalho (quinino líquido, líquido (líquido embebida. . embebida) condição rotacional Concluiuse Concluiu escoamento paradas profundas vez parcialmente baixamédia baixa suspensa entanto rotacionais visível suspensão embora águaescoamento milímetros, milímetros , milímetros) fluido

Abstract Fluorescent tracers have been widely used in hydrology. Recently, quinine started to be used as a fluorescent tracer for estimating the velocity of surface sheet flows over various soil surface conditions and environments. In the present work, the visibility of the fluorescent tracer (quinine) was assessed for various applications’ forms of the tracer (liquid, ice cube with quinine and soaked sponge). The brightness intensity of all tracer forms was estimated for different hydraulic conditions (hydrostatic, linear, and rotational flows) and for clear water, and water with medium and high suspended sediment loads. Results show that, when used as a flow velocity tracer, liquid quinine solution has to be applied carefully into the water and should better be used on sheet flows, shallow overland flows or shallow still waters. Its visibility in deep and muddy flows is insufficient for surface velocity estimations. The sponge soaked with quinine solution, which partially floats, is better visible in clear waters or low-medium suspended sediment loads, regardless of the water depth. However, for high turbulence and rotational flows, the soaked sponge sinks and is no longer visible. The ice cubes showed better visibility in all tested flow water depths and suspended sediment loads, although, in very shallow depths (of millimetres), ice cubes cannot be used because they might not follow adequately the fluid motion, which also applies to the sponge. hydrology Recently environments work (quinine applications liquid, (liquid . sponge) hydrostatic, hydrostatic (hydrostatic linear loads that estimations floats lowmedium low depth However although millimetres, millimetres , millimetres) motion

Abstract Revised diagnoses are given for the mysid genus Parapseudomma Nouvel and Lagardère, 1976, and its type species Parapseudomma calloplura (Holt and Tattersall, 1905) from the Northeast-Atlantic, Mediterranean and waters off Japan, depth range 94-1200 m. Parapseudomma stenurum n. sp. from the sea floor off Cape Verde Islands and the Angola Basin, depth range 3825-5460 m, is described as the second species of its genus. It differs from the type species mainly by an unsegmented antennal scale, the carpus of thoracic endopods 3-8 separated from the propodus by a transverse articulation, the digitus mobilis of the right mandible reduced to a slender spine, and by a more slender telson. Reduction of the right digitus is also found in Abyssomysis and Xenomysis, the latter with potential genetic affinity to Parapseudomma. The three genera also share reduced eyes as in many other deep-sea Erythropinae. Both species of Parapseudomma share recently detected, probably sensorial structures: a pit-like depression here named 'antennular bursa', dorsally on the basal segment of the antennula, and a median 'eye-cyst' inside the fused 'eye-bar', the cyst opening to the surface by a duct. The evidence in Parapseudomma raises expectations that these sensorial organs are potentially present in a great variety of Erythropinae taxa. Lagardère 1976 Holt Tattersall 1905 NortheastAtlantic, NortheastAtlantic Northeast Atlantic, Atlantic Northeast-Atlantic Japan 941200 94 1200 94-120 m n sp Basin 38255460 3825 5460 3825-546 scale 38 3 8 3- articulation spine telson Xenomysis deepsea deep detected structures pitlike pit like antennular bursa, bursa , bursa' antennula eyecyst eye 'eye-cyst eyebar, eyebar bar 'eye-bar' duct taxa 197 190 94120 9 120 94-12 3825546 382 546 3825-54 'eye-bar 19 9412 12 94-1 382554 54 3825-5 1 941 94- 38255 5 3825-

Abstract Bottom trawl fishing is the most used worldwide gear generating large amounts of discards due to bycatch of a variety of species. Shrimp fisheries are recognized for their high incidence in global discards. In waters of Patagonia Argentina (43°S - 47°S) an industrial shrimp fishery of high economic value is developed whose target species is the Patagonian shrimp Pleoticus muelleri. The information presented in this study comprises a period of 12 years (2003-2014) and it was gathered by the On-board Observer Program. The Program collects information of all species captured in the fishing fleets. The data analyzed corresponds to the double-rigged otter trawler fleet and the coastal fleet. The fish bycatch composition was characterized in both fleets and the frequencies of occurrence of species and the assemblage areas were analyzed. A total of 101 fish species were identified (59 families) of which 69 were bony fishes, 29 cartilaginous fishes and three species of jawless fishes. The assemblages described correspond to coastal and deep waters, and they are integrated by temperate and subtropical species pointing out the area as an ecotonal zone. 43°S 43S S 43 47°S 47S 47 muelleri 1 20032014 2003 2014 (2003-2014 Onboard On board doublerigged double rigged 10 59 (5 families 6 2 zone 4 2003201 200 201 (2003-201 5 ( 200320 20 (2003-20 20032 (2003-2 (2003- (2003 (200 (20 (2

Abstract This work describes the circulation over the continental slope and the São Paulo Plateau in the Santos Basin during the SANSED winter 2019 survey. The cruise consisted of four legs in the period between June, 11 and August, 03 2019. The observed circulation is dominated by the Atlantic southwestern boundary current regime and remotely-generated anticyclones and cyclones. The former is composed by the Brazil Current, the Intermediate Western Boundary Current and their mesoscale meanders; the latter are 300km vortical rings with origin in the eastern side of the South Atlantic Basin. A Lagrangian scheme applied over satellite altimeter maps indicate that the origin of these rings is primarily the Cape Basin of South Africa. The interaction between the boundary currents, their cyclonic meanders, and the anticyclonic rings is complex, and varies widely. During the SANSED winter 2019 survey period, three anticyclones interacted with the Brazil Current, instabilizing it, forming dipoles with the current cyclonic meanders, leading to their downstream propagation. Ancienter cyclonic eddies within Santos Basin may interfere with the propagation of the large anticyclones further south. In addition, the continuous arrival of remotely-originated anticyclones, the larger portion over the São Paulo Plateau presented a tendency of counter-clockwise circulation during the whole cruise period.

ABSTRACT Significant wave height (SWH) in shallow waters is assessed by generating two wave hindcasts; the first uses ERA-Interim wind fields and the second one from ERA5 to quantify the improvement of the ERA5 surface winds on the SWH representativeness, both in deep and shallow waters along the Chilean coastline. Additionally, wind field predictions from the Global Forecast System (GFS) were used to assess the representativeness of shallow waters. Oceanographic buoys were used to validate SWH in deep waters, while Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCPs) was equipped to measure waves in shallow waters. Energy spectrums coupling Wavewatch III and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) models were transferred to evaluate the performance of shallow water simulations. In general, the SWH from both wave hindcasts showed good performance. Nonetheless, those forced by ERA5 presented a better qualitative comparison of sea state temporal variability, which increased the correlation coefficients (>0.9), coefficients of determination (>0.8), and minor errors (RMSE, MAE, and BIAS) compared to oceanographic buoys and ADCPs. Additionally, in simulations forced by GFS, the temporal variability of the waves in shallow waters was successfully reproduced. Nevertheless, an increase in the RMSE, MAE, and BIAS error was statistically verified compared to ERA-Interim and ERA 5.

Resumen El conocimiento de la fauna marina de briozoos de Uruguay se basa principalmente en registros dispersos que se encuentran en estudios faunísticos locales y en los resultados taxonómicos de dos cruceros ocea nográficos en el Atlántico sudoccidental, pero aún no se ha publicado un estudio exhaustivo para esta área. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo compilar una lista actualizada, que reúna toda la información publicada sobre la fauna de briozoos uruguayos. De los 73 taxones registrados, 30 (41%) solo se conocen de aguas profundas frente al Río de la Plata. Incluso considerando las especies que no han sido determinadas, el resultado muestra un alto grado de endemismo, como el ya demostrado para varios grupos bentónicos como Bivalvia, Ascidiacea y Pycnogonida. La ausencia de taxónomos locales de briozoos ha resultado en una situación sin precedentes, donde la fauna de brio zoos de aguas profundas de Uruguay es más conocida que la de ambientes costeros y de plataforma. La principal conclusión de esta recopilación de la fauna de briozoos es que se deben realizar esfuerzos para coordinar la recolec ción y el estudio taxonómico de las colecciones de briozoos de zonas someras y de plataforma, para cerrar la brecha de conocimiento actual sobre la biodiversidad de este importante grupo de invertebrados marinos bentónicos.

Abstract Knowledge of the marine bryozoan fauna of Uruguay is mostly based on scattered records found in local faunistic surveys and the taxonomic results of two oceanographic cruises to the Southwest Atlantic, but a comprehensive study has not yet been published for this area. This paper aims to compile an updated checklist, bringing together all the published information about the Uruguayan bryozoan fauna. Of the 73 recorded taxa, 30 (41%) are known only from deep waters off the Río de la Plata. Even considering undetermined species, these re sults show the high degree of endemism as it was already shown for several other benthic groups such as Bivalvia, Ascidiacea and Pycnogonida. The absence of local taxonomists on bryozoans has resulted in the unprecedented situation that the deep-sea bryozoan fauna of Uruguay is better known than the coastal and shelf representatives of the phylum. The main conclusion of this faunal compilation is that efforts should be made to coordinate the gathering and taxonomic study of shallow and shelf bryozoan collections to bridge the present knowledge gap about the biodiversity of this important group of marine benthic invertebrates.