Resumo: A congestão em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca representa manifestação de diversos processos cardiovasculares estruturais e funcionais, associada a elevada morbidade e mortalidade e redução da qualidade de vida, é considerada a principal causa de internação e reinternação por insuficiência cardíaca. Durante as últimas décadas, conseguiu-se uma melhor compreensão dos vários eventos fisiopatológicos desencadeantes, o que melhorou o seu prognóstico, diagnóstico e tratamento. Devido a esses constantes avanços, sua revisão e análise frequente se fazem necessárias. O cuidado de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e episódios de congestão é complexo e crucial. Sua abordagem inicia-se com reconhecimento precoce das manifestações clínicas, utilização de métodos diagnósticos não invasivos, delimitação do perfil de congestão. Consequentemente, é necessário proporcionar manejo oportuno, intensivo e eficaz que inclua o uso precoce de diuréticos intravenosos, a avaliação das metas de descongestão e, em casos específicos, terapia diurética combinada e até mesmo medicações vasoativas ou ultrafiltração contínua.

Resumen: La congestión en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca representa una manifestación de diversos procesos estructurales y funcionales cardiovasculares, asociada a alta morbimortalidad y reducción de calidad de vida, se considera la principal causa de ingreso a hospitalización y reingreso por insuficiencia cardíaca. Durante las últimas décadas, se ha logrado un mejor entendimiento de los diversos eventos fisiopatológicos desencadenantes, lo cual ha mejorado su pronóstico, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Por estos constantes avances, es necesaria su frecuente revisión y análisis. La atención del paciente con insuficiencia cardíaca y episodios de congestión es compleja y crucial. Su abordaje inicia con el reconocimiento temprano de las manifestaciones clínicas, uso de métodos no invasivos diagnósticos, delimitación del perfil de congestión; consecuentemente, es necesario brindar un manejo oportuno, intensivo y eficaz que contemple el empleo temprano de diuréticos intravenosos, la evaluación de metas de descongestión y, en casos específicos, terapia diurética combinada e incluso medicamentos vasoactivos o ultrafiltración continua.

Summary: Congestion in patients with heart failure represents a manifestation of various cardiovascular structural and functional processes, associated with high morbidity and mortality and reduced quality of life, being considered the main cause of hospitalization and readmission due to heart failure. During the last decades, a better understanding of the various triggering pathophysiological events has been achieved, modifying their prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment. Due to these constant advances, its frequent review and analysis is necessary. The care of patients with heart failure and episodes of congestion is complex and crucial. Its approach begins with early recognition of clinical manifestations, use of non-invasive diagnostic methods, delimitation of the congestion profile; followed by timely, intensive, and effective management that contemplates the early use of intravenous diuretics, evaluation of decongestion goals and, in specific cases, combined diuretic therapy, and even vasoactive medications or continuous ultrafiltration.

In stedelike kontekste is geheue en plek onafskeidbaar en is dit belangrik vir identiteitsvorming. Individuele en kollektiewe herinneringe van die stad se inwoners koppel hul identiteit met plekidentiteit. Spesiale kenmerke in die landskap en stedelike struktuur help inwoners om te onderskei tussen en met die stad se identiteit te skakel. Die gebruik van kollektiewe geheue om stedelike identiteit te identifiseer en te behou tydens stedelike hernuwingsprojekte kry egter minder aandag as funksionele en ekonomiese beleggingsoorwegings. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die belangrikheid van stedelike landskapidentiteit tydens stedelike vernuwing. Dit postuleer dat 'n stad se individuele en kollektiewe geheue belangrik is om sy uniekheid in terme van stedelike landskapidentiteit te handhaaf, maar dit vereis ekonomiese belegging om basiese fisiese gemak en toegang te handhaaf. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met foto-ontlok onderhoude (PEI) is gebruik om die kenmerke te ondersoek wat die geheue van die deelnemers geaktiveer het en belangrik was om by te dra tot die beeld van Kisumu City, Kenia. Daar was deurlopende en voltooide stedelike hernuwingsprojekte binne Kisumu City ten tyde van die studie, wat dit 'n goeie gevallestudie vir post-koloniale Afrika gemaak het. Twaalf inwoners (as PEI-deelnemers), vier amptenare van die County Government en vier professionele persone is as sleutelinformante ondervra. 'n Veldondersoek is uitgevoer deur middel van kartering en fotografie bykomend tot 'n argiefbron-oorsig. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat die ou spoorwegstasie, die hawe, en mark sterk in die kollektiewe geheue verskyn het as deel van historiese handelsontwikkeling. Ten spyte van die belangrike rol van burgerlike en administratiewe geboue uit die koloniale era in die vorming van geheue, plek, en identiteit, was daar ook 'n positiewe reaksie van inwoners op die 'nuwe voorkoms' van die stad. Die fisiese opgradering, ontstuwing en skoonmaak van die stad, sy strate en parke as openbare ruimtes, het gelei tot groter veiligheid en openbare gebruik, wat vanuit 'n beleggingsoogpunt goed waardeer is. Die studie beklemtoon die belangrikheid daarvan om die elemente wat geheue en identiteit ondersteun tydens stedelike hernuwingsprojekte te identifiseer, in ag te neem, en te behou as ewe belangrik aan ekonomiese ontwikkeling en funksionaliteit wanneer langtermyn volhoubaarheid oorweeg word.

In urban contexts, memory and place are inseparable and important for identity formation. The individual and collective memories of city residents link their identity with place identity. Special features in the landscape and urban fabric help residents differentiate between, and connect with the city's identity. The use of collective memory to identify and retain urban identity during urban renewal projects, however, receives less attention than functional and economic investment considerations. This article investigates the importance of urban landscape identity during urban renewal. It postulates that a city's individual and collective memory is important in maintaining its uniqueness in terms of urban landscape identity, but requires economic investment to maintain basic physical comfort and access. A qualitative research approach with photo-elicitation interviews (PEI) was used to investigate the features that activated the memory of the participants and that were important in contributing to the image of Kisumu City, Kenya. There were ongoing and completed urban renewal projects within Kisumu City at the time of the study, which made it a good case study for postcolonial Africa. Twelve residents (as PEI participants), four officials from the County Government, and four professionals were interviewed as key informants. A field investigation was carried out through mapping and photography in addition to an archival review. The study reveals that the old railway station, the port, and the market featured strongly in collective memory as part of historical trade development. Despite the important role of civic and administrative buildings from the colonial era in the formation of memory, place, and identity, there was also a positive response from residents to the 'new look' of the city. The physical upgrade, decongestion and cleaning of the city, its streets and parks as public spaces resulted in greater safety and public use, which was well appreciated from an investment point of view. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying, considering, and retaining the elements that support memory and identity during urban renewal projects as equal in importance to economic development and functionality when considering long-term sustainability.

The church's mission (Missio Ecclesia) is to positively impact lives by bringing transformation to man and their environment. The Missis) Ecclesia seeks to bring man back to God, acknowledging that, irrespective of man's situation, every human has a part of God (Imago Dei). The early European Missionary enterprise in Africa, therefore, in an attempt to attain the church's mission, built social amenities like schools and hospitals as an evangelistic strategy. In modern times, the Church of Pentecost (CoP) has adopted prison reforms as one of its evangelistic strategies. Ministry to the marginalised, like prisoners, has a long Christian history as a targeted ministry of restoring the image of God in man. Adopting a historical lens, the paper traces the roots of prison ministry from early Christianity through the African missionary endeavours of the 15th century. Through a mixed method approach, this paper constructs the motivation of the CoP's initiative to establish camp prisons as Inmate Skill Acquisition and Reformation Centres (ISARC) in Ghana. The paper identifies through interviews decongestion, biblical mandate, and reformation as the main push factors for the CoP in this initiative. The findings illuminate the positive impact of the CoP's prison reform initiative while highlighting the need for sustained efforts, intentional support, and comprehensive reintegra-tion programmes to ensure long-term success and societal benefits.

BACKGROUND: South Africa has high number of patients on antiretroviral treatment, necessitating innovative approaches to decongest healthcare facilities. The Central Chronic Medicines Dispensing and Distribution (CCMDD) programme is a national initiative that identifies stable chronic patients for collection at pick-up points away from the health facility. This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction and virological suppression among those who collected medication through the CCMDD programme and routine care. METHODS: This descriptive retrospective analytical study was conducted at a community health centre in Pietermaritzburg from 01 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 and included a questionnaire and access to their medical records on the national medicines database. The 117 patients in the routine care and CCMDD programme groups were assessed at baseline and evaluated at 6 months and 12 months, which were the time points for viral load (VL) testing. RESULTS: Of the 234 participants, 34 out of 117 (31.6%) remained in routine care at the 6-month review, and all but 7 patients had transferred to the CCMDD after 12 months. At the end of the study, 7 patients had VLs above 50 copies/mL and continued in routine care, while 97% (n = 27/234) remained virologically suppressed. None of the CCMDD programme patients moved out of the programme. CONCLUSION: Satisfaction with the CCMDD programme is indicated by the patients' continued VL suppression, highlighting its potential to decongest healthcare facilities and reduce the strain associated with medication collection. CONTRIBUTION: The findings in this study validate patients being registered onto the CCMDD programme.

Resumen El artículo analiza los métodos alternativos de resolución de Conflictos-MASC de cara a los retos y problematizaciones que afronta la administración de justicia alternativa con la supresión de la función conciliatoria a las comisarías de familia en casos de violencia familiar. La metodología se basa en revisión documental y bibliográfica respecto a las normas constitucionales y legales que regulan la conciliación y el impacto socio-jurídico que la normativa imprime en términos de acceso y descongestión judicial por la mengua de instituciones y funcionarios facultados para conciliar en asuntos de violencia intrafamiliar. Los resultados indican que la Constitución Política de 1991, consagró una estructura excepcional y transitoria para la resolución de las controversias a través de la conciliación y ello facilita la protección de derechos de carácter fundamental, pero también de contenido económico. Se concluye que la eliminación de la función conciliatoria a las comisarías de familia en casos de violencia familiar disminuye el efecto de los mecanismos alternativos, siendo necesario crear políticas públicas que respondan a este impacto negativo y evaluar de forma escalonada el alcance de la ley en términos de competencias, especialidades y aumento de solicitudes.

Abstract The article analyzes the alternative methods of conflicto resolution-MASC in the face of the challenges and problematizations faced by the administration of alternative justice with the suppression of the conciliatory function of the family police stations in cases of domestic violence. The methodology is based on a documentary and bibliographic review regarding the constitutional and legal norms that regulate conciliation and the socio-legal impact that the regulations print in terms of access and judicial decongestion due to the decrease in institutions and officials empowered to conciliate in matters of domestic violence. The results indicate that the Political Constitution of 1991 consecrat ed an exceptional and transitory structure for the resolution of controversies through conciliation and this facilitates the protection of rights of a fundamental nature, but also of economic content. It is concluded that the elimination of the conciliatory function of the family police stations in cases of domestic violence reduces the effect of alternativemechanisms, making it necessary to create public policies that respond to this negative impact and evaluate in a staggered manner the scope of the law in terms of of skills, specialties and increase in applications.

Persistent congestion following an episode of acute heart failure is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Monitoring diuretic therapy is essential to guide effective decongestion before patient discharge. Unfortunately, there are no markers which can predict on their own, the exact point in which euvolemia is achieved. Cardiothoracic and extra thoracic ultrasound are other tools to consider when evaluating hemodynamic and interstitial components of congestion. However, the question of which and how many parameters must be used for this purpose, is still unanswered.

RESUMEN Este artículo es uno de los resultados del proyecto de investigación titulado "Reformismo constitucional y constitucionalismo transformador", uno de cuyos objetivos era el de analizar las características y las dinámicas de las enmiendas introducidas al texto constitucional. Tiene como tema central las reformas a la justicia adelantadas durante la vigencia de la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991. El texto examina las reformas efectuadas en tres escenarios: el de las enmiendas constitucionales, el de la implementación de programas de descongestión judicial y el de las políticas de desjudicialización y administrativización de la justicia. La tesis señala: i) que luego de treinta años de vigencia de la Constitución y de la expedición de 55 enmiendas constitucionales no se ha efectuado una reforma a la justicia que sea integral y eficaz; ii) que los programas de descongestión judicial no han sido exitosos y vienen perdiendo el carácter excepcional y transitorio para volverse permanentes, y iii) que las políticas de desjudicialización y descongestión incrementan la concentración del poder en la rama ejecutiva, debilitan las redes del control y erosionan la democracia constitucional en Colombia. Se trata de una investigación documental y analítica, que evalúa un tema trascendental en un período definido.

ABSTRACT This article is the results of the research project entitled Constitutional Reform and transformative constitutionalism. It has as its central theme the reforms to the justice system developed during the validity of the political constitution of Colombia of 1991. The text examines the reforms in three scenarios: the one with the constitutional amendments, the implementation of programmes of judiciary decongestion and dejudicialization policies and administrativization of the justice. The thesis states: i) that after 30 years of validity of the constitution and the issuance of 56 constitutional amendments, it has not been made a reforms to the justice system that is comprehensive and effective; ii) that the programs of judiciary decongestion have not been successful and have been loosing the exceptional and transitory nature to become now permanent, and iii) that the dejuditialization policies and relief increase the concentration of power in the executive branch, weaken the control network and erode the democracy in Colombia. It is about a documentary and analytical research that evaluates a transcendental subject in a defined period.

ABSTRACT The present work starts from how, from the decentralization of politics, faster and more realistic decisions can be produced for the sake of local development, where efficiency and equity are contributed, in which knowledge transfer systems can constitute a determining instrument for advance in generating conditions regarding flexibility in the coordination and provision of services, the decongestion in the functions of central governments, as well as more adequate political spaces for popular participation in public decision-making. Therefore, the objective of the work is to establish a proposed methodology to achieve the knowledge and participation of the decision-makers of the municipal governments in the local development strategy, which contributes to the achievement of a greater capacity in the management of development and the strengthening of the investment processes carried out in each municipality.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo parte de cómo, desde la descentralización de la política, se pueden producir decisiones más rápidas y realistas en aras del desarrollo local, donde se coadyuve la eficiencia y la equidad, en el cual los sistemas de transferencias de conocimientos pueden constituir un instrumento determinante para avanzar en generar condiciones en cuanto a flexibilidad en la coordinación y prestación de los servicios, la descongestión en las funciones de los gobiernos centrales, así como espacios políticos más adecuados para la participación popular en la toma de decisiones públicas. Por lo que el trabajo tiene como objetivo establecer una propuesta de metodología para lograr el conocimiento y la participación de los decisores de los gobiernos municipales en la estrategia de desarrollo local, que contribuya al logro de una mayor capacidad en la gestión del desarrollo y al fortalecimiento de los procesos inversionistas que se realizan en cada municipio.

Resumo Fundamento: O agravamento da função renal (AFR) é frequentemente observado na terapia agressiva com diuréticos para o tratamento de insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD) e está associado com piores desfechos em alguns estudos. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação de AFR e congestão na alta hospitalar com ocorrência de eventos (morte cardíaca ou internação por insuficiência cardíaca). Métodos: Oitenta pacientes com ICAD foram estudados. O AFR foi definido por um aumento absoluto (≥0,5 mg/dL) nos níveis séricos de creatinina a partir dos valores obtidos na admissão. Concentrações de peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (BNP) e lipocalina associada à gelatinase neutrofílica (NGAL) foram medidas na admissão e na alta hospitalar. Congestão foi avaliada na alta utilizando a análise vetorial de bioimpedância elétrica (BIVA). O desfecho primário foi o tempo para o primeiro evento, definido como uma combinação de morte cardíaca ou hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca. Análise de curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (curva ROC) foi realizada para determinar o ponto de corte de IH mais adequado para predição de eventos. Curvas Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida livre de eventos foram construídas e comparadas usando o teste de log-rank. Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram usados para investigar a associação com eventos. O critério para se estabelecer significância estatística foi um p<0.05. Resultados: A idade média foi 60,6 ± 15,0 anos, e 48 (60%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A fração de ejeção média foi 35,3±7,8%. O AFR ocorreu em 37,5% da amostra. A creatinina basal associou-se com AFR (p<0,001), mas nem BNP (p=0,35) nem NGAL (p=0,18) na admissão foram preditores de AFR. Usando modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o índice de hidratação na alta, estimado por BIVA, associou-se significativamente com ocorrência de eventos (HR 1,39; IC95% 1,25-1,54, p<0,0001), mas não com AFR (HR 2,14; IC95% 0,62-7,35, p=0,22). Conclusão: A congestão persistente na alta associou-se com piores desfechos. O AFR parece estar relacionado com alterações hemodinâmicas durante o processo de descongestionamento, mas não com lesões renais.

Abstract Background: Worsening renal function (WRF) is frequently observed in the setting of aggressive diuresis for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and is associated with poor outcomes in some studies. Objective: We sought to assess the relationship of WRF and congestion at discharge with events (cardiac death or heart failure hospitalization). Methods: Eighty patients with ADHF were studied. WRF was defined by an absolute increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL from the values measured at the time of admission. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured at admission and at discharge. Congestive state at discharge was assessed using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Primary endpoint was time to first event defined as a combination of cardiac death or heart failure hospitalization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the best hydration index cutoff to predict events. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves were constructed and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association with events. The criterion for determining statistical significance was p<0.05. Results: Mean age was 60.6±15 years, and 48 (60%) were male. Mean ejection fraction was 35.3±7.8%. WRF occurred in 37.5% of the sample. Baseline creatinine was associated with WRF (p<0.001), but neither admission BNP (p=0.35) nor admission NGAL (p=0.18) was predictor of WRF. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hydration index at discharge calculated with BIVA was significantly associated with events (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.25-1.54, p<0.0001) but not WRF (HR 2.14, 95% CI 0.62-7.35, p=0.22). Conclusion: Persistent congestion at discharge was associated with worse outcomes. WRF seems to be related to hemodynamic changes during the decongestion process but not to kidney tubular injuries.

ABSTRACT In Ecuador, divorce is a practice that increases its demand every day, as a result, saturated family courts, cases without a lawyer's office and unsatisfactory results. The mediation as alternative method of solution of conflicts is a millennial practice, that after centuries of subtracting importance has taken its protagonism; their results have made of the mediation a reliable alternative at the time of solving the main conflicts in which to transigible matter it talks about. The divorce in mediation is not only a benefit in decongestion of the courts, its importance lies in the care and protection of the familiar well-being, focusing on the post divorce, considering the familiar economy, the role of the parents with the children, their social and psychological performance, taking care of maintaining the familiar bonds in spite of being already divorced. In the present investigation, the technique of AHP Neutrosophical is applied to determine the importance of evaluating the competence of the mediation centers to resolve divorces by mutual agreement when there are dependent or non-dependent children, if a particular case is to be quantitatively evaluated. There will be a Case Base to compare the new case with previous cases and the probability of improving it. Measurement scales will be used in the form of linguistic terms.

RESUMEN En el Ecuador el divorcio es una práctica que a diario incrementa su demanda, como resultado, juzgados de familia saturados, causas sin despacho y resultados insatisfactorios. La mediación como método alternativo de solución de conflictos es una práctica milenaria, que después de siglos de restarle importancia ha cobrado su protagonismo; sus resultados han hecho de la mediación una alternativa confiable a la hora de resolver los principales conflictos en lo que a materia transigible se refiere. El divorcio en mediación no solo es un beneficio en descongestión de los juzgados, su importancia radica en el cuidado y protección del bienestar familiar, centrándose en el post divorcio, considerando la economía familiar, el rol de los padres con los hijos, su desempeño social y psicológico, precautelando mantener los lazos familiares pese a ya estar divorciados. En la presente investigación se aplica la técnica de AHP Neutrosófico para determinar la importancia de evaluar la competencia de los centros de mediación para resolver divorcios de mutuo acuerdo cuando existan hijos dependientes o no dependientes, si se quisiera evaluar cuantitativamente un caso en particular. Se tendrá una Base de Casos para comparar el caso nuevo con otros anteriores y la probabilidad de mejorarlo. Se utilizarán escalas de medición en forma de términos lingüísticos.

Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome, which accounts for about 50% of patients with heart failure (HF). The morbidity and mortality associated with HFpEF is similar to HFrEF. Clinical trials to date have failed to show a benefit of medical therapy for HFpEF, which may due to lack of uniform phenotypes and heterogeneous population. In addition, medical therapy proven for HFrEF may not address the pathophysiologic basis for HFpEF. Left atrial remodeling and dysfunction is central to HFpEF and accounts for secondary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular congestion that frequently occurs with exertion. Interatrial shunts represent a novel treatment modality for HFpEF. These shunts allow for left atrial decongestion and a reduction in pulmonary venous hypertension during exercise leading to improvements in hemodynamics, functional status and quality of life. Trials to date have demonstrated safety and short-term efficacy of these devices for HFpEF. The long-term benefits are currently being evaluated in ongoing trials. If effective, the use of interatrial shunts may be a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of HFpEF.

Resumo A inteligência artificial é uma ferramenta que está cada vez mais presente no desenvolvimento das atividades cotidianas realizadas por seres humanos, e, nesse sentido, é aplicada em diferentes setores, como o campo do Direito, principalmente em relação a decisões judiciais. Este artigo tem como objetivo responder diferentes questões que existem em relação à aplicação da inteligência artificial nas decisões judiciais, analisando se ela é útil, se sua implementação é viável e quais são as consequências quando um sistema jurídico especialista participa da tomada de decisão legal.Como resultado desta pesquisa acadêmica e teórica, determina-se que a participação de um sistema jurídico especializado na tomada de decisões judiciais tem como principal implicação o aumento da segurança jurídica no sistema judicial, como consequência do aumento da confiança nele. Tal aumento de confiança, acompanhado pela maior velocidade da administração da justiça, pode justificar os custos de sua aplicação. Apesar das vantagens, não se pode ignorar que a responsabilidade por essas decisões sempre recairá sobre o ser humano, no caso específico, sobre o juiz.

Abstract Artificial intelligence is a tool that is increasingly present in the development of daily activities carried out by human beings, and, to this extent, it is applied in different sectors such as the field of Law, mainly in relation to judicial decisions. This article aims to resolve different questions that exist in relation to the application of artificial intelligence to judicial decisions, analyzing whether it is useful, whether its implementation is feasible and what are the consequences when an expert legal system participates in legal decision-making.As a result of this academic and theoretical research, it is determined that the participation of an expert legal system in judicial decision-making has the main implication of increasing legal certainty in the judicial system, as a consequence of an increase in trust in it. Such an increase in confidence, accompanied by the greater speed of the administration of justice, can justify the costs of its application. Despite the advantages, it cannot be ignored that the responsibility for these decisions will always fall on the human being, for the specific case, on the judge.

Resumen La inteligencia artificial es una herramienta que cada vez se encuentra más presente en el desarrollo de las actividades cotidianas realizadas por los seres humanos, y, en esta medida, se busca aplicarla en diferentes sectores, como lo es el campo del Derecho, principalmente en lo relacionado con las decisiones judiciales. Este artículo pretende resolver diferentes interrogantes que existen en relación a la aplicación de inteligencia artificial a decisiones judiciales, analizando si la misma genera utilidad, si es factible su implementación y las consecuencias que trae consigo que un sistema jurídico experto participe en la toma de decisiones jurídicas. Como resultado de esta investigación académica y teórica, se determina que la participación de un sistema experto jurídico en la toma de decisiones judiciales tiene como principal implicación el aumento de la seguridad jurídica en el sistema judicial, como consecuencia de un aumento de confianza en la misma. Dicho aumento de confianza, acompañado de la mayor celeridad de la administración de justicia, puede justificar los costos que tiene su aplicación. No obstante las ventajas, no se puede desconocer que la responsabilidad de estas decisiones recaerá siempre en el ser humano, para el caso concreto en el juez.

ABSTRACT The research article has been carried out through an exhaustive search of the legal and doctrinal aspects that comprise the resolution of conflicts and especially of individual work, mediation in terms of its direct application to different situations, types of mediation, its characteristics, advantages, stages, labor mediation, characteristics; labor law, labor disputes, types of labor disputes, approaches to conflict resolution, conflict phases and their forms of resolution. In this sense, it should be noted that labor mediation when referring to collective disputes is mandatory, not so for individual labor disputes, since the obligation to submit them to labor mediation prior to initiating is not contemplated in the Labor Code. the process through the courts, hence the importance of proposing a proposal aimed at providing an efficient and effective solution to this problem. By resorting to alternative dispute resolution methods, specifically labor mediation, all those involved in a conflict benefit, that is, a winner-winner situation occurs.

RESUMEN El artículo de investigación ha sido realizado a través de una búsqueda exhaustiva de los aspectos legales y doctrinarios que comprenden la solución de conflictos y especialmente de los individuales de trabajo, la mediación en cuanto a su aplicación directa para diferentes situaciones, tipos de mediación, sus características, ventajas, etapas, mediación laboral, características; derecho laboral, conflictos laborales, tipos de conflicto laboral, enfoques para la resolución de conflictos, fases del conflicto y sus formas de solución. En este sentido, hay que destacar que la mediación laboral al referir a los conflictos colectivos es obligatoria, no así para los conflictos individuales de trabajo, pues, no se encuentra contemplado en el Código de Trabajo la obligatoriedad de someterlos a mediación laboral previo a iniciar el trámite por vía judicial, de ahí la importancia del planteamiento de una propuesta encaminada a dar una solución eficiente y eficaz a esta problemática. Al recurrir a los métodos alternativos de solución de conflictos, específicamente la mediación laboral, todos los involucrados en un conflicto resultan beneficiados, es decir, se produce una situación de ganador - ganador.

The Nigerian Correctional Service is known to be grappling with a congestion of inmates in its facilities around the country. However, its major challenge is that more than two-thirds of these inmates are awaiting-trial detainees that ultimately stay in correctional centres for long periods of time without their status being determined. There is a growing body of research into ways to reduce the high incidence of prolonged detention of pre-trial inmates in the country. This article analyses the effect of the holding-charge procedure, whereby the Nigerian police arraign individuals before lower courts that do not have jurisdiction to try the alleged crimes, for the purpose of remanding individuals in prison custody pending the time of completion of an investigation into their matters by the police, which could take years. In the course of the study, the relevant literature on international and national human rights legal jurisprudence, including the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (2015), which has as one of its objectives the reduction in the prolonged periods of detention of pre-trial detainees, was analysed with a view to highlighting the implications of the holding-charge procedure for the criminal justice system of Nigeria. Consequently, it was observed that the practice of holding charge contributes largely to the high number of pre-trial-detainees. There is a need for urgent reforms in the criminal justice system of Nigeria to reduce the arbitrary detention of individuals.

Abstract This research addresses the problem that represents the inability of the Notary Public to process a succession from the first stage, even when it has the status of expert in law, to distinguish perfectly between people who think they are Heirs, and who really are, by law. Is this how we can question whether, should the notary process the intestate successions from the beginning or should it necessarily be declared by a judge who are the heirs and executors of the de cujus? It is necessary to analyze the legal nature of the procedure in order to understand that the Notary is fully capable of taking care of the first stage of succession with total adherence to the law, and with a better degree of satisfaction of the relatives, in addition to an important decongestion of Jurisdictional courts. The doctrinal bases used, in addition to the results and successions processed before notaries of various states of the Republic, as well as of several Latin American countries, will verify that the intestate successions before notary have more benefits for their families.

Resumen La presente investigación aborda el problema que representa la imposibilidad de que el Notario Público tramite una sucesión desde la etapa de denuncia, aún cuando tenga la cualidad de perito en derecho, de distinguir perfectamente entre las personas que se piensan herederos, y quienes realmente lo son, por ley. Es así como podemos cuestionarnos sobre si, ¿Debería el notario tramitar las sucesiones intestamentarias desde el inicio o necesariamente debe declararse por un juez quiénes son los herederos y albaceas del de cujus? Es necesario analizar la naturaleza jurídica del procedimiento para comprender que el Notario es plenamente capaz de llevar la primera etapa sucesoria con total apego a la ley y con un mejor grado de satisfacción de los familiares, además de una importante descongestión de los órganos jurisdiccionales. Las bases doctrinales usadas, en conjunto con los resultados y sucesiones tramitadas ante notarios de diversos estados de la república, así como de diversos países latinoamericanos, comprobarán que las sucesiones intestamentarias ante notario son benéficas para los familiares.