Resumen A la contaminación acústica se le considera uno de los problemas que afecta a la sociedad moderna a escala mundial, en parte provocado por la dinámica de la ciudad. A pesar de que su reconocimiento como un peligro para la salud es reciente y sus efectos han pasado a ser considerados un problema sanitario, las acciones y políticas para combatirla no son comunes aún en las grandes urbes. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de un análisis geográfico donde se evaluó ese tipo de polución en barrio Escalante. El objetivo fue analizar el comportamiento espacio-temporal de la intensidad del sonido durante octubre de 2021 a marzo de 2022. Para llevar a cabo el trabajo se desarrolló un estudio de orden cuantitativo con mediciones de sonómetro. Esto permitió medir la intensidad que transmiten los sonidos en diferentes lugares de Escalante, en dos periodos: día y noche. Luego se clasificaron los decibeles por ciclo según su intensidad en una escala del uno al cinco. Así posteriormente se obtuvo al que se le llamó índice general del sonido (IGS) y con ello el plano de intensidad de sonido del área de estudio.

Resumo A poluição sonora é considerada um dos problemas que afetam a sociedade moderna em escala global, em parte provocada pela dinâmica da cidade. Apesar de seu reconhecimento como um perigo para a saúde ser recente e seus efeitos passaram a ser considerados um problema de saúde, ações e políticas para combatê-la ainda não são comuns nas grandes cidades. Este artigo mostra os resultados de uma análise geográfica onde esse tipo de poluição foi avaliada no bairro Escalante. O objetivo foi analisar o comportamento espaço-temporal da intensidade do som durante outubro de 2021 a março de 2022. Para realizar o trabalho, foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo com medições de sonômetro. Isso permitiu medir a intensidade que os sons transmitem em diferentes lugares de Escalante, em dois períodos: dia e noite. Em seguida, os decibéis foram classificados por ciclo de acordo com sua intensidade em uma escala de um a cinco. Assim, posteriormente, obteve-se o chamado índice geral de som (IGS) e, com isso, o plano de intensidade de som da área de estudo.

Abstract Noise Pollution is considered one of the biggest health risks in modern society worldwide, partly caused by city dynamics. Although its recognition as a health Hazard is recent and its effects have become considered a health problems, actions, and policies to combat it are not yet common in big cities. This article shows the results of a geographical analysis where this type of pollution was evaluated in Barrio Escalante, the objective was to analyze the spatial-temporal behavior of sound intensity during October 2021 to March 2022. In order to achieve that objective, a quantitative study was developed with sound level meter measurements. This allowed measuring the intensity of the sounds in different places of Escalante, in two periods: day and night. Decibels were then classified by cycle according to their intensity on a scale of one to five. This is how the general sound index (GSI) was subsequently obtained and so the sound intensity plane of the study area.

ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes of students on noise. Methods We used an observational method study, in 32 Schools from Itajaí/Brazil, with a convenience sample, comprising 1,835 students, 45.7% females and 54.3% males, mean age of 11.53 ± 0.8 years, was conducted. The Portuguese version of Dangerous Decibels® questionnaire was applied. For the data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, significance level of 5%. Results A large part of the sample part of the sample had harmful hearing habits; 62.6% reported knowledge on the subject, but only 25.4% answered the questions on the theme correctly; 58.9% reported that they did not know how to protect hearing if necessary. Regarding sex and age: males have more hazardous hearing habits (p < 0.001) and tinnitus complaint (p<0.001) and females have more knowledge (p < 0.001) and the intent to wear hearing protection (p<0.001), greater intention to wear hearing protection among younger students (10 and 11 years old) (p < 0.001), and the older ones (12 to 16 years old) get more exposed to noise (p < 0.001), and there are more tinnitus complaints (p < 0.05) among them. Conclusion A large part of the students in the study has hazardous noisy habits and scarce knowledge on the theme, with males and older subjects showing the worst attitudes and behaviors in face of the potential hearing risk caused by exposure to high noise levels. 3 ItajaíBrazil Itajaí Brazil Itajaí/Brazil 1835 1 835 1,83 457 45 7 45.7 543 54 54.3 1153 53 11.5 08 0 8 0. conducted Decibels applied analysis 5 5% 626 62 6 62.6 subject 254 25 4 25.4 correctly 589 58 9 58.9 necessary p 0.001 0001 001 p<0.001 p0001 (p<0.001 p<0.001, , 10 (1 old 0.001, 12 0.05 005 05 them levels 183 83 1,8 45. 54. 115 11. 62. 2 25. 58. 0.00 000 00 p<0.00 p000 (p<0.00 ( 0.0 18 1, p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p<

Abstract: Introduction: sensorineural sudden hearing loss is an otological emergency characterized by a loss of at least 30 dB in three or more continuous audiometric frequencies in 72 hours or less. Objective: determine if intratympanic dexamethasone is effective as a first-line therapy in idiopathic sensorineural sudden hearing loss. Material and methods: a retrospective, transversal, and descriptive review of patients diagnosed with idiopathic sensorineural sudden hearing loss treated with intratympanic dexamethasone injection 8 mg/2 mL, applied daily for five days. Results: during the study, 104 patients treated with intratympanic dexamethasone injection as a first-line therapy were reviewed, 64% of which had a complete recovery, 10% a partial recovery, and 26% had no comeback. The average hearing improvement was 19 decibels, although an association with age, sex, affected side, and comorbidities wasn’t statistically significant. Regarding intratympanic injection-associated complications: 21% of patients reported acute, self-limited dizziness or vertigo. One patient presented acute otitis media, requiring oral antibiotics. No other complications were found. Conclusions: intratympanic dexamethasone injection is an effective first-line treatment for idiopathic sensorineural sudden hearing loss, with a low incidence of associated complications.

Resumen: Introducción: La hipoacusia súbita neurosensorial idiopática (HSNI) es una urgencia otológica caracterizada por una pérdida auditiva de por lo menos 30 dB en tres o más frecuencias audiométricas continuas en un periodo menor de 72 horas. Objetivo: determinar si la dexametasona intratimpánica es efectiva como terapia inicial en el tratamiento de hipoacusia súbita neurosensorial. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo de pacientes con diagnóstico de hipoacusia súbita neurosensorial idiopática tratados con terapia intratimpánica con dexametasona 8 mg/2 mL por cinco dosis cada 24 horas. Resultados: se revisaron los resultados audiométricos de 104 pacientes tratados con terapia intratimpánica como tratamiento inicial, de los cuales 64% tuvieron una recuperación completa, 10% una recuperación parcial y 26% sin recuperación. El promedio de ganancia auditiva fue de 19 decibeles; sin embargo, las asociaciones de sexo, edad, comorbilidades y oído afectado no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Como complicaciones a la terapia intratimpánica, 21% presentaron mareo o vértigo agudo, autolimitado y un paciente tuvo otitis media aguda posterior a la aplicación de la terapia intratimpánica, no se presentaron otras complicaciones. Conclusión: la terapia intratimpánica con dexametasona en el tratamiento de hipoacusia súbita neurosensorial idiopática es un tratamiento efectivo con baja incidencia de complicaciones.

Resumen: Introducción: La tos es una respuesta fisiológica de protección de la vía aérea, produce aerosoles que se identifican por imagen y alcanza una velocidad de hasta ocho metros por segundo. La extubación produce tos, hipertensión, taquicardia, apnea y laringoespasmo, existen métodos para minimizar su aparición. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han utilizado como profilaxis del reflejo tusígeno, la lidocaína intravenosa y el bloqueo del nervio laríngeo superior. El objetivo fue compararlos en la inhibición de la tos. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron pacientes entre 18-60 años, cirugía electiva con anestesia general balanceada, ASA 1-3, con intubación menor a tres horas. Se aleatorizó un total de 90 pacientes, 45 en cada grupo, se eliminó un total de 10 pacientes por presentar inestabilidad hemodinámica al final de la cirugía o por no administrar dosis intravenosa de lidocaína en el tiempo establecido. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el número de pacientes que presentaron tos en ambos grupos (13 vs 10, p = 0.4684), de éstos se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el número de decibeles a favor del grupo de bloqueo (75.6 vs 67, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: El bloqueo (selectivo) presenta menos aerolización que la lidocaína intravenosa en la extubación.

Abstract: Introduction: Coughing is a physiological response to protect the airway, it produces aerosols that are identified by imaging reaching a speed of up to 8 meters per second. Extubation produces cough, hypertension, tachycardia, apnea and laryngospasm, there are methods to minimize its occurrence. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, intravenous lidocaine and superior laryngeal nerve block have been used as cough reflex prophylaxis. The aim was to compare them in cough inhibition. Material and methods: Patients aged 18-60 years, elective surgery with balanced general anesthesia, ASA 1-3, with intubation less than 3 hours, were selected. A total of 90 patients were randomized, 45 in each group. A total of 10 patients were eliminated because they presented hemodynamic instability at the end of surgery, and because the intravenous dose of lidocaine was not administered within the established time. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who presented cough in both groups (13 vs 10, p = 0.4684), of these there was a statistically significant difference in the number of decibels in favor of the block group (75.6 vs 67, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Block presents less aerolization than intravenous lidocaine in extubation.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to implement and assess hearing health interventions for school students, using Dangerous Decibels® Program activities in partnership with the Young Doctor Project, approaching noise-induced hearing loss prevention. Methods: the study encompassed 41 students, aged 12 to 14 years, from two schools in inland São Paulo and a social institution for public school students. Activities were based on the Young Doctor Project and the Dangerous Decibels® Brazil Program. The students answered a questionnaire administered in three situations: before the intervention (pre), right after the intervention (post), and 4 months after the intervention. The ANOVA, Friedman (p < 0.001), and Tukey´s (p < 0.05) statistical tests were used. Results: the 41 students who participated in the program were protagonists of knowledge, spreading the content they learned to another 954 students in the three schools through cultural workshops. The analysis of program effectiveness revealed improved results right after the intervention and 4 months afterward. Conclusion: combining these two programs encouraged the protagonism of young people to increase their involvement with the community. Moreover, the students changed their attitude toward potentially dangerous sounds. Purpose Decibels noiseinduced noise induced prevention Methods 1 years situations pre, pre , (pre) post, post (post) ANOVA p 0.001, 0001 0.001 0 001 0.001) Tukeys Tukey s 0.05 005 05 used Results knowledge 95 workshops afterward Conclusion community Moreover sounds (pre (post 000 0.00 00 0.0 9 0.

RESUMO Objetivo: implementar e avaliar intervenções em saúde auditiva para escolares, utilizando as atividades do Programa Dangerous Decibels ®, em parceria com o Projeto Jovem Doutor, abordando aspectos preventivos da perda auditiva induzida por níveis de pressão sonora elevados. Métodos: participaram do estudo 41 escolares, com idade entre 12 e 14 anos, de duas escolas no interior de São Paulo e uma Instituição Social direcionada a estudantes de escolas públicas. As atividades foram baseadas no Projeto Jovem Doutor e no programa Dangerous Decibels ® Brasil. Os escolares responderam a um questionário aplicado em três situações, antes da intervenção (pré), logo após a intervenção (pós) e quatro meses após a intervenção. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos ANOVA, FRIEDMAN; p<0,001 e TUKEY; p<0,05. Resultados: os 41 escolares que participaram do programa atuaram como protagonistas do conhecimento, multiplicando o conteúdo aprendido através das oficinas culturais, envolvendo 954 escolares das três escolas. Ao analisar a eficácia do programa, observou-se melhora nos resultados logo após a intervenção e, também, após 4 meses. Conclusão: a união desses dois programas incentivou o protagonismo juvenil, objetivando o maior envolvimento dos estudantes junto da comunidade. Foi possível observar a mudança de atitude dos escolares frente aos sons potencialmente perigosos. Objetivo elevados Métodos 1 anos públicas Brasil situações pré, pré , (pré) pós (pós ANOVA FRIEDMAN p0001 p 0 001 p<0,00 TUKEY p005 05 p<0,05 Resultados conhecimento culturais 95 observouse observou se também Conclusão juvenil comunidade perigosos (pré p000 00 p<0,0 p00 9 p<0, p0 p<0 p<

Abstract Background: Loud sound has a negative impact on the health of the neonate in the short and long term. Its reduction is a problem in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Objective: To determine the decibel levels inside and outside the incubator before and after speaking in the NICU of a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: An experimental, analytical, prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out, accepted by the ethics committee. Decibels were measured before and after speaking inside and outside the incubator, and decibel levels were compared between shifts. Results: When comparing the average decibels inside the incubator before speaking, we found an average of 60 ± 3.8 and after speaking 65 ± 4 being statistically significant (< 0.001). The total average of decibels outside the incubator before speaking was 64.1 ± 3.7 and after speaking 69.1 ± 3.9 being statistically significant (< 0.001). Conclusions: After talking and comparing the decibels inside vs. outside, we found that outside the incubator is 4 decibels higher than inside (p < 0.001). When comparing the shifts, the evening shift was the noisiest and the night shift the least.

Resumen Antecedentes: El sonido elevado conlleva un impacto negativo en la salud del neonato a corto y largo plazo. La reducción de este es un problema en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de decibelios dentro y fuera de la incubadora antes y después de hablar en la UCIN de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, analítico, prospectivo, transversal, aceptado por el comité de ética. Se midieron los decibelios antes y después de hablar dentro y fuera de la incubadora y se compararon los niveles de decibelios entre turnos. Resultados: Al comparar el promedio de decibelios dentro de la incubadora antes de hablar encontramos un promedio de 60 ± 3.8 y después de hablar 65 ± 4, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.001). El promedio total de decibelios fuera de la incubadora antes de hablar fue de 64.1 ± 3.7 y después de hablar 69.1 ± 3.9, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Después de hablar y comparar los decibelios dentro vs. fuera encontramos que fuera de la incubadora tiene 4 decibelios más que dentro (p < 0.001). Al comparar las jornadas, el turno vespertino fue el más ruidoso y el nocturno el menos.

Abstract: For the last decades the work on audio recognition has been directed to speech and music, however, an increasing interest for the classification and recognition of acoustic events is observed for the last years. This poses the challenge to determine the identity of sounds, their sources, and the importance of analysing the context of the scenario where they act. The aim of this paper is focused on evaluating the robustness to retain the characteristic information of an acoustic event against the background noise using audio features in the task of identifying acoustic events from a mixture of sounds that are produced in a kitchen environment. A new database of kitchen sounds was built by us, since in the reviewed literature there is no similar benchmark that allows us to evaluate this issue in conditions of 3 decibels for the signal to noise ratio. In our study, we compared two methods of audio features, Multiband Spectral Entropy Signature (MSES) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC). To evaluate the performance of both MSES and MFCC, we used different classifiers such as Similarity Distance, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The results showed that MSES supported with an ANN outperforms any other combination of classifiers with MSES or MFCC for getting a better score.

Resumen «El camino de la sinodalidad es el camino que Dios espera de la Iglesia del tercer milenio. Lo que el Señor nos pide, en cierto sentido, ya está todo contenido en la palabra “Sínodo”. Caminar juntos -laicos, pastores, Obispo de Roma- es un concepto fácil de expresar con palabras, pero no es tan fácil ponerlo en práctica». Las palabras del papa Francisco funcionan como una clave de lectura de este artículo que propone “una escucha sociológica para la sinodalidad” desde un caso concreto. Para ello se hace un uso riguroso de diversas herramientas que permiten medir los diferentes “decibeles” de las creencias y prácticas religiosas, puntualmente, en una ciudad del Conurbano, porque se hace necesario poner el foco en un lugar determinado. Quizás, nos preguntemos qué sentido tiene leer un texto tan específico de La Tablada si uno no vive en dicha ciudad. La respuesta es que, más allá de los datos relevados y notificar cuantitativamente determinados indicadores de una investigación de tesis, resulta interesante conocer qué variables se manejaron, qué indicadores se midieron, con qué autores se dialogó, cuál fue la metodología utilizada; pues, abstrayéndonos de los valores absolutos, todo el elenco de información producido para esta investigación resulta sumamente significativo para la praxis pastoral de la Iglesia, para la teología urbana, para la sociología de la religión.

Abstract «The road of synodality is the path that God expects of the Church of the third millennium. What the Lord asks of us, in a sense, is already all contained in the word "Synod." Walking together - laity, pastors, Bishop of Rome - is an easy concept to express in words, but it is not so easy to put into practice». The words of Pope Francis function as a key to reading this article that proposes "a sociological listening for synodality" from a specific case. For this, a rigorous use is made of various tools that allow measuring the different "decibels" of religious beliefs and practices, punctually, in a city of the Conurbano, because it is necessary to put the focus on a certain place. Perhaps, we wonder what is the point of reading such a specific text of La Tablada if one does not live in that city. The answer is that, beyond the data surveyed and quantitatively notify certain indicators of a thesis research, it is interesting to know what variables were handled, what indicators were measured, with which authors there was a dialogue, what was the methodology used; for, abstracting us from absolute values, the whole range of information produced for this research is extremely significant for the pastoral praxis of the Church, for urban theology, for the sociology of religion.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica das áreas alagadas da série temporal Sentinel-1 SAR em um trecho da Amazônia Central no período entre 26 de setembro de 2016 e 8 de fevereiro de 2020. O total de imagens foi de 59 para cada polarização. Além disso, a pesquisa calculou a linha de inundação ordinária média (LMEO) a partir das alturas das réguas fluviométricas entre os anos de 1967 a 2020 e a comparou com os valores presentes na série temporal do radar. O pré-processamento da série temporal Sentinel-1 nas polarizações VV e VH utilizou a seguinte sequência metodológica: correção de órbita, correção radiométrica (σ0), correção do terreno, filtragem do ruído, e conversão dos dados para decibéis (dB). A análise prévia dos filtros adaptativos mostrou resultados diferentes para as duas polarizações, obtendo o melhor resultado para a polarização VV utilizando o filtro Frost com 3x3 e para a polarização VH o filtro Lee 3x3. A extração de corpos d'água e áreas úmidas utilizou um valor limite fazendo máscaras para todo o período. A maior extensão da área inundável foi medida em 17 de junho de 2019, com 6.611,86 km2, representando 16,42% da cena SAR na polarização VH e 6.443,19 km2, representando 16,10% da cena SAR na polarização VV. A relação entre as áreas úmidas VH e VV em relação à altura da régua foi satisfatória, com coeficientes de determinação (R2) de 0,79 na polarização VH e de 0,64 na polarização VV e p-valor menor que 0,05.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the flooded areas of the Sentinel 1-SAR time series in a section of the Central Amazon between September 26, 2016, and February 8, 2020. The total of images was 59 for each polarization. In addition, the study calculated the average ordinary flood line (ALOF) from the heights of the fluviometric rulers between the years 1967 to 2020 and compared it with the values present in the radar time series. The pre-processing of the Sentinel-1 time series in the VV and VH polarizations used the following methodological sequence: Apply Orbit File, Radiometric Calibration (σ0), Range-Doppler Terrain Correction, Speckle Filter, and conversion to decibels (dB). The previous analysis of the adaptive filters showed different results for the two polarizations, obtaining the best result for the VV polarization using the Frost filter with 3x3 and the VH polarization with the Lee filter 3x3. The extraction of water bodies and wetlands used a threshold value, making masks for the entire period. The most considerable extent of the floodable area occurred on June 17, 2019, with 6,611.86 km2, representing 16.42% of the SAR scene in the VH polarization and 6,443.19 km2, representing 16.10% of the SAR scene in the VV polarization. The relationship between the VH and VV wetlands to the ruler's height was satisfactory, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.79 in the VH polarization and of 0.64 in the VV polarization and a p-value less than 0.05.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la dinámica de las áreas inundadas de la serie temporal Sentinel-1 SAR en una sección de la Amazonía Central en el período comprendido entre el 26 de septiembre de 2016 y el 8 de febrero de 2020. El total de imágenes fue de 59 para cada polarización. Además, la investigación calculó la línea de inundación ordinaria promedio (LMEO) a partir de las alturas de las reglas fluviométricas entre los años 1967 a 2020 y la comparó con los valores presentes en la serie temporal del radar. El preprocesamiento de la serie temporal Sentinel-1 en las polarizaciones VV y VH utilizó la siguiente secuencia metodológica: corrección de órbita, calibración radiométrica (σ0), corrección del terreno, filtrado de ruido y conversión a decibelios (dB). El análisis previo de los filtros adaptativos mostró resultados diferentes para las dos polarizaciones, obteniendo el mejor resultado para la polarización VV utilizando el filtro Frost con 3x3 y para la polarización VH el filtro Lee 3x3, realizando máscaras para todo el periodo. La mayor extensión del área inundable se midió el 17 de junio de 2019, con 6.611,86 km2, que representa el 16,42 % de la escena SAR en polarización VH y 6.443,19 km2, que representa el 16,10 % de la escena SAR en polarización VV. La relación entre los humedales VH y VV en relación con la altura de la regla fue satisfactoria, con coeficientes de determinación (R2) de 0.79 en la polarización VH y de 0.64 en la polarización VV y p-valor menor a 0.05.

ABSTRACT Introduction: oral language is mainly based on acoustic information. Hypoacusis is the partial loss of hearing capacity; from 40 decibels and above, its presence has an impact on the acquisition of language functions and the overall development of the child. Objective: to describe the evolution of a clinical case of a hearing impaired patient with cochlear implant after the application of an auditory-verbal therapy. Case report: a 10-year-old and 7 months boy with delayed language development due to a Deep Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss of presumed congenital origin, after being diagnosed early with this disease he was included in the National Cochlear Implant Program in order to improve his hearing abilities and thus facilitate auditory feedback. After surgery, he began to undergo auditory-verbal therapy to promote the proper acquisition of language functions. Conclusions: hearing impaired children can learn to listen and speak through early diagnosis and intervention, appropriate technology and with the perseverance of parents and therapists who share the vision of giving voice to the future of the child. It is important to keep in mind that the appropriate treatment, the intellectual capacity of children and the family environment condition the successful evolution of the therapies applied.

RESUMEN Introducción: el lenguaje oral está basado principalmente en la información acústica. La hipoacusia es la pérdida parcial de la capacidad auditiva. A partir de los 40 decibelios en adelante, su presencia repercute en la adquisición de las funciones del lenguaje y el desarrollo integral del niño. Objetivo: describir la evolución de un caso clínico hipoacúsico con implante coclear, tras la aplicación de una terapia auditivo-verbal. Presentación de caso: se presenta un niño de 10 años y siete meses de edad, con retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje debido a una Hipoacusia Neurosensorial Bilateral Profunda de presunto origen congénito. Después de ser diagnosticado tempranamente con esta enfermedad, fue incluido en el Programa Nacional de Implante Coclear con vistas a mejorar sus capacidades auditivas y facilitar así la retroalimentación auditiva. Luego de la cirugía se le comenzó a aplicar una terapia auditivo verbal para propiciar la adquisición adecuada de las funciones del lenguaje. Conclusiones: los niños con problemas de audición pueden aprender a escuchar y a hablar mediante un diagnóstico y una intervención temprana, la tecnología apropiada y con la dedicación de padres y terapeutas que comparten la visión de darle voz al futuro del niño. Es importante tener en cuenta que el tratamiento adecuado, la capacidad intelectual de los niños y el ambiente familiar, condicionan la evolución exitosa de las terapias aplicadas.

ABSTRACT Foundation: noise is included among the 5 risk factors of physical origin for health in the working environment. Objective: to determine if sound pollution at the Cienfuegos Manufacturing and Marketing Company of glucose, starch and other corn byproducts, exceeds maximum admissible values on NC 871/11 of Health Safety and Health at Work. Methods: a cross descriptive study at the Cienfuegos Manufacturing and Marketing Company of glucose, starch and other corn byproducts was conducted, on February 2018. A number of 287 persons were working, out of them 247 directly in production processes. Measurements of sound levels in the working areas were done according to the valid Cuban standard NC 19-01-14/83. Variables continues equivalent sound level, express in decibels (dB(A) and time of exposure in hours. To measure noise, it was used and integrative sonometer type 2. Measurements were done the during working hours. Results: in the steam generator, compressor boiler, grinding and generation areas, corn reception and cleaning, animal feed factory, dryers and centrifugal equipment noise levels exceed 90 db (a) of exposition. Conclusion: the levels of noise found exceed the admissible maximum which might produce harmful health consequences on workers therefore it is necessary to intervene this working environment

RESUMEN Fundamento el ruido se incluye dentro de los cinco principales factores de riesgo de naturaleza física para la salud en el medio laboral. Objetivo determinar si la contaminación acústica de la Empresa Productora y Comercializadora de Glucosas, Almidón y Derivados del Maíz, de Cienfuegos sobrepasa los valores máximos admisibles establecidos en la NC 871/11 de Seguridad y Salud en el trabajo. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en la Empresa Productora y Comercializadora de Glucosas, Almidón y Derivados del Maíz de Cienfuegos, en el mes de febrero de 2018. En la empresa laboraban 287 trabajadores, de ellos 247 directos a la producción. Las mediciones del nivel sonoro en el área de trabajo se realizaron según la metodología que establece la Norma Cubana vigente NC 19-01-14/83. Se analizaron las variables: nivel sonoro equivalente continuo, expresado en decibeles (dB(A)) y el tiempo de exposición (en horas). Para medir el ruido se utilizó un sonómetro integrador clase 2. Las mediciones se realizaron durante la jornada laboral. Resultados en el generador de vapor, caldera de compresores, área de molinación y generación, recepción de maíz y limpieza, empaque fábrica de pienso, secadores y centrífugas los niveles de ruido sobrepasan los 90 db(a) de exposición. En los previos 2 y 3 del área molinación y generación, los niveles de ruido fueron superiores a los 100 db(a) de exposición. Conclusiones: los niveles de ruido encontrados sobrepasan el valor máximo admisible, lo que pudiera ocasionar consecuencias nocivas en la salud de los trabajadores por lo que se hace necesario intervenir en este medio laboral.

ABSTRACT Introduction: High frequency audiometry (9000-20 000 Hz) can be really useful in the early diagnosis of deafness induced by noises, in contrast with conventional tonal audiometry (125-8000 Hz). Objective: Assess the usefulness of high frequency audiometry in the early diagnosis of deafness induced by noises in adolescents. Methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study in 85 adolescents exposed to noises; 45 of them were studying the 10th grade in a high school of Havana province, and 40 of them were in the first year of Medicine in a faculty of Havana province during school year 2015-2016. All of them took a survey, a physical examination of otolaryngology, liminar total audiometry and high frequency audiometry. Results: Tonal audiometry was normal in all the cases. In high frequency audiometry of all the studied adolescents started to decrease audition from 13000 HZ and it was noticed an increasing neurosensorial deafness up to 85 decibels in the right ear and 78 decibels in the left ear in 20 000 Hz of frequency. Conclusions: The adolescents assessed have auditive habits that can jeopardize their audition; all of them already have signs of damage that are not noticed in the tonal audiometry but in the high frequency audiometry in the different exposures to noises of high decibels. This proves the usefulness of this kind of audiometry not only in the field of audiology, but also in preventive medicine.

RESUMEN Introducción: La audiometría de altas frecuencias (9000-20 000 Hz) puede ser de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico precoz de hipoacusia inducida por ruidos en contraste con la audiometría convencional (125-8000 Hz). Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la audiometría de altas frecuencias en el diagnóstico precoz de la hipoacusia inducida por ruidos en adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal en 85 adolescentes expuestos a ruidos; 45 cursaban el décimo grado en un preuniversitario de la provincia La Habana, en el curso escolar 2013-2014 y 40, el primer año de la carrera de medicina, en una facultad de La Habana en el curso escolar 2015- 2016. A todos se le realizó una encuesta, examen físico de otorrinolaringología, audiometría convencional y audiometría de alta frecuencia. Resultados: La audiometría convencional fue normal en todos los casos. En la audiometría de altas frecuencias en todos los adolescentes estudiados comenzó a disminuir la audición a partir de los 13 000 Hz y se apreció una hipoacusia neurosensorial en aumento hasta 85 decibeles en oído derecho y 78 decibeles en oído izquierdo en 20 000 Hz de frecuencia. Conclusiones: Los adolescentes evaluados tienen hábitos auditivos que pueden perjudicar su audición, todos ya poseen signos de daño que no se manifiestan a través de la audiometría convencional pero sí a través de la audiometría de alta frecuencia en las diferentes exposiciones a ruidos de altos decibeles. Lo anterior demuestra la utilidad de esta audiometría, no solo dentro del campo de la audiología, sino también en la medicina preventiva.

Resumen Esta investigación determina el contenido frecuencial para el sismo del 27 de agosto de 2013 con epicentro en la cabecera municipal de Restrepo en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, registrado por el Servicio Geológico Colombiano y el Observatorio Sismológico y Geofísico del Suroccidente Colombiano. La etapa de tratamiento comprende el análisis espectral por medio del proceso de deconvolución que depende de la composición instrumental de la estación sismológica, el cálculo del espectrograma que describe la evolución temporal del contenido frecuencial y el rango dinámico en unidades de decibelios (dB) y la transformada de Fourier. Posteriormente, se determina la relación del contenido frecuencial con la geología de la zona donde se ubican las estaciones sismológicas. Se establece que, aunque se describen periodos altos en la señal recibida en cada una de las estaciones, la evolución temporal de las ondas sísmicas muestra que las frecuencias halladas en los espectros de Fourier son variables y dependen de las condiciones geológicas más no de los parámetros instrumentales, de tal manera que los depósitos de suelo se comportan como filtros para la energía de alta frecuencia.

Abstract This research determines the frequency content for the earthquake of august 27, 2013 with an epicenter in the county seat of Restrepo in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, recorded by the Colombian Geological Service and Seismological Observatory and Geophysical Colombian Southwest. The treatment step comprises spectral analysis through the deconvolution process that depends on the composition of the instrumental seismological station, the calculation of the spectrogram that describes the time evolution of the frequency content and dynamic range in units of decibels (dB) and the Fourier transform. Then the ratio of frequency content with the geology of the area where seismic stations are located is determined. It is established that although high periods are described in the signal received in each of the stations, the temporal evolution of the seismic waves shows that the frequencies found in the Fourier spectra are variable and depend on the geological conditions but not on the instrumental parameters, so that soil deposits behave as filters for high frequency energy.

BACKGROUND: Occupational activities performed by sound engineers are associated with hearing loss. However, there is a dearth of research on the hearing functions and the related hearing loss for sound engineers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the hearing function and early effects of noise on the hearing ability of sound engineers, and to establish whether there are hearing conservation programmes (HCPs) available for sound engineer participants in Johannesburg. METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Eight sound engineers from the Academy of Sound Engineering (ASE) participated in the study. The following data were collected from the participants: case history data, ear-related symptoms and hearing conservation data. Hearing screening followed by full diagnostic audiological assessments was conducted for each participant. Descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test were used to analyse the data (confidence interval [CI] = 95%. RESULTS: Participants reported tinnitus and aural fullness as common complaints. Only one participant had a unilateral impacted cerumen. All the participants presented with hearing within normal limits bilaterally, with a percentage loss of hearing (PLH) of 1.1% for all the participants. However, five participants presented with a notched configuration that was ≥ 10 decibel (dB), in the high frequency region at 3000 Hz and 6000 Hz bilaterally. One-sample t-test (p = 0.001) inferred that at a mean age of 27.6 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.85), a notch at 3000 Hz and 6000 Hz was associated with an early sign of a hearing loss for the study participants. An HCP was not in place at the study site. CONCLUSION: The study indicated a younger age as an associated early sign of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) for the study participants, and that audiologists' clinical practice needs to explore HCP strategies specific for the sound engineers in order to prevent hearing loss

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a gravação da “Lista de palavras como procedimento de avaliação da percepção dos sons da fala para crianças deficientes auditivas”, a qual é padronizada para aplicação à viva-voz, e verificar sua aplicabilidade. Métodos: gravação: utilizou-se critérios acústicos, três gravações de cada palavra e análise de juízes. A lista foi gravada na condição de silêncio a 60 decibéis (dB) e ruído relação sinal/ruído + 10 dB. Participantes: 30 crianças com idade entre cinco e 10 anos e 11 meses, sem alterações auditivas e de linguagem. Procedimento realizado nas condições viva voz e gravação. Foram aplicados os testes estatísticos Wilcoxon, t pareado e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (valor de p significante menor ou igual a 0,05). Resultados: a comparação do desempenho para reconhecimento de fonemas e palavras entre as situações viva voz e gravação resultou em diferença estatisticamente significativa (p ≤ 0,05) em todas condições analisadas. Os resultados foram superiores na situação de silêncio. Não houve diferença significativa entre o tempo de aplicação na condição gravada comparando com silêncio e ruído (p=0,064). Conclusão: a gravação e aplicação do procedimento da lista que analisa reconhecimento de palavras e fonemas mostrou-se viável na condição de gravação no silêncio e ruído.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to record the “List of Words to Evaluate the Speech Perception of Children with Hearing Loss” which is standardized for live speech presentation and verify its clinical applicability. Methods: recording: acoustic standards were used, three recordings of each word and analysis by judges. The list was recorded in silence at 60 decibels (dB) and signal noise relation of +10 dB. Participants: 30 children in the age range from five years to 10 years and 11 months, with no auditory and language disorders. The procedure was performed in live and recorded speech. Wilcoxon’s, paired t and Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests (p-value significantly less or equal to 0.05), were applied. Results: the comparison of performance for recognition of words and phonemes between live and recorded speech resulted in a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05), in all conditions analyzed. The results were higher in the silence condition. There was no statistically significant difference between the time of application in the recorded speech when compared in silence and noise (p=0.064). Conclusion: the recording and application of the procedure that analyzes recognition of phonemes and words proved to be viable in recorded speech in silence and noise.