ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to compare the quality of life of precarious quarry and brick-kiln workers in the municipality of San Luis Potosí and artisanal mercury mining in Camargo, Querétaro. Field work and non-participatory observation were carried out. During the field research period in 2019-2020, a questionnaire was applied to a total of 118 workers. The data were organized and processed with the Excel program (Microsoft Office 365) and analyzed within the framework of environmental anthropology and everyday-life approaches. In both contexts, it was found that the workers present a high level of marginalization, chronic diseases, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, in addition to the lack of protective equipment. According to the activity performed, they suffer from different occupational hazards. Furthermore, they are not employed under a labor contract, and their families also participate in the work. The identified situations of occupational precariousness presented various diagnosed chronic degenerative comorbidities, lack of protective equipment to perform their activities, occupational hazards and little access to health services. Therefore, multidisciplinary efforts and approaches are required to assess, address and draw attention to their conditions, in order to prevent, intervene and transform labor precariousness into decent work. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

RESUMEN Este objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la calidad de vida de los trabajos precarios de cantera y ladrillo del municipio de San Luis Potosí y minería artesanal de mercurio en Camargo, Querétaro. Se realizó trabajo de campo y observación no participativa. Durante el periodo de investigación de campo en 2019-2020 se aplicó un cuestionario a un total de 118 trabajadores. Los datos fueron organizados y tratados con el programa Excel (versión Microsoft Office 365) y analizados dentro del marco de los enfoques de la antropología ambiental y de la vida cotidiana. En ambos contextos, se encontró que los trabajadores presentan un nivel alto de marginación, enfermedades crónicas, inactividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de que no cuentan con equipo de protección, de acuerdo con la ocupación, tienen diferentes riesgos laborales. Además, no cuentan con contrato laboral. Aunado a ello, la familia participa en las labores. Los escenarios de precariedad laboral identificados presentaron algunas comorbilidades crónico-degenerativas diagnosticadas, nulo equipo de protección para realizar sus actividades, riesgos laborales y poco acceso a servicios de salud. Por lo tanto, requieren de esfuerzos y abordajes multidisciplinarios que permitan evaluar, atender y visibilizar sus condiciones con la finalidad de prevenir, intervenir y transformar la precariedad laboral en trabajo decente. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

Resumo Esse trabalho se enquadra no desarrolho sustentável como modelo para a promoção de um crescimento econômico sustentado, inclusivo e sustentável, um emprego pleno e produtivo, e um trabalho decente enquadrado nos eixos ambiental, econômico e social. Analisaram-se as características e condições das associações de recicladores da cidade de Cuenca, com o objetivo de determinar se a conformação delas é uma estratégia adequada para o desarrolho sustentável ou simplesmente uma estratégia de supervivência para grupos vulneráveis. A metodologia utilizada tem um caráter de correlação e misturado, com corte transversal e exploratório, e foi concentrado no estudo de 168 recicladores associados e registrados no EMAC-EP. Os resultados mostraram que a venda coletiva das associações não é uma variável explicativa e influente sob o nível de rendas dos recicladores associados. A conclusão principal foi que a reciclagem associativa não tem características de eficiência, trabalho decente e crescimento econômico apesar de ter o princípio da inclusão de grupos vulneráveis, o qual não fornece garantias que favoreçam o desarrolho sustentável. JEL: Q01 Desarrolho sustentável.

Resumen El presente trabajo se enmarca en el desarrollo sostenible como un modelo que busca promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente enmarcado en los ejes medioambiental, económico y social. Se analizaron las características y condiciones de las asociaciones de recicladores de la ciudad de Cuenca, con la finalidad de determinar si su conformación es considerada una estrategia adecuada de desarrollo sostenible o simplemente configura una estrategia de supervivencia para grupos vulnerables. La metodología empleada, con carácter correlacional y mixta, corte transversal y de carácter exploratorio, se centró en el estudio de 168 recicladores asociados registrados en EMAC-EP. En los resultados destaca que la venta colectiva en las asociaciones no es una variable explicativa e influyente en el nivel de ingreso de un reciclador asociado. La conclusión principal demuestra que el reciclaje asociativo no presenta rasgos de eficiencia, trabajo decente y crecimiento económico, a pesar de tener como principio la inclusión de grupos vulnerables, lo cual no brinda garantías que favorezcan el desarrollo sostenible. JEL: Q01 Desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract This work has a framework based on sustainable development as a model seeking to improve sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth, as well as a full, productive employment as well as decent employment within the framework of the environmental, economic and social axes. An analysis was performed on the characteristics and conditions of the recycler associations of the city of Cuenca to determine if the creation of these associations is considered an appropriate strategy for sustainable development or just a survival strategy for vulnerable parties. The methodology in use, with a correlational and mixed, cross-sectioned and exploratory system, was based on the study of 168 associated recyclers registered in EMAC-EP. The results highlight that collective sales in associations are not an explanative, influential variable on the income levels of associated recyclers. The main conclusion shows that associative recycling does not show any hints of efficiency, decent work and economic growth in spite of having as principle the inclusion of vulnerable parties, as it does not provide any warranties favoring sustainable development. JEL: Q01 Sustainable development.

Resumen: La importancia de la educación financiera y su relación con la población en edad de retiro, 65 y más años, que aumentará en los próximos años en México, es motivo para estudiar los posibles escenarios económicos a los que se enfrentará. El estudio exploratorio y comparativo tiene como primer objetivo evaluar la pensión por jubilación de dos casos de trabajadores de la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública del Estado de Veracruz (SSP), desglosando las percepciones que recibe como parte de la nómina, enfatizando la percepción denominada sueldo, ya que este será el monto mensual de una pensión por jubilación; y como segundo planear un retiro digno a través del producto financiero llamado Administradora de Fondos para el Retiro (AFORE). Se concluye que el optar por un producto AFORE tiene un impacto positivo para un retiro digno, de ahí la importancia de la educación financiera para tener conocimientos y planear y administrar el dinero.

Abstract: The importance of financial education and its relationship with the population of retirement age, 65 and over, which will increase in the coming years in Mexico, is a reason to study the possible economic scenarios that it will face. The first objective of the exploratory and comparative study is to evaluate the retirement pension of two cases of workers of the Secretariat of Public Security of the State of Veracruz (SSP), breaking down the perceptions received as part of the payroll, emphasizing the perception called salary, since this will be the monthly amount of a retirement pension; and secondly, plan a decent retirement through the financial product called Retirement Fund Administrator (AFORE). It is concluded that opting for an AFORE product has a positive impact on a dignified retirement, hence the importance of financial education to have knowledge and plan and manage money.

Objective: to interpret young nursing professionals’ perceptions about the relationship between working, employment and health conditions. Method: a qualitative study with an interpretive approach regarding the work-related experiences of 15 young nurses, who took part in the research through voluntary snowball sampling. The data from the interviews and the focus group were analyzed to reach an approximation to the realities inherent to the nurses’ work life. Results: the relevant study findings pointed out that work precariousness is a characteristic feature in the population group, mainly related to hiring modalities and to wages. According to the participants, the psychosocial working conditions (which were intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic) were the ones that caused the most effects on their mental and physical health. Conclusion: from the young nurses’ perspective, this study reports how the macro- and micro-structural working conditions and their relationship with health are perceived, pointing out the key elements to devise interventions focused on life paths that foster decent and healthy work postulates in their work environments, as well as actions to prevent injuries or harms to nurses’ health. Objective professionals Method workrelated 1 nurses sampling Results wages participants which COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic Conclusion perspective macro microstructural micro structural perceived environments COVID1 COVID-

Objetivo interpretar las percepciones que tienen los profesionales jóvenes de enfermería de la relación entre condiciones de trabajo, empleo y salud. Método estudio cualitativo con abordaje interpretativo de las experiencias laborales de 15 enfermeros jóvenes, quienes participaron de la investigación a través de un muestreo voluntario por bola de nieve. Se realizó análisis de datos de las entrevistas y grupo focal para lograr una aproximación a las realidades de la vida laboral. Resultados los hallazgos relevantes del estudio señalaron que la precarización laboral es característica en este grupo poblacional, relacionada principalmente con tipo de contratación y retribución recibida. Las condiciones de trabajo psicosociales fueron las que más generaron efectos en la salud mental y física según los participantes, las cuales se agudizaron durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Conclusión este estudio aporta, desde la perspectiva de los jóvenes enfermeros, cómo se perciben las características macro y microestructurales del trabajo y su relación con la salud, señalando los elementos clave para generar intervenciones con enfoque de curso de vida que promulguen los postulados de trabajo decente y saludable en sus entornos de trabajo, al igual que acciones para la prevención de lesiones o daños en la salud de los enfermeros. 1 nieve poblacional recibida participantes COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 aporta COVID1 COVID-1 COVID-

Objetivo interpretar as percepções que os jovens profissionais de enfermagem têm sobre a relação entre condições de trabalho, emprego e saúde. Método estudo qualitativo com abordagem interpretativa das experiências de trabalho de quinze jovens enfermeiros, que participaram da pesquisa por meio de amostragem voluntária em bola de neve. Realizou-se a análise dos dados das entrevistas e grupo focal para alcançar uma aproximação à realidade da vida profissional. Resultados os achados relevantes do estudo indicaram que a precarização no trabalho é característica desse grupo populacional, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tipo de contratação e à remuneração recebida. As condições psicossociais de trabalho foram as que mais provocaram efeitos na saúde mental e física segundo os participantes, sendo essas condições agravadas durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Conclusão este estudo apresenta, na perspectiva de jovens enfermeiros, como são percebidas as características macro e microestruturais do trabalho e sua relação com a saúde, apontando os elementos-chave para gerar intervenções com abordagem de curso de vida que divulguem os postulados do trabalho decente e ambiente saudável em seus ambientes de trabalho, bem como ações para prevenir lesões ou danos à saúde dos enfermeiros. enfermeiros neve Realizouse Realizou se profissional populacional recebida participantes COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 apresenta elementoschave elementos chave COVID1 1 COVID-1 COVID-

Abstract The article aims to provide a sociological analysis of how the social economy in Portugal structures labor relations. Defining itself as an economy centered on people and not on capital, the social economy claims an active role in the search for social justice and decent work for all and in its contribution to the democratization of the economy. However, the enormous diversity of forms through which it presents itself requires a more detailed analysis of the labor relations within each of these forms and particular attention to the diversity of the contexts in which they developed. For pragmatic reasons, the analysis focuses only on Social Economy organizations and not on those of the social and solidarity economy since there is a lot of information regarding those, and they represent a very relevant sector in Portuguese society due to their function, capacity for employment, and dynamism. The methodology combines information from qualitative studies with results from surveys carried out in organizations. The conclusion reveals the existence of a set of difficulties in recognizing equal dignity to the work of members and wage earners: on the one hand, due to a double process of adverse inclusion of organizations in the market economy and its institutionalization through state policies; on the other hand, due to excessive and unworthy use of salaried work in carrying out the tasks of organizations, without any participation or incentive in their management. capital However developed reasons function employment dynamism earners hand policies management

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo un análisis sociológico de la forma en que la economía social en Portugal estructura las relaciones laborales. Al definirse como una economía centrada en las personas y no en el capital, la economía social reclama un papel activo en la búsqueda de la justicia social y del trabajo digno para todos, contribuyendo a la democratización de la economía. Sin embargo, la enorme diversidad de formas a través de las cuales se presenta requiere un análisis más detallado de las relaciones laborales dentro de cada una de estas formas y también una atención particular a la diversidad de contextos en los que se desarrollaron. Por razones pragmáticas, el análisis se centra solo en las organizaciones de la economía social y no en las de la economía social y solidaria, ya que hay mucha información al respecto, y representan un sector muy relevante en la sociedad portuguesa, debido a su función, capacidad de empleo y dinamismo. La metodología utilizada combina información proveniente de estudios cualitativos con resultados de encuestas realizadas a organizaciones. La conclusión revela la existencia de una serie de dificultades para reconocer la igual dignidad en el trabajo de asociados y contratados: por un lado, debido a un doble proceso de inserción adversa de las organizaciones en la economía de mercado y su institucionalización a través de políticas de Estado; y por otro, por un uso excesivo e indigno del trabajo asalariado en el desempeño de las tareas de las organizaciones, sin participación ni incentivo alguno en su gestión. capital todos embargo desarrollaron pragmáticas solidaria respecto portuguesa función dinamismo contratados lado Estado otro gestión

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo analisar sociologicamente como a economia social em Portugal estrutura as relações de trabalho. Definindo-se como centrada nas pessoas, e não no capital, a economia social reivindica um papel ativo na busca pela justiça social e pelo trabalho digno para todos, contribuindo para a democratização da economia. No entanto, a enorme diversidade de formas por meio das quais ela se apresenta exige uma análise mais detalhada das relações de trabalho em cada uma dessas formas, bem como uma atenção especial à diversidade dos contextos em que se desenvolveram. Por motivos pragmáticos, a análise se centra apenas nas organizações da economia social, e não nas da economia social e solidária, uma vez que, em relação às últimas, há muita informação, e elas representam um setor muito relevante na sociedade portuguesa, em razão de sua função, da capacidade de emprego e do dinamismo. A metodologia utilizada combina informações resultantes de estudos qualitativos com resultados de pesquisas com organizações. A conclusão revela um conjunto de dificuldades no reconhecimento de igual dignidade ao trabalho de associados e contratados. Isso se dá, de um lado, graças a um duplo processo de inclusão adversa das organizações na economia de mercado e sua institucionalização por meio de políticas de Estado; de outro, em razão de uma utilização excessiva e pouco dignificadora do trabalho assalariado no desempenho das tarefas das organizações, sem qualquer participação ou incentivo na sua gestão. Definindose Definindo pessoas capital todos entanto desenvolveram pragmáticos solidária últimas informação portuguesa função dinamismo contratados dá lado Estado outro gestão

ORIENTATION: The lack of skills, such as communication and teamwork among graduates, is a major concern for employers. Graduates should prioritise developing skills in demand for the evolving job market RESEARCH PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to explore the impressions of graduates regarding the skills they need to enter the job market and to develop and present a strength-based skills training programme for graduates in the South African labour market MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Graduates can be equipped through a strength-based approach, which could assist them in applying their strengths to find employment in the South African labour market RESEARCH DESIGN/APPROACH AND METHOD: A qualitative research approach with a social constructivism paradigm was used. The participants were unemployed graduates, with a sample size of N = 10. Data was collected by using qualitative surveys captured on the QuestionPro platform. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data MAIN FINDINGS: The findings highlight the challenges faced by unemployed graduates. The participants reported feeling empowered by the training programme, helping them recognise and utilise their skills and strengths PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study highlighted that a strength-based training program for unemployed graduates could enhance the skills necessary for employment, such as self-awareness and emotional intelligence. A comprehensive understanding of the barriers to decent work is crucial for developing interventions to equip graduates for the labour market CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This research provides a basis for training and developing unemployed graduates from a strength-based perspective

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global transformation on the concept of decent work in South Africa. By examining the country's unique historical, social and economic circumstances, the article explores the challenges and opportunities that arise from global dynamics. It investigates various dimensions of decent work affected by global transformation, including employment patterns, wages, working conditions, skills requirements, job security and social protection. The article highlights the need for adaptive strategies to address evolving labour-market dynamics, and emphasises the crucial role of government and stakeholders in promoting decent work. Through collaborative efforts, social dialogue and inclusive policy frameworks, South Africa can effectively navigate global transformation and work towards a labour market that ensures equitable, dignified and fulfilling employment opportunities for all its workers. This research contributes to the academic discourse on the intersection of global transformation, labour markets and decent work, and offers insights and recommendations for policy makers, scholars and practitioners in South Africa and beyond.

Resumen Este trabajo pretende exponer, por medio de un análisis exploratorio de datos aplicado a la Encuesta Nacional de Jornaleros Agrícolas, las condiciones de empleo y contratación de los trabajadores campesinos. Esto nos permite señalar que las condiciones laborales de los campesinos se caracterizan por estar ocupados hasta los 36 años y trabajar hasta los 7 días de la semana por más de 10 horas diarias. Reconocemos que aun cuando las posibilidades de afiliación al IMSS son muy superiores a las de años atrás y, aunque los jornaleros agrícolas comienzan a trabajar a temprana edad, el panorama institucional siempre parece estar en contra de que tengan derecho a una jubilación digna. En esta investigación se identifican las debilidades del sistema de pensiones mexicano aplicado al caso de los trabajadores campesinos mexicanos.

Abstract This paper aims to expose, through an exploratory analysis of data applied to the National Survey of Agricultural Day Laborers, the conditions of employment and hiring of peasant workers. This allows us to point out that peasant Laboral conditions are characterized by being employed for up to 36 years and working up to 7 days a week for more than 10 hours a day. We recognize that even when the possibilities of joining the IMSS are much higher than those of years ago and, although agricultural day laborers begin to work at a young age, the institutional panorama always seems to be against them having the right to a decent retirement. In this research the weaknesses of the Mexican pension system applied to the case of Mexican peasant workers are identified.

This article delves into the multifaceted human rights challenges confronting migrant women in Botswana, with a particular focus on women from Zimbabwe. The exploration reveals pervasive gender-specific barriers hampering these women's access to essential healthcare and decent employment opportunities. Additionally, it sheds light on their heightened susceptibility to gender-based violence, exploitation, and discriminatory practices in the workplace, all of which collectively infringe upon their fundamental right to dignity. Central to the argument is the imperative to safeguard and uphold the right to dignity for Zimbabwean migrant women. This necessitates the establishment of an environment that not only guarantees access to basic human needs but also fosters a space free from fear and abuse. The article advocates for the implementation of a "Migration with Dignity Framework" in Botswana. This proposed framework emphasizes the critical importance of gender-sensitive policies, robust access to justice mechanisms, non-discrimination initiatives, and the assurance of healthcare, secure working conditions, and adequate housing.

Abstract COVID-19 has affected the development of economic activities and increased unemployment around the world. The most viable alternative is to promote entrepreneurship. Digital entrepreneurship took on greater importance in the face of the confinement imposed to curb the spread of COVID-19. The objective of this research is to analyze some work areas for the development of digital entrepreneurship with the aim of promoting self-employment of young people. A qualitative methodology with cross-sectional and descriptive scope was used using secondary sources. The results of this study show that technological tools are the new source for business development as Content Marketing and Social Networks, Artificial Intelligence, 3D Printing, Virtual Reality, Big Data, Devices through the Voice, Robotization, automation and digital transformation of companies, Electronic Commerce and Digital Leisure just to mention these. Although Mexico is prepared for the implementation of businesses via the Internet, it should be noted that there are still barriers such as bureaucracy, training, greater investment, ignorance and resistance to change. Then, it is urgent to develop collaborative public-private-academy strategies to strengthen institutions, infrastructure and human skills focused on new technologies to guarantee decent employment for generation Z, also known as the Centennials generation, those born between 1995 and 2010.

Resumen El COVID-19 ha afectado el desarrollo de las actividades económicas y ha aumentado el desempleo. La alternativa más viable es promover el emprendimiento. El emprendimiento digital tomó mayor importancia ante el confinamiento impuesto para frenar la propagación del COVID-19. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar algunas áreas de trabajo para el desarrollo del emprendimiento digital con el objetivo de promover el autoempleo de los jóvenes. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con alcance transversal y descriptivo utilizando fuentes secundarias. Los resultados muestran que las herramientas tecnológicas como el Marketing de Contenidos y Redes Sociales, Inteligencia Artificial, Impresión 3D, Realidad Virtual, Big Data, Dispositivos a través de la Voz, Robotización, automatización y transformación digital de empresas, Comercio Electrónico y Ocio Digital son la nueva fuente para el desarrollo empresarial. Si bien México está preparado para la implementación de negocios vía Internet, cabe señalar que aún existen barreras como la burocracia, capacitación, mayor inversión, desconocimiento y resistencia al cambio. Entonces, es urgente desarrollar estrategias colaborativas público-privadas-académicas para fortalecer las instituciones, la infraestructura y las capacidades humanas enfocadas en las nuevas tecnologías para garantizar el empleo digno para la generación Z, también conocida como la generación Centennials, los nacidos entre 1995 y 2010.

ABSTRACT This paper raises some points about the economy and economic policies, and presents some possible economic solution, providing the stimulus for economic thought and importantly action to forestall economic problems. The practicable economic policies suggested in the paper would to some extent alleviate the serious economic problems of inflation, deflation, recessions, and unemployment, though it is also hoped that the suggested economic policies could permanently eliminate these serious economic issues. The successful implementation of these economic policies would certainly lead to a better society, possibly with inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all. solution inflation deflation recessions unemployment issues society growth employment all

RESUMO Este artigo aborda alguns pontos sobre a economia e as políticas econômicas, e apresenta algumas soluções econômicas possíveis, fornecendo o estímulo para o pensamento econômico e ações importantes para prevenir problemas econômicos. As políticas econômicas praticáveis sugeridas no documento aliviariam até certo ponto os sérios problemas econômicos de inflação, deflação, recessão e desemprego, embora também se espere que as políticas econômicas sugeridas possam eliminar permanentemente esses sérios problemas econômicos. A implementação bem-sucedida dessas políticas econômicas certamente levaria a uma sociedade melhor, possivelmente com crescimento econômico inclusivo e sustentável, emprego e trabalho decente para todos. possíveis inflação deflação desemprego bemsucedida bem sucedida melhor sustentável todos

Resumen El presente estudio analiza los efectos de la liberalización comercial sobre el empleo y el mercado laboral de la industria manufacturera mexicana. Se pone un énfasis especial en identificar el grado en que el cambiante desempeño de la industria en el comercio exterior fue acompañado de una mejora en las condiciones de trabajo hacia el empleo decente. Con este objetivo, se recurre a la aplicación del marco metodológico propuesto por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) para el empleo decente en combinación con el análisis insumo-producto a fin de explorar posibles interrelaciones del comercio internacional y ciertos indicadores del trabajo decente en dos ramas de la manufactura en México: la automotriz y la textil. Se seleccionaron tales industrias por sus diferencias en su estructura industrial, en sus papeles en las cadenas globales de valor (CGV) y en su dinamismo en las décadas recientes. Un aporte fundamental del presente estudio fue la construcción de series de tiempo de indicadores de trabajo decente para ambas industrias en México, con base en los lineamientos de la OIT y con información oficial. Este estudio es el primero en construir indicadores de trabajo decente en México a nivel industrial. En la investigación se detectan diferencias significativas entre ambas industrias en lo que concierne a sus avances hacia el trabajo decente, las cuales hasta cierto punto pueden explicarse por sus distintos desempeños en el comercio. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, el estudio cierra con una serie de recomendaciones para ayudar a fortalecer el avance en México hacia el trabajo decente.

Abstract The study examines the effects of trade liberalization on employment and the labor market in Mexico’s manufacturing industry. The analysis places special emphasis on assessing the extent to which the industry’s distinct trade performance is accompanied by an improvement in labor conditions to ensure decent work. For this purpose, the study applies the framework of decent work indicators developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), in combination with input-output analysis, to explore selected links between international trade and certain indicators of decent work in two industries of Mexico’s manufacturing sector: automotive and textile. We chose these two industries because of the key differences in their organizational structures, their roles in global value chains (GVC), and their dynamism in recent decades. A key contribution of the study was to construct a set of relevant time series indicators of decent work for these two industrial activities in Mexico, based on ILO guidelines and official data. This study is the first one to build indicators of decent work at the industry level in Mexico. It finds important differences in these two industries’ advances towards decent work, which can be partly explained by their distinct performances in international trade. Based on these results, the study offers some policy recommendations to help achieve a more robust pace of progress towards decent work.

Abstract Youth pathways are significant for studying the reconfigurations that happen in the contemporary world, in its various social spheres. Youth is the social contingent most directly exposed to the dilemmas of our society, and nowadays unemployment rates among young people in the country are expressive. In addition to the barriers to entering and keeping a first job, the difficulties they face to remain in a decent and protected job are even greater. The data also show that informality is higher in this group when compared to the group of the adults. Regarding the condition of formal employment, the presence of young people in occupations with greater turnover and temporary entries is notorious. In this sense, aiming at unveiling the pathways of work built up by part of the Brazilian working youth, this study intends, by using singular paths and jointly triangulating with national databases, to analyze two forms of entry in the job market: the first job through the youth apprenticeship law and employment in the telemarketing sector. The young people pathways analyzed contributed to the flexible forms of employment being a gateway to the exercise of a paid activity. However, the great transformation that has occurred in recent years lies in the fact that both precarious jobs and new forms of underemployment – apprentices and telemarketing operators – assume less and less the form of a bridge leading to job stability. For many young people, this type of job stopped being a particular biographical event to become a way of life. world spheres society expressive adults notorious sense intends databases market sector activity However stability life

Resumo Os trânsitos juvenis são significativos para pesquisar as reconfigurações que tomam corpo no mundo contemporâneo, em suas diversas esferas sociais. A juventude é o contingente social mais diretamente exposto aos dilemas de nossa sociedade, e hoje são expressivas as taxas de desemprego entre os jovens no país. Além das barreiras para ingressar e se manter em um primeiro emprego, são ainda maiores as dificuldades encontradas para permanecer em um emprego digno e protegido. Os dados também evidenciam que a informalidade se apresenta mais elevada nesse grupo quando comparado ao grupo dos adultos. Já em condição de emprego formal, é notória a presença dos jovens em ocupações de maior rotatividade e inserções provisórias. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo de desvelar os percursos laborais construídos por parte da juventude trabalhadora brasileira, este trabalho pretende, por meio de singulares trajetórias e triangulando conjuntamente com bases de dados nacionais, analisar duas formas de inserção no trabalho: o primeiro emprego por meio da lei da aprendizagem e o emprego no setor de telemarketing. Os percursos juvenis analisados contribuíram para que as formas flexíveis de emprego constituam uma porta de acesso ao exercício de uma atividade remunerada. Todavia, a grande transformação que se verifica nos últimos anos reside no fato de que tanto os empregos precários como as novas formas de subemprego – aprendizes e os operadores de telemarketing – assumem cada vez menos uma ponte para a estabilidade empregatícia. Para muitos jovens, esse tipo de trabalho deixou de ser um acontecimento biográfico pontual, passando a um modo de vida. contemporâneo sociais sociedade país protegido adultos formal provisórias sentido brasileira pretende nacionais remunerada Todavia empregatícia pontual vida

Resumen La atención gerontológica como toda actividad profesional arrastra situaciones de conflicto comunes a toda relación laboral, que en última instancia remiten a los problemas que registra el sector de los cuidados a mayores para ofertar puestos de trabajo de calidad y suficientemente remunerados. En este caso se pone el foco de atención sobre tres aspectos que se consideran de interés a estos efectos: por un lado, la lucha de los trabajadores por un salario justo; por otro, el conflicto jurídico generado en torno al convenio colectivo aplicable a las empresas multiservicios que operan en este sector; finalmente, el debate jurídico sobre las funciones que son propias de los gerocultores. Siendo de agradecer la intervención del Tribunal Supremo en la resolución de las dos últimas cuestiones señaladas, la dinámica de este sector permite concluir que todavía queda un largo camino por recorrer hasta situar al mismo en el umbral de lo que puede estimarse como trabajo decente. En este sentido, la mejora de los estándares laborales del sector parece que claramente han de pasar, con independencia de las puntuales soluciones judiciales, por una dinámica negociadora que alumbre unas condiciones de trabajo más acordes con el estándar referido, sobre todo en materia de salario.

Abstract Gerontological care, like any professional activity, involves situations of conflict common to any employment relationship, which ultimately refer to the problems experienced by the care sector for the elderly in order to offer quality and sufficiently paid jobs. In this case, the focus is on three aspects that are considered of interest for these purposes: on the one hand, the workers' struggle for a fair salary; on the other, the legal conflict generated around the collective agreement applicable to multi-service companies operating in this sector; finally, the legal debate on the functions that are typical of the gerocultores. Being grateful for the intervention of the Supreme Court in the resolution of the last two issues mentioned, the dynamics of this sector allows us to conclude that there is still a long way to go to place it at the threshold of what can be considered as decent work Being grateful for the intervention of the Supreme Court in the resolution of the last two issues mentioned, the dynamics of this sector allows us to conclude that there is still a long way to go to place it at the threshold of what can be considered as decent work. In this sense, the improvement of labour standards in the sector seems to clearly have to go through, regardless of specific judicial resolutions, through a dynamic negotiation that sheds light on working conditions that are more in line with the aforementioned standard, especially in terms of salary.

Resumen El presente artículo se realiza en base a una creciente problemática regional - la migración venezolana- teniendo como enfoque la discriminación múltiple y su incidencia en los derechos laborales de las mujeres migrantes venezolanas. Pues, el factor de género y migración, acrecienta las exclusiones creadas por la utilización de enfoques políticos y normativos laborales que ignoran algunas situaciones como el de ser unas personas migrantes, más aún por la falta de información y sistematización de su situación laboral. La investigación inicia dando un abordaje de conceptos básicos como igualdad de género y discriminación múltiple, para luego, en esta línea, hacer un análisis de como la diseminación múltiple afecta al género femenino en otros sectores. Asimismo, se estudia la normativa laboral nacional e internacional para recabar información sobre el tratamiento estatal de esta problemática, teniendo en cuenta que las mujeres migrantes deben tener adecuada protección jurídica con la adopción de garantías y mecanismos idóneos teniendo en cuenta su realidad social y su situación legal de ingreso al país -en su mayoría informal. Finalmente, observando la información recabada se puede concluir que existe la innegable la necesidad de ajustar e incorporar, en las políticas de atención existentes a personas migrantes, el enfoque de inclusión e interseccionalidad y los principios de accesibilidad a trabajos dignos dentro de la formalidad para las mujeres migrantes.

Abastract This article is based on a growing regional problem - Venezuelan migration - taking into account multiple discrimination and its impact on the labor rights of Venezuelan migrant women. Well, the gender and migration factor increases the exclusions created by the use of political and labor regulatory approaches that ignore some situations such as being migrants, even more so due to the lack of information and systematization of their employment situation. The research begins by giving an approach to basic concepts such as gender equality and multiple discrimination, and then, in this line, makes an analysis of how multiple dissemination affects the female gender in other sectors. Likewise, national and international labor regulations are studied to gather information on the state treatment of this problem, taking into account that migrant women must have adequate legal protection with the adoption of adequate guarantees and mechanisms taking into account their social reality and their situation. legal entry into the country -mostly informal. Finally, observing the information collected, it can be concluded that there is an undeniable need to adjust and incorporate, in the existing care policies for migrants, the inclusion and intersectionality approach and the principles of accessibility to decent jobs within the formality for women. migrant women.