Resumen Introducción: Es poco lo que se han estudiado en América Latina los factores asociados con mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 manejados con ventilación mecánica. Métodos: Este estudio prospectivo se adelantó en un solo centro entre los meses de abril y octubre de 2020 e incluyó pacientes con COVID-19 manejados con ventilación mecánica. Se excluyeron pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas después de la intubación orotraqueal. Se recopilaron datos de las características clínicas, resultados de laboratorio, intervenciones ventilatorias y desenlaces, y se hizo una comparación entre el grupo de pacientes fallecidos y el grupo de sobrevivientes. Se examinó la asociación entre estos factores y la muerte intrahospitalaria, y las covariables relevantes se incluyeron en un modelo multivariable de regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 273 pacientes (72.5% hombres), la tasa de mortalidad fue del 37% (IC 95% 31% - 43%), la mediana de edad fue de 36 años (RIC 52-72) y la comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión (45%). Los factores asociados con mortalidad fueron: edad avanzada (OR 1.08; IC 95% 1.05-1.11), género masculino (OR 2.79; IC 95% 1.30-6.01), inmunosupresión (OR 3.98; IC 95% 1.57-10.06), trombocitopenia (OR 3.84; CI 95% 1.47-10.01), presión de distensión (OR 1.20; IC 95% 1.07-1.34) y el uso de diálisis (OR 4.94; IC 95% 2.56-9.51). La presencia de hipertensión (OR 0.35; IC 95% 0.17-0.71) y de fiebre (OR 0.51; IC 95% 0.27-0.98) al momento de la hospitalización demostraron tener un efecto protector. Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación entre la edad avanzada, el sexo masculino, la inmunosupresión, la trombocitopenia, una presión de distensión elevada, el uso de diálisis, la ausencia de fiebre o de hipertensión y un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 ventilados mecánicamente.

Abstract Introduction: Factors associated with mortality among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients have been scarcely studied in Latin America. Objective: To identify factors associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Methods: This prospective study was undertaken in a single center between April and October 2020, recruiting COVID-19 patients managed with mechanical ventilation. We excluded patients who died within the first 24 hours after endotracheal intubation. Clinical characteristics, laboratory results, ventilation interventions, and outcomes were collected and compared between the deceased and surviving groups. The association between these factors and hospital death was examined, and relevant covariates were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: A total of 273 patients were included (72.5% male), the mortality rate was 37% (95% CI 31% - 43%), and the median age was 63 years (IQR 52-72). The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension (45%). Factors associated with mortality were: older age (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.051.11), male gender (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.30-6.01), immunosuppression (OR 3.98; 95% CI 1.57-10.06), thrombocytopenia (OR 3.84; CI 95% 1.47-10.01), driving pressure (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07-1.34) and the use of dialysis (OR 4.94; 95% CI 2.56-9.51). Chronic hypertension (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.17-0.71) and fever on admission (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.27-0.98) were found to have a protective effect. Conclusions: Older age, male sex, immunosuppression, thrombocytopenia, increased driving pressure, use of dialysis, absence of fever, or arterial hypertension were associated with an increased risk of mortality among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients.

Abstract This text analyzes, from the perspective of framing, how newspapers framed the “Spanish influenza” suffered by the inhabitants of Chiapas in 1918. It was found that initially, they tried to minimize the lethality of the disease, but when the deceased increased and was verified the seriousness of the situation, they highlighted the measures dictated by political and health authorities, the generated solidarity, and marginally the economic consequences. The most frequently used frame was human interest, followed by solutions/recommendations and attribution of responsibility, in a context where Chiapas was experiencing military conflicts, eventho these had already decreased, from the Mexican Revolution.

Resumen Este texto analiza, desde la perspectiva del framing, la forma en que los periódicos enmarcaron la “influenza española” que padecieron los habitantes de Chiapas en 1918. Se encontró que en un principio trataron de minimizar la letalidad de la enfermedad, pero cuando los fallecidos incrementaron y se comprobó la gravedad de la situación, destacaron las medidas dictadas por las autoridades políticas y sanitarias, la solidaridad generada y, de forma marginal, las consecuencias económicas. El frame que más se empleó fue de interés humano, seguido por el de soluciones/recomendaciones y de atribución de responsabilidad, en un contexto en el que Chiapas vivía enfrentamientos militares, aunque ya disminuidos, de la Revolución mexicana.

Abstract Introduction. The critical pathway for deceased donation offers a methodical framework for guiding the donation process. It not only serves to assess performance but also to identify areas of potential improvement. Therefore, the identification and selection of potential organ donors (POD) is a key process. This study aims to describe the critical pathway for deceased donation in a cohort of POD in three regions (CRT1, CRT2, and CRT5) of Colombia. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed data of POD assessed from January 2022 to December 2022. General characteristics of POD, diagnosis, contraindication causes, and organ procurement were described. Analysis was conducted using the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables. Results. Within the cohort of 1451 assessed POD, 441 (30.3%) were diagnosed with brain death. Among potential donors after brain death, 198 (44.9%) were eligible donors (medically suitable). Of these, 157 donors (79.3%) became actual donors (undergoing operative incision for organ recovery), with 147 (93,6 %) having at least one organ recovered (actual donors with organ recovery). Ultimately, 411 utilized organs were utilized. Additionally, there were observed differences in the characteristics of donors from different regions. Conclusion. This study reports the critical pathway for deceased donation in a cohort of POD in three regions of Colombia. This provides useful information and helps to gain insight and understanding into the process of organ donation and organ procurement in order to take actions that could improve the donation rates.

Resumen Introducción. La ruta crítica de donantes fallecidos permite un enfoque sistemático para la donación de riñón, y, proporciona una herramienta para evaluar el rendimiento de áreas de mejora potencial. La selección de posibles donantes de órganos (PDO) es un proceso clave. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la ruta crítica para la donación de fallecidos en una cohorte de PDO en tres regiones de Colombia. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de PDO evaluados durante 2022. Se describieron las características generales de los PDO, el diagnóstico y las causas de contraindicación. El análisis se llevó a cabo utilizando la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para las variables categóricas y la prueba de Mann-Whitney para las variables cuantitativas. Resultados. Entre los 1451 POD evaluados, 441 (30,3 %) fueron diagnosticados con muerte cerebral. De los posibles donantes después de la muerte cerebral, 198 (44,9 %) fueron donantes elegibles (adecuados desde el punto de vista médico). Entre ellos, 157 donantes (79,3 %) fueron donantes reales (en quienes se realizó una incisión operatoria con la intención de recuperar órganos) y 147 (93,6 %) tuvieron al menos un órgano recuperado (donantes reales con recuperación de órganos). Finalmente, se identificaron 411 órganos utilizados. Conclusión. Este estudio reporta la ruta crítica para la donación de fallecidos en una cohorte de POD en tres regiones de Colombia. Esto proporciona información útil, ayuda a obtener conocimientos y comprender el proceso de donación y obtención de órganos, para tomar medidas que puedan mejorar las tasas de donación.

Resumen Introducción : A pesar de las mejoras en los cuidados de la salud, la mortalidad asociada a neumonía continúa siendo alta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores asociados a mortalidad en neumonía bacterié mica por neumococo. Métodos : Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en pacien tes adultos con diagnóstico de neumonía y neumococo aislado en hemocultivos, entre enero 2012 y mayo 2021. Se analizaron: variables clínicas y de laboratorio, com promiso radiológico, evolución y mortalidad durante la internación. Se comparó el grupo de pacientes fallecidos con el de sobrevivientes. Resultados : Se incluyeron 152 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años y el 58.9% fueron hombres. El 33% presentó un CURB-65 mayor a 2 al momento de internación. La mortalidad global fue 34% (n=52). Los pacientes fallecidos se encontraban más frecuente mente taquipneicos al ingreso (frecuencia respiratoria 26 vs. 22; p=0.003), presentaban más frecuentemente alteración del sensorio (58% vs. 14%; p< 0.001), PaO2/ fracción inspirada de oxígeno (PAFI) < 250 (58% vs. 22%; p<0.001), compromiso radiológico bilateral (50% vs. 32%; p=0.03), necesidad de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) (50% vs. 12%; p< 0.001), mayor valor de creati nina en sangre (1.6 vs. 1.15; p=0.01), menor recuento de glóbulos blancos (10 900 vs. 17 400; p=0.002), menor valor de glucemia (111 vs. 120; p=0.01) y menos días de estancia hospitalaria (6 vs. 9; p=0.015). En el análisis de regresión logística multivariable se mantuvieron diferen cias significativas en los siguientes factores asociados a mortalidad: ventilación mecánica (OR=3.54), confusión (OR=5.95), radiografía con compromiso bilateral (OR= 3.20) y PAFI < 250 (OR=3.62). Conclusión : Los factores relacionados con mortalidad, a pesar de la presencia de bacteriemia, no difieren de los publicados en la literatura y forman parte de los scores pronósticos de práctica habitual.

Abstract Introduction : Despite improvements in health care, pneumonia-associated mortality remains high. The ob jective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with mortality in bacteremic pneumonia caused by pneumococcus. Methods : Retrospective cohort study in adult pa tients with pneumonia diagnosis and isolation of pneu mococcus in blood cultures, between January 2012 and May 2021, was carried out. Clinical and laboratory vari ables, radiological involvement, evolution and mortal ity during hospitalization were analyzed. The group of deceased patients was compared with that of survivors. Results : 152 patients were included. Median age: 58 years; men: 58.9%; 33% presented a CURB-65 > than 2 at admission. Overall mortality: 34% (n=52). Deceased patients were more tachypneic on admission (respira tory rate 26 vs. 22; p=0.003), presented sensory alteration more frequently (58% vs. 14%; p< 0.001), PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 250 (58% vs. 22%; p<0.001), bilateral radiological compromise (50% vs. 32%; p=0.03), needed mechanical ventilation (50% vs 12%; p< 0.001), higher blood creatinine values (1.6 vs. 1.15; p=0.01), lower white blood cell count (10 900 vs 17 400; p=0.002), a lower glucose dosage (111 vs. 120; p=0.01), and fewer days of hospital stay (6 vs. 9; p=0.015). In logistic regression model, significant differences were maintained in the following factors associated with mortality: mechanical ventilation (OR=3.54), altered mental status (OR=5.95), chest X-ray with bilateral compromise (OR 3.20) and PAFI less than 250 (OR=3.62). Conclusion : In our series, the factors related to mor tality, despite the presence of bacteremia, do not differ from those published in the literature and which are part of the different prognostic scores used in routine practice.

Resumen. La cantidad de muertes violentas en México ha venido creciendo durante los últimos años, lo que ha ocasionado enormes retos en las políticas públicas, específicamente en las relacionadas con la seguridad pública, los servicios de salud y las aseguradoras. En general, una muerte violenta es una tragedia que, con frecuencia, puede ser evitada. Además, dicha pérdida no sólo afecta a la víctima y a sus familiares, ya que repercute en toda la sociedad. En efecto, al considerar esta problemática, y utilizando las ecuaciones de ingreso de Mincer, observamos que se han perdido cuantiosas vidas de trabajadores (potenciales o en activo), por lo que la sociedad ha perdido el ingreso y el consumo potenciales de las personas fallecidas. Por tal razón, en este artículo estimamos las pérdidas económicas causadas por las muertes violentas, esperando coadyuvar a aumentar la conciencia sobre la urgencia de delinear e instrumentar políticas públicas que disminuyan este tipo de fallecimientos que, insistimos, son evitables.

Abstract. The number of violent deaths in Mexico has been increasing in recent years. This has brought a great challenge to public policies, specifically those related to public safety, health services, Tand insurance. A violent death is a senseless tragedy that could be avoided, and it is incorrect to think that this death exclusively affects the victim and their family members. In reality, it affects the whole of society. When considering this problem using Mincer’s income equations, we observe that the lives of workers (potential or active) have been lost and that society has lost the income and potential consumption of the deceased. For this reason, in this article we intend to assess the economic losses caused by violent demises, hoping to help increase awareness that public policies are urgently needed to reduce these types of preventable deaths.

ABSTRACT Purpose The clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation from deceased donors have seen significant improvements with the use of machine perfusion (MP), now a standard practice in transplant centers. However, the use of perfusate biomarkers for assessing organ quality remains a subject of debate. Despite this, some centers incorporate them into their decision-making process for donor kidney acceptance. Recent studies have indicated that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione S-transferase, interleukin-18, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could predict post-transplant outcomes. Materials and Methods Between August 2016 and June 2017, 31 deceased-donor after brain death were included and stroke was the main cause of death. Pediatric patients, hypersensitized recipients were excluded. 43 kidneys were subjected to machine perfusion. Perfusate samples were collected just before the transplantation and stored at -80ºC. Kidney transplant recipients have an average age of 52 years, 34,9% female, with a BMI 24,6±3,7. We employed receiver operating characteristic analysis to investigate associations between these perfusate biomarkers and two key clinical outcomes: delayed graft function and primary non-function. Results The incidence of delayed graft function was 23.3% and primary non-function was 14%. A strong association was found between NGAL concentration and DGF (AUC=0.766, 95% CI, P=0.012), and between LDH concentration and PNF (AUC=0.84, 95% CI, P=0.027). Other perfusate biomarkers did not show significant correlations with these clinical outcomes. Conclusion The concentrations of NGAL and LDH during machine perfusion could assist transplant physicians in improving the allocation of donated organs and making challenging decisions regarding organ discarding. Further, larger-scale studies are required. MP, MP , (MP) However debate this decisionmaking decision acceptance LDH, (LDH) Stransferase, Stransferase S transferase, transferase S-transferase interleukin18, interleukin18 interleukin 18, 18 interleukin-18 gelatinaseassociated gelatinase associated (NGAL posttransplant post 201 2017 3 deceaseddonor patients excluded 4 80ºC. 80ºC ºC -80ºC 5 years 349 34 9 34,9 female 24637 24 6 7 24,6±3,7 nonfunction. nonfunction non function. 233 23 23.3 14 14% AUC=0.766, AUC0766 AUC 0 766 (AUC=0.766 95 CI P=0.012, P0012 P P=0.012 012 P=0.012) AUC=0.84, AUC084 84 (AUC=0.84 P=0.027. P0027 P=0.027 . 027 P=0.027) discarding Further largerscale larger scale required (MP (LDH interleukin1 1 interleukin-1 20 34, 2463 2 24,6±3, 23. AUC=0.766 AUC076 76 (AUC=0.76 P001 P=0.01 01 AUC=0.84 AUC08 8 (AUC=0.8 P002 P=0.02 02 interleukin- 246 24,6±3 AUC=0.76 AUC07 (AUC=0.7 P00 P=0.0 AUC=0.8 AUC0 (AUC=0. 24,6± AUC=0.7 P0 P=0. AUC=0. (AUC=0 24,6 P=0 AUC=0 (AUC= 24, P= AUC= (AUC

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anemia is frequent in patients undergoing replacement therapy for kidney failure. Anemia in the pre- and post-transplantation period might be related to kidney transplant outcomes. The current study therefore sought to assess the relationship between anemia, delayed allograft function (DGF), chronic kidney allograft dysfunction (CAD), and death from any cause following kidney transplantation from a deceased donor. Methods: This was a retrospective study with 206 kidney transplant patients of deceased donors. We analyzed deceased donors’ and kidney transplant patients’ demographic data. Moreover, we compared biochemical parameters, anemia status, and medicines between DGF and non-DGF groups. Afterward, we performed a multivariate analysis. We also evaluated outcomes, such as CAD within one year and death in ten years. Results: We observed a lower frequency of pre-transplant hemoglobin concentration (Hb) but higher frequency of donor-serum creatinine and red blood transfusion within one week after transplantation in the group with DGF. In addition, there was an independent association between Hb concentration before transplantation and DGF [OR 0.252, 95%CI: 0.159–0.401; p < 0.001]. There was also an association between Hb concentration after six months of kidney transplantation and both CAD [OR 0.798, 95% CI: 0.687–0.926; p = 0.003] and death from any cause. Conclusion: An association was found between pre-transplantation anemia and DGF and between anemia six months after transplantation and both CAD and death by any cause. Thus, anemia before or after transplantation affects the outcomes for patients who have undergone kidney transplantation from a deceased donor. Introduction failure pre posttransplantation post DGF, , (DGF) CAD, (CAD) donor Methods 20 donors data Moreover parameters status nonDGF non groups Afterward analysis years Results pretransplant (Hb donorserum serum addition OR 0252 0 252 0.252 95%CI 95CI CI 95 0.159–0.401 01590401 159 401 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 001 0.001] 0798 798 0.798 0.687–0.926 06870926 687 926 0.003 0003 003 Conclusion pretransplantation Thus (DGF (CAD 2 025 25 0.25 9 0.159–0.40 0159040 15 40 000 0.00 00 079 79 0.79 0.687–0.92 0687092 68 92 02 0.2 0.159–0.4 015904 1 4 0.0 07 7 0.7 0.687–0.9 068709 6 0. 0.159–0. 01590 0.687–0. 06870 0.159–0 0159 0.687–0 0687 0.159– 015 0.687– 068 0.159 01 0.687 06 0.15 0.68 0.1 0.6

RESUMO Introdução: A anemia é frequente em pacientes submetidos à terapia substitutiva para insuficiência renal. A anemia nos períodos pré e pós-transplante pode estar relacionada aos desfechos do transplante renal. Portanto, o presente estudo buscou avaliar a relação entre anemia, função retardada do enxerto (FRE), disfunção crônica do enxerto renal (DCE) e óbito por qualquer causa após transplante renal de doador falecido. Métodos: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com 206 pacientes transplantados renais de doadores falecidos. Analisamos dados demográficos de doadores falecidos e pacientes transplantados renais. Além disso, comparamos parâmetros bioquímicos, status de anemia e medicamentos entre os grupos FRE e não-FRE. Posteriormente, realizamos uma análise multivariada. Também avaliamos desfechos, como DCE em um ano e óbito em dez anos. Resultados: Observamos menor frequência de concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) pré-transplante, mas maior frequência de creatinina sérica do doador e transfusão de hemácias no período de uma semana após o transplante no grupo FRE. Além disso, houve associação independente entre a concentração de Hb antes do transplante e a FRE [OR 0,252; IC 95%: 0,159–0,401; p < 0,001]. Houve também associação entre a concentração de Hb após seis meses de transplante renal e ambos, DCE [OR 0,798; IC95%: 0,687–0,926; p = 0,003] e óbito por qualquer causa. Conclusão: Encontrou-se uma associação entre anemia pré-transplante e FRE e entre anemia seis meses após o transplante e ambos, DCE e óbito por qualquer causa. Assim, a anemia antes ou após o transplante afeta os desfechos de pacientes que foram submetidos a transplante renal de doador falecido. Introdução póstransplante pós Portanto FRE, , (FRE) (DCE falecido Métodos 20 disso bioquímicos nãoFRE. nãoFRE não não-FRE Posteriormente multivariada anos Resultados (Hb prétransplante, prétransplante transplante, OR 0,252 0252 0 252 95% 95 0,159–0,401 01590401 159 401 0,001. 0001 0,001 . 001 0,001] ambos 0,798 0798 798 IC95% IC95 0,687–0,926 06870926 687 926 0,003 0003 003 Conclusão Encontrouse Encontrou se Assim (FRE 2 0,25 025 25 9 0,159–0,40 0159040 15 40 000 0,00 00 0,79 079 79 IC9 0,687–0,92 0687092 68 92 0,2 02 0,159–0,4 015904 1 4 0,0 0,7 07 7 0,687–0,9 068709 6 0, 0,159–0, 01590 0,687–0, 06870 0,159–0 0159 0,687–0 0687 0,159– 015 0,687– 068 0,159 01 0,687 06 0,15 0,68 0,1 0,6

Abstract Introduction : Meningeal cryptococcosis (MC) is a frequent cause of meningoencephalitis in people living with HIV (PLHIV), leading to substantial morbidity (20- 55%). Clinical characteristics, lethality and adverse prog nostic factors in PLHIV with MC admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are described. Methods : A retrospective observational study. Period from 11/21/2006 to 05/24/2023. It involved 154 adult PLHIV diagnosed with MC and admitted to ICUs. Percen tages and absolute values were compared by Chi-Square or Fisher’s test and medians by Mann-Whitney test. The association with mortality was assessed by logistic re gression. SPSS 23.0 software was used. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results : Patients who died and those who survived were comparable in age and sex (p>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that impaired functional and nutritio nal status, lack of previous highly active antiretroviral therapy, CD4 <100 cells, APACHE II ≥13 and a PLHIV prognostic score ≥8 points, requiring mechanical venti lation (MV), respiratory failure, renal failure, neurological dysfunction or sepsis could be associated (p<0.05) with mortality. Logistic regression established that impaired functional and nutritional status, a PLHIV prognostic score ≥8, need for MV and presence of sepsis would be independent variables associated with mortality. Conclusion : The results indicate that altered functio nal and nutritional status, a PLHIV prognostic score ≥ 8 points, requiring MV and suffering sepsis on admission to the ICU are more frequent in deceased patients, and they could therefore serve as independent variables to predict a higher risk of mortality.

Resumen Introducción : La criptococosis meníngea (CM) es una causa frecuente de meningoencefalitis en personas que viven con HIV (PVHIV) y produce una importante morbi-mortalidad (20-55%). Se describen las características clínicas, la letalidad y las variables de mal pronóstico en PVHIV con CM, en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos : Estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Pe ríodo 21/11/2006 a 24/05/2023. Población evaluada: 154 PVHIV adultos, admitidos en UCI con diagnóstico de CM. Los porcentajes y valores absolutos, fueron comparados mediante Chi-Cuadrado o test de Fisher y las medianas mediante test de Mann-Whitney. La asociación con mortalidad se evaluó por regresión logística. Se utilizó el programa SPSS 23.0. Un valor p<0.05 fue considerado significativo. Resultados : Los pacientes que fallecieron y los que so brevivieron fueron comparables en edad y sexo (p>0.05). El análisis univariado, observó que un estado funcional y nutricional alterado, falta de tratamiento antirretroviral previo (TARV), CD4 <100 células/μl, APACHE II ≥13 y un score pronóstico de PVHIV ≥8 puntos, requerir ventilación mecánica (VM), sufrir insuficiencia respiratoria, renal, disfunción neurológica o sepsis, podrían estar asociados (p<0.05) con mortalidad. La regresión logística estableció que un estado funcional y nutricional alterado, un score pronóstico PVHIV ≥8, necesitar VM y sufrir sepsis serían variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad. Conclusión : Los resultados indican que el estado funcional y nutricional alterado, un score pronóstico PVHIV ≥8 puntos, requerir VM y sufrir sepsis al ingreso a UCI podrían servir como variables independientes para predecir un mayor riesgo de mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cerebrovascular disease is the most prevalent neurological condition, globally it represents 11% of total annual deaths and in Cuba is the third cause of death. Objective: Characterize early mortality in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out on patients who suffered an ischemic stroke during one year. Summary and dispersion measures were used with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Mortality was 15.1%, with a slight predominance of the female sex and white skin colors prevailed. Almost two-thirds of the death occurred in the first seven days of the acute ischemic event and in more than half of the patient cerebral edema was present as the cause of death. The vascular risk factors that predominated were high blood pressure, smoking and diabetes mellitus, with the large vessel atherothrombotic stroke subtype prevailing. When comparing the mean values between living and deceased patients, the variables: age, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, leukocytes, blood glucose, leukoglycemic index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were statistically significant. Conclusions: Stroke mortality in the Julio Trigo hospital behaves from a clinical and epidemiological point of view almost similarly to what was reported by other authors in other geographical regions and also in Cuba.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad cerebrovascular es la afección neurológica de mayor prevalencia; globalmente representa el 11 % del total de defunciones anuales y en Cuba es la tercera causa de muerte. Objetivo: Caracterizar la mortalidad temprana en los pacientes con ictus isquémico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de los pacientes que sufrieron un ictus isquémico durante un año. Se emplearon medidas de resumen y dispersión, con un intervalo de confianza del 95 % para la prueba t de Student. Resultados: La mortalidad fue de un 15,1 %, con ligero predominio del sexo femenino y prevaleció el color blanco de la piel. Casi 2 tercios de los fallecidos (58,9 %) ocurrieron en los primeros 7 días del evento isquémico agudo y en más de la mitad de los pacientes se presentó edema cerebral como causa directa de muerte. Los factores de riesgo vascular que predominaron fueron la hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus, y prevaleció el subtipo de ictus aterotrombótico de gran vaso. Al comparar los valores de la media entre los pacientes vivos y fallecidos, resultaron ser estadísticamente significativos las variables: edad, escala National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, leucocitos, glucemia, índice leuco-glucémico, eritrosedimentación y la proteína C reactiva. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por ictus, en el Hospital “Julio Trigo”, es similar, desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico, a lo reportado por otros autores en otras regiones geográficas y también en Cuba.

ABSTRACT The autopsy is recognized as a medical procedure of great usefulness and social benefit. To achieve these benefits and the proven importance of the autopsy, it is essential not only to perform it, but also to guarantee the highest possible quality in its execution. This work is aimed at exposing the main aspects and importance of the academic, healthcare, investigative and administrative achievements related to the autopsy, through the system of meetings, which allow charting the path to achieving this objective. In the methodology established for performing autopsies, fundamental guidelines are established to achieve optimal quality in their usefulness. If the results are only archived, the proposed objective is not achieved: maximum use of the autopsy. In Cuba, 4 types of meetings are held: the so-called “fresh pieces”, the review of the death certificate, the clinical-pathological meetings and those of the committee for the evaluation of deceased or mortality. Carrying out autopsies with optimal quality facilitates important academic, healthcare, investigative and even administrative achievements, through the system of meetings that enrich, in medical institutions, the results in the quality of the assistance provided, the contributions to teaching. undergraduate and postgraduate, and strengthen lines of research in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the population.

RESUMEN La autopsia es reconocida como un procedimiento médico de gran utilidad y beneficio social. Para lograr estos beneficios y la probada importancia de la autopsia es imprescindible, no solo realizarla, sino garantizar la más elevada calidad posible en su ejecución. Este trabajo está dirigido a exponer los principales aspectos e importancia de los logros académicos, asistenciales, investigativos y administrativos relacionados con la autopsia, a través del sistema de reuniones, que permiten trazar el camino para el logro de este objetivo. En la metodología establecida para la realización de las autopsias, se establecen pautas fundamentales para alcanzar una óptima calidad en su utilidad. Si los resultados solo se archivan, no se logra el objetivo propuesto: el máximo aprovechamiento de la autopsia. En Cuba se realizan 4 tipos de reuniones: las llamadas “piezas frescas”, el reparo del certificado de defunción, las clínico-patológicas y las del comité de evaluación de fallecidos o de mortalidad. La realización de autopsias con la óptima calidad, facilita importantes logros académicos, asistenciales, investigativos e incluso administrativos, a través del sistema de reuniones que enriquecen, en las instituciones médicas, los resultados en la calidad de la asistencia brindada, los aportes a la docencia de pregrado y posgrado, y fortalecen líneas de investigación en función de disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la población.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Invasive ventilation is frequently used during the course of serious pathologies, but not all patients benefit from this therapeutic modality. Objective: Identify risk factors for mortality in patients treated with invasive ventilation. Methods: An observational, analytical case-control study was carried out in patients treated with invasive ventilation; the cases were deceased patients. 25 cases (deceased) and 50 controls (not deceased) were randomly selected. The summary measures were applied for each type of variables, the association between the variables and mortality was determined by applying the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Results: In the nutritional evaluation, 44.0% were of normal weight and 21.3% presented complications. The risk factors for mortality were: disease severity ≥ 3 points (OR: 4.935, 95% CI: 1.700 - 14.329) and organ dysfunction ≥ 8 points (OR: 3.188, 95% CI: 1.177 - 8.636). Conclusions: Disease severity ≥ 3 points and organ dysfunction ≥ 8 points are the risk factors for mortality identified in patients treated with invasive ventilation.

RESUMEN Introducción: La ventilación invasiva es frecuentemente utilizada durante el curso de enfermedades graves, pero no todos los pacientes se benefician de esta modalidad terapéutica. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes tratados con ventilación invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles, en pacientes tratados con ventilación invasiva; los casos fueron los pacientes fallecidos. Se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria 25 casos (fallecidos) y 50 controles (no fallecidos). Se aplicaron las medidas resúmenes para cada tipo de variables, la determinación de asociación entre las variables y la mortalidad fue mediante la aplicación del odds ratio, con intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: En la evaluación nutricional eran normo peso el 44,0 % y presentó complicaciones el 21,3 %. Los factores riesgo de mortalidad fueron: gravedad de la enfermedad ≥ 3 puntos (OR: 4,935, IC 95 %: 1,700 - 14,329) y la disfunción orgánica ≥ 8 puntos (OR: 3,188, IC 95 %: 1,177 - 8,636). Conclusiones: La gravedad de la enfermedad ≥ 3 puntos y la disfunción orgánica ≥ 8 puntos son los factores de riesgo de mortalidad identificados en los pacientes tratados con ventilación invasiva.

Abstract Objective To identify the location of the Riché-Cannieu anastomosis (RCA) in relation to the Cardinal Kaplan Line (KCL) and the Y line. Methods A total of 20 hands of 10 recently-deceased adult male cadavers aged between 27 and 66 years were dissected for the investigation of the relationship of the most distal point of the RCA with the KCL and with the Y line, drawn from the axis of the third metacarpal head, following the longitudinal axis of the hand. Results In 20 limbs, the most distal point of the nerve communication was positioned distally in relation to the KCL. The Y line was positioned on the radial side in relation to the most distal point of the RCA in 14 limbs, and it was positioned on the ulnar side in relation to the Y line in 6 limbs. The crossing between the KCL and the Y line occurred proximal to the RCA in 18 limbs; in 1 hand, it was positioned distal to the intersection between these lines; and in another hand, the KCL was positioned exactly on the RCA. Conclusion Knowledge of these anatomical relationships can prevent damage to nerve branches and thus also prevent paralysis of intrinsic muscles in surgical procedures in the palm of the hand. RichéCannieu Riché Cannieu (RCA (KCL 2 recentlydeceased recently deceased head hand limbs lines

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a localização da anastomose de Riché-Cannieu (ARC) em relação à linha cardinal de Kaplan (LCK) e à linha Y. Métodos Ao todo, 20 mãos de 10 cadáveres adultos do sexo masculino com idades entre 27 e 66 anos, recentemente falecidos, foram dissecadas para a investigação da relação do ponto mais distal da ARC com a LCK e a linha Y traçada a partir do eixo da cabeça do terceiro metacarpo seguindo o eixo longitudinal da mão. Resultados Nos 20 membros, o ponto mais distal da comunicação nervosa era distal à LCK. A linha Y estava no lado radial em relação ao ponto mais distal da ARC em 14 membros, e no lado ulnar em relação à linha Y em 6 membros. O cruzamento entre a LCK e a linha Y foi proximal à ARC em 18 membros; em 1 mão, era distal à intersecção entre essas linhas e, em outra mão, a LCK estava exatamente na ARC. Conclusão O conhecimento dessas relações anatômicas pode prevenir danos aos ramos nervosos e, assim, também prevenir a paralisia dos músculos intrínsecos em procedimentos cirúrgicos na palma da mão. RichéCannieu Riché Cannieu (ARC (LCK todo 2 anos falecidos mão membros assim

Abstract. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze perceptions of COVID-19, its influence on ritual practices, and the restrictions on accompanying the deceased in Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. The ethnographic research methodology included participant observation, informal conversations, semi-structured interviews with Mazatec people, as well as the personal experience of living in Huautla. During fieldwork, there were some restrictions during intimate or public rituals, as respect was given to the grief of loss and some collaborators did not wish to discuss it. The originality of this text lies in uncovering the close relationship between death-illness-virus, as well as the mortuary treatment of the body during a pandemic, due to resistance to abandoning customs. Among the findings are beliefs in the afterlife and the rites performed by relatives for the deceased. We conclude that while this ritual practice was limited by COVID-19, it was not eliminated to avoid disrupting the journey of the deceased.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar las percepciones sobre la COVID-19, la influencia de ésta en la ritualidad y las restricciones del acompañamiento a los difuntos en Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. La metodología de investigación etnográfica incluyó observación participante, pláticas informales, entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con mazatecos, además de la experiencia personal de vivir en Huautla. En el trabajo de campo, durante los rituales íntimos o públicos, hubo algunas restricciones, pues se respetó el dolor por la pérdida y que algunos colaboradores no quisieran hablar al respecto. La originalidad del texto radica en develar la estrecha relación entre muerte-enfermedad-virus, así como el tratamiento mortuorio del cuerpo en pandemia, por resistirse a dejar sus costumbres. Entre los hallazgos situamos las creencias en la vida posterior y en los ritos que realizan familiares para el difunto. Concluimos que esta ritualidad se limitó por la COVID-19, pero no se eliminó para no afectar el viaje del difunto.

ABSTRACT Foundation: atherosclerosis is a disease of multifactorial origin that is aggravated as a result of an adverse environment and unhealthy lifestyles. Evidence confirms its onset from the earliest stages of life. Objective: to describe the presence of early atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas of deceased fetuses and neonates born to hypertensive mothers. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out that included fetuses older than 22 weeks and deceased neonates born to hypertensive mothers, who underwent autopsy in the pathological anatomy department of the Eusebio Hernández Pérez Gynecobstetric University Hospital, in the period between January 2021 and December 2022, with a total of 18. The following data were collected in the medical records: sex of the deceased, gestational age at the time of delivery, postpartum weight, maternal age, and history of arterial hypertension (chronic or gestational). The 18 aortas (thoracic and abdominal) of the selected deceased were analyzed. Results: of the total number of deceased studied, 70.6 % presented early atherosclerotic lesions, characterized by thickening of the intima as a cushion, presence of lymphocytes in the intima or in the arterial wall close to it and/or macrophages. In some cases, one of these histological variants was observed and in others a combination of two or three. Conclusions: early atherosclerotic lesions are present in the aortas of the majority of the fetuses and neonates studied, with a predominance in those with gestational hypertension.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la aterosclerosis es una enfermedad de origen multifactorial que se agrava a consecuencia de un medio ambiente adverso y de estilos de vida no saludables. Las evidencias confirman su inicio desde las etapas más tempranas de la vida. Objetivo: describir la presencia de lesiones ateroscleróticas tempranas en las aortas de fetos y neonatos fallecidos hijos de madres hipertensas. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal que incluyó a los fetos mayores de 22 semanas y neonatos fallecidos hijos de madres hipertensas, a quienes se les realizó autopsia en el departamento de anatomía patológica, del Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico Eusebio Hernández Pérez, en el período comprendido entre enero del 2021 hasta diciembre 2022, con un total de 18. Se recogieron los siguientes datos en las historias clínicas: sexo del fallecido, edad gestacional en el momento del parto, peso postparto, edad materna y antecedentes de hipertensión arterial (crónica o gestacional). Se analizaron las 18 aortas (torácicas y abdominales) de los fallecidos seleccionados. Resultados: del total de fallecidos estudiados el 70,6 % presentó lesiones ateroscleróticas tempranas, caracterizadas por engrosamiento de la íntima a modo de cojinete, presencia de linfocitos en la íntima o en la pared arterial cercana a ella y/o macrófagos. En algunos casos se observó una de estas variantes histológicas y en otros la combinación de dos o tres. Conclusiones: las lesiones ateroscleróticas tempranas están presentes en las aortas de la mayoría de los fetos y neonatos estudiados, con predominio en las que presentaban hipertensión gestacional.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre los resultados de la investigación: El Bogotazo como reescritura discontinua de la memoria. Se lleva a cabo una exploración archivística de documentos relacionados con los eventos del 9 de abril de 1948 en Bogotá, con el objetivo principal de reconstruir ficcionalmente la memoria de algunas víctimas del Bogotazo. Esta reconstrucción, siguiendo el método sugerido por Michel Foucault en la Arqueología del saber, se apoya en la interpretación de una lista aproximada de los fallecidos registrados, brindando un contexto concreto que permite la reconstrucción de sus historias individuales en el tejido narrativo. La perspectiva crítica de Santiago Castro-Gómez, reconocido por su análisis genealógico de las relaciones de poder y discursos en América Latina, es fundamental para comprender cómo estas se articulan en la construcción de la memoria histórica. Además, se incorporan elementos de la obra Vivir para Contarla de Gabriel García Márquez como parte de la reflexión sobre las víctimas, enriqueciendo el proceso de recreación ficcional y ampliando las posibilidades de comprensión y representación del Bogotazo.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre os resultados da pesquisa: O Bogotazo como uma reescrita descontínua da memória. É realizada uma exploração arquivística de documentos relacionados aos eventos de 9 de abril de 1948 em Bogotá, com o objetivo principal de reconstruir ficcionalmente a memória de algumas das vítimas do Bogotazo. Essa reconstrução, seguindo o método sugerido por Michel Foucault na Arqueologia do Saber, baseia-se na interpretação de uma lista aproximada dos falecidos registrados, fornecendo um contexto específico que permite a reconstrução de suas histórias individuais no tecido narrativo. A perspectiva crítica de Santiago Castro-Gómez, reconhecido por sua análise genealógica das relações de poder e dos discursos na América Latina, é fundamental para entender como eles se articulam na construção da memória histórica. Além disso, elementos da obra Viver para Contar de Gabriel García Márquez, são incorporados como parte da reflexão sobre as vítimas, enriquecendo o processo de recriação ficcional e ampliando as possibilidades de compreensão e representação do Bogotazo.

Abstract This article reflects upon the findings of the research titled El Bogotazo como reescritura discontinua de la memoria (El Bogotazo as a discontinuous rewriting of memory). This wor involves an archival exploration of documents related to the events of April 9, 1948, in Bogotá, with the main purpose of fictionally reconstructing the memory of some victims of El Bogotazo. This reconstruction, following the method suggested by Michel Foucault in The archaeology of knowledge, relies on the interpretation of an approximate list of registered deceased, providing a concrete context that enables the reconstruction of individual stories in the narrative fabric. The critical perspective of Santiago Castro-Gómez, renowned for his genealogical analysis of power relations and discourses in Latin America, is crucial in understanding how these relations are articulated in the construction of historical memory. Furthermore, elements of Gabriel García Márquez’s work titled Vivir para contarla are incorporated into the reflection on the victims, enriching the fictional recreation process and expanding the possibilities of understanding and representing El Bogotazo.