Resumen La deuda pública en Colombia entre el periodo de 1990 a 2020 se ha convertido en un eje estructurante de la economía política del país y bajo su manutención se ha generado un sin número de Leyes, Decretos y Normas que han determina do en gran parte las dinámicas de inversión y gasto social. Así mismo, se han su bordinado los derechos de la población colombiana a la estabilidad macroeco- nómica establecida bajo la teoría neoclásica. Si bien la deuda pública tiene una gran relevancia en la configuración del Estado en Colombia, los análisis sobre la problemática de la deuda pública y el servicio de esta es vago y no estructura la crisis fiscal del Estado con la del endeudamiento público, por lo cual en este artí culo se pretende evidenciar la configuración de la deuda pública en los últimos 30 años y su relación con la crisis fiscal del Estado.

Abstract The public debt in Colombia between 1990 and 2020 has become a structuring axis of the country's political economy and under its maintenance has generated a number of laws, decrees, and norms, which have largely determined the dyna mics of investment and social spending. Likewise, the rights of the Colombian population have been subordinated to the macroeconomic stability established under neoclassical theory. Although the public debt has a great relevance in the configuration of the State in Colombia, the analysis of the problem of public debt and its service is vague, and it does not structure the fiscal crisis of the Sta te with that of public indebtedness. Thus, this article aims to show the configu ration of the public debt in the last 30 years and its relationship with the fiscal crisis of the State.

Abstract In this paper I analyze the growth of credit that took place in many municipalities in the department of Antioquia (1912-1931). Credits were offered by a wealthy Brokerage House which at the time had abandoned foreign trade and was investing its profits in urban business and banking. Long time relations established with foreign banks allowed the commercial house to benefit from foreign loans, sums of money that were channeled to the region, and were intended to promote the development of public service infrastructure in rural areas. The article shows the flow of foreign capital into the region and the role played by financial intermediaries in Medellin which facilitated its entry into local financial circuits.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar un caso de la inversión para la provisión y mejoramiento de servicios públicos en distritos municipales de Antioquia y su financiamiento por parte del capital privado. Con tal fin se examinan los empréstitos otorgados por parte de una casa comercial-bancaria de Medellín, y en especial por uno de sus socios, en el periodo 1912-1931. Dicha firma obtuvo créditos de bancos extranjeros, recursos que canalizaron a numerosos distritos municipales. El texto revela hechos que tuvieron importancia en el crecimiento de Antioquia, esto es, el flujo de capital extranjero, así como el papel que desempeñaron intermediarios financieros de Medellín, los cuales facilitaron su ingreso en el circuito financiero local.

This paper provides the scholarly rationale for the proposed Armidale Food School (AFS) in terms of investigating care's role in the future of learning. We use Maria Puig de la Bellacasa's influential study of care and environment to ground the analysis. Puig (2017) argues that undoing the ecological and social harms of the agri-food system requires time to tend to plants and soil in different and slower ways. We argue that making time for these ideal forms of ecological care is difficult in the new 'asset' economy. Time is used up working in office jobs to service increasing financial burdens of education and mortgage debt. Grounded in traditions of radical and anti -colonial pedagogy and postcapitalist politics, AFS teaches students to think in expansive, critical, and practical ways about the barriers to these ideal forms of care while seeding changes in social practice in relation to the food system.

Resumen Un paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable es aquel que ingresa al servicio de urgencias con una presión arterial sistólica menor o igual de 90 mmHg, una frecuencia cardiaca mayor o igual a 120 latidos por minuto y un compromiso agudo de la relación ventilación/oxigenación y/o del estado de conciencia. Por esta razón, existe una alta mortalidad dentro de las primeras horas de un trauma severo ya sea por una hemorragia masiva, una lesión de la vía aérea y/o una alteración de la ventilación. Siendo el objetivo de este artículo describir el manejo en urgencias del paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable de acuerdo con los principios de control de daños. El manejo del paciente politraumatizado es una estrategia dinámica de alto impacto que requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario de experiencia. El cual debe de evolucionar conjunto a las nuevas herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamiento endovascular que buscan ser un puente para lograr una menor repercusión hemodinámica en el paciente y una más rápida y efectiva estabilización con mayores tasas de sobrevida.

Abstract Patients with hemodynamic instability have a sustained systolic blood pressure less or equal to 90 mmHg, a heart rate greater or equal to 120 beats per minute and an acute compromise of the ventilation/oxygenation ratio and/or an altered state of consciousness upon admission. These patients have higher mortality rates due to massive hemorrhage, airway injury and/or impaired ventilation. Damage control resuscitation is a systematic approach that aims to limit physiologic deterioration through strategies that address the physiologic debt of trauma. This article aims to describe the experience earned by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia in the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department following the basic principles of damage control surgery. Since bleeding is the main cause of death, the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department requires a multidisciplinary team that performs damage control maneuvers aimed at rapidly controlling bleeding, hemostatic resuscitation, and/or prompt transfer to the operating room, if required.

This research provides insight into South Africa's prospects should the country reach the proverbial fiscal cliff. The definition of the fiscal cliff used in this article refers to the point where social grants, interest on government debt and public service salaries exceed the total income of the South African government. This point has already been reached in the 2020/21 fiscal year, but is expected to be of a temporary nature. There is, therefore, still room to fend off a permanent fiscal crisis, provided that the public service salary bill be contained. At the same time, the government will have to budget more realistically for lower economic growth and therefore lower growth in tax revenue. Academic literature on South Africa's fiscal cliff is limited, but the mainstream media (print and electronic) focuses on this issue frequently and extensively. The term "fiscal cliff" has, therefore, become part of the South African economic lexicon. The point where the fiscal cliff is reached is calculated by using the fiscal cliff barometer. The barometer shows that South Africa's fiscal position has weakened significantly over the past decade, partly because public service salaries and interest payments on government debt have grown too fast in relation to South Africa's potential and actual economic growth rates. The barometer readings are calculated as a ratio using variables for the estimated years to the cliff as well as the total years within the forecast period. The formula is calculated mathematically as: years to cliff (equation 1) total years forecasted In theory, values can range from one (1) to minus infinity (-∞). However, in practice, only values between one and zero are considered. A high value (e.g. 0,9) indicates a high probability that the fiscal cliff will be reached in the near future, while a 0 (zero) value indicates that the fiscal cliff will not be reached at all. The analysis of South Africa's fiscal sustainability, based on the barometer readings, commences with 2007 data. The results show a significant spike in the barometer reading (closer to 1) from 0 (zero) in 2007 to 0,717 in 2014. Hereafter, the barometer reading stabilises, and even shows a slight improvement to 0,119, based on the 2018 Budget data. By 2018, therefore, the impression was that the government had taken sufficient cognisance of the warnings with regards to the fiscal cliff to start implementing steps to avoid it. This all changed in 2020, however, when the Supplementary Budget presented by the Minister of Finance (Mboweni 2020b) showed that the fiscal cliff had indeed been reached. Stated differently, for the 2020-fiscal year, civil service remuneration expenditure, interest on government debt and social grant payments will exceed total government revenue. All other expenditure will now have to be funded from further borrowing by the South African government. While it appears that research on the fiscal cliff has had an impact on government policy, it is probably a case of "too little, too late". The most important contributions to the research to date may be summarised as (i) the creation of an awareness of the danger of economic disaster, as expressed in the phrase "fiscal cliff" in South Africa's economic lexicon, (ii) a clear focus on the problem in civil society and the media, and (iii) transparent reporting on the public service salary bill by the government. Should a more permanent fiscal cliff materialise, South Africa's future could include elements of a failed state, the result of which will be serious financial hardship for all South Africans. The government will find it increasingly more difficult and expensive to borrow from the money and capital markets, and there will be minimal funds available for service delivery. Interest payments on government debt will also be suspended or severely curtailed, thus contributing to liquidity problems for pension funds and the banking and insurance industries. The only option is avoidance of the fiscal cliff. This challenge awaits the South African government.

Die navorsing gee 'n perspektief op Suid-Afrika se vooruitsigte indien die land by wyse van spreke oor die rand van die fiskale afgrond sou stort. Die definisie van die fiskale afgrond wat in hierdie artikel gebruik word, het betrekking op die punt waar maatskaplike toelaes, rente op staatskuld en staatsdienssalarisse die totale inkomste van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering oorskry. Hierdie kantelpunt is reeds in die 2020/21- fiskale jaar bereik, maar die verwagting is dat dit slegs tydelik van aard is. Daar is dus beperkte ruimte om 'n permanente fiskale krisis af te weer, maar dan moet die salarisrekening van die staatsdiens ingekort word. Terselfdertyd sal die regering meer realisties vir laer ekonomiese groei en dus laer groei in belastinginkomste moet begroot. Die punt waar die fiskale afgrond bereik word, word met behulp van die fiskale afgrondbarometer bereken. Hiervolgens het Suid-Afrika se posisie dramaties verswak oor die afgelope dekade, onder meer omdat staatsdienssalarisse en rentebetalings op staatskuld té vinnig gegroei het. Terselfdertyd het inkomste baie stadiger gegroei weens die inkrimping in Suid-Afrika se potensiële en werklike ekonomiese groeikoerse. Die navorsing oor die fiskale afgrond het 'n impak op regeringsbeleid gehad, maar dit is waarskynlik 'n geval van "té min, té laat". Opsommenderwys kan die belangrikste bydrae van die navorsing beskou word as (i) die insluiting van die frase "fiskale afgrond" in die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikon, (ii) 'n duidelike fokus op die probleem in die burgerlike samelewing, (iii) deursigtige rapportering oor die staatsdienssalarisrekening deur die regering, en (iv) 'n fokus op bestedingsvergelyking met die inkomstekant van staatsfinansies, eerder as die uitgawekant. As Suid-Afrika in gebreke sou bly om 'n fiskale afgrond af te weer, bestaan die risiko dat die land se toekoms sekere elemente van 'n mislukte staat ("failed state") mag insluit. Fondse vir dienslewering sal meer beperk wees terwyl rentebetalings op staatskuld onder druk sal kom, wat tot likiditeitsprobleme by pensioenfondse kan bydra. Die enigste opsie is dus vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regering om 'n fiskale afgrond te vermy.

Resumen En Colombia, desde el año 2012, se definió un procedimiento de insolvencia para personas naturales no comerciantes cuyo propósito es la estabilización financiera del deudor y la recuperación del crédito a favor de sus acreedores. Según el marco normativo, este procedimiento podría iniciarse gratuitamente ante centros de conciliación de los consultorios jurídicos de las facultades de derecho. A pesar de lo anterior, y aun cuando existe la imperiosa necesidad de atención y adelantamiento del procedimiento para las personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad que se encuentran en situación de insolvencia, al año 2019 y habiendo pasado 7 años desde la expedición de dicho procedimiento, ningún centro de conciliación universitario de la ciudad de Bogotá estaba prestando este servicio. El presente artículo es resultado de un ejercicio investigativo cuyo propósito consistió en determinar los factores que explicarían lo anterior. De esta manera, se relaciona el concepto de pobreza y precariedad económica con la situación de insolvencia; se desarrollan los propósitos del procedimiento de insolvencia de persona natural no comerciante y la situación de debilidad manifiesta de los deudores insolventes en Colombia; se hace referencia a los propósitos pedagógicos y sociales de los consultorios jurídicos, y se exponen los resultados.

Abstract Since 2012, Colombia has a defined insolvency procedure for uncommercial individuals whose purpose is to stabilize the debtor financially and recover the debt for creditors. According to the regulatory framework, this procedure may be initiated free of charge with conciliation centers of legal clinics. However, and even though there is an urgent need for counseling and application of the procedure for insolvent people in vulnerable conditions, no university conciliation center in Bogotá provides this service as of 2019, seven years after the issuance of this procedure. This article derives from a research exercise whose aim is to determine the factors that would explain this situation. For this, we relate the concepts of poverty and economic precariousness to insolvency, elaborate on the purposes of the insolvency procedure for uncommercial individuals and the manifest weakness of insolvent debtors in Colombia, refer to the pedagogical and social objectives of legal clinics, and present the results.

Resumo Na Colômbia, desde 2012, foi definido um procedimento de inadimplência para pessoas físicas não comerciantes cujo objetivo era a estabilização financeira do devedor e a recuperação do crédito a favor de seus acredores. Segundo a norma, esse procedimento poderia ser iniciado de forma gratuita nos centros de conciliação dos consultórios jurídicos das faculdades de Direito. Apesar disso e ainda quando existe a imperiosa necessidade de atenção e realização do procedimento para as pessoas em condições de vulnerabilidade que se encontram em situação de insolvência, em 2019, sete anos da expedição do procedimento, nenhum centro de conciliação universitário da cidade de Bogotá está prestando esse serviço. Este artigo é resultado de um exercício investigativo cujo objetivo foi determinar os fatores que explicariam a situação. Assim, é relacionado o conceito de pobreza e precariedade econômica com a situação de inadimplência; são desenvolvidos os objetivos do procedimento de inadimplência de pessoa física não comerciante e a situação de debilidade manifestada dos devedores inadimplentes na Colômbia; é feita referência aos propósitos pedagógicos e sociais dos consultórios jurídicos, e são expostos os resultados.

Abstract This paper aims to implement a credit risk model in infrastructure investment projects, where the probability of default is estimated considering the cash flow available for debt service, which determines the debt service coverage ratio. For that, a structural model developed for illiquid assets is used, such as an extension of the credit risk models of Merton (1974) and KMV of Moody’s, through which the components of the probability of default, exposure, recovery rate and expected loss are analyzed. The main innovation of this approach is due to the incorporation of a dynamic of the debt service coverage ratio, which is modelled stochastically following the same assumptions of the option pricing theory. In addition, this model is complemented with the Monte Carlo simulation technique, under which some essential parameters are estimated, as well as the expected loss and the credit value-at-risk (VaR).

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo implementar un modelo de riesgo de crédito en proyectos de infraestructura, donde se estima la probabilidad de incumplimiento teniendo en cuenta el flujo de efectivo disponible para el servicio de deuda y su ratio de cobertura. Para ello, se utiliza un modelo estructural de riesgo de crédito desarrollado para activos ilíquidos, como una extensión de los modelos de Merton (1974) y KMV de Moody’s, mediante el cual se analizan los componentes de probabilidad de incumplimiento, exposición, tasa de recuperación y pérdida esperada. La principal innovación de este enfoque se debe a la incorporación de una dinámica propia de la ratio de cobertura del servicio de deuda, el cual se modela estocásticamente siguiendo los mismos supuestos de la teoría de valoración de opciones financieras. Además, este modelo se complementa con la técnica de simulación de Monte Carlo, bajo la cual se estiman algunos parámetros esenciales, así como la pérdida esperada y el valor en riesgo (VaR) crediticio.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the financial risk management and the adopted policies in Ecuadorian service companies when facing coronavirus (COVID-19). The research was ex post facto, descriptive, and relational, based on national aggregates and references. The financial indicators for the period 2010-2019, coming from the Superintendencia de Compañías, Valores y Seguros (2021), were quantified. Financial risk was measured with coefficient of variation calculations and Logit analysis. Incidence in the service sector was analyzed with the gross domestic product (GDP) 2020-2021. Possible scenarios and actions to follow were analyzed and proposed. The sectors with high risks were transportation, real estate, financial and insurance activities, and public administration and defense. The GDP variation rate 2020-2021 reported a total of -8.86%. Regarding the service sector, it decreased -9.48%. The most affected sectors were transport with -21.01% and professional, scientific, technical, and administrative activities with -13.52%. Debt is the riskiest variable according to Logit analysis.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la gestión de riesgos financieros en empresas de servicios y las políticas adoptadas ante la amenaza del coronavirus (COVID-19) en Ecuador. La investigación fue de tipo ex post facto, descriptiva y relacional, basada en agregados nacionales y referencias. Se cuantificaron los indicadores financieros del periodo 2010-2019, provenientes de Superintendencia de Compañías, Valores y Seguros (2021). Se midió el riesgo financiero con cálculos de coeficiente de variación y análisis Logit. Se examinó la incidencia en el sector servicio con el producto interno bruto (PIB) 2020-2021. Se analizaron y proponen posibles escenarios y acciones a seguir. Los sectores con altos riesgos fueron transporte, actividades inmobiliarias, financieras y de seguros, así como administración pública y defensa. La tasa de variación del PIB 2020-2021 reportó un total de -8.86%. En cuanto al sector servicio, este disminuyó -9.48%. Los sectores más afectados fueron transporte con -21.01% y actividades de profesionales, científicas, técnicas y administrativas con -13.52%. El endeudamiento es la variable más riesgosa según el análisis Logit.

Abstract This article analyzes the way in which State and local entities report on their indebtedness. Subnational public debt has grown rapidly, especially since 2008 for a variety of reasons, including lack of transparency and accountability in state public finances. Based on the review of official documents of State and local entities, the Ministry of Finance Office, and the regulatory framework, it was found that such State and local entities report on the amount, creditors, maturities and service of their public debt; however, not all the entities are accountable for the destination of the resources obtained through this source of income. It is necessary to include in Mexican legislation the obligation to render accounts regarding the destination of resources derived from indebtedness; It is not enough to prohibit indebtedness to cover current expenditure, it is necessary to make transparent the use of resources.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la forma en que las entidades federativas rinden cuentas respecto a su endeudamiento. La deuda pública subnacional ha crecido aceleradamente sobre todo a partir de 2008 por distintas causas, entre ellas, la falta de transparencia y rendición de cuentas en las finanzas públicas estatales. Con base en la revisión de documentos oficiales de entidades federativas, de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, y del marco normativo, se encontró que las entidades federativas rinden cuentas respecto al monto, los acreedores, los plazos de vencimiento y el servicio de su deuda pública; sin embargo, no todos rinden cuentas respecto al destino de los recursos obtenidos mediante esta fuente de ingresos. Es necesario incluir en la legislación mexicana la obligación de rendir cuentas respecto al destino de los recursos derivados de endeudamiento; no es suficiente con que se prohíba el endeudamiento para cubrir el gasto corriente, se necesita transparentar el uso de los recursos.

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los principales criterios que consideran las entidades financieras a la hora de otorgar un crédito a una Mipyme, al objeto de minimizar su riesgo de impago. Para ello, se desarrolla un estudio empírico realizado a 73 analistas de riesgos de entidades financieras peruanas. Los criterios utilizados por las entidades financieras se clasifican en: personalidad y experiencia del empresario; características del producto o servicio que ofrece la empresa y del mercado donde desarrolla su actividad; estrategia y organización de la empresa; y criterios relacionados con la información contable que presentan las empresas. Los resultados muestran que los criterios que los analistas de riesgos consideran más relevantes a la hora de otorgar un crédito son: el conocimiento del sector que tiene el empresario, la honestidad e integridad del empresario, la cartera de clientes con la que cuenta la empresa, y calificación del personal de la empresa. En cuanto a los criterios relacionados con la información contable, los analistas de riesgos valoran especialmente los ratios de liquidez y de endeudamiento, que las empresas lleven algún sistema de costos fiable y que no aparezcan en registros de impagos como el INFOCORP. Este trabajo es especialmente útil a las entidades financieras para ayudarles a mejorar sus sistemas de calificación y a las Mipymes para favorecer una mejor relación con las entidades financieras.

Abstract In this paper we analyze the main criteria that financial institutions consider when granting credit to a MSME, in order to minimize their risk of default. For this purpose, an empirical study was carried out on 73 risk analysts from Peruvian financial institutions. The criteria used by financial institutions are classified into: personality and experience of the entrepreneur; characteristics of the product or service offered by the company and the market where it operates; strategy and organization of the company; and criteria related to the accounting information presented by companies. The results show that the most relevant criteria considered by the risk analysts when granting a credit are: knowledge of the sector that has the entrepreneur, honesty and integrity of the entrepreneur, the client portfolio with which the company has, and qualification of the personnel of the company. Regarding the criteria related to accounting information, risk analysts especially value the liquidity and debt ratios, that companies carry some reliable cost system and that they do not appear in defaults such as INFOCORP. This work is especially useful to financial institutions to help them improve their rating systems, and to MSMEs to foster a better relationship with financial institutions.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente artículo es estimar la tasa de supervivencia de microempresas en Bogotá e identificar sus principales determinantes financieros. Para ello, se usa información del estado de la microempresa en el momento de su creación, a partir de los estados financieros de este tipo de empresas suministrados por la Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (CCB). Dentro de esta información se incluyen la fecha de creación y de cierre de la empresa, o si esta se encuentra aún activa, así como el sector económico al que pertenece, el número de empleados y sus estados financieros iniciales. El trabajo calcula las principales razones financieras de rentabilidad, endeudamiento y liquidez, para realizar estimaciones con la ayuda de modelos de duración, con el fin de analizar el impacto que cada una de estas variables tiene en la vida de la empresa. Durante el ejercicio, se encontró que a mayor duración del negocio, mayor es su probabilidad de cierre. Además, dentro de los determinantes de duración están el número de empleados, su rentabilidad operativa inicial y su capacidad de generar ingresos para responder al servicio de la deuda.

RÉSUMÉ: Le but de cet article est d'estimer le taux de survie des micro-entreprises à Bogota et d'identifier leurs principaux déterminants financiers. Pour ce faire, on se sert des informations de l'état de la micro-entreprise lors de sa creation, en partant des états financiers de ce genre d'entre-prises fournis par la Chambre de Commerce de Bogotá (CCB). Cette information comprend la date de creation et de fermeture de l'entreprise, ou si elle est encore active, ainsi que le secteur économique auquel elle appartient, le nombre d'employés et ses états financiers initiaux. L'instrument de travail calcule les raisons financières principales, comme la rentabilité, la dette et la liquidité, pour faire des estimations à l'aide de modèles de durée, afin d'analyser l'impact de chacune de ces variables dans la vie de la société. Au cours de l'exercice, on a constaté que plus l'entreprise est grande, elle a plus de chances de cloture. En outre, parmi les déterminants de la durée sont le nombre d'employés, la rentabilité opérationnelle initiale et la capacité de générer des revenus pour satisfaire le service de la dette.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to estimate the survival rate of micro-enterprises in Bogota, as well as to identify their main financial determinants. For this purpose, based on the financial statements provided by the Bogota Chamber of Commerce (CCB in Spanish), information about the state of the enterprise at the moment of its creation is used. This information includes the dates of creation and closure of the company, or if it is still active, as well as its economic sector, the number of employees and its initial financial statements. This work calculates the main financial reasons of profitability, debt and liquidity to make estimates by means of duration models for studying the impact of each one of such variables on the life cycle of the enterprise. During this exercise it was found that the longer the business, the more likely it is to shut down. Besides, the number of employees, the initial operating profitability and the capability of a micro-enterprise to generate income to respond to debt service are included among the determinants for its duration.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a taxa de sobrevivência de microempresas em Bogotá e identificar seus principais determinantes financeiros. Para isso, usa-se informação do estado da microempresa no momento de sua criação, a partir dos estados financeiros desse tipo de empresas fornecidos pela Câmara de Comércio de Bogotá. Dentro dessa informação, incluem-se a data de criação e a de fechamento da empresa, ou se esta se encontra ainda ativa, bem como o setor econômico ao qual pertence, o número de empregados e seus estados financeiros iniciais. Este trabalho calcula as principais razões financeiras de rentabilidade, endividamento e liquidez para realizar estimativas com a ajuda de modelos de duração, a fim de analisar o impacto que cada uma dessas variáveis tem na vida da empresa. Durante o exercício, constatou-se que, quanto maior duração do negócio, maior é sua probabilidade de fechamento. Além disso, dentro dos determinantes de duração, estão o número de empregados, sua rentabilidade operativa inicial e sua capacidade de gerar ingressos para responder ao serviço da dívida.

Relatively recently, fundamental changes, not only in the law, but also in policy and judicial approach, have occurred in the context of debt enforcement by execution against a debtor's home. These have been the product of the recognition of the right to have access to adequate housing, provided by section 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and the regulation by the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 of debt enforcement procedures against consumers in credit transactions, including mortgage bond agreements. South African common law principles applicable to mortgage bonds and applicable in the context of execution against a mortgagor's immovable property that constitutes his or her home, are rooted in Roman-Dutch law. Certain Roman-Dutch procedural rules and practices may be identified as having generally tended towards affording a measure of protection for the home of a debtor against execution by a creditor. These were rules which, for example, encouraged extra-judicial settlement negotiations and required personal service of summonses, four defaults before default judgment could be obtained in respect of a claim involving immovable property, and a more protracted procedure for execution against immovable, as opposed to movable, property. Exacting requirements were also imposed in order to maximise the price obtained at a judicial sale of immovable property. The same procedural rules and practices were not evident in the pre-Bill of Rights South African law. However, they may be viewed as being more in line with contemporary, constitutional imperatives, as well as law reform initiatives, to balance the various rights applicable in the context of execution against a debtor's home and to ensure that execution against a debtor's home may occur only as a last resort, where there are no alternative means by which the debt may be satisfied.

Credit cards and the subsequent payment of credit card debt play a crucial role in e-commerce transactions. While website design effects on trust and e-commerce have been studied, these are usually coarse grained models. A more individualized approach to utilization of online credit card payment services is examined that utilizes personality as measured by the Myers-Briggs personality type assessment to determine variances in perception of online payment service features. The results indicate that certain overriding principles appear to be largely universal, namely security and efficiency (or timeliness) of the payment system. However there are differences in the perceived benefit of these features and other features between personality types, which may be capitalized upon by payment service providers to attract a broader base of consumers and maintain continuance of existing users.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como a organização do trabalho nas centrais de teleatendimento interfere no processo social de identificação com a profissão e na organização coletiva dos trabalhadores. Para isso, apresentam-se informações sobre o crescimento dos serviços e da atividade de teleatendimento e analisa-se a maneira como o trabalho do operador se encontra organizado dentro das centrais, a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico e de um estudo de caso em uma empresa que realiza cobrança por telefone. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a fraca identificação com a profissão, que aparece como um dos motivos para a baixa adesão à organização coletiva.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the work organization in call centers interferes in the social process of occupational identification and in the workers' collective organization. To this end, information about the service growth and the activity of telemarketing is provided, and an analysis of how the call center operator's work is organized is presented through a literature review and a case study in a debt collection call center. The results obtained indicate weak occupational identification, which is one of the reasons for low membership rate in the collective organization.

Abstract: In the 5th and 4th centuries B. C., in Greek language and culture, poverty -like it appears in Aristophanes’ Pluto- occupies a middle position between wealth and beggary. It was distinguishable from the two extremes of the scale only from a quantitative point of view, and it was considered as a useful stimulus for social life and advancement of technai. In Periclean speeches by Thucydides, this idea is clearly expressed: technai, which must be exercised with restraint and only in view of the common good, helps to bring out the Athenian citizen from poverty and social darkness, promoting political participation in a perspective of horizontal reciprocity. The most obvious exception to this paradigm -linking poverty with the pursuit of technai- is that of Socrates: in the Platonic representation, this philosopher unbinds the exercise of technai from the pursue of wealth and questions the paradigmatic value of horizontal reciprocity, peculiar in financial transactions, in favour of an unbalanced self-giving attitude, a total care for others and their salvation on the part of the philosopher. The roots of the Socratic idea of poverty, to be taken Cynics, are found on the archaic idea of ptocheia, “begging”. In Homer, the beggar experience seems to be permanent and encoded by canons of behavior and signs of identity. Similarly, Socrates presents his own personal poverty as part of his identity and as the testimony of a life entirely spent in the service of the god of Delphi and devoted to philosophia. From Socrates onwards, the topic of philosophical life is closely linked to poverty, as shown by the singular coincidence between the artistic representation of the act of thinking and the iconography of the “poor”.

Riassunto Nel V-IV secolo a. C., la lingua e la cultura greca collocano, come si evince dal Pluto di Aristofane, la povertà in una posizione mediana fra ricchezza e mendicità. Essa si distingue dai due estremi della scala soltanto da un punto di vista quantitativo e costituisce un utile incentivo alla vita associata e al progresso delle technai. Nei discorsi tucididei di Pericle, l’idea è espressa con chiarezza: le technai, da esercitare con moderazione e in vista del bene comune, concorrono a fare uscire il cittadino ateniese dalla povertà e dall’oscurità sociale, promuovendone la partecipazione politica, in un’ottica di reciprocità orizzontale. L’eccezione più vistosa a questo paradigma che mette in relazione povertà ed esercizio delle technai è costituito da Socrate: egli -nella rappresentazione di Platone- svincola l’esercizio delle technai da qualsiasi prospettiva di arricchimento, e revoca in dubbio il valore paradigmatico della reciprocità orizzontale delle transazioni finanziarie, in favore di uno sbilanciamento oblativo, della presa in carico totale dell’altro e della sua salvezza da parte del filosofo. Le radici dell’idea socratica di povertà, che sarà ripresa dai Cinici, rimandano all’idea arcaica di ptocheia, “mendicità”: nei poemi omerici, quella del mendico pare una un’esperienza permanente, codificata da canoni di comportamento e segni identitari. In modo analogo, Socrate presenta la sua personale povertà come parte della propria identità e testimonianza di una vita interamente trascorsa nel servizio al dio di Delfi e dedita alla philosophia. Da Socrate in poi, il tema della vita filosofica è strettamente congiunto a quello della povertà, come mostra la singolare coincidenza fra la raffigurazione artistica dell’atto del pensare e l’iconografia del “povero”.