Abstract The study of the practice of sacred music in the cities and towns of the viceroyalty of New Spain has been a subject scarcely dealt by musicologists and historians. This void is increased when trying to glimpse what the development of music and its performers became during the nineteenth century, after the independence. This article presents data related to some important aspects of the musical exercise of the time within the temples. The research finds, after the period of emancipation, a continuity in the practice of sacred music, patent both in the books of office and dating of the brotherhoods as in other documents. It also identifies, after the Reform Laws, a series of ecclesiastical provisions that attempted to remove from the sacred halls theatrical and profane music, as well as the participation of women in singing. Through documents from the parish archives and printed sources of the time, the purpose is to show some lines of development that are important to understand religious musical life in nineteenth-century society.

Resumen El estudio de la práctica de la música sacra en las ciudades y los pueblos del virreinato de la Nueva España ha sido un tema poco trabajado por musicólogos e historiadores. Ese vacío se magnifica al tratar de vislumbrar cuál fue el desarrollo de la música y de sus ejecutantes durante el siglo XIX, después de la independencia. El presente artículo expone datos obtenidos sobre algunos aspectos relevantes del ejercicio musical de la época al interior de los templos. La investigación encuentra, tras el periodo de emancipación, una continuidad en la práctica de la música sacra, patente tanto en los libros de cargo y data de las cofradías como en otros documentos. También identifica, después de las Leyes de Reforma, una serie de disposiciones eclesiásticas que intentaron eliminar de los recintos sagrados la música teatral y profana, así como la participación de las mujeres en el canto. Mediante documentos procedentes de los archivos parroquiales y fuentes impresas de la época, se pretende mostrar algunas líneas de desarrollo que son importantes para entender la vida musical religiosa en la sociedad decimonónica.

Abstract The aim of this work is to identify the main taphonomic processes that contribute to the degradation and contamination of collagen in faunal remains from archaeological sites located in fluvial-lacustrine environments. This problem has made it difficult to radiocarbon date bones and therefore to chronologically assign human occupations. The first results of the diagenetic analyses of bone samples from the archaeological sites Cerro Tapera Vázquez, Calera and Las Brusquillas 4, located in central-east Argentina, are presented. Protein content, collagen quality, porosity, crystallinity, carbon/phosphorus content and calcite percentage were analyzed. The results indicated that chemical hydrolysis and dissolution generated modifications in the bones, which led to low preservation in the quantity and quality of collagen, a fundamental material to guarantee radiocarbon dating.

Resumen El objetivo general de este trabajo es identificar los principales procesos diagenéticos que contribuyen a la degradación y contaminación del colágeno de los restos faunísticos de sitios arqueológicos emplazados en ambientes fluvio-lacustres. Este problema ha dificultado la realización de fechados radiocarbónicos sobre huesos y, por tanto, la asignación cronológica de las ocupaciones humanas. Se dan a conocer los primeros resultados del análisis diagenético de muestras óseas provenientes de los sitios arqueológicos Cerro Tapera Vázquez, Calera y Las Brusquillas 4, ubicados en el centro-este de Argentina. Se analizó el contenido de proteína, la calidad del colágeno, la porosidad, la cristalinidad, el contenido de carbono/fósforo y el porcentaje de calcita. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la hidrólisis química y la disolución generaron modificaciones en los huesos, lo que condujo a una baja preservación en la cantidad y calidad del colágeno, material fundamental para garantizar la realización de dataciones radiocarbónicas y otros estudios isotópicos.

ABSTRACT During 23 days in February 1984, the team made up by Wes Hildreth, Bob Drake, and Judy Fierstein explored and sampled much of the western half of the Tupungato volcano, a Chile-Argentina natural landmark at ∼33.3° S, including its summit area. The project remained unfinished, and this impressive, ∼6,550 m-high volcanic edifice was no longer the focus of significant studies. Forty years later, Wes Hildreth has given up and graciously handed over to us all his data, so it can now be shared with the geological community. Bob Drake dated six samples of Tupungato through the K-Ar technique. In a dacite dome from the southern summit, interpreted as the youngest Tupungato activity, a hornblende age of 831±116 ka is reported. A long-standing controversy is thus resolved: Tupungato has no Holocene activity. 1.26±0.6 Ma to 932±90 ka plagioclase ages are reported from three andesite lavas from the lower to middle flank of the volcano, constraining the age of the edifice to the Early Pleistocene. Finally, hornblendes from two pre-Tupungato dacitic deposits at the volcano's western foothill were dated at 11.4±0.5 Ma and 9.45±0.6 Ma. These much older deposits may represent pyroclastic rich facies similar to the ones described in the upper sections of the Tunuyán Conglomerates, in Argentina.

RESUMEN Durante 23 días, en febrero del año 1984, el equipo conformado por Wes Hildreth, Bob Drake y Judy Fierstein exploró y recolectó abundantes muestras en la mitad oeste del volcán Tupungato, hito natural entre Chile y Argentina, a los ∼33,3° S, incluida su área de cumbre. El proyecto quedó inconcluso y este gran edificio volcánico de ∼6.650 m de altitud permaneció sin estudios considerables. Cuarenta años después, los resultados analíticos han sido amablemente cedidos por Wes Hildreth al primer autor, por lo que pueden ahora ser compartidos con la comunidad geológica. En esta contribución se presentan las dataciones que Bob Drake realizó por el método K-Ar en seis muestras del volcán Tupungato. En un domo dacítico expuesto en la cumbre sur del volcán, interpretado como la actividad más joven, se obtuvo una edad en hornblenda de 831±116 ka. Esto permite resolver una prolongada controversia y dejar establecido que este volcán no presenta actividad holocena. En tanto, en tres lavas andesíticas ubicadas en la sección basal a intermedia del volcán se reportan edades en plagioclasa que van desde 1,26±0,6 Ma hasta 932±90 ka, lo cual restringe la mayor actividad del edificio al Pleistoceno temprano. Finalmente, en dos afloramientos de dacitas en la sección occidental del volcán se obtuvieron edades en hornblenda de 11,4±0,5 y 9,45±0,6 Ma. Estas rocas miocenas podrían representar una facies piroclástica similar a las reconocidas hacia el techo de los Conglomerados de Tunuyán, en Argentina.

Abstract: In the second part dedicated to the Christian doctrine of the Arte de la lengua general del reino de Chile (Lima, 1765) by the Jesuit Andrés Febrés (1734-1790) there are 12 songs of which 3 are dedicated to various saints of the order. One of them is the march “Fundador sois, Ignacio” that is sung until now in nearly all the houses, schools and training institutions supported by Jesuits of Hispanic origin. In the 20th century, the French and military origin of its melody was proposed, dating from the mid-18th century; however, the antecedents of its text faded before the 19th century. The process of adaptation, adoption and practice of this march is related to the inherited territories of the ancient Pyrenean kingdoms and counties that constituted the “marca hispánica” of which the Basques, Navarrese and Catalans were part. Apparently, this inclusion of the “Marcha de San Ignacio, Fundador sois” associated with Jesuit catechism in Chilean Araucanía in the mid-18th century constitutes its earliest mention, but it could also later constitute one of the first identity devices in music in these types of sources.

Resumen: En la segunda parte dedicada a la doctrina cristiana del Arte de la lengua general del reyno de Chile (Lima, 1765) del jesuita Andrés Febrés (17341790) hay doce canciones de las cuales tres están dedicadas a diversos santos de la orden. Una de ellas es la marcha “Fundador sois, Ignacio” que se canta hasta hoy prácticamente en todas las casas, colegios e instituciones de formación sostenidas por jesuitas de origen hispano. En el siglo XX se propuso el origen francés y militar de su melodía que dataría de mediados del siglo XVIII, sin embargo, los antecedentes de su texto se desvanecen antes del siglo XIX. El proceso de adaptación, adopción y práctica de esta marcha se relaciona con los territorios herederos de los antiguos reinos y condados pirenaicos que constituyeron la “marca hispánica” del que formaron parte vascos, navarros y catalanes. Al parecer, esta inclusión de la “Marcha de San Ignacio, Fundador sois” asociada a la catequesis jesuita en la Araucanía chilena de mediados del siglo XVIII constituye su mención más temprana, pero además podría constituir posteriormente uno de los primeros dispositivos identitarios en música en este tipo de fuentes.

We present a series of 12 OSL/IRSL dates that revise and complete the chronology of the important Middle (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) site Umbeli Belli in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These dates shift the previous radiometric ages thousands of years older than earlier measurements and play a key role in revising the cultural stratigraphy of KwaZulu-Natal. We also discuss how these dates bring the chrono- and cultural stratigraphy of southern Africa into clearer focus. The Robberg sequence of Umbeli Belli is now firmly dated to 21 ± 2 ka, whereas the preceding Early LSA assemblage dates to ~32 ka, representing one of the earliest dates for this cultural expression in the broader region. The final MSA assemblages from Layer 7 to 9 now date to between 35 ka and 40 ka, overlapping more tightly with comparable assemblages from Sibhudu, Umhlatuzana and other sites. Layer 10, which was previously also assigned to the final MSA, now dates to ~47-54 ka, placing the assemblage within the temporal range of the Late MSA. The new dates provide a good explanation for the clear differences in material culture between Layer 10 and the younger layers. We also present two new ages for the deeper horizons 11b and 12 at Umbeli Belli, dating to 76 ± 9 ka and 80 ± 9 ka, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: • Revised and new age estimates are given for the Middle and Later Stone Age sequence of Umbeli Belli. • These age changes allow new comparisons with nearby prehistoric sites. • They change our view of the regional variability of technologies and cultures between ca. 80 and 20 ka on the east coast of South Africa.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las setas, son organismos eucariotas con una estructura simple de hifas, desarrollándose en diversas condiciones gracias a sus bajos requerimientos nutricionales. Desempeñan roles cruciales en los ecosistemas, como la descomposición de materia orgánica y simbiosis con plantas. Existen alrededor de 2.1679 especies de macrohongos descritas globalmente, y en Ecuador se estima unas 144 783 especies. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la historia de los hongos comestibles con un énfasis especial en Ecuador evaluando la situación actual. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de literatura en bases de datos académicas sobre el uso de macrohongos desde 2004 hasta 2024. Se seleccionaron estudios relevantes tras evaluar títulos y resúmenes. Resultados: Los hongos han existido por millones de años, con registros fósiles del Devónico y Cretácico. Su consumo humano data del Paleolítico Superior, evidenciado en cálculos dentales de la “Dama Roja” en España. La aculturación tras la conquista española limitó el uso de hongos, aunque su uso persiste en comunidades indígenas contemporáneas. La micología ecuatoriana aún es un campo emergente, con estudios limitados sobre especies usadas por comunidades indígenas. Especies encontradas en Ecuador han sido estudiadas extensamente en Asia, donde se reconocen por sus propiedades medicinales y aplicaciones industriales. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos indican que los hongos identificados y recolectados en comunidades indígenas ecuatorianas podrían tener aplicaciones significativas en varios campos por lo que su preservación e identificación no son solo importantes por ser parte del patrimonio de las comunidades indígenas sino también para el desarrollo nuevas aplicaciones científicas y comerciales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mushrooms are eukaryotic organisms with a simple structure of hyphae, capable to live in different conditions due to their low nutritional requirements. They play crucial roles in ecosystems, such as decomposing organic matter and symbiosis with plants. Globally, there are around 21 679 described species of macrofungi, and in Ecuador, the estimated presence is around 144 783 species. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive literature review was conducted on academic databases regarding the use of macrofungi from 2004 to 2024. Relevant studies were selected after evaluating titles and abstracts. Results: Mushrooms have existed for millions of years, with fossil records dating back to the Devonian and Cretaceous periods. Human consumption dates back to the Upper Paleolithic, evidenced by dental calculus from the “Red Lady” in Spain. The Colonial period limited mushroom use, although practices persist in contemporary indigenous communities. Modern Ecuadorian mycology is still an emerging field, with limited studies on species used by indigenous communities. Many species found in Ecuador have been extensively studied in Asia, where they are recognized for their medicinal properties and industrial applications. Conclusions: These findings indicate that mushrooms identified and collected in indigenous communities in Ecuador could have significant applications in various fields. Therefore, their preservation and identification are not only important for being part of the heritage of indigenous communities but also for the development of new scientific and commercial applications.

Abstract: To understand Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s position in a panorama of dialectology (its antecedents, its developments) it is impossible not to dwell on his obsession with the expressive character of languages and discourses, in which conflicting positions on the American language resonate, dating back to the very birth of the dialectological discipline, which coincides with the operative integration of America into a world market already dominated by extractivist capital.

Resumen: Para comprender la posición de Pedro Henríquez Ureña en un panorama de la dialectología (sus antecedentes, sus desarrollos) es imposible no detenerse en su obsesión por el carácter expresivo de los lenguajes y los discursos, en la que resuenan posiciones encontradas sobre la lengua americana que se remontan al nacimiento mismo de la disciplina dialectológica, que coincide con la integración operativa de América a un mercado mundial dominado ya por el capital.

Abstract This paper analyzes and aims to highlight the gestures and bodily strategies of the tragic actor as the scholia describe them to the reader. According to them, tragic actors used strategies and patterns that not only had semantic valences but also brought into play specific skills to provoke the emotions of spectators. The article aims to argue that Hellenistic scholars observed the performers' bodily strategies without prejudice regarding the actors' dominance in achieving tragic effects. Certainly, it must be kept in mind that these sources deal with performances dating back to the fifth century: the memory of ancient scholarship is part of the way in which the tragic phenomenon is considered. This article is not about performance but about its memory.

Sommario Questo articolo analizza e si propone di evidenziare i gesti e le strategie corporee dell'attore tragico così come gli scoli li descrivono al lettore. Secondo loro, gli attori tragici utilizzavano strategie e schemi che non solo avevano valenze semantiche ma mettevano in gioco anche abilità specifiche per provocare le emozioni degli spettatori. L'articolo si propone di sostenere che gli studiosi ellenistici osservavano le strategie corporee degli artisti senza pregiudizi riguardo al dominio degli attori nel raggiungimento degli effetti tragici. Certamente bisogna tenere conto che queste fonti trattano di rappresentazioni risalenti al V secolo: la memoria dell'erudizione antica rientra nel modo in cui viene considerato il tragico fenomeno. Questo articolo non riguarda le prestazioni ma la sua memoria.

Abstract The quality of attachment with parents has a privileged role in developing individuation in young adults, in how they experience their romantic relationships and face their problems. This research aims to analyse the predictor role of parental separation-individuation and resilience in dating conflicts and test the role of resilience in the association between the separation-individuation of parents and dating conflicts. The sample comprised 948 people between 18 and 30 years of age (M = 21.76, DP = 3.31). The results show that the conflicts in dating are predicted by separation- individuation to parents and resilience. The collected data suggest the moderating effect of resilience in the association between intrusiveness and self-confidence on mothers and the resolution strategies of non-abusive conflicts and violent behaviours.

Resumo A qualidade da vinculação com as figuras parentais tem um papel privilegiado no desenvolvimento da individuação dos jovens adultos, na forma como estes experienciam as suas relações amorosas e na aptidão de lidarem com acontecimentos adversos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo testar o papel preditor da separação-individuação aos pais e da resiliência nos conflitos no namoro, assim como testar o papel moderador da resiliência na associação entre a separação-individuação aos pais e os conflitos no namoro. A amostra foi constituída por 948 sujeitos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos de idade (M = 21.76, DP = 3.31). Os resultados apontam que os conflitos no namoro são preditos pela separação- individuação aos pais e pela resiliência. Os dados sugerem ainda o efeito moderador da resiliência na associação entre a intrusividade e autoconfiança na mãe e as estratégias de resolução de conflitos não abusivas e os comportamentos violentos.

Abstract Objective: To identify the perception of violence in dating relationships in nursing students of a public university in Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: Descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study, the sample consisted of 182 nursing students enrolled in a public university in Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. The sampling was simple random. The Violence in Young Partner Relationships Questionnaire (VIREPA) was used, composed of 20 items with a Likert-type scale with 5 response options and sociodemographic questions. Results: 26.9% of the students indicated abuse in their past relationships and 3.8% indicated abuse in their current relationship. Differences between males and females were found in emotional abuse (z=-2.248, p=.004) and social and economic control (z=-2.681, p=.002) with higher data in males. Participant's age and partner's age was related to emotional, physical and psychological mistreatment and personal devaluation (p<.05). Conclusions: University nursing students, have perceived experiences of violence during their dating relationships, behavior that can go unnoticed by both the perpetrator and the victim, so it is considered relevant the design of violence prevention programs in university contexts, aimed at identifying violence and its impact on the student, which provides knowledge and opportunity to identify when they are living a violent situation within their dating relationships.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo en estudiantes de enfermería de una Universidad Pública de Minatitlán, Veracruz México. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional, la muestra fueron 182 estudiantes de enfermería inscritos en una universidad pública, de Minatitlán, Veracruz, México. El muestreo fue aleatorio simple. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Violencia en las Relaciones de Parejas jóvenes (VIREPA), integrado por 20 ítems con una escala tipo Likert con 5 opciones de respuesta y preguntas sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 26.9% de los estudiantes indicó maltrato en sus relaciones pasadas y 3.8% maltrato en su relación actual. Se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, en el maltrato emocional (z=-2.248, p=0.004) y el control social y económico (z=-2.681, p=0.002) con datos más elevados en los hombres. La edad del participante y la edad de la pareja se relacionó con el maltrato emocional, físico y psicológico y la desvalorización personal (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, han percibido experiencias de violencia durante sus relaciones de noviazgo, conducta que puede pasar desapercibida tanto para el perpetrador como para la víctima, por lo que se considera relevante el diseño de programas de prevención de la violencia en los contextos universitarios, dirigidos a identificar la violencia y su impacto en el estudiante, que aporte conocimiento y dé oportunidad para identificar cuando están viviendo una situación violenta dentro de sus relaciones de noviazgo.

Abstract Objective: It consisted of describing the dynamics of subsequent teenage pregnancy in a municipality with urban and rural communities in the state of Morelos, and the conditions that influence the change in the mother's life plan, through a qualitative perspective, the adolescent's perception of dating stage, your first pregnancy, second pregnancy and your social environment in your life plan. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with multiple methods, the quantitative phase allowed us to analyze the trend and rates of teenage pregnancy, the qualitative phase consisted of the application of semi-structured interviews, previously prepared, emptied into a matrix for analysis, carried out from discourse analysis. A database was built in Microsoft Excel 365. Subsequently, with Stata v.14.2, univariate and bivariate analysis was performed to obtain mean, standard deviation, proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Results: They were grouped by ages of 17-20 years old (n=160) and 15-16 years old (n=5), the predominant education, primary 25.49% and secondary 52.94%. 87.18% work at home as housewives. 69.88% have had 2 pregnancies and 23.49% have had 3 pregnancies, 64.46% have had 2 births and 7.23% have had 3 or more births. 16.88% reported 2 cesarean sections, for the 17-20 years old group and 40% in the 15-17 years old group. 21.69% reported an abortion. The intergenic period was 12 to 24 months. The median age of the mothers was 19 years old with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum of 20 years. In the 17 to 20 years old group, the median was 19 years old and in the 15 to 16 years old group, the median was 16 years old. Conclusions: Both the rate and prevalence of subsequent teenage pregnancies showed an irregular increase until 2019, before showing a decrease thereafter. Educational level is a determining factor for primary and subsequent teenage pregnancy.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la dinámica del embarazo adolescente subsecuente en un municipio con comunidades urbanas y rurales del estado de Morelos, y las condicionantes que influyen en el cambio del plan de vida de la madre, mediante una perspectiva cualitativa. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal con métodos múltiples, la fase cuantitativa permitió analizar la tendencia y tasas de embarazo adolescente, la fase cualitativa consistió en la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas, previamente elaboradas, vaciadas en una matriz para el análisis, realizado a partir del análisis del discurso. Se construyó una base datos en Microsoft Excel 365. Posteriormente, con Stata v.14.2 se realizó análisis uni-variado y bivariado para obtener media, desviación estándar, proporciones con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Se agrupó por edades de 17-20 años (n=160) y 15-16 años (n=5), la escolaridad preponderante, primaria 25.49% y secundaria 52.94%. El 87.18% se ocupa en el hogar como ama de casa. El 69.88% ha cursado 2 embarazos y el 23.49 % 3 embarazos, el 64.46% ha tenido 2 partos y 7.23% 3 o más partos. El 16.88% refiere 2 cesáreas, para el grupo de 17-20 años y el 40% en el grupo de 15-17 años. El 21.69% reportó un aborto. El periodo intergenésico fue de 12 a 24 meses. La mediana de edad de las madres fue de 19 años con un mínimo de edad de 15 y un máximo de 20 años. En el grupo de 17 a 20 años, la mediana fue de 19 años y en el grupo de 15 a 16 años, la mediana fue de 16 años. Conclusiones: Tanto la tasa como la prevalencia de embarazos adolescentes posteriores mostraron un aumento irregular hasta 2019, antes de mostrar una disminución posteriormente. El nivel educativo es un factor determinante para el embarazo adolescente primario y posterior.

Abstract We present a bioarchaeological analysis of human skeletal remains from a site on the south bank of the upper Negro River valley, Argentine Patagonia. The record resulted from an occasional finding, and the remains were obtained through an archaeological rescue operation. A 3D model of the site was made using photogrammetric techniques. The site is located in the profile of a ravine, with evidence of recent collapses. It consists of a simple primary burial, in a chenque, with associated cultural material. Only skeletal elements corresponding to the axial skeleton, one clavicle, two metacarpals, and the fibulae remained articulated in situ. Age and sex estimates suggest that it is a young adult female individual, and radiocarbon dating indicated an age of 594 ± 26 years BP. A series of pathological signs were recorded in the vertebral spine, one of them identified as sagittal cleft. Taphonomic evaluation of the skeleton indicated low representation of the anatomical units, with high fragmentation, and different alterations of the cortical surface. We interpret that the preservation of the bone assemblage resulted from the natural and partial exhumation of the skeletal remains and, consequently, their exposure to the biostratinomic agents specific to this geo-environmental context. In the upper Negro River valley, these are the first remains excavated by a scientific research team, which contrasts with what is expected for a region with high levels of current human occupation.

Resumen Se presenta el análisis bioarqueológico de los restos óseos humanos procedentes de un sitio en la margen sur del valle superior del río Negro, Patagonia Argentina. El registro fue producto de un hallazgo fortuito y los restos fueron obtenidos mediante un rescate arqueológico. Se realizó un modelo 3D del sitio mediante fotogrametría. El sitio se emplaza en el perfil de un cañadón, con evidencias de derrumbes recientes. Está constituido por un entierro primario simple, en chenque, con material cultural asociado. Sólo permanecían articulados in situ elementos óseos correspondientes al esqueleto axial, una clavícula, dos metacarpos y los peronés. Las estimaciones de la edad y el sexo sugieren que se trata de un individuo adulto joven femenino cuyo fechado radiocarbónico indicó una antigüedad de 594 ± 26 años AP. En la columna vertebral se registraron una serie de signos patológicos, uno de ellos, identificado como hendidura sagital. La evaluación tafonómica del esqueleto indicó baja representación de las unidades anatómicas, con alta fragmentación y diversas alteraciones en sus superficies corticales. Ello, en conjunto con el análisis sedimentológico, permitió interpretar que la preservación del conjunto óseo habría sido resultado de la exhumación natural y parcial de los restos esqueléticos y, consecuentemente, de su exposición a los procesos bioestratinómicos propios del contexto geoambiental del sitio. Para el valle superior del río Negro se trata del primer conjunto de restos excavados por un equipo de investigación científica, lo que contrasta con lo esperado para una región con altos niveles de ocupación humana actual.

Abstract Within the framework of the Sierra de Manantlán Archeology Project (UdeG, conanp), in Jalisco, evidence has been recorded of a refined pottery tradition dating back to the Preclassic period (300 BCE – 300 CE), which consists, among other productions, of anthropomorphic clay figurines from the lower basin of the Ayuquila River; These figurines mark an original cultural richness, and draw attention for representing real women: all different from each other, pregnant, giving birth and/or carrying babies. In the light of recent feminist theories, we seek to propose an interpretation of these ancient female figurines, with physiological processes such as pregnancy, lactation, childbirth, and pedagogical and/or or playful such as parenting represented, beyond a classic explanation biased by the patriarchal paradigm as it is usually formulated: eroticism or fertility. So, we consider them as agency elements of the importance and social status given to fertile women, in a chrono-cultural context where demography resulted essential to society development.

Resumen En el marco del Proyecto Arqueología de la Sierra de Manantlán (UdeG, conanp), en Jalisco, se han registrado evidencias de una refinada tradición alfarera que remonta al periodo Preclásico (400 A.E.C.–300 E.C.), la cual consta, entre otras producciones, de figurillas antropomorfas de barro procedentes de la cuenca baja del río Ayuquila; dichas figurillas marcan una riqueza cultural original y llaman la atención algunas representaciones de mujeres del pueblo: todas diferentes entre sí, embarazadas, dando a luz y/o cargando bebés. A partir de las recientes teorías feministas se busca plantear una interpretación de estas figurillas femeninas milenarias, representando procesos fisiológicos —el embarazo, la lactancia, el parto— y pedagógicos y/o lúdicos, por ejemplo la crianza, más allá de una explicación clásica y sesgada por el paradigma patriarcal, como suele formularse: erotismo o fertilidad. Así, se plantean como agentes de la importancia y reconocimiento social que se le daba a la población femenina fértil, en un contexto crono-cultural donde la demografía resultó esencial al desarrollo societal.

Abstract The contemporary sexual landscape witnesses a discernible shift towards the pursuit of individualized pleasure within sexuality, diverging from conventional notions of stable relationships. This transformation is notably propelled by societal shifts, including increased moral permissiveness and widespread adoption of digital technologies, notably dating applications and websites. In this milieu, the current study aims to investigate the influence of reggaetón on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of Generation Z individuals, particularly regarding their perceptions of romantic relationships, gender roles, and sexuality. Through a comprehensive literature review, this inquiry illuminates the profound impact of music, specifically reggaetón, on the construction of sexual identity and attitudes towards sexuality among young adults. The findings underscore the significant role played by reggaetón in shaping the perceptions of youth concerning relationships and sexuality, primarily through its lyrical content, which frequently glorifies the objectification of women and promotes toxic masculinity. Furthermore, the visual elements accompanying reggaetón further reinforce these messages, thereby influencing the way in which young individuals conceptualize and engage in interpersonal relationships. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the pressing need for artists and the music industry at large to acknowledge and embrace their ethical responsibility in promoting representations of sexuality.

Resumen La revolución sexual moderna caracterizada por la búsqueda del placer personal, desligada de las relaciones estables tradicionales ha sido impulsada por factores como la permisividad moral y la proliferación de tecnologías digitales, incluyendo aplicaciones y sitios web de citas. En ese contexto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto del reguetón en la sexualidad de los jóvenes de la Generación Z. Para tal fin, se realizó una revisión de la literatura académica sobre la influencia de este género musical en la formación de la identidad sexual y las actitudes hacia la sexualidad. Los hallazgos muestran que, el reguetón, a través de sus letras promueven la cosificación de la mujer y la masculinidad tóxica, junto con sus componentes audiovisuales, lo que repercute el modo en que los jóvenes conciben las relaciones y la sexualidad, lo cual puede perpetuar estereotipos de género perjudiciales y tener un impacto negativo en las relaciones interpersonales. Como conclusión se destaca la necesidad de que los artistas y la industria musical consideren su responsabilidad ética en la promoción de representaciones saludables y respetuosas de la sexualidad.

Resumo Foram analisadas as concepções, valores e experiências de alunos de escolas públicas e privadas de ensino médio de duas capitais brasileiras, Vitória-ES e Campo Grande-MS, quanto ao controle e monitoramento digital entre namorados e a exposição não autorizada de material íntimo no Internet. Os dados de oito grupos focais com 77 adolescentes foram submetidos à análise temática, complementada por um questionário respondido por uma amostra de 530 alunos. A maioria dos alunos afirmou não tolerar o controle/monitoramento e exposição não autorizada de materiais íntimos, mas reconheceu que tal atividade é rotineira. Eles apontam o ciúme, a insegurança e a “curiosidade” como seus principais motivos. Eles detalham as várias dinâmicas de exposição não autorizada de material íntimo e veem isso como uma grave invasão de privacidade e uma quebra de confiança entre parceiros. Seus relatos sugerem que tais práticas são violência de gênero. Revelam também que cada plataforma tem sua apropriação cultural e que plataformas utilizadas pela família, como o Facebook, causam danos mais significativos à reputação da vítima.

Abstract The conceptions, values, and experiences of students from public and private high schools in two Brazilian state capitals, Vitória-ES and Campo Grande-MS, were analyzed regarding digital control and monitoring between intimate partners and the unauthorized exposure of intimate material on the Internet. Data from eight focus groups with 77 adolescents were submitted to thematic analysis, complemented by a questionnaire answered by a sample of 530 students. Most students affirmed that they do not tolerate the control/monitoring and unauthorized exposure of intimate materials but recognized that such activity is routine. They point out jealousy, insecurity, and “curiosity” as their main reasons. They detail the various dynamics of unauthorized exposure of intimate material and see it as a severe invasion of privacy and a breach of trust between partners. Their accounts suggest that such practices are gender violence. They also reveal that each platform has its cultural appropriation and that platforms used by the family, such as Facebook, cause more significant damage to the victim’s reputation.