Abstract Sustainable forest management (SFM) is a rational exploitation practice adopted in the Caatinga. This study aimed to evaluate the stock and the nutritional and organic composition of litter in Caatinga subjected to different forest management practices: shallow cutting (SC), selective thinning by minimum diameter (STMD), and selective thinning by species (STS), and using unmanaged Caatinga (control) as a reference, in dry and rainy seasons. There were a significant increase in total litter in STS and a decrease in stocks of STMD, shallow cutting and unmanaged forest. Forest management reduced leaves in the accumulated litter in both seasons and increased contribution from branches. The STS management promoted maintenance of the stock and nutritional and organic quality of the litter, bringing it closer to the condition of unmanaged natural forest in both climatic seasons. So, should be encouraged for a more sustainable management of the Brazilian phyto-physiognomy Caatinga. SFM (SFM practices SC, SC , (SC) STMD (STMD) STS, (STS) control (control reference branches So phytophysiognomy phyto physiognomy (SC (STMD (STS

ABSTRACT. Fig orchard expansion requires knowledge of the thermal requirements of genotypes available in different climatic regions. The budburst of fig cultivars was assessed by biological single-node cutting and exposure to artificial chilling. Cuttings from five cultivars were collected during two crop seasons, subsequently packaged in a horizontal position in a cold chamber (8 ± 0.5ºC), and artificially chilled for 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160h. Cuttings were preserved under controlled conditions (23 ± 1°C, RH 85%, and 16h photoperiod). The variables evaluated were the budding velocity, average time and final rate of sprouting, vigorous shoot rate, and average time to leaf opening. The single-node cutting test allowed the assessment of dormancy, which is influenced by the accumulation of chilling in each crop season. The average time and final budding rate varied depending on the temperature requirements for budding. The cultivars were classified on an increasing scale according to their chilling requirements as follows: Pingo de Mel < Roxo de Valinhos < Brown Turkey < White Genova < Troyano. The traditional cultivar in Brazil is Roxo de Valinhos, but all of the cultivars studied had the potential to diversify the fig orchards in this region. ABSTRACT regions singlenode single node seasons 8 ( 0.5ºC, 05ºC ºC 0.5ºC , 0 5ºC 0.5ºC) 40 80 120 160h h 23 (2 1C C 1 1°C 85 85% photoperiod. photoperiod . photoperiod) velocity sprouting opening dormancy season follows Troyano region 4 12 2

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el rendimiento de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) en cuatro alturas de corte y cinco tiempos de madurez del Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) durante las épocas de mayor y menor precipitación en la zona de Pucallpa, Perú. Se realizaron cortes a 0, 10, 20 y 30 cm de altura con respecto al suelo a los 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 días de rebrote. Se evaluó la altura de planta, número de tallos, número, largo y ancho de hojas, rendimiento de MS, PC y DIVMS bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 4x5 y 4 repeticiones. La planta alcanzó 120.5 cm de altura a los 56 días de rebrote. Al inicio del crecimiento tuvo 28 tallos y 127 hojas disminuyendo hasta establecerse en 15 tallos y 58 hojas a los 56 días. En ese mismo periodo las hojas crecen hasta 77.9 cm de largo y 2.3 cm de ancho. El rendimiento de MS se incrementa cuando la altura de corte es mayor. La MS (kg/ha/corte) en época de mayor precipitación (391.8 ± 386.1) fue mayor (p<0.05) que en la época de menor precipitación (235.5 ± 205.1). Las plantas cortadas a 30 cm de altura lograron los mayores rendimientos de forraje (MS kg/ha/corte) a los 49 días (557.8 ± 322.8) y 56 días (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). El contenido de MS de la planta fue 15.9%. El mayor contenido de PC (13%) se obtuvo en cortes de 30 cm de altura con 28 días de crecimiento. El promedio de PC fue (9.645 ± 1.63) en la época de menor precipitación y (11.94 ± 1.94) en la de mayor precipitación. El valor de DIVMS a 0 cm de altura a los 28 días (59.5 ± 19.4%) fue similar que al corte a los 35 días (59.5 ± 5.5%). Se concluye que la maralfalfa puede producir hasta 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/corte, y alcanzar 11.0% de PC, mientras que la DIVMS llega a 59.5%, pudiendo considerarse como una opción para mejorar la dieta de los animales en el trópico húmedo de Pucallpa.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) at four cutting heights and five maturity times of Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) during the periods of greatest and least precipitation in Pucallpa, Peru. Cuts were made at 0, 10, 20 and 30 cm height from the ground at 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of regrowth. Plant height, number of stems, number, length and width of leaves, DM, CP and IVDMD yield were evaluated under a complete randomized design with a 4x5 factorial arrangement and 4 repetitions. The plant reached 120.5 cm in height at 56 days of regrowth. At the beginning of the growth period, it had 28 stems and 127 leaves, decreasing until it was established on 15 stems and 58 leaves after 56 days. In that same period the leaves grow up to 77.9 cm long and 2.3 cm wide. The DM performance increases when the cutting height is higher. The DM (kg/ha/cut) in the wet season (391.8 ± 386.1) was higher (p<0.05) than in the dry (235.5 ± 205.1). Plants cut at 30 cm height achieved the highest forage yields (DM kg/ha/cut) at 49 days (557.8 ± 322.8) and 56 days (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). The DM content of the plant was 15.9%. The highest CP content (13%) was obtained in 30 cm high cuts with 28 days of growth. The average PC was 9.645 ± 1.63 in the season of lowest precipitation and 11.94 ± 1.94 in the season of highest precipitation. The IVDMD value at 0 cm height at 28 days (59.5 ± 19.4%) was similar to that at the cuts at 35 days (59.5 ± 5.5%). It is concluded that maralfalfa can produce up to 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/cut, and reach 11.0% CP, while the IVDMD reaches 59.5%, and it can be considered as an option to improve the diet of animals in the humid tropics of Pucallpa.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the correlations between traits of the groups stem cutting, seedling, stem, and root of cassava. Length, diameter, and weight of stem cutting (Group 1) were measured at each growing season (July, August, September, and October). A total of 300 cuttings were collected after sprouting and planted at seasons of September 22, October 7 and 19, and November 25. Plant height at planting, number of leaves at planting, and number of leaves at 7 days after planting were measured. The number of leaves at transplanting and plant height at transplanting were determined after acclimation (Group 2). Seedling transplanting was carried out on November 9 and 24 and December 3 and 26, and the traits stem (Group 3) and root (Group 4) yield were measured at harvest. Associations between the groups stem cutting and seedling were established by stem cutting diameter and weight, and height and number of leaves at planting. Seedling traits had the greatest influence on the number of buds per stem and stem diameter. Main stem branching height and stem diameter can be used for selecting plants with an indication of the best quality and yield of root traits. cassava Length Group 1 July, July (July August October. . October) 30 22 19 25 2. 2 2) 26 4 harvest

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar y comparar el rendimiento y la calidad del forraje de Tithonia diversifolia bajo diferentes alturas de cosecha, durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa en el tropico de México. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres alturas de cosecha a 40, 60 y 80 cm del nivel del suelo cortadas cada 60 días, durante dos épocas del año. En cada período, la biomasa se cosechó y se separó en componentes comestibles y no comestibles. Se determinó el rendimiento de biomasa y la concentración de proteína cruda (CP), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, cenizas y materia orgánica (MO) del forraje. El corte a 80 cm de altura produjo la mayor biomasa de forraje por cosecha (2 008 kg MS ha−1) mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de forraje entre 40 y 60 cm de altura. Las diferencias en las alturas de corte también afectaron la calidad de los nutrientes del forraje comestible animal porque las concentraciones de CP, FDA y FDN variaron significativamente. Hubo una interacción significativa entre las alturas de corte y la temporada en la producción y calidad del forraje. En la estación seca, el contenido de NDF, FDA, lignina y ceniza fue mayor, mientras que el PC y MO fueron menores. Se recomienda el uso de T. diversifolia como una planta forrajera y cosechar a una altura de 80 cm para mantener la mejor producción y la calidad del forraje durante todo el año para la producción ganadera.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the yield performance and quality of Tithonia diversifolia forage under different harvesting heights, during the dry and rainy seasons in tropical Mexico. The treatments consisted of three harvest heights 40, 60 and 80 cm from the ground level, cut every 60 days, during two seasons of the year. In each period, the biomass was harvested and separated into edible and non-edible components. We determined the biomass yield, and the concentration of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, ash and organic matter (OM) of the forage. Cutting at 80 cm height yielded the highest forage biomass per harvest (2 008 kg DM ha−1) while there were no significant differences in forage yield between 40 and 60 cm heights. The differences in cutting heights also affected the nutrient quality of the animal edible forage because the concentrations of CP, ADF and NDF varied significantly. There was a significant interaction between cutting heights and the season on forage production and quality. In the dry season, the content of NDF, FDA, lignin and ash were higher, while the PC and OM were lower. The use of T. diversifolia as a forage plant and cutting it to a height of 80 cm is recommended to maintain the best production and the quality of the forage throughout the year for livestock production.

Resumen Se evaluó el rendimiento de forraje y valor nutritivo del pasto Pennisetum purpureum cv Cuba CT-115, en cinco edades de rebrote: 30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 días, en tres épocas del año: seca, lluvias y nortes. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con medidas repetidas, con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. La mayor altura se registró a partir de los 75 días, en todas las épocas, con valores de 127.1, 151.6 y 137.0 cm, en seca, lluvias y nortes, respectivamente. El rendimiento más alto de forraje (27.0 t MS ha-1) se obtuvo a los 90 días en la época de lluvias, con una tasa de crecimiento (TC) de 300.2 kg MS ha-1 día-1, 7.3 % de proteína cruda (PC) y 37.0 % de degradación in situ de la materia seca (DIMS). La relación hoja:tallo fue mayor a los 30 días de rebrote, con un valor promedio de 1.65. El contenido de PC fue mayor en la época de nortes a 30 y 45 días, con un valor promedio de 15.6 %. La DIMS fue más alta a 30, 45 y 60 días, con valores promedio de 49.3, 51.8 y 48.2 %, respectivamente. Con base al rendimiento de forraje, se recomienda el uso del pasto Cuba CT-115 para corte a 90 días de rebrote durante la época de lluvias, mientras que, por su calidad nutricional, se recomienda su uso para pastoreo a 60 días de crecimiento después del corte.

Abstract Grass species forage yield and nutritional value directly affect livestock production performance. They also vary in response to regional climate and soil conditions. Forage yield and nutritional value in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cuba CT-115 were evaluated at five regrowth ages (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 d) in three seasons (dry, rainy and northwinds). A completely randomized block design with repeated measures was used, with four replicates per treatment. In all three seasons, maximum height was reached at 75 d: 127.1 cm in the dry season, 151.6 cm in the rainy season and 137.0 cm the northwind season. Forage yield was highest (27.0 t DM ha-1) at 90 d in the rainy season, with a growth rate of 300.2 kg DM ha-1 d-1, 7.3% crude protein and 37.0% in situ digestibility of dry matter. The leaf:stem ratio was highest at 30 d in all seasons, with a 1.65 average value. Crude protein content was highest in the northwind season at 30 and 45 d, with a 15.6 % average value. In all three seasons, digestibility was highest at 30 (mean= 49.3 %), 45 (51.8 %) and 60 d (48.2 %). Based on forage yield, use of P. purpureum cv. Cuba CT-115 grass for open grazing is recommended for cutting at 90 days’ regrowth and based on its nutritional quality is recommended for grazing at 60 days’ regrowth, both during the rainy season.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la dinámica del crecimiento y valor nutricional del Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) en tres edades de corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y en dos épocas del año (alta y baja precipitación) en el distrito de Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú. Se evaluó la altura a la hoja bandera (AH), número de macollos (NM), biomasa verde (BV), materia seca (MS), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P) en un diseño completamente aleatorio con arreglo factorial 3x2 (edad de corte y época del año). La AH no presentó diferencias significativas para edad al corte (34.27±4.00, 210.08±4.00 y 251.14±4.00 cm para 45, 60 y 75 días, respectivamente), ni entre épocas (191.91±3.26 y 205.09±3.26 cm en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). El NM no evidenció diferencias significativas para edad al corte (54.56±3.26, 54.61±3.26 y 55.33±3.26 macollos para 45, 60 y 75 días de edad, respectivamente) ni entre épocas (51.37±2.66 y 58.30±2.66 macollos en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). La MS en época de alta precipitación mostró su mayor valor (12.59±0.50%) a los 60 días de rebrote, mientras que en la época de menor precipitación fue 15.65±0.50% a los 75 días de corte (p<0.05). La DIVMS registró su mayor valor a los 45 días con 81.2±0.51 y 83.2±0.51% en época de mayor y menor precipitación respectiva- mente. La biomasa seca evidenció interacción (p<0.05) entre la edad al corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y la época (alta y baja precipitación). La PC tuvo mejores valores en ambas épocas a los 45 días de corte con 11.08±0.43 y 16.06±0.43% en alta y baja precipitación, respectivamente (p<0.05). La FC registró su mayor valor en la época de menor precipitación a los 60 días (25.19±0.24%) de corte, y menor en época de mayor precipitación a los 75 días (27.5±0.24%) (p<0.05). El contenido de Ca y P en época de alta precipitación fue mayor (0.51±01%) a los 45 días, en tanto que en la época de menor precipitación el Ca tuvo similares resultados a los 45 y 60 días (0.34±01%). Se concluye que la época del año y la edad de corte influyen sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad nutricional del pasto Maralfalfa en condiciones de trópico, siendo el mejor valor nutricional y de producción a los 60 días.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of growth and nutritional value of Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) at three cutting ages (45, 60 and 75 days) and at two times of the year (high and low rainfall) in the district of Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Plant height to flag leaf (AH), number of tillers (NT), green biomass (BV), dry matter (DM), in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVMS), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 3x2 factorial arrangement (cut-off age and time of year). The AH did not present significant differences for age at cutting (34.27±4.00, 210.08±4.00 and 251.14±4.00 cm for 45, 60 and 75 days, respectively), nor between seasons (191.91±3.26 and 205.09±3.26 cm in low and high precipitation, respectively). The NT did not show significant differences for age at cutting (54.56±3.26, 54.61±3.26 and 55.33±3.26 tillers for 45, 60 and 75 days of age, respectively) or between seasons (51.37±2.66 and 58.30±2.66 tillers in low and high precipitation, respectively). The DM in the season of high rainfall showed its highest value (12.59±0.50%) at 60 days of regrowth, while in the season of lower rainfall it was 15.65±0.50% at 75 days of cutting (p<0.05). DIVMS recorded its highest value at 45 days with 81.2±0.51 and 83.2±0.51% in times of higher and lower precipitation, respectively. The dry biomass showed interaction (p<0.05) between the age at cutting (45, 60 and 75 days) and the season (high and low rainfall). PC had better values in both seasons at 45 days of cutting with 11.08±0.43 and 16.06±0.43% in high and low rainfall, respectively (p<0.05). The CF recorded its highest value in the season of least precipitation at 60 days (25.19±0.24%) cut-off, and lower in the season of greatest precipitation at 75 days (27.5±0.24%) (p<0.05). The content of Ca and P in the period of high precipitation was higher (0.51±01%) at 45 days, while in the period of less precipitation Ca had similar results at 45 and 60 days (0.34±01%). It is concluded that the time of year and the cutting age influence the productive performance and nutritional quality of Maralfalfa grass under tropical conditions, with the best nutritional and production value at 60 days.

RESUMO O conhecimento de como as condições climáticas afetam a morfofisiologia das plantas é essencial para compreender como manejar os ciclos de crescimento das diferentes culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de épocas de cultivo em condições semiáridas sobre os parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de trocas gasosas de plantas de girassol ornamental. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados arranjado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados seis cultivares (‘Bonito de Outono Sortido’, ‘Sol Noturno’, ‘Sol Vermelho’, ‘Jardim Amarelo Alto’, ‘Girassol F1 Sunbright Supreme’ e ‘Girassol F1 Vincents Choice’) na parcela principal e duas diferente épocas de cultivo (GS) nas subparcelas (GS1 - clima quente e GS2 - clima ameno). As avaliações de trocas gasosas, índices de clorofilas e área foliar foram realizadas na fase reprodutiva (R5.5). O cultivo de girassol de corte no semiárido é afetado significativamente pela época de cultivo. Mudanças nas variáveis de trocas gasosas e morfofisiologia das plantas de girassol ornamental em duas epócas de cultivo, refletem uma característica de alta plasticidade fenotípica dessa espécie. O cultivo de girassol ornamental sobre condições semiáridas em época de cultivo quando a temperatura do ar e radiação solar são altas, pode ser limitada devido às altas taxas de transpiração. Recomenda-se o cultivo de girassol ornamental em épocas de clima moderado em regiões semiáridas.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of how climatic conditions affect plant morphophysiology is essential for understanding how to manage the growth cycles of different crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the growing seasons in a semi-arid area on the morphophysiological variables of ornamental sunflower plants. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Six cultivars (‘Bonito de Outono Sortido’, ‘Sol Noturno’, ‘Sol Vermelho’, ‘Jardim Amarelo Alto’, ‘Girassol F1 Sunbright Supreme’ and ‘Girassol F1 Vincents Choice’) were evaluated in the main plots and two different growing seasons (GS) in the subplots (GS1 - warm climate and GS2 - mild climate). Evaluations of gas exchange, chlorophyll indices, and leaf surface area were carried out at the reproductive stage (R5.5). The cultivation of ornamental sunflowers in semi-arid regions was significantly affected by the growing season. Changes in gas exchange variables and the morphophysiology of ornamental sunflower plants in the two growing seasons reflected the high phenotypic plasticity characteristic of this species. The cultivation of ornamental sunflowers under semi-arid conditions in the growing season, when air temperature and solar radiation are high, could be limited due to elevated transpiration rates. Therefore, it is recommended that they are grown mainly during the moderate climatic season in semi-arid regions.

Resumen Se determinó producción, calidad nutritiva y preferencia de T. diversifolia por ovinos Pelibuey a diferentes edades, en tres épocas del año. Se midió la producción de materia seca (MS) y calidad nutritiva de forraje cada 14 días, desde el corte hasta 84 días de edad. Se tomaron muestras de hoja y tallo para determinar proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). Se utilizaron ocho ovinos Pelibuey adultos para determinar su preferencia por el follaje de T. diversifolia a los 42, 56 y 70 días de rebrote. La producción de MS total fue similar en otoño e invierno y ambas mayores que primavera. En otoño a los 56 días y en invierno a los 70 días después del corte, la producción de MS fue 9 t ha-1, mientras que en primavera a los 84 días fue cercana a las 3 t ha-1. El incremento o decremento de los componentes morfológicos de la biomasa a través del tiempo fue distinto entre las épocas evaluadas y mostró un comportamiento curvilíneo en el tiempo, dentro de cada época. La PC aumentó en forma lineal con la edad de corte. En otoño e invierno hubo mayor porcentaje de FDN y FDA. Las plantas de 42 días tuvieron menor porcentaje de FDA. El rendimiento de MS y la calidad nutritiva de T. diversifolia difiere según la época del año y la edad de rebrote. La edad de corte de la planta afectó su preferencia por los ovinos Pelibuey (P=0.0091), fue mayor por el follaje de 42 días, seguido por 56 y 70 días.

Abstract Production, nutritional quality and preference of T. diversifolia by Pelibuey sheep was determined, at different ages, in three seasons of the year. Dry matter (DM) production and nutritional quality of forage were measured every 14 d, from the cut to 84 d of age. Leaf and stem samples were taken to determine crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Eight adult Pelibuey sheep were used to determine their preference for T. diversifolia foliage at 42, 56 and 70 d of regrowth. Total DM production was similar in autumn and winter and both greater than spring. In autumn at 56 d and in winter at 70 d after the cut, the production of DM was 9 t ha-1, while in S at 84 d, it was close to 3 t ha-1. The increase or decrease of the morphological components of the biomass over time was different between the seasons evaluated and showed a curvilinear behavior over time, within each season. CP increased linearly with the cutting age. In autumn and winter, there was a higher percentage of NDF and ADF. The 42-d plants had a lower percentage of ADF. The yield of DM and the nutritional quality of T. diversifolia differs depending on the season of year and the age of regrowth. The cutting age of the plant affected its preference by Pelibuey sheep (P=0.0091), it was higher for the foliage of 42 d, followed by 56 and 70 d.

Resumo Aegiphila brachiata Vell., conhecida como peloteiro, é uma espécie arbustivo-arbórea nativa do bioma Mata Atlântica do sul e sudeste brasileiro, com potencial para reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, como planta alimentícia e medicinal. Contudo, existem poucos trabalhos que elucidem sua propagação, tanto sexuada como assexuada. Visando a elaboração de um protocolo de propagação vegetativa de A. brachiata, objetivouse avaliar a viabilidade da técnica de estaquia a partir de ramos herbáceos (Experimento I) e semilenhosos (Experimento II). O material foi coletado a partir de 20 árvores adultas no município de Bocaiuva do Sul (Paraná, Brasil). Para ambos os experimentos, as estacas foram coletadas na primavera (outubro/2019) e verão (janeiro/2020) e submetidas a tratamentos com ácido indol butírico (IBA) (0, 3000, 6000, 9000, 12000 mg L-1), sendo mantidas em casa de vegetação por 60 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número e comprimento das três maiores raízes por estaca, porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, mortas e manutenção das folhas nas estacas. No Experimento I, a taxa de sobrevivência foi ao redor de 20 %. As duas estações do ano apresentaram diferença significativa para formação de calos, que foi maior durante o verão (17,7 % contra 4,3 % na primavera). A aplicação de IBA, nas condições estudadas, não levou a nenhuma diferença significativa nas variáveis analisadas. O Experimento II apresentou 100 % de mortalidade. Não foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios para a propagação da espécie devido à baixa taxa de enraizamento. Sendo assim, não foi possível determinar um protocolo viável de estaquia para Aegiphila brachiata.

Abstract Aegiphila brachiata Vell. (Lamiaceae), known as peloteiro, is a shrub-tree species native to Mata Atlântica from the southern region of Brazil, with a potential use for reforestation of degraded areas, as food and as medicinal plant. However, there are few studies that elucidate its propagation, both sexual and asexual. In this study, we seek to elaborate a protocol for the vegetative propagation by cuttings of A. brachiata. For this, two experiments were installed: herbaceous cuttings (Experiment I) and semi-hard cuttings (Experiment II). The material was collected from 20 adult trees in Bocaiuva do Sul (Paraná, Brazil). Both experiments were collected in two seasons: spring (October/2019) and summer (January/2020). The cuttings were treated with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0 mg L-1; 3000 mg L-1; 6000 mg L-1; 9000 mg L-1; 12000 mg L-1) and maintained during 60 days in a green house. The variables analyzed were: percentage of rooted cuttings, number and length of the three longer roots per cutting, percentage of cuttings alive, with callus, dead, with buds and maintenance of leaves. On Experiment I, the survival rate was 20 %. A significant difference was observed in the seasons for callus formation, that was higher during summer (17.7 % against 4,3 % during spring). The application of IBA, under the studied conditions, did not lead to any significant difference in the analyzed variables. Experiment II showed 100 % mortality. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a viable cutting protocol for Aegiphila brachiata due to the low rooting rate.

Resumen Introducción. Los forrajes de pastoreo son la principal fuente alimenticia del ganado. La variación climática reta a los productores a mantener una oferta constante de alimento, por lo que es necesario explorar otras alternativas forrajeras. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento de veinte genotipos de Chloris gayana para explotaciones ganaderas. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación El Nus de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), San José del Nus, Antioquia, Colombia. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, tres repeticiones y veinte tratamientos (genotipos Chloris gayana). En el análisis se utilizó un modelo mixto medidas repetidas en el tiempo, con el procedimiento GLIMMIX, cuyo efecto tiempo lo representó edad de corte. Las frecuencias de corte utilizadas fueron 21, 28, 35 y 42 días, entre agosto 2017 y octubre 2019 en época de baja y alta precipitación. Se evaluó vigor, cobertura de la especie, altura de planta, incidencia de plagas y patógenos, floración, rendimiento de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra en detergente neutro y ácido (FDN, FDA), lignina (LIG), digestibilidad (DIG), hemicelulosa (HEM) y energía neta de lactancia (ENL). Resultados. Los caracteres que aportaron mayor variabilidad fueron MS, PC, FDN, FDA y DIG, se observó una asociación entre DIG, HEM y ENL. Se presentaron diferencias entre épocas y entre genotipos para la mayoría de las variables, a excepción de PC. La lignina fue la única que presentó diferencia en la triple interacción (genotipo*época*días de corte). La interacción genotipo*época mostró diferencias para FDA y LIG. El genotipo 13103 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (3032,2 kg MS ha-1). La B. decumbens presentó el menor contenido de FDA y LIG, pero la mayor digestibilidad. Conclusiones. Los genotipos experimenales presentaron características de productividad y nutricionales similares e incluso mejores que los testigos.

Abstract Introduction. Grazing forages are the main feed source for livestock. Climatic variation challenges producers to maintain a constant supply of food, so it is necessary to explore other forage alternatives. Objective. To evaluate the performance of twenty genotypes of Chloris gayana for livestock farms. Materials and methods. The work was carried out at the El Nus Research Center of the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), San José del Nus, Antioquia, Colombia. A randomized complete block design, three repetitions, and twenty treatments (Chloris gayana genotypes) was used. The analysis used a mixed model repeated measures over time, with the GLIMMIX procedure, whose time effect was represented by cut-off age. The cutting frequencies used were 21, 28, 35, and 42 days, between August 2017 and October 2019 in low and high rainfall seasons. Vigor, species cover, plant height, pests, and pathogen incidence, flowering, dry matter yield (MS), crude protein (PC), fiber in neutral and acid detergent (FDN, FDA), lignin (LIG), digestibility (DIG), hemicellulose (HEM), and net lactation energy (ENL) were evaluated. Results. The characters that contributed the greatest variability corresponded to MS, PC, FDN, FDA, and DIG; an association was observed between DIG, HEM, and ENL. There were differences between seasons and between genotypes for most of the variables, except for PC. Lignin was the only variable that showed a difference in the triple interaction (genotype*season*cutting days). The genotype*season interaction showed differences for FDA and LIG. Genotype 13103 obtained the highest MS yield (3032.2 kg DM ha-1). B. decumbens had the lowest content of FDA and LIG; but the highest of digestibility. Conclusions. The experimental genotypes presented similar or even better productivity and nutritional characteristics than the controls.

RESUMEN El portainjerto GF677 es un híbrido interespecífico con un importante valor económico y hortícola. En este estudio, se investigó el efecto del ácido indol butírico (IBA) en combinación con putrescina (Put) y peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) en el enraizamiento de esquejes de tallos de madera semidura GF677 en tres temporadas de corte (julio, marzo y octubre). Los tratamientos incluyeron IBA (0, 1000, 2000 y 3000 mg L-1), Put (0, 800, 1600 y 3200 mg L-1) y H2O2 (1.5, 3 y 6% p/v). Los resultados mostraron que en los esquejes de julio, la callogénesis más alta se observó en los esquejes tratados con IBA en ambas concentraciones de 1000 y 2000 mg L-1. El enraizamiento fue muy bajo en los esquejes de julio y el mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento (14%) se observó en la combinación de IBA 2000 mg L-1+H2O2 3%. En los esquejes de marzo, el mayor porcentaje de formación de callos se alcanzó en los tratados con IBA 1000 mg L-1+Put 800 mg L-1 e IBA 1000 mg L-1+Put 1600 mg L-1, 83.31 y 83.33%, respectivamente. En estos esquejes, el mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento (63.88%) se obtuvo con IBA 2000 mg L-1+Put 3200 mg L-1. La aplicación de IBA 1000 mg L-1+Put 800 mg L-1 aumentó el peso fresco de la raíz. En esquejes preparados en octubre, el Put solo a una concentración de 800 mg L-1 provocó la formación de callos en más del 55% de los esquejes. El enraizamiento de los esquejes en este momento era tan bajo como los esquejes de julio y el mayor porcentaje de enraizamiento se observó en los esquejes tratados con IBA a una concentración de 1000 mg L-1. En general, el experimento mostró que la temporada de corte y el tratamiento con IBA+Put o H2O2 podría mejorar las propiedades de enraizamiento de los esquejes de GF677.

ABSTRACT The rootstock GF677 is an interspecific hybrid with an important economic and horticultural value. In this research, the effect of indole butyric acid (IBA) in combination with putrescine (Put) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on rooting of GF677 semi-hardwood stem cuttings in three cutting seasons (July, March and October) was investigated. Treatments as IBA (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1), Put (0, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg L-1) and H2O2 (1.5, 3 and 6% w/v) were included. The results showed that in July cuttings, the highest levels of callogenesis were observed in IBA treated cuttings in both concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg L-1. The rooting was very low in July cuttings, while the highest percentage of rooting (14%) was observed in the combination of 2000 mg L-1 IBA+ 3% H2O2. In March, the cuttings treated by 1000 mg L-1 IBA+800 mg L-1 Put and 1000 mg L-1 IBA+1600 mg L-1 Put revealed the highest percentages of callus formation 83.31 and 83.33%, respectively. In these cuttings, the highest percentage of rooting (63.88%) was gained at 2000 mg L-1 IBA+3200 mg L-1 Put. The application of 1000 mg L-1 IBA+800 mg L-1 Put increased root fresh weight. In cuttings prepared in October, only 800 mg L-1 Put caused callus formation in more than 55% of the cuttings. The rooting of cuttings at this time was as low as the July cuttings, whereas the highest rooting percentage was observed in cuttings treated with IBA at a concentration of 1000 mg L-1. Overall, the experiment showed that the season of the cutting and the treatments with IBA+Put or H2O2 could improve rooting properties of the rootstock GF677.

RESUMO: Cedrela fissilis é uma espécie de grande diversidade genética, com baixa densidade populacional florestal, de propagação seminal, que apresenta dificuldade de ser propagada vegetativamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o regate e propagação vegetativa a partir do enraizamento de estacas de origem epicórmicas e de copa de C. fissilis. Para isso, a brotação epicórmica foi avaliada 52 dias após o anelamento completo e semianelamento nas alturas de 20 e 40 cm, e tratamento sem anelamento, durante primavera (2018), verão (2018) e outono (2019). Foram avaliados: sobrevivência das árvores (%), brotação (%), número, comprimento (cm) e diâmetro (mm) de brotos. A estaquia utilizou brotos epicórmicos de primavera, divididos em duas categorias: estacas com 10 cm colocadas verticalmente em covas e estacas de 5 cm colocadas horizontalmente em sulcos. Brotos de copa foram coletados no verão, cortados em estacas apicais e intermediárias (15 cm). Após 60 dias avaliou-se das estacas: sobrevivência (%), enraizamento (%), calos (%), número médio e comprimento de raízes (cm). Os resultados apresentam que apenas o anelamento completo formou brotos (média >67%), sem diferença entre a altura 20 e 40 cm, com maior número de brotos durante a primavera. As estacas de brotos epicórmicos, plantadas verticalmente em covas, apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento (44%) que estacas plantadas horizontalmente em sulcos (17%). Estacas de copa obtiveram enraizamento desconsiderável (apicais - 2%; intermediárias - 0%). As épocas de anelamento influenciam no número de brotos epicórmicos e seu uso como estacas foi mais eficiente no enraizamento.

ABSTRACT: Cedrela fissilis is a species of great genetic diversity, with low population density and seminal propagation, which causes difficulties in the vegetative propagation process. This research evaluated the vegetative rescue and propagation of stem cutting rooting originated from epicormic and canopy sprouts of C. fissilis. For this, the induction of epicormic sprouts was evaluated 52 days after the complete girdling and semi-girdling 20 and 40 cm from the ground, and no girdling treatment, during spring (2018), summer (2018) and autumn (2019). The variables evaluated were, survival (%), sprouting (%), number, length (cm) and diameter (mm) of sprouts. The cuttings were made from spring epicormic sprouts, divided in two categories: 10 cm cuttings placed vertically in pits and 5 cm cuttings placed horizontally in furrows. The canopy sprouts were collected in the summer, then cut in apical and intermediate cuttings (15 cm). After 60 days, the cuttings were evaluated in survival (%), rooting (%), callus (%), average number and length of roots (cm). Results showed that only the complete girdling produced sprouts (average >67%) with no difference between 20 and 40 cm heights, with a greater number of sprouts during spring. The cuttings from epicormic sprouts, planted vertically in pits presented higher percentage of rooting (44%) than cuttings planted horizontally in furrows (17%). Cuttings from the canopy had inconsiderable rooting (apical - 2%; intermediate - 0%). The girdling periods influences the number of epicormic sprouts and its use for cutting was more efficient in rooting.

RESUMO A estaquia é o método de propagação que tem como vantagem a precocidade de produção e a uniformidade do cultivo. Alguns fatores influenciam na propagação e enraizamento dentre eles, o tamanho da estaca e a época do ano para sua coleta. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tamanho ideal de cladódios de pitaya vermelha com polpa branca (Hylocereus undatus Haw.), bem como a época de sua retirada na propagação da cultura por estaquia, tendo em vista a qualidade fisiológica de mudas produzidas, viabilizando manejos culturais mais adequados e incremento na área de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Engenharia, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, utilizando três tamanhos de cladódios (estacas) com 10, 20 e 40 cm de comprimento, coletada em duas épocas (verão e inverno). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas sub-divididas no tempo, sem dependência dos fatores, com 20 repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas 60 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliando-se fatores biométricos relacionados às brotações e ao enraizamento dos cladódios. De acordo com os resultados, observa-se que houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, com interação significativa para número de brotos. Pode-se concluir que, quanto ao tamanho dos cladódios, recomenda-se, quando possível, a utilização daqueles com 40 cm e em relação à época de coleta, recomenda-se que seja feito no período de inverno, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de plantas clonais de melhor qualidade.

ABSTRACT Cutting is a propagation method with the advantages of early production and uniform cultivation. Some factors influence propagation and rooting, such as the cutting size and the time of year the collection is performed. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the ideal size of white-fleshed red pitahaya cladodes and the time of their collection for crop propagation by cutting in view of the physiological quality of the produced clonal plants to enable more appropriate cultural management and increase the cultivation area. The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Engineering (UNESP) using three cladode sizes (cuttings) with lengths of 10, 20 and 40 cm collected in two seasons (summer and winter). The experimental design used was completely randomized in a split-time scheme, with no dependence on the factors and 20 replicates. Evaluations of the biometric factors related to sprouts and cladode rooting were carried out 60 days after cutting. According to the results, there were significant differences among treatments, with a significant interaction of the number of sprouts. It can be concluded that, regarding the size of the cladodes, it is recommended, when possible, to use cladodes 40 cm in length; regarding the time of collection, it is recommended that collection be conducted in the winter period to favor the development of better-quality clonal plants.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as características estruturais e a produção de forragem do capim-piatã submetido à combinação de duas frequências de corte (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro, ILmax) e duas alturas pós-corte (15 e 20cm), no período de janeiro de 2012 a março de 2013. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x2, totalizando 12 unidades experimentais de 14m2 cada. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-respostas: altura do dossel no pré-corte, intervalo de corte, índice de área foliar pré e pós-corte, taxa de produção de forragem e as percentagens de colmo, folha e forragem morta na forragem produzida. A altura pré-corte decresceu durante o experimento (de 65,81 para 34,03cm), sendo a menor altura observada no dossel sob alta frequência de desfolhação (95% de IL). A taxa de produção de forragem foi maior nas épocas favoráveis ao crescimento da gramínea forrageira. As percentagens de folha, colmo e forragem morta foram semelhantes entre as frequências de corte. Assim, o capim-piatã sob manejo de desfolhação intermitente pode ser colhido com qualquer combinação de frequências de corte de 95% e ou máxima interceptação de luz, e alturas pós-corte de 15 ou 20cm.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics and forage production of the piatã grass submitted to the combination of two cutting frequencies (95% and maximum interception of light by the forage canopy, ILmax) and two post cutting heights (15 and 20cm) in the period from January 2012 to March 2013. The design was a randomized complete block with three replications, in a 2x2 factorial scheme, totaling 12 experimental units of 14m2 each. The following variables were evaluated: pre-cut canopy height, cut interval, pre and post-cut leaf area index, forage yield rate, and percentage of stem, leaf and dead forage in the forage produced. The pre-cut height decreased during the experiment (from 65.81 to 34.03cm), with the lowest height observed in the canopy under high frequency of defoliation (95% IL). The rate of forage production was higher in the seasons favorable to forage grass growth. The percentages of leaf, stem and dead fodder were similar between cut-off frequencies. Thus, piatã grass under intermittent defoliation management can be harvested with any combination of 95% and maximum light interception cut frequencies, and post cutting heights of 15 or 20cm.